Definite Integrals

Here we will focus on definite integrals. The difference between the two integrals is
that an indefinite integral is a function and definite integral is a number. These are integrals
with upper and lower limits, also called boundaries.
Another definition of definite integral is the summation of areas under a graph of a
function. 𝑏 𝑏
‫ 𝑥 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬ቤ
𝑎
This is read as “The definite integrals of 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 from 𝑎 and 𝑏
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
𝑎
Notation:
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = be the functions
𝐹 𝑥 = be the indefinite integral
𝑎 = be the lower limit
𝑏 = be the upper limit
Properties of Definite Integrals
𝑏 𝑎
1. ‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬− ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑏׬‬

This property states that we can interchange the limits of any definite
integral, just don’t forget to change the sign.
𝑎
2. ‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬0
The property states that if the limits are the same, then the definite integral is 0
𝑏 𝑏
3. ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬ 𝑐 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑐 𝑎׬‬
In this property, we can factor out c before multiplying it with the definite integral.
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
4. ‫ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬± 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬± ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎׬‬
The property states that the definite integral of the sum or difference of functions
can be written as the sum or difference of definite integrals of separate function.
 𝑏 𝑏
5. ‫𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝑎׬ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬
This property shows that the definite integrals of the same functions are equal even
if the variables are different.
Here are some examples to show to solve the definite integral
𝟐
1. Find ‫׬‬−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Solution:
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
Take the integral of ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟐
Then proceed to definite integrals

2 1 1 2 𝑥=𝑏=2
‫׬‬−1 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 ቤ
−1 𝑥 = 𝑎 = −1
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
𝑎
1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2
= 𝑏 − 𝑏 −2 𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑎 −2 𝑎
3 2 3 2

Properties of Definite Integrals

 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2
= 3
2 −2 2 −2 2 − 3
−1 − 2 −1 − 2 −1
8 1 1
= −2−4 − −3 − 2 + 2
3
10 7 𝟗
= − − = −𝟐
3 6
𝟐
𝟗
න 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = − ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
−𝟏 𝟐
9 𝑤+1
2. Find ‫׬‬4 𝑑𝑤
𝑤
𝑤+1
Solution: Take the integral of ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑤
𝑤
𝑤+1 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
න 𝑑𝑤 = 𝒘𝟐 + 𝟐𝒘𝟐 + 𝑪
𝑤 𝟑 9
𝑤+1 2 3 1
9
න 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑤 + 2𝑤 2 ቤ
2
Then proceed to definite integrals 4 𝑤 3 4 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
𝑎
Properties of Definite Integrals
 9
𝑤+1 2 3 1
9
න 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑤 + 2𝑤 2 ቤ
2 𝑤=𝑏=9
4 𝑤 3 4
𝑏 𝑤=𝑎=4
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
𝑎
2 3 2 3
= 𝑏 +2 𝑏 − 𝑎 +2 𝑎
3 3
2 3 2 3
= 9 +2 9 − 4 +2 4
3 3
16
= 18 + 6 − +2
3
28 𝟒𝟒
= 24 − =
3 𝟑
9
𝑤+1 𝟒𝟒
න 𝑑𝑤 = ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
4 𝑤 𝟑
2
3. Solve ‫׬‬0 −48𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Take the integral of ‫ ׬‬−48𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
𝑎
Properties of Definite Integrals
 Properties of Definite Integrals
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
න −48𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥 = −𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟗 + 𝑪 𝑥=𝑏=2 𝑎

𝑥=𝑎=0
Then proceed to definite integrals
2
2
න −48𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥 = −𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟗 ቤ
0 0
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
𝑎
= −16𝑏3 + 4𝑏9 − −16𝑎3 + 4𝑎9
3 9
= −16 2 +4 2 − −16 0 3 + 4 0 9

= 1920 − 0 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎
2
න −48𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
0
Chain Rule for Integration
We cannot directly apply the basic formulas for more integrands. To evaluate these
types of integrands, we can change its form by representing the function by another
variable, 𝑢. This method is called the 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 −
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝑢𝑛+1
‫׬‬ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

Here we can apply the definition of our Power rule

Example:
n
න 4𝑥 − 5 2 𝑑𝑥
u du
1. න 4𝑥 − 5 2 𝑑𝑥 1 2
න 4𝑥 − 5 4 𝑑𝑥
4
u = 4x – 5 u du
given 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 which not satisfies to the computed 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥
du = 4dx
𝑛+1
𝑢
du ≠ 4dx න 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
1 4𝑥−5 2+1
=4 +𝐶
2+1
1 4𝑥−5 3
= +𝐶 𝟏
= 𝟏𝟐 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓 𝟑
+𝑪
4 3
Chain Rule for Integration
Next is to apply the definite integrals
2 2 𝑏
Evaluate: ‫׬‬−1 4𝑥 − 5 2 𝑑𝑥 ‫׬‬−1 4𝑥 − 5 2 𝑑𝑥 → 𝐹 𝑥 ቤ
𝑎
2 𝟏 2 𝑥=𝑏=2
‫׬‬−1 4𝑥 − 5 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟏𝟐 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓 𝟑 ቚ
−1 𝑥 = 𝑎 = −1
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
𝑎 1 3 1 3
= 4𝑏 − 5 − 4𝑎 − 5
12 12
1 3 1 3
= 4 2 −5 − 4 −1 − 5
12 12
1 3 1 3
= 8−5 − −4 − 5
12 12
1 3 1 3
= 3 − −9
12 12
9 243
= 4
− − 4
= 𝟔𝟑
2
‫׬‬−1 4𝑥 − 5 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟔𝟑 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 definite integrals
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
𝑎
 0
2.න 1 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 Solution: First write the given integration into exponential form
−2 then check now the given 𝑑𝑢 if this is satisfies from
the given function
1n
න 1 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
1 𝟏 1n
𝑢 න 1 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 ⟹ − න 1 − 3𝑦 2 -3 𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑢 𝟑
𝑢 = 1 − 3𝑦 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
𝑑𝑢 = −3𝑑𝑦 1 1−3𝑦 2+1
= −3 1 +𝐶
𝑑𝑦 ≠ −𝟑𝑑𝑦 2
+1
3
1 1 − 3𝑦 2
=− +𝐶
3 3
2
1 2 3
=− 1 − 3𝑦 2 +𝐶
3 3
𝟐 𝟑
න 1 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒚 𝟐 +𝑪
𝟗 𝑢𝑛+1
න 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
Chain Rule for Integration
 𝟑
𝟐
The integral of ‫ ׬‬1 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝒊𝒔 − 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒚 𝟐 +𝑪
𝟗

Next is to apply the definite integrals

0
න 1 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 → 𝐹 𝑥 ቤ𝑏
−2 𝑎
3
0 2 0
‫׬‬−2 1 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − 1 − 3𝑦 ฬ
2
9 −2
𝑏 3 3
2 2
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎 = −9 1 − 3𝑏 2 − −9 1 − 3𝑎 2
𝑎
𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
= −𝟗 𝟏−𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 − −𝟗 𝟏 − 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟐

𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
= −𝟗 𝟏 𝟐 − −𝟗 𝟏 +𝟔 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
= −𝟗 − −𝟗 𝟕 𝟕
𝟐 𝟏𝟒
= −𝟗 − −𝟗 𝟕
𝟐 𝟏𝟒 −𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒 𝟕
0
−𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒 𝟕 =− + 𝟕 = 𝟗
𝟗 𝟗
න 1 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
−2 𝟗
 n
Solution:
3. න 𝑥3 − 3𝑥 2 +3 4 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Again, verify if the given 𝑑𝑢 satisfies in the given
𝑢 function
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟑 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by factoring

⟹𝟏 න 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3 4n 2
3
න 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 3 2 4 2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟑
𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4+1
1 𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +3
= +𝐶
3 4+1
5
1 𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +3
= +𝐶
3 5

𝟏 𝟓
න 𝑥3 − 3𝑥 2 +3 4
𝑥2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝟏𝟓
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 +𝑪 𝑢𝑛+1
න 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
Chain Rule for Integration
 the integral is

Next is to apply the definite integrals

1
1 3 1
3
න 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 3 2 4
𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 3 5
ቤ
0 15 0
1
න 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3 4
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎)
0
1 5 1
= (1)3 −3 1 2
+3 − (0)3 − 3 0 2
+3 5
15 15
1 1
= 1 5 − 3 5
15 15
1 243
= −
15 15
242
=−
15
1
242
න 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3 4 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = = − ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
0 15
 1
𝒓𝟑
4. න 𝒅𝒓 = 0 Solution:
−1 𝒓𝟒 + 𝟐 𝟕 Write the given fraction in the form of 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢, and that is by changing the
denominator into negative exponents
𝑟3 n
4 −7
න 4 7
𝑑𝑟 ⇒ න 𝑟 + 2 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟
𝑟 +2
u du
𝟏
න 𝑟4 + 2 −7
𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 ⇒ න 𝑟 4 + 2 −7 4 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟
𝟒
𝑢 = 𝑟4 + 2
−7+1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑 𝑟 4 + 2 𝟏 𝑟 4 +2
= +𝐶
𝟒 −7+1
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟
−6
1 𝑟 4 +2
= +𝐶
4 −6

𝟏
=− 𝑟4 + 2 −6
+𝐶 change to positive exponent
𝟐𝟒

𝟏
=− +𝑪
𝟐𝟒 𝒓𝟒 + 𝟐 𝟔
1
For this example , continue solving indefinite integrals 𝒓𝟑 න 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑢𝑛+1
+𝐶
at home where in this is the final answer න 𝟒 + 𝟐 𝟕 𝒅𝒓 = 0 𝑛+1
−1 𝒓 Chain Rule for Integration
 Before we proceed to our next topic, lets recall once more about power rule
3 3n
3 1 3 1
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 4 8 4

u du
3 3n
u= 8 𝑥 2 3 3 1
= න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3 8 2 4
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
8
3 1 u du =6
1 81
𝑥4 + 𝐶
= 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥
3+1 4096
2 4 =
2 8
+𝐶
3 3+1 Reducing fraction to lowest term
3 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 3 4
2 4 2 𝑥 𝟐𝟕
=
3
8
4
+𝐶 = 𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒙𝟒 + c
4
2 1 3
= 𝑥 +𝐶
3 4 8
4
2 3
= 𝑥4 + 𝐶
12 8
Chain rule for integration
We cannot directly apply the basic formulas for more integrands. To evaluate these types of
integrands, we can change its form by representing the function by another variable, 𝑢. This method is
called the 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝒖 − 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑛 𝑢𝑛+1
‫= 𝑢𝑑 𝑢 ׬‬ 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶 Here we can apply the definition of our Power rule
Example: 1. ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 − 5 2 𝑑𝑥
First method of solution: In basic integration, from this given function , all we have to do first is to
give the product of binomial then integrate one by one

න 4𝑥 − 5 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 16𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 + 25 𝑑𝑥

= 16 ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 − 40 ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬+ 25 ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬

But this time, let us apply 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒏
‫ ׬‬4𝑥 − 5 2 𝑑𝑥, where in 𝒖 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓
⇒

𝒏=𝟐
𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙
 𝑢𝑛+1 𝒏
𝑛
‫= 𝑢𝑑 𝑢 ׬‬ + 𝐶, check the given du ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 − 5 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑛+1

⇒
𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝑑𝑢 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑑(𝑢) = 𝑑 4𝑥 − 5 ; 𝒖 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓
= 𝑑 4𝑥 − 𝑑 5
= 4𝑑 𝑥 − 0
=4 1
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟒𝒅𝒙 not 𝑑𝑥

Here our 𝒖 = 4𝑥 − 5 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝒏 = 𝟐, and our given 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 which not satisfies to the computed
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟒𝒅𝒙 so all we have to do is to make our 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟒𝒅𝒙,and that is multiply the given integration by
its reciprocal to satisfies the right 𝒅𝒖
𝟏
‫ ׬‬4𝑥 − 5 2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝟒 ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 − 5 2
𝟒𝑑𝑥 ,
then you may apply your solution
𝟏 4𝑥−5 2+1
= +𝐶
𝟒 2+1
𝟏 4𝑥−5 3
= +𝐶
𝟒 3
𝟏 𝟑
= 𝟏𝟐
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓 +𝑪
Integrals of Exponential Functions
𝑎 𝑢
න 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 න 𝑎 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
ln 𝑎
𝑢
1. Example: ‫׬‬ 𝑒 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 7𝑥
න 𝑒 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ න 𝑒 7 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 7𝑥 7
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑 7𝑥 𝟏 𝑢
= 𝑒 +𝐶
= 7𝑑 𝑥 𝟕
𝑑𝑢 = 7𝑑𝑥 𝟏 7𝑥
= 𝑒 +𝐶
𝟕
𝟏 𝟕𝒙
= 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟏 𝟕𝒙 𝟕
න 𝑒 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆 + 𝑪 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝟕
 𝒖 𝒖
𝒂
2. ‫ ׬‬25𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ න 𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝒂 𝒅𝒖 𝒍𝒏 𝒂
Here 𝒂 represents a constant so our
𝒂=𝟐 Again before we give our solution, we must check the given du if satisfies the
𝒖 = 𝟓𝒙 function
𝒖 = 𝟓𝒙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒅 𝒖 = 𝟓𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟓𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 ≠ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒖
5𝑥 𝟓𝒙
‫ ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝟓න 𝟐 5 𝒅𝒙
a
𝒅𝒖
1 25𝑥
= +𝐶
5 ln 2
25𝑥
= 5 ln 2
+𝐶
2 5𝑥
න 25𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 ⇒answer
5 ln 2
 3. ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ න 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝒖
‫ 𝑒 ׬‬ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒖 න 𝒆𝒍𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
This satisfies the given 𝑑𝑢
𝒖 = ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝒅 𝒖 = 𝒅 𝒍𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝑑𝑢 → න 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 +𝑪
𝑑 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 = by the definition

𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
=
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 Trigonometric identity න 𝒆𝒍𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝑢 = cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
 Solution:Let us rearrange the given function
3 arcsin 3𝑧 𝑢
4. න 𝑑𝑧 3 arcsin 3𝑧
𝑑𝑧
1 − 9𝑧 2 න 𝑑𝑧 = න 3arcsin 3𝑧
1 − 9𝑧 2 1 − 9𝑧 2

𝑢 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑧 ⇒ න 𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑 arcsin 3𝑧
𝑑𝑢
𝟏
= න 3arcsin 3𝑧
3 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 arcsin 𝑢 = by the definition
1 − 𝑢2 𝟑 1 − 9𝑧 2
𝑑 3𝑧 3𝑑𝑧
= =
1− 3𝑧 2 1−9𝑧 2 1 𝑎𝑢
𝟑𝑑𝑧
= +𝐶
𝒅𝒖 =
3 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
1 − 9𝑧 2
1 3arcsin 3𝑧
= +𝐶
3 ln 3
3𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑧
= +𝐶
3 ln 3
3arcsin 3𝑧 3𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑧
න 𝑑𝑧 = + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
1 − 9𝑧 2 3 ln 3
5. න 2 + 𝑒 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 Solution: Expand the given binomial

‫ ׬‬2 + 𝑒 2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬4 + 4𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑒 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦

then integrate one by one

= ‫ ׬‬4𝑑𝑦 + න 4𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + න 𝑒 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 4 න 𝑑𝑦 + 4 න 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + න 𝑒 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑢 = 2𝑦 𝑢 = 4𝑦
=4 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑦

𝟏
+ 2 න 𝑒 2𝑦 2𝑑𝑦 + 𝟒න 𝑒 4𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
1
+ 2 𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑒 4𝑦 +𝐶
4
𝟐𝒚
𝟏 𝟒𝒚
= 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐𝒆 + 𝒆 + 𝑪
𝟒
 3𝑧
6. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑧 solution: Express in ‫𝑢𝑑 𝑛𝑢 ׬‬
2−5 3𝑧 𝑛1
𝑧 −
=‫ ׬‬2−5 3 2 3𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑢 = 2 − 5 3𝑧 u du
𝑛1
1 −2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑 2 − 5 3𝑧 =− 5𝑙𝑛3 ‫ ׬‬2 − 5 3𝑧 −𝟓𝒍𝒏𝟑 3𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑑 2 − 5𝑑 3 𝑧
u du
= 0 − 5𝑑 𝑢𝑎𝑢 1 2−5(3𝑧 )
1
− +1
2
𝑑 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑢, by definition =− 1 +C
5𝑙𝑛3 − +1
2
= 0 − 5 3𝑧 ln 3 𝑑𝑧
1
1 2−5(3𝑧 ) 2
𝑑𝑢 = −5𝑙𝑛3 3𝑧 𝑑𝑧 =− 1 +C
5𝑙𝑛3
2

𝟏
1
=− 2 𝟐 − 𝟓(𝟑𝒛 ) 𝟐 +C
5𝑙𝑛3
3𝑧 2 𝟏
න 𝑑𝑧 = − 𝟐 − 𝟓 𝟑𝒛 + C =−
2
𝟐 − 𝟓(𝟑 ) 𝒛 𝟐 +C
2 − 5 3𝑧 5𝑙𝑛3 5𝑙𝑛3
⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
2
=− 𝟐 − 𝟓 𝟑𝒛 + C
5𝑙𝑛3
 Integration Formulas Involving the Natural Logarithmic Function
‫𝑢 ׬‬−1 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶 or sometimes it is written in the form
𝑑𝑢
‫׬‬ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢
2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 3
𝟏 𝟐 2𝑥 +3𝑥
Example: 1. න 𝑑𝑥 1. න 4 𝑑𝑥 → න 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝟐 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝑢
Solution: Assume 𝒖 = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 → න ⇒ ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
2 𝑢
Compute 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2
1
= 𝑑 𝑥 4 + 3𝑑 𝑥 2 = ln 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + C
2
= 4𝑥 3 + 3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 1
න 4 2
𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + C ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
2. ‫ ׬‬1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥 →−න 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Solution: 𝑑𝑢
→ −න ⇒ − ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
Assume 𝒖 = 1 + cos 𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = − ln 1 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
= 𝑑 1 + 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 by definition = − ln 1 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
du = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = − ln 1 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Let us now apply definite integral
2
3
1. න 2 − 𝑡 2 𝑒 6𝑡−𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−1
3 𝟏 𝟔𝒕−𝒕𝟑
𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 න 2 − 𝑡 2 𝑒 6𝑡−𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟑
𝑙𝑒𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒:
𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 ቤ ⇒ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
2
2 6𝑡−𝑡 3
𝟏 𝟔𝒕−𝒕𝟑 2
1. න 2 − 𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝒆 ฬ
−1 𝟑
−1
1 3 1 3
= 𝑒6 𝑏 − 𝑏 − 𝑒6 𝑎 − 𝑎
3 3
1 3 1
= 𝑒6 2 − 2 − 𝑒 6 −1 − −1
3
3 3
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟑 𝒆𝟒 − 𝟑 𝒆−𝟓
 Taking the common factor
𝟏 𝟒
= 𝒆 − 𝒆−𝟓
𝟑
1 4 1 Change into positive exponent
= 𝑒 − 5
3 𝑒
1 𝑒9 − 1
= Simplify
3 𝑒 5

𝒆𝟗 − 𝟏
=
𝟑𝒆𝟓
2
6𝑡−𝑡 3
𝒆𝟗 − 𝟏
න 2 − 𝑡2 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝟓
⇒ answer
−1 𝟑𝒆