y + +c 5y2 0

Ex1 .
f(x y) , = < + + Ex3 .
f(x y) ,
= 2x +
35 fxy =
(fy)x =

1 1
2+ 0
fx + = 2 x+ 0 +

2
+0 = 2x +
2
fx = = 2 fyx =
(fxly = 0

y constant 3
fy = 0 + 31 I

fy + 10y
2 Cy
+ 0 + = 2+
10
fix =
(fx)x = 0
-
=
=z
E3y
2)y
-

32 (
-

Ex2 f(x y) Syy (8y(y

-

.
,
= + = = +

2 1
fxc = =

scast -
2x+
3y -
2x 3y +
-
3
=

3 4y312
Sy =

a const -
22+ 33

Exercise

7
. f(x y) = ,
223 +
3y + 4y
+
+ 5x -

by
-
+ 2 .
f(x(y) = 222 + 37 y
fx = 4x +
3y + 0 +5 -
0 -

0 = <x +
3y + 5
fx = 4x +
3y
0 0 3x = 3
fy = + 3x +
8y + 0 -
6 -
0 = 32 +
8y -6 fy =
+

f(x (f(c)x = = 4 f = 4

8
6yy =
(fy)y =
Sy = 0

fy (8y)x 3 fizy (8y)x = 3

=
ficy fyx
= =
=> =

3 Gyx 3
fyx =
(fx)y = =
(fx)y =

*
f(x y) 4 enz
.
3 ,
=
2y + 1 .

8(xy) = e

S
fx = 0
fx = 0

Sy 2 enz 0
= is
sy =

f = 0 constant
ficy (fy)cc = = 0

fyy =
0
fyxz (fxc)y = = 0

ficy [fy) =
c
= 0

fyxc [f(z) y = = 0

5 g(x y) = 3x " +
2xyz 5xy - + 8x 9y
y
-
.

12(3 2x 8 0 1273 + 2x 5y + 8
9 +
5y +
-
-

= =
-

3x 5x 0 9 = 3x4
gy 2y 2y 57 9 -
+ +
- -
= + -

(gx)x 362 + 4
qxx = =

gyy =
(gy)y = 2

12 123 5
& xy = (gy)x + 0 5 0 -
- -
= =

0+0 5+ 0 5
gyx (gxy
-

= = =

. (x(, y) = (x7 + 1)2 + (y3

6 -

3)3 + 5 xcy3 27y

9
-

9x = 2(x + 1)2x + 0
Gxy2
+
5y3 -

= 4x3 + 4x + 5y3 47y2 -

127 + 4 0 4y2
g((x +
-
=

gy
= 0 + 3(y3 -
3)3yz 15ccy) +
-
4x
y
=
9y8
-

54y5 + 81y2 + 15 x y2 -

47y
72y7 270y" 162y +
30xy 47
gyy
- -
= +

gyx (g()y = =
15yz -

82y
giy =
(gy)x =
15yz 81y -
 Ex 1 .
f(x y) , = x
>
+ 4yz
-
Ex -

32y + 1

Step 1 . Find the critical point(s) by solving the following system

[fx
2x- 6 = 0

[
=
s

fy 32= 0 u
8y
-

C = 3 = 4 is a critical paint
yo
=>
,

Step 2 Investigate.
the
concavity at the critical point

fxx = 2 ; fyy = 8 ; fxy = 0

= A = 2x 8 -
02 = 1670

Hence (1 = 3 yo ,
= 4) is a local minimum
off (for fi 270) =

Ex2 f(x y) >+ 9x 11y

3xy yz + +3
-
=
-
.
,

3
((x 3y g
((
= 22 + -
= 0 =
-

fy 3x
= +
2y - 11 = 0 yo
= 1

=> ( 3 =3 ;
yo
= 1) is a critical point

fx = 2 ;
fyy = 2 ; fin = 3

=) A = 2 + 2 -
3= -
5 <O

Hence :
< = 3 ;
yo = 1) is a minimax
of f

E 8y3) 2(x +yz) +=

z(x3
3 .

8(4y) = + -

x
(fx (x
=
-
4x = 0 = ovcc = 4

Sy =
8yz 4y -

= 0
y = 0
vy =
1/2
= (0, 0) ,
(0,
2) ,
(4 , 07 , (4,
) a
are critical points

2x O
f((x = -
4, fyy =
16y -
4 ;
facy =

↑
Poho fak dy fay A Conclusion
(0 , 0) -
4 -
4 O 16 a local maximum

(0, 2) - 4 4 O -
16 a minimax

(4, 0) 4 -

40
-

16 a minimax

(4 ,
2) 4 4 O 16 a local minimum
 ·
Price discrimination

A demand function :
PA = 100-9 A

By demand function :
P = 84-pB
Monopolist's cost function - C = 600 + 4 (9A + 9B)
An S

Profit : P= (PA9A + PB9B) (500 -

+ 49A + 49B)
= (100 -

9a)9A +
(84-9B)9B-600
-

49A- 49B

100a-92 +
849B-9 600 49a-49B
-
= -

S Pa 100 - 29A 4 0 48

29A
-
= = =

40
Pa =
84-29B -
4 = 0
↑B =

Profit function nhing

go up
m s khng go up quar v sigo donn Saw de

Hence , profit is maximized when 91 = 48 )

=
PA = 52

9B = 40 = PB = 94

I
C O
·
y= f(x) = ·
y = f(x) =
-
x2

,
+ O -

Step 1 .
f'((c) = 2x = 0 = 0 Step 1 .
J'(() =
-
2x = 0

Step 2 8"(x) . = 27 0 = ) x= 0

O S local

IT
sin Step 2 8"(xc) = 2 <O
-
-
.

- O +

8"(x)

f(x)

mean

3
a
y = f(x) = <

Step 1 G'(x) . = 3) = 0 = x = 0

Step 2 .
8" (x) = Gx =0

(=) = 0

I 8
C

I' t +

8" -

0 +

J
·

M
a minimax - the point

of inflection
 Chapter 4 Partial .

Differentiation
↳ . . 1 Functions Several
of variables

First-order derivatives

Definition

· First-order partial derivative wrt X:

08 f(x + Ax yo) f(x , yo)

-

( , 30)
,
=
f, c(x0 yo)
, = lin
+O
C A

· First-order partial derivative w . r

.

ty :

28
( , yo)
80 , 30 + Ay)-8d i
=
Jy(o , Yo) =

Em
Cy Ay
Gradient vector of fat (, yo) is denoted f and determined by
f ((((yo) =
[fx (2 , yo) ;
Sy (20 Yo)]
,

Example .
2
Funding partial Derivatives

If f(x, y) =
xy2 + xy find f(c( y) , ,
and
fy(x y) ,
· Also , find fic (3, 4) and
gy (3, 4)

Solution

( c(x y) = (1)yz
8 , +
(2x)y = y z 2xcy +

fy(x y)
>
x(2y)
>
,
= + < (1) = <c +
2xy

Find fxc(3 4) ,
and
Sy (3 , 4)

fx(3 4) ,
= 42 + 2(3)(4) = 40

2
fy(3 , 4) = 2(3)(4) + 3 = 33

Example 2 .
Finding Partial Derivatives

find c
-2 22
a .
If 2= 33y3 92y -
+
y +
4y ,
and

2x(1, 0) 2y (2 , 0)

Solution
2
=
3(3(3)y3 g(2x)y (1)y2 + 0 -
+

&C

= 9(2y3 18xy y - +
the latter equation at (1, 0
02
= 9(z2)(0( 18(1)(0) -
+ 02 = 0

JCC (2, 0)

02
=
3(23(3yz) -
9x7(1) + x(2y) + 4(1)
+
y
=
97(yz -
Gxz +
2xy + 4

Thus,
22
= 9(1)3(03) -
9(1)) + 2(1)(0) + 4

2y(1 0) ,
=
-
5

34 Ow Ow
If w =2
+
b .
, find and

&C
Gy

an
3yU(
-(2 3) e2
+ +
= +

( C

= (c
>
(2e2 +
3y) + e2x+3y(2x)

2x(x 1) e2x 3y
+
= +

2
= < 22(e2x 3y) +
= 33 2x+ 3y

Jy Jy

the partial with respect Sic(y 2)

Ow
to x, denoted ,
and so
,
,

Ou
Y Sy y , , 2) ,
ay
2
2,
82((y ,
2) ,

22

Example 3 .
Partial Derivatives of a Function
of Three Variables

23
2) <+ find fic(x y 2) by (x<, y 2) 82 ( > y, 2)
>
=
f 8(x( y , ,
=
y 2 +
, , , , ,
and

fx(x, y, z) = 2x

Sy(x y , ,
z) =
2yz
fz(xc, y 322
, z)
=
yz +

Example 4 Partial Derivatives Function Four Variables

.

of a
of

findupP
rS o
If p g(r = , si +, v) =

rt? + 52#
, I ,
and
t (0, 7 , +, 1)

St )
(rt + set)?, (rSu)
(r+ +
+

Up -

rsu
=

as (r+ 2
+ 52+ )2

(rt + 52+)(ru) -
(rSv) (25+)
=

(rt? + 52t)2

Simplication gives
2P ru (rt Sz) -

= a
factor of t cancels
as +Cr + 22

t
p = rsu(rtz S27)
-

P rsu(2rt + S4)
52 t)0 (ut
up
= su (1) (rtz + + set) so that =

2t US (rt? + 52 +)2

=
= rSu(rt? + St) 2(2rt + Sz)
-
&P
=
0(1)(1)(2(O((1) + (1)) O
=

&t (0, 1, 1 , 1) (O(1) + (1) 2(1))2

 . 2
17 . Applications of Partial Derivatives

22
is the rate
of change of 2
with respect to
when y is held fixed.
27C

22
the with held fixed.
is rate
of change of 2
respect to when a is

sy

Example 1
.
Marginal costs

f(x, y) 85y + 50
2
c= = 0 07 + 75 + 6000
, = 100 and y
. =

The marginal costs are

x
= 0 14 .
+ 75
C

C
= 85

2y

C
Thus = 0 14.
(100)+ 75 = 89
2xC
(200 , 50)

GC
and = 85

28 (100 , 50)

Example 2 . Loss
of Body Heat

H= (10 .
45 + 10 -

w)(33 t) -

; H= 2000

a. Evaluate when t = 0 and W= 4

When t = 0 and w = 4

H = (10 45 + 10 M .
-
4) (33 0) -
= 872 85
.

b .
8H/ow
Evaluate and /Ot whe t = 0 on bw = 4 ,
and interpret the results

= 1) (33 t)
-

2H
= 49 5 .

awt = 0
w= 4

2H 2H
= (10 45.
+ 10 F -
w) ( 1) -

; =
-
26 45
.

St J+ += 0
w= 4
 Example 3 Marginal Productivity
.

2
Solution : Since P = (e)
2 = E
1((k) 1k
=

= =

se 2
2ek

*
op
1
and =

=(e) =

2 ek

When e 400 and = 16

OP 16 1
= =

e= 400 10
se
ke = 16 2400(16)

400
and20 = =
5

214 e = 400
k = 16
2400(16)2

Competitive and Complementary Products

=> A and B are said to be competitive products or substitutes

>)
=
A and B are complementary products

Example 4. whether Complementary

.

Determining products are competitive or

5039B and
75 9A
9A =
9 =

3
9A q
Writing 9 = 50 pft p and
9=
75 PAPB213
29a
50 ( 7) pa
+/
31
p 25 pf 3/2
- - -

pp
-
= =

89A

29 = 50 pf 1 p
23 =

50 pet pi2
9B

24B 213 75 2/3

=
75(1)p =
pi
29A

9 =
75pa ( z) p
- 513
= -50 Pap
B

B represent prices they both positive. Hace that A

=> Since and ,
are , OP/PB 70 and
/po. We conclude

and B are competitive products .

. 3
17 . Implicit Partial Differentiation
?
Equation : 22 - -y = 0

22
Find for
C
22 -
x -

y = 0

First, we differentiate both sides of Equation with respect to while treating 2 as a function of Candy and treating

Y as a constant :

W(22
to
find o ,
we diffentiate both sides
of Equation with respect
to
y
while treating
a e

x2 yz)
8 CO
- -

C
and
function of Candy treating (as a constant

2(23) W(x2) G
W(23 2

xx( C
2
- -
= O -
c yz) =
-

(O)
C C y 2y

228 -
2x -
0=0 22020 2y
y
-
-
= 0

solving for ,
we obtar
o
2202 -
2

2222 = 2x7382 =
C 2) C

22
Hence
2y
=

3
22
implicit partial diffentiation
find 2
The method we used to and is called
y

Example 1 Emplicit Partial

.
Differentiation
22 22
2
If +
y = 0 ,
evaluate When = - , y = 2
,
and 2=

x+ 2
y