For Sale with new systems only

~ The Concise Guide to

~
§
______. Operating Systen1 Version 3.1
.,.,

MS WIN 3.I OEM EASY 3.5"

SERIAL NO. C-008663
:it 050 815 1,.'310
 CONCISE GUIDE TO

____·crosoft
Windows,. 3.1

. Kris Jamsa

■
PUBLISHED BY
Microsoft Press
A Division of Microsoft Corporation
One Mic.osoft Way
Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
Copyright © 1992 by Kris A. Jamsa
All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Jamsa, Kris A.
Concise guide to Microsoft Windows 3.1 / Kris Jamsa.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 1-55615-470-4
1. Microsoft Windows (Computer program) I. Title.
QA76.76.W56J365 1992
005.4'3--dc20 92-761
CIP
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
123456789 RDRD 765432
Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada,
a division of Canada Publishing Corporation.
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Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
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British Cataloging-in-Publication Data available.
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Acquisitions Editor: Michael Halvorson

Project Editor: Casey D. Doyle
Technical Editor: Jim Fuchs
Contents

Introduction V

PARTI
Essential Operations in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Starting Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.
Running the Windows Online Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Windows at a Glance.................................. 2
Working with Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Selecting a Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Working with Menus................................... 4
Working with Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Scrolling for Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8·
Sizing a Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Moving a Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Closing a Window..................................... 11
Using the Control Menu................................. 12
If You Need Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.
Exiting Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

PART II
Standard Applications in Windows........................... 20
The Program Manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
The File Manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
The Clipboard Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
The Print Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
The Task List ............. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
The PIF Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
PART Ill
Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel . . . . 60
Changing Screen Colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Managing Fonts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Configuring Serial Ports................................. 65
Customizing the Mouse................................. 67
Customizing Your Desktop............................... 68
Setting the Keyboard Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Configuring a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Specifying International Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Setting the Computer's Date and Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
iv CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Setting Network Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Using MIDI Mapper.................................... 84
Using 386 Enhanced Mode Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Managing Device Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Assigning Sounds to Different System Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
PART IV
Desktop Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Page Setup Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Changing Printers and Printer Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Calculator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Calendar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Cardfile.............................................. 104
Clock................................................ 11 O
Notepad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Paintbrush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Terminal ................................. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Write................................................ 132
Character Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Object Packager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Media Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Sound Recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
PARTY
Games.................................................. 153
Playing Solitaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Playing Minesweeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
APPENDIX A
Installing Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Hardware Requirements for Windows 3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Installing Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Which Mode Is Right for You? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
APPENDIX B
Fundamental Keys in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
APPENDIX C
Memory and System Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Putting Memory to Work................................ 167
Changing System Settings Using Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
APPENDIX D
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Index 177
 Introduction
In 1981, IBM released its first personal computer, Microsoft released
MS-DOS, and the PC revolution began. Throughout the 1980s, millions
of users learned to issue a variety of MS-DOS commands and to use a
variety of applications.
By the end of the decade, most users had a word processor, a spread-
. sheet, and possibly a database application they used regularly. In fact,
most users were seeking an easy way to exchange information between
applications-a method that would eliminate the need to end one appli-
cation before looking up information stored by another.
In 1990, Microsoft introduced Windows 3.0, a program designed to
maximize productivity. Windows 3.0 made computers easier to use, ap-
plications easier to learn, and allowed several applications to run at the
same time. And-perhaps more importantly-it provided a simple
means of information exchange between applications. Windows is a ·
graphicalenvironment: Its menus, icons (meaningful symbols), and dia-
log boxes replace the often cryptic commands that MS-DOS requires.
In 1992, Microsoft released Windows 3.1, which provides object links to
help applications share data; TrueType fonts, which you can size to any
height and print exactly as they appear on the screen; enhanced help;
and even an online tutorial. Windows 3.1 brings multimedia to the PC
world. If your PC has a sound board, a CD-ROM, and a MIDI device,
Windows 3.1 provides you with the ability to record, edit, and play video
and sounds. In addition, Windows 3.1 lets you assign specific sounds to
various system events.
Just as the 1980s saw the PC revolution, the 1990s are seeing the
Windows revolution.

How to Use This Book

This book is bursting at the bindings with information you need to put
Windows to use:
■ Part I defines the elements of a window and describes how to use
them with both a mouse and a keyboard. It also introduces the exten-
sive online help feature Windows provides.

V
vi CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

■ Part II describes how to use the Windows Program Manager to run

applications. The Program Manager organizes applications into
groups, simplifying the selection of related applications, such as a
word processor and a spreadsheet. It also introduces the File Man-
ager, which displays directory listings and performs essential file
operations such as Copy, Rename, and Delete, and describes how to
use the PIF Editor and Clipboard Viewer. Part II also describes the
Print Manager, which controls printer output, and the Task List,
which moves you quickly among running applications.
■ Part III explains how to customize. Windows according to hardware
needs (printer types, port usage, and network) and personal prefer-
ence (window colors, keyboard speed, cursor blink rate, and so on).
■ Part IV introduces the desktop accessories available with Windows,
powerful programs that perform like many of the items commonly
found on your desk such as a clock, notepad, calculator, calendar, and
appointment book.
■ Part V introduces the Windows games Solitaire and Minesweeper.
Four appendixes provide you with special information:
■ Appendix A walks you through installing Windows.
■ Appendix B provides an easy-to-read list of keyboard shortcuts used
within Windows.
■ Appendix C explores memory and system settings.
■ Appendix D is a glossary that contains terms commonly used in
Windows.
In short, this reference contains all the steps you need to take, not just to
get Windows started, but to really put Windows to work.
PARTI

Essential Operations
in Windows
This book assumes that Microsoft Windows is installed on your com-
puter and that you 're ready to start it and become acquainted with the
basics of Windows. If Windows is not yet installed on your computer,
you can get ail the installation information you need by turning to Ap-
pendix A, "Installing Windows."

STARTING WINDOWS
To start Windows, type the following command at the MS-DOS prompt
(C: \>), pressing Enter as shown:
WIN <Enter>

The Windows desktop, similar to Figure 1-1, appears on your screen.

(If you get the message Bad command or filename, see Appendix A,
"Installing Windows," for instructions on adding the Windows sub-
directory to your computer's search path.)

RUNNING THE WINDOWS ONLINE TUTORIAL

Windows 3.1 provides an online tutorial that teaches you how to use a
mouse with Windows. To run the tutorial, do this:
Choose Windows Tutorial from Program Manager's Help
menu.

The Tutorial displays a series of windows, each containing easy-to-

follow instructions. Follow the instructions to complete the tutorial, or
press the Esc key to quit (you might need to complete the on-screen
instructions before you can quit the tutorial).
2 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Control-menu Sizing buttons

boxes Title bars Menu bar (Minimize)

Sizing buttons
(Maximize)

•
Application
,@I ~ window
lifrdow, PIF Editor Read Me
s.....
Group window

Mouse pointer

Icons Desktop Work area Window borders

FIGURE 1-1. After you start Windows, your screen

looks something like this .

WINDOWS AT A GLANCE
A window is simply a framed region on the screen. Each window con-
tains the following elements (as shown in Figure 1-1):
■ Window borders are the four edges that define the border of a window.
■ The title bar is the area directly below the window's top border. The
title bar displays the window's name.
■ The control-menu box is in the upper left corner of the window and
has an inner rectangle.
■ The mouse pointer indicates where the mouse is currently positioned
on the screen.
■ Sizing buttons (Minimize/Maximize) are buttons in the upper right cor-
ner of the window that minimize or maximize the window.
■ The mouse pointer indicates where the mouse is currently positioned
on the screen.
■ The menu bar is the area under the title bar. The menu bar provides
access to most of an application's commands.
 PART I: Essential Operations in Windows 3

■ The work area is the area inside a window.

■ Icons are visual representations of minimized windows, applications,
or documents.

Windows supports three kinds of windows: application windows, and

subwindows within application windows called document windows.
Windows also supports a special type of document window called a
group window, which contains application icons. In Figure 1-1, Program

Getting Around the Screen: A Primer

This book describes a variety of basic operations you can do in Win-
dows. All can be carried out with a mouse or from the keyboard. (A
mouse is strongly recommended, however.) The following symbols will
help you find the instructions you need at a glance:

Instructions for mouse users

- Instructions for keyboard users

In addition, mouse users should know how to perform the following

actions. (Typical uses for these actions are noted in parentheses.)
To click Position the tip of the mouse pointer over the specified ele-
ment, and then press and release the left mouse button one
time. (Selecting windows, icons, or files in a list; selecting
dialog box options.)
Todouble- Position the tip of the mouse pointer over the specified ele-
click ment, and then press and release the left mouse button twice
in quick succession. (Expanding icons; executing applica-
tions; choosing items from a list.) ·
To drag Position the tip of the mouse pointer over the specified ele~
ment, hold down the left mouse button, and move the mouse.
The mouse pointer moves, dragging the element. Move the
element to the desired location and release the left mouse but-
ton. (Moving windows or icons; resizing windows.)
Keyboard users should know how to use keyboard shortcuts. A keyboard
shortcut is a single keystroke or a combination of keystrokes that execute a
command directly. For example, the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+F4 provides
the same result as choosing Close from the Control menu of the Main win-
dow. Appendix B lists the keyboard shortcuts for a variety of tasks.
4 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Manager is an application window, and Main is a group window. Also

note the File Manager application icon, which is highlighted.

WORKING WITH ICONS

As shown in Figure 1-1, when you start Windows, a number of icons
(graphical symbols of an application or a minimized window) appear.
To work with an icon, you expand it; that is, you cause the icon to
become a window residing on the desktop.
To expand an icon, follow these steps:
Double-click on the icon.

For an application icon sitting on the desktop, repeatedly press

Alt+Esc until the icon's name is selected, and then press En-
ter, or press Alt+Spacebar, R.
For an icon sitting within a group window, use the arrow keys
to select the icon, and then press Enter.
For a document or group icon, repeatedly press Ctrl+F6 until
the icon is selected, and then press Enter.

SELECTING A WINDOW
When your screen contains several application windows, you can select
the one you want by clicking on the window or by repeatedly pressing
Alt+Esc. You can tell when a window is selected because its borders and
menu bar darken.

WORKING WITH MENUS

Immediately below an application window's title bar is a menu bar. The
menu bar lists the names of one or more menus (lists of related com-
mands). For example, the Program Manager menu bar contains the File,
Options, Window, and Help menus.

Opening a Menu
To open a menu, follow these steps:
 PART I: Essential Operations in Windows 5

Click on the menu name.

- Press Alt+X, where Xis the key that represents the desired
menu name. (Each menu name has an underlined character
that represents the menu. For example, press Alt+F to open
the File menu.)

When you open a menu, a list of commands appears, as. shown in

Figure 1-2.
Underlined characters Commands with an ellipsis
Move
give you fast access ~Jzi~ lead to a dialog box.
to a command. Minimize
Ma~mlze Shortcut keys reflect an
alternate way of carrying
S:rtitch To ... Ctrl+Esc
Gray commands are out the command.
fdh ►
Se:1tings •..
inappropriate for the fonts ... Commands with a triangle
current situation and lead to a second menu.
cannot be selected.

FIGURE 1-2. A sample open menu.

Selecting a Command
To select a command from a command menu, follow these steps:

Click on the command.

- Press X, where X is the letter underlined in the command. If

the command has no underlined letter, use the arrow keys to
highlight the comma:µd, and then press Enter.

Closing a Menu
To close a menu without selecting a command, click on a location out-
side of the menu, or press the Esc key.

WORKING WITH DIALOG BOXES

A dialog box is a window that frequently provides information and al-
ways requests a user response. Figure 1-3 shows a sample dialog box that
helps you set up your desktop. A dialog box might simply display a
6 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

status message, waiting until you select OK, or it might ask you to
specify a filename or other information.
Drop-down list
(not dropped down)

Command buttons

Text boxes

Option buttons

FIGURE 1-3. A sample dialog box.

Dialog boxes can contain several fields of information, as described in

the following paragraphs. To select a field within a dialog box, follow
these steps:
Click on the desired field.

~ Press Alt+X, where Xis the letter underlined in the field name.
~ Use the Tab key to advance from one dialog box field to the
next. Use Shift+Tab to return to the previous field.
Command buttons A command button directs a dialog box to perform a
specific action.
Text box A text box lets you type in· a text string, such as a filename.
Sometimes a text box contains default text (which might be high-
lighted). To enter different text, simply type in the new text, which
replaces the old text automatically. To make minor changes to the
default text, press the left arrow key, and edit the text using the Back-
space, Delete, and arrow keys.
List box A list box provides you with a list of options. If the list contains
more options than the box can display, the box contains a scroll bar.
To choose an option, follow these steps:
 PART I: Essential Operations in Windows 7

Double-click on the option.

~ Use the arrow keys to select the option, and then press
~ Enter.

If the list lets you select multiple options, check the documentation
that came with the application for instructions on selecting more than
one.
Drop-down list Dialog boxes use drop-down lists when there's not enough
room for a list box. Figure 1-4 shows a sample dialog box with a
drop-down list. To drop down the list, follow these steps:

Click on the downward pointing arrow at the right of the

list.

Select the drop-down list, and then press Alt+Down arrow.

Drop-down list
(dropped down)

liiiiiil
liiiil
liiiil

FIGURE 1-4. A dialog box with a dropped-down list.

Option button When the options you can select from are mutually exclu-
sive-that is, when you are allowed to select only one of them at a
time-they are grouped together as option buttons. Option buttons ap-
pear as circles with text next to them. One option in each group (the
currently selected option) has a darkened circle. Gray or dimmed
options are inappropriate for the current situation and cannot be
selected.
8 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

To select an option button, follow these steps:

Click on the option button.

Press Alt+X, where Xis the letter underlined in the option

name. If the option name doesn't have an underlined letter,
press the Tab key until one of the option names is encircled
by a dotted line. Use the arrow keys to move the darkened
circle to the desired option.
Check box Options that can be individually turned on or off are dis-
played as check boxes. When a check box is empty, the option is off.
An X in the check box indicates that the option is selected. Gray or
dimmed options are inappropriate for the current situation and cannot
be selected.
To select or deselect a check box, follow these steps:
Click on the check box.

Press Alt+X, where Xis the letter underlined in the check

box name. If the check box name doesn't have an un-
derlined letter, press the Tab key until the option is
encircled by a dotted line, and then press the Spacebar.

SCROLLING FOR INFORMATION

When an application contains more information than can fit in a win-
dow, vertical and horizontal scroll bars appear along the window's right
and bottom edges, as shown in Figure 1-5. Within the scroll bars, a scroll
box moves to reflect your relative position within the document.
To use scroll bars, follow these steps:

■ To move a.short distance, click on the up and down or left

and right arrows at each end of the scroll bar.
■ To move up by approximately one screen, click on the ver-
tical scroll bar above the scroll box. To move down by ap-
proximately one screen, click on the vertical scroll bar
below the scroll box. To move to the left by approximately
one screen, click on the horizontal scroll bar to the left of
 PART I: Essential Operations in Windows 9

file fdit Find Character

..
ea,agraph D.ocumcnt Help
README.WRI
-Scroll box
NOTE: Some of the information in this document is incomplete, inaccurate,
or obsolete for Windows versmn 3 .1. lf you plan on using a t erminate-
and-stay-resident (TSR) program with Windows, please read the
SETUP.lXT online document first . It contains important information
about running TSR programs with Windows 3.1

- Scroll bar
USING WRITE TO VlEW ON-LINE DOCUMENTS

ii
'""
I I
Scroll box Scroll bar

FIGURE 1-5. Scroll bars and scroll boxes help you work within your document.

the scroll box. To move to the right by approximately one

screen, click on the horizontal scroll bar to the right of the
scroll box.
■ To move to a specific location, drag the scroll box along the
scroll bar to quickly scan through the window's contents.
Use the arrow keys or the PgUp and PgDn keys to scroll
through the window's contents.

SIZING A WINDOW
Windows provides you with several ways to increase and decrease the
size of a window.

Minimizing a Window
To minimize a window-that is, to reduce it to an icon-follow these
steps:
Click on the Minimize button (a downward-pointing triangle)
in the upper right corner of the window.

For an application window, press Alt+Spacebar, N.

For a document or group window, press Alt+Hyphen, N.

Restoring a Minimized Window

To restore a minimized window-that is, to expand an icon to a win-
dow-perform the steps that follow.
10 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Double-click on the icon.

~ For an icon on the desktop, press Alt+Spacebar, R.

~ For a document or group icon, press Alt+Hyphen, R.

Maximizing a Window
To maximize a window-that is, to enlarge it to the fullest possible
size~ follow these steps:
Click on the Maximize button (an upward-pointing triangle)
in the upper right corner of the window.

For an application window, press Alt+Spacebar, X.

For a document or group window, press Alt+Hyphen, X.

Restoring a Maximized Window

When you maximize a window, that window's Maximize button
becomes a Restore button. To restore a window to its previous size,
follow these steps:

n Click on the Restore button (an upward-pointing triangle

sitting on top of a downward-pointing triangle) .

• For an application window, press Alt+Spacebar, R.

For a document or group window, press Alt+Hyphen, R.

Incrementally Sizing a Window

To stretch or co~press a window, follow these steps:
Drag a window border to the desired size. When you release
the mouse button, Windows expands or shrinks the window to
fill the new area.

■ To change window height, drag the window's top or bottom

border.
■ To change window width, drag the window's left or right
border.
■ To change both height and width, drag a corner of two
borders.
 PART I: Essential Operations in Windows 11

- 1. For an application window, press Alt+Spacebar, S.

For a document or group window, press Alt+Hyphen, S.
2. Press the arrow key that corresponds to the win<iow border
you want to change. The up arrow key corresponds to the
top border, the down arrow key corresponds' to the bottom
border, tbe right arrow key corresponds to the right border,
and the left arrow key corresponds to the left border. (To
change both height and width at the sarµe time, :press two
arrow keys simultaneously.)
3. Using the arrow keys, move the border to the desired loca-
tion and press Ent~r. When you press Ent~r, Windows ex-
pands or shrinks the window to fill the new area.

MOVING A WINDOW
One of the benefits of the Win<iows desktop is that it allows you to move
a
your work around to suit your needs and priorities. To move window,
follow these steps:
Drag the title bar of the win<iow to the desired location.

- 1. For an application window, press Alt+Spacebar, M.

For a document or group window, press Alt+Hyphen, M.
2, Use the arrow keys to move the window to the location you
desire, and then press Enter.
NOTE: When you move a window, Windows moves only an outline of the win-
dow until you release the mouse button or press Enter.

CLOSING A WINDOW
When you close an application window, the corresponding application
stops. If you have made changes and have not yet saved the changes on
disk, a dialog box appears asking whether you warit to save the changes.
To close a window, follow these steps:
Double-click on the window's Control menu box.

- For an application window, press Alt+Spacebar, C. For a

document or group window, press Alt+Hyphen, C.
12 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

USING THE CONTROL MENU

Every window has a Control menu, which contains commands that let
you move, size, or close a window by using the keyboard (Figure 1-6).
!ll!l
.Move
.SJze
Minimize
Ma~imize
tlose Ctrl+F4
Ne><! Ctrl+F6

FIGURE 1-6. A typical Control menu.

To open the Control menu, follow these steps:

Click on the Control menu box in the window's upper left cor-
ner adjacent to the menu bar.

For an application window, press Alt+Spacebar. For a docu-

ment or group window, press Alt+Hyphen.
The following list briefly describes each Control menu command:
Command Function
Restore Restores a window to its previous size following a
minimize or maximize operation
Move Lets you move the window using the arrow keys
Size Lets you change the window's size using the arrow
keys
Minimize Reduces the window to an icon
Maximize Expands the window to full size
Close Closes the window
Switch To Opens the Task List dialog box, which lets you select
another running application
Next Selects the next open document or group window
within an application window

IF YOU NEED HELP

To help you quickly resolve problems and to answer your questions,
Windows provides online help that you can use from within Windows.
Simply use one of the following techniques:
 PART I: Essential Operations in Windows 13

■ Choose a command from the Help menu on the menu bar.

■ Press Fl while working within an application window.
■ Choose the Help button in a dialog box.
The following list describes the Help commands provided by most
applications:
Command Function
Contents Opens a window showing the table of contents for
topics concerning the selected application
Search for Opens a dialog box that allows you to type a subject
Help On name for which Windows displays a list of related help
topics
How to Opens a window showing explanatory text about
Use Help Window's online help
About Opens a window showing copyright information for the
selected application
When you select a command from the Help menu or when you press Fl,
a window appears with help text and the following buttons (Figure 1-7).
(Dimmed buttons are inappropriate for the current situation and cannot
be selected.)
Displays the Help contents for the application.
Lets you select a topic based on a keyword search.
Displays the previous topic you viewed.
Displays the last 40 topics you viewed.
Displays a list of terms for which definitions are available.

FIGURE 1-7. The help buttons.

To choose a help button, follow these steps:

Click on the help button.

~ Press Alt+X, where Xis the letter underlined in the button

~ name.

Accessing Expanded Help

Additional information is available for terms that are underlined in the
help text. To obtain additional information, perform the steps that follow.
14 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Click on the underlined term.

e Press the Tab key to highlight the term, and then press Enter.

Accessing Definitions
Definitions are available for terms that have a dotted underline in the
help text. To see the definition of the term, follow these steps:
Click on the term.

~ Press the Tab key to highlight the term, and then press Enter.

If you encounter a term you don't understand, you can look it up using
the Glossary button. To choose the Glossary button, follow these steps:
Click on the Glossary button.

e Press Alt+G.

A glossary dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 1-8 appears.

Windows Help Glossary 1

A
~c;\1.v~
~RPl!i;.~Jp;:iri
~f,lf;l)\i;.Q..1,IQfl~tt).Q~
~~~Q.i;.1~}~
~!if'.1_Q_yJ~~

B
bt;1~G~P,.Qgr~m
.Qmt,~-~r~n?.t.e,
9r~m~~ ii

FIGURE 1-8. He/p's glossary window.

To view the definition of a specific term, follow these steps:

If necessary, drag the scroll box within the scroll bar to
bring the term into view.
2. Click on the term.
 PART I: Essential Operations in Windows 15

If necessary, use the PgUp and PgDn keys to bring the term
into view.
2. Press the Tab key to highlight the term, and then press
Enter.
Help displays the term's definition in a pop up window similar to the
one shown in Figure 1-9.
glos sary
I
M
Mw..1m1;.e.R1-1.ttRn
M~di~.9.;l_ntrnJ.!n!~rt.;,,,;.e:.!Mf..:!l
J!l!;!1,1)

menu
l::i
A list of avo.ilo.ble commonds in on
o.pplicotion wi ndow. Menu no.mes
o.ppeor in the menu bor neo.r the top
of the window. The Control menu,
represented by the Control-menu
box o.t the left end of the title bar, is
common to o.11 Windows
o.pplico.tions . Y ou use o. commo.nd
on o. menu by selecting th e menu
no.me. then choosing th e comm and
y ou want.

FIGURE 1-9. A glossary definition in a pop up window.

To remove the pop up window, click your mouse, or press any key.
To close the glossary window, either double-click on the glossary win-
dow's Control menu box, or press Alt+F4.

Printing a Help Topic

To print the help topic, choose Print Topic from Help's File menu.
Choose Print Setup from Help 's File menu if you want to select a
printer other than the default printer, change the paper size or tray,
change the print orientation (portrait or landscape), or change the print
intensity for graphics. (You learn about these options in " Configuring
a Printer" in Part III. Most users can simply use the default settings.)

Returning to Previous Help Topics

As you use Help to learn about various topics, there might be times
when you want to return to a topic you were previously viewing. To do
so, choose Back. Help displays the previous Help topic. If you choose
Back again, Help returns to the topic you viewed before the current one.
You can view as many as 40 previous topics in this manner.
Help' s History button also lets you quickly return to a previous topic.
When you choose History by clicking on the History button or by pressing
16 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Alt+ T, Help opens a History dialog box similar to Figure 1-10, which
lists up to 40 previously viewed topics.

PBRUSH:Paintbrush Help
PROGMAN:Contenls for Program
PBRUSH:Painlbmsh Help Conte
PROGMAN:Contents for Program
PROGMAN:Contents- for Program
Contents for File Manager Help

FIGURE 1-10. The history dialog box.

To return to a previous Help topic, follow these steps:

1. If necessary, drag the scroll box until the topic becomes

visible.
2. Double-click on the topic.
Use the arrow keys to highlight the topic, and then press
Enter.
To close the History dialog box without making a selection,
double-click on its Control menu box or press Alt+F4.

Performing a Keyword Search

The Search button lets you search for help from a list of predefined key-
words. To choose the Search button, click on the Search button, or press
Alt+S.
When you choose the Search button, a dialog box appears, similar to
Figure 1-11:

applications. starting
Arrange Icons command
arranging icons
arranging windows-
Auto Anange command

Select a topic. then choose Go To.

FIGURE 1-11. The Search dialog box.

The Search dialog box contains three fields: a text box near the top of
the dialog box; a list box in the middle of the dialog box that contains all
available keywords; and another list box at the bottom of the dialog box.
 PART I: Essential Operations in Windows 17

To search for a topic, follow these steps:

I. Select a keyword from the middle list box. (In addition to scrolling in
the typical way, you can type the first letter or two of the desired
keyword into the text box, and the middle text box moves to and
highlights the first keyword that matches the letters you specified.)
2. If you find the keyword you desire, choose Go To. Help searches the
help file for matching occurrences of the keyword and displays each
match in the bottom list box.
3. If a reference in the bottom list box is of interest, double-click on the
reference, or use the arrow keys to select it, and then press Enter.

Bookmarks
To help you learn efficiently as well as effectively, Windows provides a
bookmark command that lets you mark your place in Help before you
exit. Later-rather than browsing to find where you left off-you can
return directly to the place you marked.
Defining a Bookmark
To define a bookmark, follow these steps:
I. Choose Define from Help's Bookmark menu, or press Alt+M, D. The
Bookmark Define dialog box appears, which contains the current
help topic as the bookmark name (Figure 1-12).

1=
D_ook.mark. Name:

~l"•-ld®_'•_m_-_"'•_IEll_i:_
.._& _-_·~~I
•iJLGlll_-

FIGURE 1-12. The Bookmark Define dialog box.

2. Choose OK to accept the current name, or edit the name to your lik-
ing, and then choose OK to store the bookmark.
Accessing a Bookmark
To return to a marked position, follow these steps:
I. Open the Bookmark menu. A numbered list appears of every book-
mark you've defined. (The list appears underneath the Define
command.)
18 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

2. Click on the desired bookmark, or press the number that corresponds

to the desired bookmark. You can also highlight the bookmark with
the arrow keys and press Enter.
Deleting a Bookmark
To delete a bookmark, follow these steps:
1. Open the Bookmark menu.
2. Choose Define.
3. Select the bookmark you want to delete.
4. Choose Delete.
5. Choose OK.

Annotations in Help Text

Help lets you annotate the help text. When you annotate help text, you
place your own comments or reminders within the material.
Adding an annotation
To create a help annotation, follow these steps:
1. Choose Annotate from Help's Edit menu. Help opens the Annotate
dialog box shown in Figure 1-13.

Annolation:

FIGURE 1-13. Help's Annotate Dialog Box.

2. Type in your own comments or reminders.

3. Choose Save.

After you annotate a topic, Help displays a paper clip in front of the
topic's title as shown in Figure 1-14.
To display a topic's annotated text, click on the paper clip, or press the
Tab key to highlight the paper clip, and then press Enter.
Help displays the annotated text in a dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 1-13. To close the dialog box, choose Cancel or press
Alt+F4.
 PART I: Essential Operations in Windows 19

•II,

file fdlt Bookmark .Help

Paper clip
indicating an - ~ &' contents for Program Manager Help
annotation. Program Manager is e. tool you ce.n use to easily start
applications, and organize your opplico.tions and fil es into
logical groups .
To learn how ta use Help, press F1
How To ...
Arronae Windows and Icons
DJonge an Icon i

FIGURE 1-14. After you annotate a topic, it is displayed with a paper clip.

Removing an annotation
To remove an annotation, follow these steps:
Click on the paper clip. Help displays the annotated text in
a dialog box.
2. Choose Delete.
1. Press the Tab key to highlight the paper clip, and then press
Enter. Help displays the annotated text in a dialog box.
2. Choose Delete by pressing Alt+D.

Exiting Online Help

To exit the online help, double-click on the Help window's Control
menu button, or press Alt+F4.

EXITING WINDOWS
To exit Windows, follow these steps:
1. Close all open application windows, saving open files as necessary.
2. Choose Exit Windows from Program Manager's File menu. The Exit
Windows dialog box appears (Figure 1-15), confirming that you
want to exit.
Exit Windows

0 This wiff end )'Our Windows session.

liiiiii liiiii
FIGURE 1-15. The Exit Windows dialog box.

3. Choose OK.
PART II

Standard Applications
in Windows
There are several key applications in Windows you use often: the Pro-
gram Manager, the File Manager, the Clipboard Viewer1 the Print Man-
ager, the Task List, and the PIF Editor. You learn about each of them in
this section.

THE PROGRAM MANAGER

The most important application in Windows is the Program Manager.
The Program Manager is the window from which you start your applica-
tions. (See Figure 2-1.)

The Main
A
Windows
~
PIF Editor
~
Read Me
group as an
Setup open window

The Applications, Games,

ml
Applications
ml.
Games
ml
StartUp
ml
Accessories
Startup, and Accessories
groups as icons

FIGURE 2-1. A group can appear as a window or as an icon.

Program Manager organizes applications into groups. A group can ap-

pear as an open window (called a group window) or as a minimized
icon, as shown in Figure 2-1. A group window is a subwindow of the
Program Manager window. Four groups-Main, Accessories, Games,
and Startup-are standard groups in Windows:

20
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 21

Group Contents
Main Applications that let you configure your
hardware and customize the Windows
environment
Accessories Applications that automate desktop tasks
(Clock, Calculator, Notepad, and so on)
Games The games Solitaire and Minesweeper
Startup Programs you want to run each time
Windows starts
You might also have one or more applications groups containing appli-
cations for Windows and MS-DOS.

Adding a Program Group

To help you organize your work effectively, the Program Manager lets
you create your own groups. For example, you might create a group
called Business, which might contain a spreadsheet, a word processor,
and a project scheduler. To create a group, follow these steps:
1. Choose New from the Program Manager's File menu. The dialog box
shown in Figure 2-2 appears.

-
- New Program Object
New---~
0 Prog-am§.roup
liiiiiiiil
@iProgra11,Jtami

FIGURE 2-2. The New Program Object dialog box.

2. Select Program Group, and choose OK. The dialog box shown in
Figure 2-3 appears.

Temporarily Exiting Windows to MS-DOS

If you need to leave Windows temporarily and go to MS-DOS, you can
do so easily by choosing the MS-DOS Prompt icon from the Main
group. When you return to Windows, your previously open windows
and files remain unchanged. To return to Windows from MS-DOS, use
the Exit command as shown here:
C: \>EXIT

When you go to MS-DOS, do not turn off your computer without first
returning to Windows and closing any applications that are running.
This ensures that all files are saved correctly.
22 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

_ Program Group Properties

D_esc,iption:
Jiroup File:

FIGURE 2-3. The Program Group Properties dialog box.

3. Type in the description you want to appear in this group window's

title bar. Click on OK or press Enter.

Deleting a Program Group

If you decide a group is no longer necessary, you can delete it by follow-
ing these steps:
I. Minimize and select the group you intend to delete. If you click on a
group icon and its Control menu appears, click on the icon again to
close the Control menu.
2. Choose Delete from the File menu, or press the Delete key. A dialog
box similar to the one shown in Figure 2-4 appears.
- Delete

Cl) Arc you s ure you want to delete group

'Bu sine ss '?

FIGURE 2-4. The Delete dialog box.

3. If the dialog box displays the correct group name, choose Yes; other-
wise, choose No.

Adding Applications to a Group

After you create a group, you can add applications to it. Likewise, if you
buy a new application that runs under Windows (such as Microsoft
Word for Windows), you can add it to an applications group. To add an
application to a group, follow these steps:
1. Select the desired group window or icon.
2. Choose New from the File menu. The New Program Object dialog
box appears (Figure 2-2).
3. Select Program Item, and choose OK. The dialog box shown in
Figure 2-5 appears.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 23

S2. Progrom Item Properties

Q.etc1iption:
.Command line:
~otking Direclo,y:

~hortcut Key: ~!
No_ • • - - - - ~
0 fl.un Mini■ized

FIGURE 2-5. The Program Item Properties dialog box.

4. Type in the description you want to appear beneath the application's

icon. Do not press Enter.
5. Move to the Command Line text box. Type in the application's com-
plete filename, including the drive letter, pathname, and filename ex-
tension. Do not press Enter.
6. Move to the Working Directory text box and type in the directory
where the application's data files are stored. Do not press Enter. You
can leave this text box empty if the application has no data files or if
the data files are stored in the same directory as the application.
7. Move to the Shortcut Key text box. A shortcut key is a key that, when
pressed at the same time as Ctr! and Alt, makes the running applica-
tion active. If you'd like to assign a shortcut key for this application,
press the key you'd like to use as a shortcut key. Do not press Enter
when you have finished.
8. If you'd like Windows to minimize the application when you run it,
click on the Run Minimized check box, or press Alt+R.
9. Choose OK to add the application to the group.

Deleting Applications from a Group

To delete an application from a group, follow these steps:
1. Select the icon of the application you want to delete.
2. Choose Delete from the File menu, or press the Delete key. A dialog
box similar to the one shown in Figure 2-6 appears.
~ Delete

Cl) Are you sure you want to delete item 'Read

Me' ?

FIGURE 2-6. The Delete dialog box.

3. If the item specified is the application you want to delete, choose

Yes; otherwise, choose No.
24 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Moving an Application
from One Group to Another
To move an application from one group to another, follow these steps:
Drag the application's icon into the desired group window or
atop the desired group icon.

1. Select the icon of the application you want to move.

2. Choose Move from the File menu. A dialog box similar to
the one shown in Figure 2-7 appears.

Move Program Item:

From Program Group:
lo Group:

IH444iimi
Budget
Business

11
-
liiiiil

FIGURE 2-7. The Move Program Item dialog box.

3. Press Alt+Down arrow key to open the drop-down list. Use

the Up and Down arrow keys to select the group to which
you want the application moved, and then press Enter.

Copying an Application
from One Group to Another
To copy an application from one group to another, follow these steps:
Hold down the Ctrl key, and then drag the application's icon
into the desired group window or atop the desired group icon.

1. Select the icon of the application you want to copy.

2. Choose Copy from the File menu. A dialog box similar to
the one shown in Figure 2-8 appears.

Copy Program Item:

From Program Group:
lo Group:
I·
Budget
Business

11
-
liiiiil

FIGURE 2-8. The Copy Program Item dialog box.

3. Press Alt+Down arrow key to open the drop-down list. Use

the Up and Down arrow keys to select the group to which
you want the application copied, and then press Enter.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 25

Using the Startup Group

You might have one or more applications you want to run each time you
start Windows. If you copy the application to the Startup group, as de-
scribed above, Windows runs the application each time you start
Windows.

Changing a Group Name

To change the name of a group, follow these steps:
I. Minimize and then select the desired group's window.
2. Choose Properties from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the
one shown in Figure 2-9 appears .
...,, Program Group Properties

.Q.escription: IIIJ!l!mm I (eii:J

§_roup File: (c: \ W'INDOWS \ BUSINESS . GAP I~

FIGURE 2-9. The Program Group Properties dialog box.

3. Type a new group name in the Description text box, and choose OK.

Changing an Application's Description

To change an application's description, follow these steps:
I. Select the application's icon.
2. Choose Properties from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the
one shown in Figure 2-10 appears.
w Program ftem Properties

~ D ftun Minimized

FIGURE 2-10. The Program Item Properties dialog box.

3. Type in the new description. Choose OK.

Tiling or Cascading Group Windows

The Program Manager Window menu has two commands that help you
view group windows. The first, Cascade, arranges group windows one
on top of another, leaving the title bar of each window uncovered. The
26 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

second, Tile, changes the size and position of each group window so that
each is fully visible.
To arrange windows to best suit your needs, choose either Cascade or
Tile from the Window menu.

Arranging Application and Group Icons

As you work with Windows, icons sometimes become disorganized
within a group window. To tidy up the arrangement of icons, follow
these steps:
1. Open the group window whose icons you want to arrange.
2. Choose Arrange Icons from the Window menu.
As you change the size of a group window, Windows might need to
rearrange the icons so that you can view them. Choose Auto Arrange
from the Options menu to have Windows automatically rearrange a re-
sized group window's icons.

THE FILE MANAGER

The File Manager is a powerful application that lets you copy, delete,
print, and rename files; run applications; and even perform disk opera-
tions such as formatting a new floppy disk.

The File Manager Screen

When you start the File Manager, a screen similar to the one in Figure
2-11 appears.
■ Disk-drive icons represent the drives available to the File Manager.
Drives are of the following types: floppy-disk drive, hard-disk drive,
network drive, RAM-disk drive, and CD-ROM drive.
■ The disk volume label is an optional I I -character name you can assign
to a disk (If your hard disk is unnamed, this field does not appear.)
■ The directory path and file specification show the full pathname to the
current directory as well as the specification for the files shown.
■ The directory tree displays directories of the current drive. The File
Manager lets you display either all, specific levels, or one level, of
subdirectories in the directory tree.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 27

Directory path and

file specification

tlc lp
Disk
C:lllaillol volume
~ bootlog.txt 00 cars.bmp label
CJ system [i) boxes.bmp [i) castle.bmp
~ 256color bmp t'!!lcalc.exe E'lcharmap.exe
D accesu,O.grp [i) calc.... ~ charmap.hlp
Contents
Directory [!I appinst.iri llcalendar.exe [!I chimes.wav
tree D applicaO.grp ~ calenda1.hlp Ii) chit2.bmp pane
[!I arcede.bmp [!I canyon.rrid [!l chord.wav
~ arches bmp EE!lcardfile.el!e l:mdJ:brd.exe
l!)a,gyieb,co [!),.,~ie.hlp [!'lc1pt,dhlp

Status bar

Split bar

lliil A floppy disk-drive icon 111:1 A CD-ROM disk-drive icon

1111 A hard disk-drive icon [El A network disk-drive icon

liil A RAM disk-drive icon

FIGURE 2-11. Your screen looks like this after you start the File Manager.

■ The current directory is the directory whose files the File Manager is
currently displaying. The File Manager indicates the current direc-
tory by using an open file folder icon in the directory tree.
■ The contents pane shows the files and subdirectories in the current
directory.
■ The status bar displays the amount of free space the current drive
contains, as well as the number of files in, and the disk space con-
sumed by, files in the current directory.

Changing Drives
You can change to any drive represented by a drive icon. To change to a
drive, click on the drive's icon, or press Ctrl+X, where Xis the letter of
the drive you desire.

Changing Directories
To change to a different directory, click on the directory you desire or
use the Up or Down arrow key to move the selection frame (the dotted
rectangle) to the desired directory.
28 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Expanding Directories
MS-DOS lets you store files in directories. Directories are organiza-
tional tools that allow you to group related files. Think of a directory as
a folder inside a filing cabinet.
Directories can also contain other directories. A directory that conta_ins
another directory is called a parent directory. A directory within another
directory is called a subdirectory.
The File Manager displays the contents of the current disk. Directories
and subdirectories are displayed as icons that look like folders. (See
Figure 2-11.) If a directory contains one or more subdirectories, its icon
might contain a plus sign. If none of your directory icons contains a plus
sign, choose Indicate Expandable Branches from the Tree menu.

Expanding a Single Directory

To expand a directory to reveal its subdirectories, perform these steps:
Double-click on the directory's icon.

~ Use the Up or Down arrow key to move the selection frame to

~ the directory you desire, and then press Enter.
The File Manager expands the directory, showing its subdirectories and
replacing the plus sign in the directory's icon with a minus sign.
To expand the directory to show all its subdirectories, including
subdirectories within subdirectories, follow these steps:
1. Select the desired directory.
2. Choose Expand Branch from the Tree menu, or press the asterisk (*)
key.
Expanding the Entire Tree
To expand all directories on the current disk, choose Expand All from
the Tree menu, or press Ctrl+*.

Collapsing a Directory
By collapsing a directory, you hide its subdirectories. To collapse an ex-
panded directory, follow these steps:
Double-click on the directory's icon.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 29

~ Select the directory with the Up or Down arrow key, and then
~ press the minus sign key (-).

Viewing the Current Directory

The File Manager displays the current directory's files and subdirecto-
ries in the contents pane to the right of the directory tree. As you change
directories, the File Manager updates the contents pane to display the
files in the new current directory.
Each file in the contents pane has a corresponding icon that indicates the
file type as shown here:

LI A directory §] A document

LJ A program file
D A data file

Viewing Multiple Directories

Sometimes you might want to view the contents of two or more directo-
ries at the same time. To do so, open one or more additional directory
windows. To open a directory window, choose New Window from the
Window menu. The File Manager opens a second directory window as
shown in Figure 2-12.

()lfl-.i
~ar~.bmp cmcardfile.
CJ system ~ bootlog.bd [!) cardf~e
00256colo,.bmp (!)boxes_bmp ~cars.
D accessoO QJP l:Dcalc.elle ~ castle
[i) appinst.ir-. [!) calc.hlp r!:i char
D applicaO.grp l!lcalendcu e)(e [!) chat
~ arcade.b~ ~ calendae- hip ~ chimes
[i'J arches bmp ~ canyori.mid ~ chil;z.
h!,-=:C::.=: _ _ - -~

FIGURE 2-12. The File Manager with two directory windows open.

Within each directory window, you can change to any disk drive or
directory. Additionally, the File Manager lets you move and copy files
from one directory window to another.
TIP: To open a new directory window for another drive, double-click on the
drive's icon.
30 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Controlling the Display of Directory Windows

If you open multiple directory windows, you can move and size the win-
dows as your needs require. The File Manager Window menu has two
commands that help you view directory windows. The first, Cascade, ar-
ranges directory windows one on top of another, leaving the title bar of
each window uncovered. The second, Tile, changes the size and position
of each directory window so that each is fully visible.
To arrange windows to best suit your needs, choose either Cascade or
Tile from the Window menu.

Closing a Directory Window

To close a directory window, follow these steps:
Double-click on the window's Control menu box.

adlllll.
Choose the Close option from the window's Control menu, or
~ press Ctrl+F4.
Sometimes, rather than closing a directory window, you might want to
temporarily minimize the window to an icon. When you do so, the
directory window's icon appears at the bottom of the Program Manager
window. To expand the icon, double-click on it or select the icon and
press Alt+Hyphen, R.

Running Applications
When you open a directory window, the File Manager displays the files
the directory contains. You can run applications and work with files
listed in the directory window.
The File Manager provides several ways to run an application.
■ If the application's name appears in the contents pane, you can
double-click on the application's icon, or follow these steps:
1. Press Tab to move the selection frame to the contents pane.
2. Use the arrow keys to move the selection frame to select the
application.
3. Press Enter.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 31

■ If the application's name does not appear in the directory window,

follow these steps:
1. Choose Run from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the one in
Figure 2-13 appears.

Current Direclmy. [:\WINDOWS

t_ommand Line:
I
D Run ,Minimized

FIGURE 2-13. The Run dialog box.

I
--
2. Type in the path and name of the application you want to run,
along with any additional information the application requires.
3. Select the Run Minimized box if you want the application to run
in the background as an icon. Choose OK.

Changing Views
By default, a directory window contains a directory tree and a contents
pane. The File Manager View menu has commands that let you display
only the directory tree, only the contents pane, or both (the default) as
described here.
Command Function
Tree and Directory Displays the directory tree and the contents pane
Tree Only Displays only the directory tree
Directory Only Displays only the contents pane
By default, the Program Manager divides a directory window into two
panes. The left pane of the window is the directory tree, and the right
pane is the contents pane. The File Manager lets you move the split bar
that divides the window, increasing the size of one pane while decreas-
ing the size of the other. To divide a directory window, follow these
steps:
Drag the split bar to the left or to the right.

1. Choose the Split command from the View menu. A thick,

black vertical bar appears in the middle of the directory
window.
2. Use the Left or Right arrow key to move the bar to the left
or to the right, and then press Enter.
32 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Changing the File Information Displayed

By default, the File Manager displays only filenames and extensions in
the contents pane. You can display other file characteristics by choosing
commands from the View menu.

Seeing File Details

To display each file's name, extension, size, date and time stamp, and
file attributes, choose All File Details from the View menu. To hide
these details, choose Name from the View menu.
Customizing Directory Window Information
To have specific file information appear in the directory window, fol-
low these steps:
I. Choose Partial Details from the View menu. A dialog box similar to
the one in Figure 2-14 appears.
~ Partial Details
Detail,--- - ~
t81tSg~J
181 Last M_odification Date
l8l last Modification lime
l8l [ileAt11ibutes

FIGURE 2-14. The Partial Details dialog box.

2. Select the file details you want the File Manager to display.
3. Choose OK.
Changing the Order of Directory Window Contents
Within a directory window, a list of directories followed by a list of
filenames appears. Both the directory list and the filename list are
sorted in alphabetic order. You can sort the files by Type (extension),
Size, or Date by choosing the appropriate command from the View
menu.
Restricting the File Types Displayed
By default, a directory window displays the name of every type of file
in the directory. To restrict which file types appear, follow these steps:
I. Choose By File Type from the View menu. A dialog box similar to
the one in Figure 2-15 appears.
2. Type in the wildcard pattern that corresponds to the files you want to
display.
3. Select the check boxes of the file types you want to display, or
deselect the file types you don't want to display.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 33

!!_a11ec

Fie r,p::e ===~

1111

[8:1 f!iractories
181.e_rograms
!El DDcu,ments
181!!.lherFiles

D Show Hidden/~stem Files

-
liiiiiil

FIGURE 2-15. The By File Type dialog box.

4. Press Enter or choose OK.

Selecting Multiple Files

When you need to select more than one file, you can use one of several
methods, depending on how the files are arranged in the contents pane.
Selecting Consecutive Files
To select files whose names appear consecutively in the contents pane,
follow these steps:
Click on the first filename in the group. Hold down the Shift
key, and click on the last filename in the group.

Select the first file in the group. Hold down the Shift key, and
use the arrow keys to select the remaining files in the group.
Selecting Nonconsecutive Files
To select multiple files whose names are not consecutive, follow these
steps:
Hold down the,Ctrl key, and click on each filename you
desire .

• 1. Move the selection frame to the first file and press

Shift+F8. The selection frame begins to blink.
2. Use the arrow keys and the Spacebar to select each file you
desire.
3. After you select all the files you want, press Shift+F8.

Selecting All Files

To select all the files in the contents pane, click on a file in the contents
pane or move the selection frame to the contents pane, and then press
Ctrl+/.
34 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Selecting or Deselecting Files by Pattern

To select files that match a pattern, follow these steps:
1. Choose Select Files from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the
one shown in Figure 2-16 appears.

file(,),
1=111~-~1-

-
liiiiil

FIGURE 2-16. The Select Files dialog box.

2. Type in the wildcard pattern that corresponds to the files you want to
select. (For more information about pattern matching, see your MS-
DOS manual.)
3. To select the files that match your pattern, choose the Select button.
To deselect the files that match your pattern, choose the Deselect
button.
Canceling a Selection
To cancel a selection, follow these steps:
Hold down the Ctrl key, and click on the file to deselect it.

1. Move the selection frame to the contents pane, and then

press Shift+FS. The selection frame begins to blink.
2. Use the arrow keys to move the selection frame to the file
you want to deselect. Press the Spacebar.
3. Press Shift+FS.
Canceling All Selections
To cancel all file selections, click on a file in the contents pane, or move
the selection frame to the contents pane and press Ctrl+\.

Using the File Menu

The File menu performs a variety of tasks, such as renaming and copy-
ing files. Figure 2-17 briefly describes each File command.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 35

Command F1,mction
Open Runs the selected application, or runs the application that·
created the selected document and loads the document into
the application
Move M9ves one or more files to a different disk or directory
Copy Copies one or more files to a different disk or directory
Delete Deletes one or more files or directories
Rename Renames one or more files
Properties Assigns new file attributes to one or more selected files
Run Runs an application
Print Prints one or more files
Associate Associates a file type (extension) with an application
Create Creates a directory
Directory
Search Searches a disk for one or more files
Select Files Selects files in the contents pane
Exit Exits the File Manager
FIGURE 2-17. File menu commands.

Printing Files
To print one or more files, follow these steps:
1. Select the file or files you want to print.
2. Choose Print from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the one in
Figure 2-18 appears.

Current Directory: C:\'WIN'WORD

e_,in1: IIN■=NPHll■WNDIII

FIGURE 2-18. The Print dialog box.

-
liiiil

3. Choose OK.
TIP: If the Print Manager is running, a quick way to print a file is to drag the
file's icort on top of the Print Manager icon.
NOTE: A document must be associated with an application before it can be
printed from the File Manager.

Associating Files
Every document file created with a Windows-based application has a
filename extension. (For example, every Write document file has the
36 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

WRI filename extension.) This extension-the characters at the end of

the filename-can be associated with an application.
By associating an extension with an application, you can have Windows
run the associated application-and load the selected file-each time
you choose a file with that file extension. (For example, by simply
choosing any file with the WRI extension, you'd trigger Write to begin
and load the file you chose.)
To associate a filename extension with an application, follow these
steps:
l. Select a file with the desired filename extension from a directory
window.
2. Choose Associate from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the
one shown in Figure 2-19 appears.
~ Associate

[iles with [xtenstol'I: lmJ I liiiii

Ca~ndar File (calendar.exe)
Card File (ca,dlile.exe)
Media Pla,et (MPlayer. exe)
Paintbrush Picture brush.exe

FIGURE 2-19. The Associate dialog box.

3. If the application you desire is in the Associate With list box, select
the application.
4. If the Associate With list box does not contain the application you
desire, choose Browse. A dialog box similar to the one shown in
Figure 2-20 appears.

File H.ame: 1l,i1eclo1ie1:

Ji4lM·hMY"l,MMU I c :\windows
calc.exe I lc'c:\
calendar.exe
ca,cMile.exe
e, windows
CJ system II
chaunap.exe
clipbrd.exe
clock.exe
control.exe
dosormot.Pif Iii ii
Lill Files of l,pe: 01iye1:
l~P,_og,_om_,_ _ _I_I Ii. c: raisllin 11

FIGURE 2-20. The Browse dialog box.

5. Choose the application's drive in the Drives drop-down list box, and
the application's directory in the Directories list box. Select the ap-
plication in the list box.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 37

6. Choose OK. The Browse dialog box closes, and the appropriate infor-
mation is added to the Associate dialog box. Choose OK.
Searching Your Disk for a File
If you can't locate a file, you can use the File Manager to search for it.
The File Manager opens a window containing a list of each matching file.
To search for a file, follow these steps:
1. Choose Search from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 2-21 appears.
~ Search

,S_earch FCN:
Start [ram:
l:='1 =
C:\
1 ======= ======:
~ -- - - - - -- ~
[8l S~a,ch Al Subdi1eclories

FIGURE 2-21. The Search dialog box.

2. Type the name of the file (or pattern) you want to search for into the
Search For text box.
3. Type the name of the directory you want the File Manager to search
into the Start From text box.
4. Select the Search All Subdirectories check box if you want the File
Manager to search the subdirectories of the specified directory.
Otherwise, the File Manager searches only the specified directory.
Choose OK. If the File Manager locates one or more matching files,
it opens a window listing the files , as shown in Figure 2-22.
t' Search Results: C:\'.bal g[g
¾ , t. t,t ~
Dc:\batch\alchemy.bat
l lc:\batch\b«:kmai.bat
D c:\batch\basic.bat
D c:\batch\compdisk.ba(
a c:\bdch\d.bat
lllc:\batch\dosqrg. bat
El c:\batch\lormat.bat
ll!lc:\batch\getwin.Mt

FIGURE 2-22. The Search Results window.

Moving Files and Directories

To move files and directories, follow these steps:
Open a directory window that displays the files and directo-
ries you want to move. Open a directory window that dis-
plays the directory to which you want to move the files and
directories. Make a portion of both windows visible.
38 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

2. Select the files and directories you want to move.

3. Drag the files and directories into the new directory
window.
4. If the File Manager displays a dialog box asking you to con-
firm the move, choose Yes.

Select the files and directories you want to move.

Choose Move from the File menu, or press F7. A dialog box
· similar to the one shown in Figure 2-23 appears.

Current Directory: C:\WINDOWS

[rom:

loc
lcoNTROLINI

~I-------~

FIGURE 2-23. The Move dialog box.

-
liBiWI

3. Type in the pathname of the directory to which you want

the files and directories moved. Choose OK.

Copying Files and Directories

To copy files and directories, follow these steps:

1. Open a directory window that displays the files and directo-

ries you want to copy. Open a second directory window that
displays the directory to which you want to copy the files
and directories. Make a portion of both windows visible.
2. Select the files and directories to copy.
3. Hold down the Ctrl key, and drag the selected files and
directories into the new window.
4. If the File Manager displays a dialog box asking you to con-
firm the copy, choose Yes.

1. Select the files and directories you want to copy.

2. Choose Copy from the File menu, or press F8. A dialog box
similar to the one shown in Figure 2-24 appears.
3. Type in the pathname of the directory to which you want
the files and directories copied.
4. If you'd like to create a link to the file that can be embed-
ded in an application, select the Copy to Clipboard radio
button. (For more information on embedding, see the
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 39

section on the Object Packager in Part IV, "Desktop

Applications.'')
5. Choose OK.

Current Directory: [:\WINDOWS

[rom:

loo
IEliYPT.BMP FLOCK.BMP HONEY.BMP

®~I-------~
0 kopy lo Clipboard

FIGURE 2-24. The Copy dialog box.

-
liiiii

Deleting a File or Directory

The File Manager lets you delete both files and directories. Note that
when you delete a directory, all files and subdirectories in that directory
are also deleted.
To delete a file or directory, follow these steps:
1. Select the file or directory you want to delete.
2. Choose Delete from the File menu, or press the Delete key. A dialog
box similar to the one shown in Figure 2-25 appears.

liiiii

-
Current Directory: [:\WINDOWS

Delete, =l!i"'='"="'*~------~I -

FIGURE 2-25. The Delete dialog box.

3. Choose OK.
4. If the File Manager displays a dialog box asking you to confirm the
deletion, choose Yes.
Adding an Item to a Group Window
File Manager offers a convenient way of adding an application or a
document to a group window. Simply drag the desired icon from File
Manager into the group window where you want to add the application
or document.
Renaming a File or Directory
To rename a file or directory, follow these steps:
1. Select the file or directory to rename.
2. Choose Rename from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 2-26 appears.
40 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

!:' Reoome
Current Difectory: C:\WINDOWS

Ero•: IQc
a==.Pl=F= = = = = = ~
lo:

FIGURE 2-26. The Rename dialog box.

3. Type in the new name. Choose OK.

Assigning File Attributes

The File Manager lets you assign new file attributes to one or more
files. The following list describes the available attributes:
File Attribute Meaning
Read Only Prevents the file from being changed or deleted
Archive Identifies the file as needing to be backed up
Hidden Prevents the file from appearing in an MS-DOS directory
list
System Identifies a special MS-DOS system file
To assign file attributes to one or more files, follow these steps:
1. Select the desired files.
2. Choose Properties from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the
one shown in Figure 2-27 appears.
=file Name:
Properties for CHORD WAV
CHORD .'w'AV
Size: 24.982 bytes lc:JIIG:t
Last Change: 12/11/91 03:10:00AM
fath: C:\WINDOWS
AUribules-- - - ~
0 fiead Only O Hidden
[8] Archive D i,1 le111

FIGURE 2-27. The Properties dialog box.

3. Select a check box to assign the associated attribute, or deselect the

check box to remove the associated attribute. Choose OK.

Using the Disk Menu

The Disk menu lets you copy, label, and format disks, as well as connect
to network drives. The following list describes the commands available
on the Disk menu.
Command Function
Copy Disk Copies the contents of one floppy disk to another
Label Disk Assigns a volume label to a disk
(continued)
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 41

continued
Command Function
Format Disk Formats a floppy disk
Make System Disk Makes a disk a boot disk
Network Connections Connects or disconnects your computer to or
from a network drive
Select Drive Changes the currently selected drive to another
drive

Copying One Floppy Disk to Another

The File Manager lets you copy the contents of one floppy disk to a sec-
ond floppy disk of identical size and capacity. The disk copy operation
overwrites the contents of the second disk. If the second floppy disk is
not formatted, the File Manager formats it for you.
To copy one floppy disk (called the source disk) to another floppy disk
(called the destination disk), follow these steps:
1. Insert the source disk into a disk drive. If you have dual disk drives of
the same size and capacity, insert the destination disk into the second
disk drive.
2. Choose Copy Disk from the Disk menu. The dialog box shown in
Figure 2-28 appears.

-
)iou,ce Inc I· IIJ liiiiil
l!_estinationln:~ -

FIGURE 2-28. The Copy Disk dialog box.

3. Choose the drive letter of the source disk from the Source In drop-
down list box.
4. Choose the drive letter of the destination disk from the Destination In
drop-down list box. (On single floppy-disk drive systems, the source
and destination drives are the same.) Choose OK.
5. A dialog box appears, asking you to confirm the copy operation.
Choose Yes.
Labeling a Disk
A volume label is an 11-character name you can assign to a disk to im-
prove your disk organization. To assign a volume label to a disk, follow
these steps:
1. Select the drive containing the disk you want to label.
42 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

2. Choose Label Disk from the Disk menu. A dialog box similar to the
one shown in Figure 2-29 appears, containing the existing volume
label, if the disk has one.
= U!lbel D1sfc

!,_abel:

FIGURE 2-29. The Label Disk dialog box .

3. Type in the volume label name you desire, and choose OK.
Formatting a Floppy Disk
To format a floppy disk with the File Manager, follow these steps:
I. Insert the floppy disk into a drive.
2. Choose Format Disk from the Disk menu. A dialog box similar to the
one shown in Figure 2-30 appears.
; I,

.Q.iskln: =c==:II:,:
~lo='"'=•A ~
~ apac ity: I1. 2 MB [IJ
Options-;:,_-=._-_-_-_-_-~-~
Label: ~ - - ~
D ,Make System D isk
D Q.uick Format

FIGURE 2-30. The Format Disk dialog box.

3. If necessary, select the drive the disk resides in from the Disk In
drop-down list.
4. If necessary, select the disk 's size in the Capacity drop-down list.
5. If you want to assign a volume label to the disk, select the Label text
box and type in an I I-character volume name.
6. If you want the disk to be bootable, select the Make System Disk
check box.
7. If you want to reformat a previously formatted disk, select the Quick
Format check box. A quick format creates a new file allocation table
and root directory, but the disk is not scanned for bad areas. A quick
format is much faster than a normal format, but use this option only
on disks that you know to have no errors.
8. Choose OK.
9. If the File Manager displays a dialog box asking you to confirm the
format operation, choose Yes.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 43

Creating a System Disk

Before you can boot MS-DOS from a disk, the disk must contain special
system files. To copy the system files to a floppy disk, follow these
steps:
I. Choose Make System Disk from the Disk menu. A dialog box similar
to the one shown in Figure 2-31 appears.
:;: Make System Disk

,C.opy Syste• Files to Disk in:

~
~
Ciiicl

FIGURE 2-31. The Make System Disk dialog box.

2. Choose the disk to which you want to copy the system files.
3. Choose OK.
Connecting to a Network Drive
If your computer is connected to a network, your computer can connect
to network drives. (A network drive is a shared drive on another com-
puter that is also connected to the network.) To connect your computer
to a network drive, follow these steps:
1. Choose Network Connections from the Disk menu. A dialog box
similar to the one shown in Figure 2-32 appears.
-. Network Connections

New Connect.on;:::==========::::;~
Hetwork Path:
Diive:
Pan.f!.ord:

Cunenl Dri:r.e Connections:

FIGURE 2-32. The Network Connections dialog box.

2. Type in the network pathname required to locate the drive, or select a

previously connected pathname using the Previous button.
NOTE: If you' re not sure of the network pathname, you might be able to use
the Browse button to view available network drives.
3. Select a drive letter for the network drive.
4. Type in the drive's password, if required.
44 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

5. Choose Connect.
6. Choose Close.
Disconnecting from a Network Drive
To disconnect from a network drive, follow these steps:
1. Choose Network Connections from the Disk menu. A dialog box
similar to the one shown in Figure 2-33 appears.

New Connection
.fietwork Path:
~ - - - -~ liiiiii
D1ive:
Past)lord:

Current Ori:r.e Connections:

FIGURE 2-33. The Network Connections dialog box.

2. Select the drive you want to disconnect from the Current Drive Con-
nections list box.
3. Choose Disconnect.
4. Choose Close.

Determining the
Amount of Available Memory
To determine the amount of available memory on your system, choose
About from the Help menu. A dialog box appears similar to the one
shown in Figure 2-34, displaying information about Windows and the
amount of available memory.
liiiii About file Manager
~ '1~'11!
'.\!ii
Microsof t W indows Program Manage,
Version 3.1
~
,,;a CopJright e, 1985-1992 Microsoft Corp.
~
This product is licensed to:
Raisllin Majere
The Made, of Pad and Present

Your se1ial number label is on the inside back

cove, of Gelling Started with Microsoft Windows.

386 Enhanced Mode

Memor,: 18.622 KB Free
S1stem Resources:: 77% F1ee

FIGURE 2-34. The About File Manager dialog box.

 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 45

Controlling Confirmation Dialog Boxes

By default, the File Manager displays a dialog box confirming several
operations, such as replacement and deletion of files. You can control
whether these confirmation dialog boxes appear by using the Options
menu. The following list describes the available confirmations:
Confirmation Action
File Delete A warning before deleting files
Di rectory Delete A warning before deleting a subdirectory
Fi le Replace A warning before overwriting an existing file
Mouse Action A warning before copying or moving files
dragged by a mouse
Disk Commands A warning before formatting or copying a disk
To enable or disable one or more confirmations, follow these steps:
1. Choose Confirmation from the Options menu. A dialog box similar
to the one shown in Figure 2-35 appears.
';' Confirmation
Confirm on - - - ~
18l [~_]__!~i
C8J OifeclorJ Delete
l8l File fl.eplace
l8l M,ou1e Action
l8J Disk Comma nds

FIGURE 2-35. The Confirmation dialog box.

2. Select a check box to enable confirmation of that operation. Deselect

the check box to turn confirmation off. Choose OK when you're
satisfied with the confirmation settings.

Selecting a File Manager Font

The File Manager lets you select the font used to display file and direc-
tory names. To select a font, follow these steps:
1. Choose Font from the Options menu. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 2-36 appears.
;;: font

Italic
Dold
Bold Italic

C8J 1,owe ,case

FIGURE 2-36. The Font dialog box .

46 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

2. Select a font from the Font list box. The Sample box shows several
letters drawn in the font you've selected.
3. Select a font style from the Font Style list box. The Sample box
shows several letters drawn in the font style you've selected.
4. Select a font size from the Size list box. The Sample box shows sev-
eral letters drawn in the font size you've selected.
5. If you prefer to see file and directory names in lowercase letters,
select the Lowercase check box; otherwise, deselect the Lowercase
check box.
6. Choose OK.

Other File Manager Options

By using the Options menu, you can customize the File Manager to your
liking, as described in the following list. A check mark in front of a
command on the screen means that the command is active.
Command Function
Status Bar Controls whether the status bar appears at the
bottom of the File Manager window
Minimize Controls whether the File Manager is minimized
on Use when you start another application from the File
Manager
Save Settings Saves the positions of open directory windows when
on Exit you exit the File Manager

Exiting the File Manager

To exit the File Manager, double-click on the File Manager's Control
menu box, or choose Exit from the File menu.

THE CLIPBOARD VIEWER

Windows uses the Clipboard-a temporary storage area in memory-to
let you exchange information (either text or graphics) between applica-
tions. Information is copied to the Clipboard from one application, and
then copied from the Clipboard and pasted into the second application.
The Clipboard Viewer lets you save Clipboard files, open Clipboard
files, or clear the Clipboard.

Saving Clipboard Files

To save the information on the Clipboard, follow these steps:
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 47

1. Choose Save As from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 2-37 appears.
Save As
File Harne: 12,iteclories:

1m I c:\win31b3

D
!o'c:\ .t.
12, wtndows
CJ syslem

~
Save File as I,pe: Oriyes:
IClipbrd Files r .tLPJ
l!I Iliil c : raisllin I!)

FIGURE 2-37. The Save As dialog box.

2. Type the name of the file to which the information is to be saved.

Use the Drives drop-down list and the Directories list box to choose
the file's drive and subdirectory.
3. Choose OK.

Opening Clipboard Files

To open a Clipboard file, follow these steps:
1. Choose Open from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 2-38 appears.
_ Open

FileH_ame: .Q_irectories: OtC I

111!1!1 I c:\win31b3
c-.1

D
io-c:\
e windows
i!
CJ l)'tlen,

Lill Files of !,ype: D1i.x_e1:

. D fl.ead Only

lClipb1d Files r.CLP) l! I Iliil c : raisllin Iii

FIGURE 2-38. The Open dialog box.

2. Use the Drives drop-down list and the Directories list box to choose
the file's drive and subdirectory, and then select the file in the File
Name list box.
3. Choose OK.

Clearing the Clipboard

To clear the Clipboard, choose Delete from the Edit menu, or press the
Delete key. Windows asks whether you want to clear the Clipboard.
Choose Yes to clear the Clipboard, or No to leave the information on the
Clipboard.
48 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

THE PRINT MANAGER

When you print from a Windows-based application, the application
sends the print file to the Print Manager. The Print Manager works in
the background, sending files to the printer while you continue working.
As you send files to the Print Manager, it forms a print queue-a list of
files waiting to be printed.
NOTE: When you install Windows, Setup lets you identify and configure one or
more printers. If you later add or change a printer, choose the Control Panel
icon from the Program Manager window, and then choose the Printers icon to
inform Windows of the change.
There are actually two types of print queues: local and network. A local
queue is a list of files waiting to be sent to a printer attached to your
computer, whereas a network queue is a list of files waiting to be
printed on a network printer.
When you send files to a local queue, the Print Manager icon appears at
the bottom of your desktop. By choosing this icon, you can view,
rearrange, or delete files in the local print queue, as well as set several
options that control how the Print Manager behaves. (Most networks,
however, don't allow you to perform these functions on a network
queue.)

Viewing Queued Files

To view the names of the files in the print queue, choose the Print
Manager icon. The Print Manager window-similar to Figure 2-39-
appears on your screen.

View Qptions Help

••r•
I !tiiii u _ II _ 11The HP LaserJet Series II on LPTJ (local) is Printing

lE'~~c~~;~~o!~~dL_P~~~~~~DJ 0¾ of 43K 3.17 PM 1/2/1992

ill Write-TODOWRI 0¾ofl4K 320 PM 1/2/1992

OMS-PS 810 on \\FIRE\POST [Ac11ve]

FIGURE 2-39. The Print Manager window.

 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 49

If your computer has multiple printers or is attached to a network

printer, information appears about each printer's queue.

Displaying Size, Time, and Date Information

By default, the Print Manager displays each file's size and the time and
date you sent the file to be printed. To toggle this information on and
off, choose Print File Size and Time/Date Sent from the View menu. A
check mark in front of a command on the screen means the command is
active.
Viewing Network Print Queues
By default, the Print Manager displays the names of only those files that
you have sent to the network print queue. To view all files in a network
queue, select the queue and choose Selected Net Queue from the View
menu. A dialog box appears-similar to Figure 2-40-listing all files
in the network queue.
~" OMS-PS 810 on \\FIRE\POST
MSPAE SSFL · 111(
JIMF 11K
MARYOE - 10K

FIGURE 2-40. A list offiles in the network queue.

Viewing Other Network Queues

With some networks, the Print Manager lets you view network print
queues for other printers connected to the network. To view the print
queue for a network printer your computer is not connected to, follow
these steps:
1. Choose Other Net Queue from the View menu.
2. When the dialog box appears, type the desired queue name and
choose View.
3. Choose Close after you finish.
Network Queue Status
Print Manager automatically updates the status of network queues peri-
odically. Print Manager also lets you manually update the queue status.
To manually update the queue status, choose Refresh from the View
menu, or press F5.
50 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Changing the Print Queue Order

To change the position of a file in a print queue, follow these steps:
Drag the filename to its new position.

~ Select the filename, and. move it to its new position using

~ Ctrl+Up arrow or Ctrl+Down arrow.

Removing Files from the Print Queue

To remove a file from the print queue, select its filename, and then
choose Delete. The Print Manager displays a dialog box to confirm the
deletion.
NOTE: Your network might not allow you to remove files from a network
queue.

Controlling the
Print Manager's Priority
The Print Manager works as a background task, printing files at the
same time you are running other applications. To do this, your computer
spends some time running applications and some time printing files.
Use the Options menu to set the Print Manager's priority, which controls
how much time your computer spends printing files. The following list
describes the priority possibilities:
Command Result
Low Your computer spends more time running applications
Priority than printing files. Applications run quickly, but files take
a long time to print
Medium Your computer spends an equal amount of time running
Priority applications and printing files. This is the default setting
High Your computer spends more time printing files than
Priority running applications. Files print quickly, but applications
might be sluggish

Pausing and Resuming Printing

At times you might need to temporarily stop a local queue from printing
files. (Most network software does not let you stop a network queue
from printing files.) Using the Print Manager's Pause and Resume but-
tons, you can temporarily stop and later restart a queue printing files.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 51

Pausing Printing
To temporarily stop a queue from printing files, follow these steps:
1. Select the queue.
2. Choose the Pause button.
Resuming Printing
To resume printing from a queue; follow these steps:
1. Select the queue.
2. Choose the Resume button.

Handling Printing Problems

Because it operates in the background, the Print Manager needs a way to
let you know when something goes wrong (when the printer is out of
paper, for example). The Options menu lets you specify how the Print
Manager is to provide such information. The following list describes the
possibilities.
Command Result
Always Alert Print Manager immediately displays a message dialog box
Flash if Print Manager beeps once and then flashes the Print
Inactive Manager title bar or icon until you enlarge the Print
Manager icon or select the Print Manager window
Ignore if Print Manager ignores the problem. (The printer status is
Inactive changed to stalled)

Other Network Options

You control whether the Print Manager automatically updates its display
for network queues and whether print jobs sent to a network queue
bypass the Print Manager. To change one of these options, follow these
steps:
1. Choose Network Settings from the Options menu. A dialog box simi-
lar to the one shown in Figure 2-41 appears.
~ Network Optwns

-
t8JlYJ!:date .. Network_Displa,i liiiiil
~_frDNatJobsDSect -

FIGURE 2-41. The Network Options dialog box.

52 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

2. Select the Update Network Display check box if you want the Print
Manager to automatically update the display for network queues.
3. Select Print Net Jobs Direct if you want applications to bypass the
Print Manager and send documents directly to a network printer (this
speeds up some print jobs).
4. Choose OK.

Closing the Print Manager

To close the Print Manager, double-click on the Control menu box or
choose Exit from the Options menu. Closing the Print Manager deletes
all files in all print queues, so the Print Manager displays a dialog box
asking you to confirm the deletions.

THE TASK LIST

Windows lets you run several applications at the same time, each within
its own window. To move among these windows quickly, you can either
click in a window or use the Task List.

Activating the Task List

To activate the Task List, double-click your mouse anywhere on the
desktop (outside of windows and away from icons), or press Ctrl+Esc. A
dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 2-42 appears.
• Teskllst

Painlbtush - (Untitled)
Print Manager
Dr. Watson
File Manage,
MS -DOS Prnmpt

FIGURE 2-42. The Task List dialog box.

Using the Task List

To switch to an application, simply double-click on the desired applica-
tion name, or use the arrow keys to select the application name and then
choose Switch To.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 53

Stopping Applications
with the Task List
You can also use the Task List to stop applications. Simply select the
name of the application, and choose End Task. If the application has
open documents, Windows prompts you to save the changes.

Canceling the Task List

After you finish using the Task List, click on Cancel or press Esc.

THE PIF EDITOR

The more Windows knows about the way a program operates, .the better
Windows integrates that application into the Windows environment with
the rest of your applications. Applications designed for Windows auto-
matically supply Windows with the information it needs, but applica-
tions not designed for Windows (such as MS-DOS-based applications)
do not.
A PIF is a Program Information File that provides Windows with key
information it needs to know about applications not designed for Win-
dows. In most cases, you don't need to create a PIF for all of these types
of applications you use; Windows provides a default PIF that is nor-
ma11y sufficient. If you want to provide Windows with more specific in-
formation about an application not designed for Windows, however, you
can create a PIF using the PIF Editor. Depending on the mode, the steps
you perform-and the information you provide-differ. In either mode,
however, you perform the following operations.

Creating a PIF
To create a PIF for an application not designed for Windows, follow
these steps:
1. Expand the PIF Editor icon in the Main group window.
2. Set all fields as desired. (Standard mode fields are .covered in the sec-
tion titled "Standard Mode" below. 386 Enhanced mode fields are
covered in the section titled "386 Enhanced Mode" below.)
3. After you complete all fields, choose Save As from the File menu.
Type in a filename, and choose OK.
54 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Editing an Existing PIF

To edit an existing PIF, follow these steps:
I. Choose Open from the File menu.
2. Type in the name of the file, or select the file using the File Name
and Directories list boxes.
3. Set all fields as desired. (Standard mode fields are covered in the sec-
tion below titled "Standard Mode." 386 Enhanced mode fields are
covered in the section below titled "386 Enhanced Mode.")
4. Choose Save from the File menu.

Standard Mode
When you run the PIF Editor in standard mode, a PIF Editor window
similar to the one shown in Figure 2-43 appears.
PIF Edttor - (Untitled) re' .
file !,!ode ]ielp
f.rogram Filename:
Window litle:
2,ilion~ Parameters:

.5,tart•up Directory:
Y.ideo Mode: @ Text O Graphics/Mulliple Text
MemorJ Aequi1eMenl1: KB f!equired @!J
XMS Memory: KB AeJlUffed ~ KB ljanit ~
Difectl)I Modifies: 0 COM! 0 COMJ O E,.eyboard
0 COMZ 0 COM!
D No Screen Exchange D Prevent Program S!!,ilch
[8J C..ose Window on EKil D M.o Save Screen
Reserve Shortcyt Ke111: □ Alt+ Tab □ Alt+E.c O Ctrl+Esc
□ P1tSc O All+PrtSc

FIGURE 2-43. A PIF Editor window.

The following paragraphs briefly describe each standard mode PIF

field:
■ Program Filename specifies the application's complete pathname
(drive, directory, filename, and extension). If the application is in
your computer's search path (as listed in your computer's
AUTOEXEC.BAT file), you need only enter the application's name
and extension.
■ Window Title specifies the name you want to appear in the applica-
tion's title bar or beneath the application's icon when minimized.
Typically, you use the application's name.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 55

■ Optional Parameters specifies the application's command line. If you

use the question mark (?), Windows displays a dialog box before the
application runs to prompt you for the parameters.
■ Start-up Directory directs Windows to change to the directory speci-
fied before running the application. If you don't specify a directory,
Windows uses the application's directory .
.■ Video Mode specifies the video mode in which the application runs.
If you are not sure of the video mode used, select Graphics/Multiple
Text.
■ Memory Requirements tells Windows the minimum amount of con-
ventional memory (in KB) the application needs.
■ XMS Memory has two fields: KB Required and KB Limit. KB Re-
quired specifies the amount of extended memory (in KB) the applica-
tion needs. KB Limit specifies the maximum amount of extended
memory Windows lets the application use.
■ Directly Modifies tells Windows what devices the application
modifies, letting Windows restrict the device's use by other
applications.
■ No Screen Exchange prevents you from copying the application's
screen into the Clipboard using Print Screen and Alt+Print Screen.
The only reason to select this option is to provide a small amount of
extra memory to the application.
■ Prevent Program Switch lets Windows save a small amount of
memory by preventing you from switching from this application to
another. When this option is selected, you exit the application to
return to Windows.
■ Close Window on Exit directs Windows to close the application's win-
dow when the application ends, as opposed to displaying the applica-
tion's ending screen and prompting you with the message Hit Any Key
to Exit.
■ No Save Screen directs Windows not to save a copy of a program de-
signed for MS-DOS's screen when you switch to another application.
The application's screen might not be restored correctly when you
return to it.
■ Reserve Shortcut Keys directs Windows to reserve the specified key-
board combinations for the application's use, instead of treating the
keys as predefined Windows keyboard combinations.
56 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

386 Enhanced Mode

When you run the PIF Editor in 386 Enhanced mode, a PIF Editor win-
dow similar to the one shown in Figure 2-44 appears.
PIF Editor - IUnt,tledJ Rrf
file Mode Help
f.rograM Filename: I I
\1/indow lille: I I
Jlptional Parameters: I I
ilail•up Director,: I I
~ideo Memory: @ Text O Low Graphics O Htgh Graphics
Memory Requireflleftts: ~ fl.equired ~ KB .Q.esifed ~
EMS Mem0tJ: £.B Required ~ ICB L_Nnil ~
XMS MemorJ: K.B Ae11,uired ~ KB Limit ~
Dis~ay Usage: @ F)llt Screen E•ecution: D D_ackground
0 ~indowed D f_xclusive
t8I .C.lose Window on Exit

FIGURE 2-44. A PIF Editor window.

The following paragraphs briefly describe each 386 Enhanced mode

PIF field:
■ Program Filename specifies the application's complete pathname
(drive, directory, filename, and extension). If the application is in
your computer's search path (as listed in your computer's
AUTOEXEC.BAT file), you need only enter the application's name
and extension.
■ Window Title specifies the name you want to appear in the applica-
tion's title bar or beneath the application ' s icon when minimized.
Typically, you use the application's name.
■ Optional Parameters specifies the application's command line. If you
use the question mark (?), Windows displays a dialog box before the
application runs to prompt you for the parameters.
■ Start-up Directory directs Windows to change to the directory speci-
fied before running the application. If you don't specify a directory,
Windows uses the application's directory.
■ Video Memory specifies how much memory Windows reserves to save
the application's window when it switches between tasks. If the ap-
plication uses text mode, select Text. If the application uses CGA
graphics, select Low Graphics. If the application uses EGA or VGA
graphics, select High Graphics.
■ Memory Requirements has two fields: KB Required and KB Desired.
KB Required specifies the minimum amount of conventional
memory the application needs. KB Desired specifies the maximum
 PART II: Standard Applications iri Windows 57

amount of conventional memory Windows lets the application use.

The only reason to change this entry is to reserve more memory for
other applications.
■ EMS Memory has two fields: KB Required and KB Limit. KB Re-
quired specifies the minimum amount of expanded memory the ap-
plication needs. KB Limit specifies the maximum amount of
expanded merriory Windows lets the application use.
■ XMS Memory has two fields: KB Required and KB Limit. KB Re-
quired specifies the minimum amount of extended memory the appli-
cation needs. KB Limit specifies the maximum amount of extended
memory Windows lets the application use.
■ Display Usage has two option buttons: Full Screen and Windowed;
Full Screen specifies that the application runs full screen, while Win-
dowed specifies that the application runs in a window. Windows lets
you toggle the display of an application not designed for Windows
between full screen and a window by pressing Alt+Enter.
■ Execution contains two check boxes: Background and Exclusive. If
you select Background, Windows allows the application to run in the
background while you use another application. If you deselect Back-
ground, Windows stops running the application when you switch to
another application. Selecting Exclusive tells Windows to suspend
execution of all other applications while the application controlled by
this PIF is running in the foreground-even if the other applications
have their Background option selected. The advantage of this option
is that the application controlled by this PIF runs faster and has ac-
cess to more memory.
■ Close Window on Exit directs Windows to close the application's win-
dow when the application ends, as opposed to displaying the applica-
tion's ending screen and prompting you with the message Hit Any Key
to Exit.

At the bottom of the dialog hex. is a button labeled Advanced. Choosing

Advanced brings up a second dialog box, similar to the one shown in
Figure 2-45.
The following paragraphs briefly describe the fields in this dialog box:
■ Background Priority and Foreground Priority control the amount of
time Windows spends running the application when the application is
running in the background or in the foreground. Priority values range
from 0 through 10,000. These values are meaningful only when com-
pared to other applications.
58 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

"' Advanced Options

Mullilasking OpttOn• - - - - - - - - ~
ff.ackground P1KN'it1: ~ [ Ofeground P,ioril,:
~ 0.elect Idle Time
Me mo,, Options
□ EMS Menaory locked
IZI Uses !iigh M einory A,ea 0 Lock Application Memo,y

Display Options
MonihM Ports: D Ted D low Graphics D H,gh Graphics
C8] f.mulate Text Mode D Retain Video M_emorJ
Other Options
r8:I Allow Fast faste D Allow Qose When Ac live
Rese1ve ,S_hmlcut1Ceys: O All+Tab O A- ♦ Esc D Ctrl+E sc
0 PrtSc O AM+PrtSc t8J Alt+Space
D All+Enter
APPiication Shortcut Key: I None

FIGURE 2-45. The Advanced Options dialog box.

For example, suppose three applications are running. The application

in the foreground has a foreground priority of 100, and the two appli-
cations in the background have a background priority of 50. There-
fore, the total priority for all applications is 200. Windows spends a
percentage of time running each application equal to the applica-
tion's priority divided by the total priority of all applications. There-
fore, the foreground application is running 50 percent of the time
(100 + 200), and each background application is running 25 percent
of the time (50 + 200).
■ Detect Idle Time directs Windows to let other applications run while
an application is idle, waiting for your input.
■ EMS Memory Locked prevents Windows from swapping the contents
of the application ' s expanded memory to disk. This increases the ap-
plication's performance but decreases overall Windows performance.
■ XMS Memory Locked prevents Windows from swapping the contents
of the application's extended memory to disk. This increases the ap-
plication ' s performance but decreases overall Windows performance.
■ Uses High Memory Area tells Windows that the application can use
the high memory area (the first 64 KB of extended memory).
■ Lock Application Memory prevents Windows from swapping the pro-
gram to disk. This increases the application's performance but
decreases overall Windows performance.
■ The Monitor Ports check boxes help prevent problems that can occur
when an application directly interacts with your computer's display
adaptor. If your application ' s display looks normal, don't modify
these settings because they slow down the application significantly.
 PART II: Standard Applications in Windows 59

Otherwise, select the option button that corresponds to the video

mode the application runs in (Text for text mode, Low Graphics for
CGA graphics mode, and High Graphics for EGA or VGA graphics
mode).
■ Emulate Text Mode lets Windows quickly display an application's text
output. Leave this option selected unless the application's display
doesn't appear properly.
■ Retain Video Memory directs Windows not to reduce the amount of
memory used for an application's display when the application is
running. This prevents the application from losing video memory
when you switch to another graphics mode.
■ Allow Fast Paste lets Windows paste text from the clipboard into the
application as fast as possible. If an application has difficulties with
paste operations, disable this option.
■ Allow Close When Active allows Windows to close an active applica-
tion automatically when you exit Windows.
■ Reserve ShortcutKeys directs Windows to reserve the specified key
combinations for use by the application instead of treating the key
combinations as predefined Windows shortcut keys.
■ Application Shortcut Key lets you specify a shortcut key that makes
the application the foreground task.
PART Ill

Customizing and
Optimizing Windows
with the Control Panel
Windows lets you customize several features, ensuring that your com-
puter does the best possible job of suiting your needs and providing a
comfortable working environment. In this section, you learn to take ad-
vantage of the versatility Windows offers.
At the heart of Windows customization is the Control Panel. The Control
Panel provides you with a variety of options that let you set up Windows
in the way that works best for you.
To use the Control Panel, expand the Control Panel icon from the Pro-
gram Manager window. The window shown in Figure 3-1 appears.
Control Panel options appear as icons within the Control Panel window.
These options perform the following tasks:
Change screen colors (Color) Set date and time (Date/Time)
Manage fonts (Fonts) Set network options (Network)
Configure serial ports (Ports) Select MIDI setup for sound device
Customize mouse (Mouse) (MIDI Mapper)
Customize desktop (Desktop) Specify which applications have
Set keyboard response (Keyboard) priority (386 Enhanced)
Configure printers (Printers) Install drivers for sound cards and
CD-ROMs (Drivers)
Specify international settings
(International) Disable warning beeps (Sound)

Windows displays explanatory text at the bottom of the Control Panel

window that describes the current option. If you click on an option or
select an option using the arrow keys, Windows displays explanatory
text for that option. The following sections describe how to use each of
the Control Panel's options.

60
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 61

Settings

w ll:
/jelp
, Conrrol Panel

~ ~ 1!11
I;;

•
Font~ Port.s Mou,, Desktop Keyboa<d

Prirte,s
~
International
ll!JI M
Date/Time NetWO'k
~
MIDI M~r 386 EIY'lanced

~ e_~
Dfrms Socm

FIGURE 3-1. The Control Panel and its options.

CHANGING SCREEN COLORS

The Color option lets you change the colors used for different areas of
the screen, such as the desktop, window background, window borders,
window title bar, and so on. When you choose the Color option, a dialog
box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-2 appears.

FIGURE 3-2. The Color dialog box.

This dialog box represents the different areas of your desktop-win-

dows, window borders, title bars, and so on. As you select different
colors, you see how the colors actually appear on your screen by look-
ing at the model of the screen inside the dialog box.

Using a Predefined Color Scheme

Windows comes with several predefined color combinations. To use a
predefined color combination, follow these steps:
1. Open the Color Schemes drop-down list box.
2. Select a color scheme from the list. The colors in the dialog box
change to reflect your selection.
62 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

3. When you see a color scheme you like, choose OK. Windows adopts
the new color scheme.

Changing the Color of a Desktop Element

To change the color of a particular screen element, such as window title
bars or scroll bars, follow these steps:
1. Choose Color Palette >>. A dialog box similar to the one shown in
Figure 3-3 appears.
• Color
Sc,een £.lement
IM#U!II· l!il
.ll.asic Colors:

□□□□□ 11111 □□
[];] □□□□ 11111111 □
11111 □□ 1111111111 11111 11111 □
11111 □ 1111111111 11111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111 □ 11111 □
!;_uslom Colors:

□□□□□□□□
□□□□□□□□

FIGURE 3-3. The Color dialog box with palette.

2. Open the Screen Element drop-down 1ist box, and select the screen
element whose color you want to change.
3. Select the new color, and choose OK.

Creating a Color
The Color application also lets you create your own colors. To do so,
follow these steps:
I. Move to the Custom Colors field, and select a box for the new color.
2. Choose Define Custom Colors. A dialog box similar to the one shown
in Figure 3-4 appears.
3. Select the color you want by following these steps:
Click within the Custom Color Selector to move the cross
hairs to the desired color scheme. Then adjust the bright-
ness of the color by dragging the luminosity arrow at the
right of the Custom Color Selector. The Color ISolid box
reflects your current selection.
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 63

Cross hairs

lor
Screen f.lement:
!Desktop 11
lasic Colors:

t2'10 □□□ 11'11 □□

!.:J □□□□ lm- □

II[] .
Hyec 11111 I
.S.•t~Ji,een ~
l!edc ~ --------
-□□----□
-□------
-----□-□
kustom Colors:
OOOOOOOO

-
Col<MISJ>IKI !.umc[TIIJ J!Juec ~ O O O O O O O O
faiillliiiii3~
FIGURE 3-4. The Custom Color Selector dialog box.

Move to the boxes beneath the Custom Color Selector, and

specify a value for each. Valid values are as follows: Hue, 0
through 239; Sat(uration) and Lum(inosity), 0 through 240;
Red, Green, and Blue, 0 through 255. The Color ISolid box
reflects your current selection.
The following diagram shows how these numbers are interpreted in
the Custom Color Selector:
high (240) high (240)

Luminosity arrow

Saturation Luminosity

low (0) low (0)

low Hue high

(0) (239)

4. Choose Add Color.

5. Choose Close.

MANAGING FONTS
A font is a complete set of typographic characters of a certain size. A
font file is a file that contains a font. When you purchase a new font file,
you add it to Windows so that you can use it. When you choose the
Fonts icon in the Control Panel window, a dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 3-5 appears.
64 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

fonts
lnst.aNed fonts :

Afial 8,10 (EGA res]

.
Arial Bold (True Type) m
Arial Bold Italic (T tue TJpe)
Arial Italic (Truel.n>e)
Courier 10 1215 (120 dDil i
£ample
"~
raBbCcXxYyZz 123

This is a scalable Truel)lpe font which can be

(
disp~1ed on the screen and printed on )'our printer.

Size of Font on Disk: 62 KB

FIGURE 3-5. The Fonts dialog box.

Adding a Font
To add a font, follow these steps:
1. Choose Fonts from the Control Panel window.
2. Choose Add. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-6
appears.
Add Fonts
List of fonts:
No fonb found i&

12.irecto,ie,:
c:\win31b3 Ori:!_es:
=e~c~,,-.-.- - ~ I~liil_ c, _,.;,_,i;._ _~1-
■

L) system

[81 J;;.opJ Fonts to Windows Directory

FIGURE 3-6. The Add Fonts dialog box.

3. Open the Drives drop-down list and select the drive that contains the
font file.
4. Open the Directories drop-down list and select the directory contain-
ing the font file.
5. Select the font in the List of Fonts list box.
6. Choose OK.

Removing a Font
To remove a font, follow these steps:
1. Choose Fonts from the Control Panel window.
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 65

2. From the Installed Fonts list box, select the font you want to remove.
3. Choose Remove.
4. A second dialog box appears asking you to confirm the font removaL
Choose Yes to remove the font, or choose No to cancel the procedure.

Using TrueType Fonts

A TrueType font is a sizable font that prints exactly as it appears on
your screen. You can control whether Windows uses TrueType fonts,
and whether it uses them exclusively. To use TrueType fonts, follow
these steps:
1. Choose TrueType in the Fonts dialog box. The TrueType dialog box
similar to the one shown in Figure 3-7 appears.
I, ~~--- , - ---~-
--"'-- TmeType

TrueTgpa O p t i o n s - - - - - - - ~ liiiiiiil

~--------~-
t8Jt[__nablaT1uaTpp~_Fonls! -
D ,5.how Only TrueTJpe Fonls in Applications

FIGURE 3-7. The TrueType dialog box.

2. Select the Enable TrueType Fonts check box to let Windows use
TrueType fonts.
3. Select the Show Only TrueType Fonts in Applications check box to
make Windows use only TrueType fonts. -
4. Choose OK.

CONFIGURING SERIAL PORTS

Serial ports let you connect a mouse, modem, or other hardware device
to your computer. As part of the connection process, you set the commu-
nication parameters of each serial port to match the parameters of the
device. (The manual for your hardware device describes its parameters.)
To do so, expand the Ports icon from the Control Panel window. The
dialog box shown in Figure 3-8 appears.
~

~
,
, ,
COMlc

CONJ;
COMZc
~-~

COM,!:
~
P(1rts

-- I

FIGURE 3-8. The Ports dialog box.

66 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

To set a port's communication parameters, follow these steps:

I. Select the desired port.
2. Choose Settings. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-9
appears.
ff: Settmgs for COMt:
J!.aud Ralec IB l fil
D_ata Bits: ~
f.arity: ~
£top Bits: c==lil ltr
[low Conhol: lxon /Xofl II

FIGURE 3-9. The Settings dialog box.

3. Open the Baud Rate drop-down list box and select the desired baud
rate.
4. Open the Data Bits drop-down list box and select the desired number
of data bits.
5. Open the Parity drop-down list box and select the desired parity.
6. Open the Stop Bits drop-down list box and select the desired number
of stop bits.
7. Open the Flow Control drop-down list box and select the desired
method of flow control.
8. After you finish setting the port's communication parameters, choose
OK. Choose Close in the Ports dialog box.

Communications Terminology
If you're going to set up ports, you need to be familiar with the follow-
ing terms in the Ports dialog box:
Baud rate The speed with which information is transferred through the
port.
Data bits The number of data bits used for each character.
Parity The method of error-checking that both devices agree to use.
Stop bits The amount of time between transmitted characters (one stop
bit is the time necessary to transmit one bit).
Flow control The method used to control the flow of data.
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 67

CUSTOMIZING THE MOUSE

If you have a mouse, you can use the Control Panel's Mouse icon to con-
trol how fast the mouse pointer moves and how fast you double-click to
choose items. You can even swap the actions of the left and right mouse
buttons (a handy option for left-handed mouse users).
To customize your mouse, expand the Mouse icon from the Control
Panel window. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-10
appears.
Mouse

liiiiil

D ,S_wap left/Right Buttons

D Mouse lrails

FIGURE 3-10. The Mouse dialog box.

Setting Mouse Tracking Speed

To set mouse tracking speed (the speed at which the mouse cursor
moves across the screen), simply drag the Mouse Tracking Speed scroll
box to the desired area in the scroll bar.

Setting Double-Click Speed

To set the double-click speed, simply drag the Double-Click Speed
scroll box to the desired area in the scroll bar. To test the double-click
speed, double-click on the box labeled TEST. If the box changes color,
your double-click was fast enough to choose an item.

Swapping Left/Right Buttons

To swap the functions of the left and right mouse buttons (helpful if
you're a lefty), select the Swap Left/Right Buttons check box.

Selecting Mouse Trails

The Mouse Trails option improves the visibility of the mouse pointer on
LCD screens. Selecting the Mouse Trails option changes your mouse
pointer from a single arrow to a collection of arrows resembling an
68 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

accordian that chases your mouse pointer across the screen. When you
stop the pointer's movement, the trailing arrows catch up and merge to
create a single arrow.
Choose OK after you finish customizing your mouse.

CUSTOMIZING YOUR DESKTOP

The default Windows desktop, while fully functional, is rather imper-
sonal. You can, however, change the look of the desktop, the width of
window borders, the cursor blink rate, and other items. To do so, expand
the Desktop icon from the Control Panel window. A dialog box similar
to the one shown in Figure 3-11 appears.
=: Desktop

FIGURE 3-11. The Desktop dialog box.

Selecting a Background Pattern

By default, your desktop is a solid color. You can change the desktop to
a predefined background pattern, create your own background pattern,
or even use a graphics file created by Paintbrush or a similar
application.
Windows provides several predefined background patterns, as shown in
Figure 3-12.
To use a predefined background pattern, follow these steps:
1. Open the Name drop-down list box.
2. Choose a background pattern.
3. Choose OK.
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 69

50% Gray Boxes Critters Diamonds Paisley Pattern Quilt

Scottie Spinner Thatches Tulip Waffle Weave

FIGURE 3-12. Predefined background patterns.

Creating Your Own Pattern

NOTE: You need a mouse to create your own background pattern. You cannot
create your own background pattern from the keyboard.
If none of the predefined background patterns suit your tastes, you can
create your own. To do so, follow these steps:
1. Choose Edit Pattern from the Pattern field. A dialog box similar to
the one shown in Figure 3-13 appears.
Oe5ktop ~ Edit Pattern

.M_a,ne

FIGURE 3-13. The Desktop-Edit Pattern dialog box.

2. Type in a name for your pattern, but do not press Enter.

3. Click inside the large center box. A large black square appears. Click
on the square, and it disappears. The sample box shows what the pat-
tern looks like on the desktop.
□ To paint, click on a blank area and drag.
□ To erase, click on a filled area and drag.
4. After you finish editing, choose Add.
5. Choose OK.
70 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Editing an Existing Pattern

NOTE: You need a mouse to edit a background pattern. You cannot edit a back-
ground pattern from the keyboard.
To save time, you can also edit an existing background pattern. To do
so, follow these steps:
1. Open the Name drop-down list box in the Desktop dialog box.
2. Select the pattern to edit.
3. Choose Edit Pattern in the Desktop dialog box.
4. Click inside the large center box. A large black square appears. Click
on the square, and it disappears. The sample box shows what the pat-
tern looks like on the desktop.
5. After you finish editing, choose Change.
6. Choose OK.

Deleting a Pattern
To delete a pattern, follow these steps:
1. Open the Name drop-down list box in the Desktop dialog box.
2. Select the pattern to remove.
3. Choose Edit Pattern in the Desktop dialog box.
4. Choose Remove.
5. A dialog box asks you to confirm the deletion. Choose Yes to remove
the pattern, or choose No to cancel the procedure.
6. Choose OK.

Selecting Wallpaper
When it comes to customizing your desktop, you're not limited to back-
ground patterns. You can also use wallpaper (a graphics image) to add
an interesting flair. Windows provides several predefined wallpapers,
one of which is the Windows logo shown in Figure 3-14.
To select a wallpaper, follow these steps:
1. Open the File drop-down list box in the Desktop dialog box.
2. Select the desired wallpaper.
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 71

FIGURE 3-14. One of several wallpapers available for use.

3. Select either Center or Tile. Center centers the wallpaper on your

desktop. Tile repeats the wallpaper as many times as necessary to
completely cover your desktop.
NOTE: The wallpaper does not appear until after you close the Desktop
dialog box.
4. Choose OK.

Using Fast Alt+Tab Switching

Fast Alt+ Tab switching is a method of quickly switching between run-
ning applications. To enable Fast Alt+ Tab switching, select the Fast
Alt+ Tab Switching check box in the Desktop dialog box.
To use Fast Alt+ Tab switching, hold down the Alt key and press Tab
(while continuing to hold down the Alt key). Windows draws a rect-
angle in the middle of the screen that contains the icon of a running ap-
plication. Press Tab again (while still continuing to hold down the Alt
key) and the icon of the next running application appears. Keep press-
ing Tab until you see the icon of the application to which you'd like to
switch, and then release the Alt key.

Selecting a Screen Saver

Screen savers exist to prevent the monitor from permanently burning in
a screen image, damaging your screen display. Usually, if the mouse is
not moved and no keys are pressed for about two to five minutes, the
user is not currently working with the system. During such periods, the
screen-saver software begins displaying random or changing images.
Windows provides several different screen savers, each of which dis-
plays a different image.
72 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Screen Saver Image

Blank Screen Blanks the screen display
Marquee Displays scrolling text on a blank background
Mystify Displays random shapes created with a
combination of lines
Starfield Simulation Displays a simulation of flight through a starfield
To select a screen saver, open the drop-down list box and select the
screen saver you want.
The Delay option lets you specify the amount of time that elapses
without the mouse moving and no keys being pressed before the screen
saver begins. To change the delay, click on the up or down arrow to in-
crease or decrease the amount of time, or type in the desired delay, from
0 through 99 minutes.
Three of the screen savers-Marquee, Mystify, and Starfield Simula-
tion-can be customized to suit your own taste.
Setting Up Marquee
To set up the Marquee screen saver, follow these steps:
1. Select Marquee and choose Setup. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 3-15 appears. Pay attention to the Text Example box;
it demonstrates the result of your customizations.
Marquee Setup

I Podion I Spee.d.
L® !;.entered O Random Slow

ll~•.. -a co1.., - ...--..,...----,""'

Te,!1: !windows 3.1

FIGURE 3-15. The Marquee Setup dialog box.

2. If you want the text to scroll across the middle of the screen, select
Centered. For text to scroll at random heights from the bottom of the
screen, select Random.
3. Select the speed at which the text scrolls.
4. Select the background color from the Background Color drop-down
list box.
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 73

5. Type the text to be scrolled into the Text text box. If you'd like to
format the text, choose Format Text. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 3-16 appears. The Sample box demonstrates the
results of the formatting.
;:: Format Text

Effec11 - - ~
0 Sbit_eoul
DJ.l.nderline

kolot:
l □ Fuschia ll

FIGURE 3-16. The Format Text dialog box.

6. Select the text's font from the Font list box.

7. Select the text's style from the Font Style list box.
8. Select the text's size from the Size list box.
9. Select any text effects you want in the Effects box.
10. Select the text's color in the Color drop-down list box.
11. Choose OK when the text is formatted correctly.
12. If you'd like to use password protection, see the section on passwords
below.
13. Choose OK.
Setting Up Mystify
To set up the Mystify screen saver, follow these steps:
1. Select Mystify and choose Setup. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 3-17 appears.

Objec1 - -- -- - -L-ine-., ~ II

Shm,e: IPol1gon 1 [I C8J Acliye [:I •

11 1

co1... To u.. I
0 lwo Colors I II I [I 11

@ ,M.ulliple Random Colors C8J !;_lear Screen

I .Password Options
ID Pauwotd Protected II •

FIGURE 3-17. The Mystify Setup dialog box.

74 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

2. Select a polygon from the Shape drop-down list box. (To see the
shapes, choose OK and choose Test in the Desktop dialog box, and
then choose Setup to return to the Mystify Setup dialog box.)
3. Type the number of lines you want the shape to have into the Lines
text box.
4. Select either Two Colors or Multiple Random Colors. If you select
Two Colors, select the colors from the drop-down list boxes.
5. Select Clear Screen if you want Mystify to clear the screen before
drawing its shapes.
6. If you'd like to use password protection, see the section on passwords
below.
7. Choose OK.

Setting Up Starfield Simulation

To set up the Starfield Simulation screen saver, follow these steps:
I. Select Starfield Simulation and choose Setup. A dialog box similar to
the one shown in Figure 3-18 appears.
'!.... Starfield Simulation Setup

l."~"'1'~..'-=·"" ~S-pe:::-ed:::~~-~-1•=-=-~===-~==-~=:::·:j~j~I miiiii

rs,..
I
1;.ldll_ens~,
Number ol stars (1 D-200) ~
I~
r
L_- - - -_-_-:_-_-_-_ -_ -_ -_ -_----'
fasslllf'Ofd Options I
IOPassword P,otected IW:$ ;I

FIGURE 3-18. The Sta,field Simulation Setup dialog box.

2. Select the speed at which the stars move.

3. Select the number of stars.
4. If you'd like to use password protection, see the section on passwords
below.
5. Choose OK.

Setting Passwords
When password protection is enabled, you can't return to Windows
from a screen saver without typing the password. To use password pro-
tection, follow these steps:
1. Select Password Protection.
2. Select Set Password. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure
3-19 appears.
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 75

- Change Password

H_ew Password:

ftelype New Pauwo,d:

FIGURE 3-19. The Change Password dialog hox.

3. If you've previously set a password, type the old password into the
Old Password text box. (This helps prevent someone from altering
your password.)
4. Type the password you desire into the New Password text box.
5. Type the password again into the Retype New Password text box.
(This is a safety check to make sure you typed the password cor-
rectly the first time.)
6. Choose OK.

Changing the Icon Spacing

Icon spacing is the distance (in pixels) Windows places between icons.
To change the icon spacing, follow these steps:
Click on the up or down arrow in the Spacing box in the
Desktop dialog box to increase or decrease the value for icon
spacing.

Select the Spacing text box in the Desktop dialog box, and
type in a new value for icon spacing.
Select the Wrap Title check box to allow Windows to wrap long icon
names.

Using the Sizing Grid Box

The Sizing Grid box in the Desktop dialog box contains two fields. The
first, Granularity, is a box you do not need to alter. The second, Border
Width, lets you set the size of the window borders (which, by default, are
3 pixels wide).
To change the window border width, follow these steps:

~ Click on the up or down arrow in the Border Width text box to

~ increase or decrease the border width.
76 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

~ Select the Border Width text box, and type in a value for the
~ new border width.

Changing the Cursor Blink Rate

To increase or decrease the rate at which your cursor blinks, follow
these steps:
Click on the left or right arrow in the Cursor Blink Rate scroll
bar in the Desktop dialog box to make the cursor blink rate a
little slower or faster, or drag the scroll box to rapidly change
the rate.

1. Select the Cursor Blink Rate scroll bar in the Desktop dia-
log box.
2. Use the arrow keys to move the Cursor Blink Rate scroll
box. Watch the scroll box to determine the desired rate.

SETTING THE KEYBOARD RESPONSE

Keyboard response is controlled by two factors: how long your computer
waits after you press a key to repeat the character of that key, and how
quickly a held-down key repeats its character. To change the keyboard
response, expand the Keyboard icon from the Control Panel. A dia log
box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-20 appears.

~,'::at Rate Fast llJI!:J

IS IJ!!I
Test
I I

FIGURE 3-20. The Keyboard dialog box.

To change the delay before a pressed key repeats its character, follow
these steps:

Click on the left or right arrow in the Delay Before First

Repeat scroll bar to increase or decrease the delay, or drag the
scroll box left or right.
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 77

~ Use the Left or Right arrow key to increase or decrease the

~ delay.
To change the key repeat rate, follow these steps:

Click on the left or right arrow in the Repeat Rate scroll bar to
make the key repeat rate a little slower or faster, or drag the
scroll box to rapidly change the key repeat rate.

I. Select the Repeat Rate scroll bar.

2. Use the Left or Right arrow key to adjust the key repeat
rate.
To test the keyboard response, select the Test text box and hold down a
key. When you're satisfied with the keyboard response, choose OK.

CONFIGURING A PRINTER
If you add or change a printer, you use the Printers option to inform
Windows of the change. When you expand the Printers icon from the
Control Panel, a dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-21
appears.
~ Printers
Default Printer
HP LaserJet Series II on LPTl :

Installed f.rinters:
rii ii l/ftll Htftnti ilffli • ill

[8J J.1.se P,inl Manager

FIGURE 3-21. The Printers dialog box.

Adding a Printer
To add a printer, follow these steps:
I. Choose Add >>. The dialog box changes to look similar to the one
shown in Figure 3-22.
2. Select the desired printer from the List of Printers list box.
3. Choose Install.
78 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

- ~ , Printers
Default Printer
HP LaserJet Se,ies II on LPTl :

Installed f.rinters:
r:i:lilltiiiftli-ffiftlil!tlM

1 s Ac o.,• .,.,.... i
IZI ,U_se Print Manager
List of Printers:

Generic /Text Only

Agfa 9000 Series PS
Agfa Compugraphic 4D0PS
Agfa Compugraphic Genies
Apple Laser\11,iler
Apple laser\llriler II NT
A le La1e1\r/1ite1 II NTX ♦

FIGURE 3-22. The Printers dialog box , with a list of available printers.

4. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-23 appears. Insert
the requested disk into the disk drive, and choose OK. (You can type
a different drive letter and path into the text box, if necessary.)
~ Install Driver

~~s=•~i~~c~r~o~~:~~~:7:i·1
1
PAOPAINT .ORV in
Dis k 16 ~

FIGURE 3-23. The In stall Driver dialog hox.

Connecting a Printer to a Port

Before you can print, you must identify the port to which your printer is
attached. Follow these steps:
I. Select the printer to which you want to connect from the Installed
Printers list box in the Printers dialog box.
2. Choose Connect. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure
3-24 appears.
- Conned
HP LaserJet Series II
forts :

local Port
local Port Nol Present
Local Port Not Present
Local Port Nol Present ♦

Timeouts (se conds)

Q_evtce Not Selected:
l1ansinission Retry:
IZI [asl Printing Direct to Port

FIGURE 3-24. The Connect dialog hox.

 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 79

3. Select a port for the printer, and then choose OK.

NOTE: If you need to set specific printer options for the printer to which
you're connecting, choose Setup in the Printers dialog box. A dialog box
with options specific to the selected printer appears. Depending on your
printer, you might be able to select a paper source, a paper size, and the
number of copies to print. Some printers even let you scale high-resolution
graphics and change the orientation of the page. See your printer's manual
for the proper settings for these options.

Connecting to a Network Printer

To connect to a network printer, follow these steps:
l. Choose the printer in the Installed Printers list box in the Printers
dialog box.
2. Choose Connect. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure
3-24 appears.
3. Choose Network. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure
3-25 appears.
- • • ' Printers • Network Connecttons ,1;00',!Jfil\ls!!fil\11'
New Connection - - - - -- ~
N_elwork Palh:
Port
~
PaH!!otd:

Current Printe, Connections.:

FIGURE 3-25. The Printers-Network Connections dialog box.

4. Type the network path to the printer into the Network Path text box.
If you're unsure of the network path, see your network administrator.
NOTE: Some networks allow you to choose Browse to see a list of available
network printers.
5. Choose a port from the Port drop-down list box.
6. Type the printer's password into the Password text box, if necessary.
If you're unsure of the printer's password, see your network
administrator.
7. Choose Connect.
8. Choose Close in the Printers-Network Connections dialog box, and
then choose OK in the Connect dialog box.
80 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Removing a Printer
To remove a printer from the Installed Printers list, follow these steps:
I. Select the name of the printer to be removed from the Installed Print-
ers list.
2. Choose Remove. A dialog box appears asking you to confirm the
printer's removal. Choose Yes to remove the printer, or No to cancel
the procedure.

Selecting the Default Printer

If your computer has multiple printers attached, you must select one
printer as the default printer. Unless you specify otherwise, all print
files are sent to the default printer. You can change the default printer at
any time. To select a default printer, follow these steps:
I. Select a printer from the Installed Printers list.
2. Choose Set As Default Printer.

SPECIFYING INTERNATIONAL SETTINGS

To specify the date, time, number, and currency formats-as well as the
keyboard layout-that Windows is to use, expand the Control Panel's
International icon. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-26
appears.

Country: li1@t!\Lid/4 1!1 IEic:l

Language: En~gli~,h ~(Am- e,~ica~nJ - - ~
=1 I!)
~eyboa,d layout: ~lus______ l!J
M.easurement: ~I
En~gli_,h _ _ _ __ [iJ
List i epa1at01; D

FIGURE 3-26. The International dialog box.

The following paragraphs describe the fields in this dialog box. To

change the value of one of the first four fields, follow these steps:
I. Select the field, and open its drop-down list box.
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 81

2. Choose an item from the list.

Country This field controls the country whose date, time, number,
and currency formats Windows uses. When you choose a country,
Windows changes the formats in the Date, Time, Currency, and
Number boxes (at the bottom of the International dialog box) to
reflect the default formats used in that country.
Language This field controls the language that Windows-based appli-
cati ons use when sorting lists and converting the case of letters.
Keyboard Layout This field controls the keyboard layout Windows
uses. The keyboard layout accommodates special characters for
each country's language.
Measurement This field controls the measurement system Windows
uses.
List Separator This field controls the symbo l used to separate items in
a li st. To use a different symbol, select the List Separator box and
type in the new symbol.
Date Format You can change the format used to display the date
within applications that have a date function. For example, you
can vary the order of month-day-year or change the punctuation
used to separate the parts of the date. To cha nge the date format,
choose Change in the Date Format box. A dialog box simi lar to
the one shown in Figure 3-27 appears.

E thtiiitilthltil•tirtli1,lii
Shor! Date Formai - - - - - ~ 1r=nr;1
Q.1de1: @ MOY' 0 OMY O YMD
I c.n.o1 I
~epa1alo1: [J
0 Jlay Leading Zero (07 vs . 7) ~
[8J Month leading Zero (02 vs. 2)
D ,kentu,y (1990 vs . 90)
long Dale Format
Order: @ M OY O OMV O Y MD
Jsunday li) LJI Ma,ch l.!!l~@sill[:]l 1992L!)
Sunday, March 05, 1992

FIGURE 3-27. The International-Dare Format dialog hox.

The Short Date Format displays the date as three numbers repre-
senting the month , day , and year. You specify the order and num-
ber of digits for each part of the date. The Long Date Format
displays the date as a combination of words and numbers. Select
the options that suit your needs, and then choose OK.
82 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Time Format You can choose either the 12-hour or 24-hour format,
specifying the separator between the parts and displaying numbers
representing the hours before 10 with a leading zero if you want. To
change the time format, choose Change in the Time Format box. A
dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-28 appears. Select
the options that suit your needs and choose OK.
- International~ Time Format
®\~_i _h~-~_rr 00:00-11 :59 ~
0 2! houi 12:00-23:59 ~
,S_ep111ato,: D
leading Zero: @ 9: 15 0 09: 15

FIGURE 3-28. Th e International-Time Format dialog box.

Currency FormatTo change the currency format, choose Change in the

Currency Format box. A di alog box similar to the one shown in
Figure 3-29 appears. Select the options that suit your needs and
choose OK.

Symbol f.lacement: I [ii ~

li•o•l;vec ~1
1s_
12J_2._21_ ~I_!! Ire-a I
~mbolc LJ ~
.Q_ecimal Digits: []

FIGURE 3-29. The International-Currency Format dialog box.

Number Format You can control the way numbers are displayed in Win-
dows and in many Windows-based applications. To do so, choose
Change in the Number Format box. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 3-30 appears. Select the options that suit your needs
and choose OK.
!iiii, International .. Number Format
1000 ~eparator: [J
.Q_ecimal Separator: D
O~cimal Digits: [)

.Leading Zero: 0 .7 ® 0. 7

FIGURE 3-30. The International-Number Format dialog box.

 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 83

SETTING THE COMPUTER'S DATE AND TIME

To change the computer's internal date and time, expand the Control
Panel's Date/Time icon. A dialog box similar to the one shown in
Figure 3-31 appears.

pi.••·
1 . 016192
liiiiiiiil
I I 1W
[Ume11c27c25PMIIIIII -

FIGURE 3-31. The Date & Time dialog box.

Setting the Computer's Date

To set your computer's date, follow these steps:
1. Click on the date field you want to change.
2. Click on the Date box's up or down arrow to increase or
decrease the value in that field.

Select the date field you want to change, and type in the new
value for that field.

Setting the Computer's Time

To set your computer's time, follow these steps:
1. Click on the time field you want to change.
2. Click on the Time box's up or down arrow to increase or
decrease the value in that field.

Select the time field you want to change, and type in the new
value for that field.
After you finish setting the date and time, choose OK.

SETTING NETWORK OPTIONS

If your computer is connected to a network, the Control Panel window
includes a Network icon. If you expand this icon, a dialog box specific to
your network appears, which might let you log onto the network, modify
your user name and password, and send messages to other network
users. See your network administrator for specific details.
84 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

USING MIDI MAPPER

MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. It allows several
devices, instruments, and computers to send and receive messages to
and from each other for the purpose of creating music, sound, or
lighting.
You can use the Control Panel's MIDI Mapper option to select a MIDI
setup for a sound device; create a new setup; or edit existing key maps,
patch maps, and channel mappings. Windows supplies MIDI setup s for
the sound devices it supports. Unless you connect a synthesizer to the
MIDI output port of your computer, you do not need to use the MIDI
Mapper to create or edit a MIDI setup.

USING 386 ENHANCED MODE OPTIONS

If you own a computer that uses an 80386SX, 80386, i486SX, i486, or
compatible microprocessor, Windows runs in 386 Enhanced mode. 386
Enhanced mode lets one or more applications not designed for Windows
run at the same time as Windows-based applications.
When Windows-based applications and MS-DOS-based applications
are running simultaneously, they sometimes try to use a device, such as
a printer or modem, at the same time. (Such jockeying for resources is
ca lled device contention.) To specify how Windows is to handle this
situation, follow these steps:
I. Expand the 386 Enhanced icon from the Control Panel. A dialog box
similar to the one shown in Figure 3-32 appears.

,Q_evice Contention - - - - ~ = = = =

2 0 Always'W'arn 13! ~ ,
0 Neve, Wam 11 C-- I

@ldle(insec. ) ~ 1rx111u11M..., ... ·1

Scheduling
I H• I
Windows in foreg,ound:
~
Windows in ,!ackground·
~
D [ xclusive in Foieg,ound
,Minimum Timeslice (in msecJ: ~

FIGURE 3-32. The 386 Enhanced dialog box.

2. Select the device from the Device Contention list.

 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 85

3. Select the option button that best suits your needs. The following
table describes the options:
Windows Action Result
Always Warn Windows displays a warning dialog box each
time an application tries to use a device already
in use. The dialog box asks you to choose the
application to gain control of the device
Never Warn Windows lets any application use the device at
any time: You receive no warning. This might
result in two applications trying to use the device
at the same time, with undesirable results
Idle Specifies the number of seconds (from 1 through
999) a device is to be idle before a second appli-
cation can use it freely. If a second application
tries to use the device before the idle period is
complete, a warning message appears

386 Enhanced Mode Scheduling Options

When multiple applications are running simultaneously, Windows
runs one application for awhile and then switches to the next applica-
tion and runs it for a certain amount of time, repeating the process
for each application. You can dictate how much time Windows
spends on the application in the active window (called the foreground
window) and how much time it spends on an application in an inac-
tive window (called a background window). To do so, follow these
steps:
1. Expand the 386 Enhanced icon from the Control Panel. A dialog
box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-32 appears.
2. Select the Windows in Foreground text box, and enter a number from
1 through 10,000. Use this option to specify how much time Win-
dows spends running a Windows-based application when it is in the
foreground and an MS-DOS-based application is in the background.
3. Select the Windows in Background text box, and enter a number from
1 through 10,000. This number controls how much time Windows
spends running a Windows-based application when it is in the back-
ground and an MS-DOS-based application is in the foreground.
4. Select Exclusive in Foreground to specify that Windows-based appli-
cations get 100 percent of the computer's processing time whenever a
Windows-based application is active. (MS-DOS-based applications
in the background are suspended.) ·
86 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

5. Select the Minimum Timeslice text box, and enter a number from 1
through 1000. This is the number of milliseconds (thousandths of a
second) that Windows spends executing an application.

Understanding Windows Swap-Files

When Windows gets low on memory, it temporarily copies information
to a file on your hard disk. When the information is needed again, Win-
dows copies it back from the file into memory. This process of mov ing
information from memory to a file on the hard disk and back to memory
again is called swapping. The file to which information is copied is
called a swapjile.
Windows supports two types of swap-files: temporary and permanent. A
permanent swap-file is often a better choice because Windows can ac-
cess a permanent swap-file more quickly. A permanent swap-file does,
however, take up hard-disk space-even when Windows is not in use. If
you use Windows extensively in 386 Enhanced mode, the permanent
swap-file provides the best performance. If you don't use Windows ex-
tensively, you might want to sacrifice performance for available hard-
disk space and use a temporary swap-file instead.
To create a swap-file, follow these steps:
I. Choose Virtual Memory in the 386 Enhanced dialog box. A dialog
box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-33 appears.

I Cuue nl S ettings
D,ive:
Size:
~ T_YP_• c _
C:
20.436 KB
P_e,m _en_l (_u,_ing_ J2
_an _ ·b_il
I~
a_cc_• •_•l_ ~
~
w~='lilj·-------1

FIGURE 3-33. Th e Virtual Memory dialog box.

2. If you ' re satisfied with your existing swap-file, choose Cancel; other-
wise, choose Change. The Virtual Memory dialog box changes to re-
semble Figure 3-34.
3. Choose the drive on which the swap-file is to reside from the Drives
drop-down list box.
4. Choose the swap-file ' s type from the Type drop-down list box.
5. Type in the size of the swap-file in the New Size text box.
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 87

- , ~' ' ~" Virtual Memory ' ' ' ~

Cuuent Settings
Drive: C:
Size: 20. 436 K:B
Type: Pe,manenl (using 32-bil access)

12,rive: liiiil c : (raistlin)

Jype: Permanent
Space Available: 175.100 KB
Maximum Size: 104.256 KB
Recommended Size: 20,436 KB
New liize: I im!il••

FIGURE 3-34. The expanded Virtual Memory dialog box.

6. Choose OK. Windows asks you whether you want to make changes to
your virtual memory settings. Choose Yes to make the changes.
7. Windows tells you that you need to restart Windows so that the
changes you made can take effect. Choose Restart Windows to im-
mediately restart Windows, or choose Continue to continue the cur-
rent session (the changes you made take effect the next time you start
Windows).

MANAGING DEVICE DRIVERS

Device drivers allow hardware devices such as sound cards and video
players to communicate with Windows. A new Windows 3.1 Control
Panel option-Drivers-Jets you install, remove, and configure device
drivers. When you expand the Drivers icon, a dialog box similar to the
one shown in Figure 3-35 appears.

!nstalled Driveu,

(MCI) MIDI Sequencer

(MCI) Sound

FIGURE 3-35. The Drivers dialog box.

Adding a Device Driver

To add a device driver, follow these steps:
I. Select Add. The Add dialog box, similar to the one shown in Figure
3-36, appears.
88 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

~ Add
J..ist of Drivers

Ad Lib
Creative labs Sound Blaster 1. 0
Creative Labs Sound Blaster 1. 5
Media Vision Thunder Board
MIDI Mapper
Roland lAPCl
Roland MPU401
Timer
(MCI] MIDI Sequence,
MCI Sound

FIGURE 3-36. The Add dialog box.

2. Select the desired driver from the List of Drivers list box and choose
OK. (If the desired device driver is not listed, select Unlisted or Up-
dated Driver.) The Install Driver dialog box, similar to the one shown
in Figure 3-37, appears. Insert the requested disk into the disk drive
and choose OK. (You can type a different drive and path into the text
box if necessary.)
- lnstaU Driver
Insert Microsoft Windows 3.1 Disk 13
or a disk with the updated driver
sndblst2.drv

FIGURE 3-37. The Install Driver dialog box.

3. After Windows installs the device driver, it displays a dialog box

similar to the one shown in Figure 3-38. Select the port and interrupt
that the device uses, and then choose OK.

...,
Sound Bl"ster Setup

lnteuupt
0 210 0 2
0 220 0 3
0 230 Os
0 240 0 1
0 250
0 260

FIGURE 3-38. The Sound Blaster Setup dialog box.

4. Windows needs to restart before the device driver can take effect.
Windows displays a dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure
3-39, asking whether you want to restart Windows now. Remove the
disk from the disk drive and choose Restart Now.
 PART Ill: Customizing and Optimizing Windows with the Control Panel 89

- System Setting Change •

The Creative Labs Sound Blaster 1.5 has been
Cl) added. You will need to exit and reslarl Windows so
that the new driver can lake effect

FIGURE 3-39. The System Setting Change dialog box.

Removing a Device Driver

If Windows has a device driver installed that you don't use, removing
the device driver frees up memory for other uses. To remove a device
driver, follow these steps:
I. Select the device driver you want to remove in the Installed Drivers
list box in the Drivers dialog box. Choose Remove.
2. Wi ndows displays a dia log box similar to the one shown in Figure
3-40, asking you to confirm the deletion. Choose Yes.

Cl) Are you sure you want to remove

the Creative Labs Sound Blaster 1.5 driver?

FIGURE 3-40. The Remove dialog box.

3. Windows needs to restart before the device driver can be removed.

Wi ndows displays a dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure
3-41. Choose Restart Now.

The Creative labs Sound Blaster 1.5 has been

Cl) 1emoved. You will need to exil and 1estaII Window s
lo remove the driver horn your system.

FIGURE 3-41. The System Setting Change dialog box.

Reconfiguring a Device Driver

As you add hardware to your computer, you might find that one device
driver conflicts with another. To solve this problem, configure one of
the device drivers to use a different port or interrupt. To configure a de-
vice driver, follow these steps:
I. Select the device driver to be configured in the Installed Drivers list
box in the Drivers dialog box. Choose OK.
90 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

2. Windows displays a dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure

3-38. Select the port and interrupt that the device uses, and then
choose OK.

ASSIGNING SOUNDS TO
DIFFERENT SYSTEM EVENTS
By default, Windows beeps when you try to do something you are not
allowed to do. (For example, you hear a beep when you try to move the
cursor past the end of a Write document.) The Control Panel Sound op-
tion lets you turn the warning beep on and off. In addition, if you have
installed a sound board and a sound device driver, you can assign
various sounds to different system events. When you expand the Sound
icon, a dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 3-42 appears. (If
you haven't installed a sound card, items in the Events and Files list
boxes appear dimmed and are not selectable.)
- Sound

~
,lvents:
• r~=;e~,--=.
Critical Stop chimes.wav
Default Beep
E11clamation ding. wav
Question tada. wav
Windows Exit (. (
Windows Sta,t (system)
~ - - - -~-, ll•a•I

181 Enable System Sounds c :\win 31 bJ

FIGURE 3-42. The Sound dialog box.

To enable system sounds, select the Enable System Sounds check box.
To disable system sounds, deselect the check box .
To assign a sound to a specific system event, follow these steps:
I . Select the event to which you want to assign the sound from the
Events list box.
2. Select the sound you want to assign from the Files list box. To hear
the sound, choose Test. This assigns the sound to the event.
To remove a sound from an event, follow these steps:
1. Select the event from which you want to remove the sound from the
Files list box.
2. Select the <none> option from the Files list box. This option restores
the normal PC beep.
3. Choose OK.
PART IV

Desktop Applications
Windows provides .a powerful collection of desktop applications, which
are productivity tools designed to help you perform a variety of tasks
directly from the Windows desktop:
Calculator Performs business arid statistical calculations
Calendar Manages your appointments
Cardfile Lists information
Clock Keeps track of the time
Notepad Allows you to edit ASCII text files
Paintbrush Allows you to create figures and drawings
Recorder Records macros
Terminal Permits telecommunications
Write Allows you to perform word processing
Character Map Lets you insert special characters and symbols into
documents
Object Packager Allows you to place an icon that represents an embedded
or linked object into a file
Media Player Allows you to control multimedia hardware such as a
sound card br a CD-ROM drive
Sound Recorder Lets you play, record, arid edit sound files
These programs are found in the Accessories group window, shown in

. .
Figure 4-1.

- "., • •
~

e,
•
C.,,,Jfie
Paintbrus:h

lllil
Calendar
-
Terminal

Calculator
Notepad

Ck>ck
Recorder

Object
Packager

•
Charaete, Map Medi.!i Player
A
Soand
Recorder

FIGURE 4-1. The Accessories group window.

91
92 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

This section provides an overview of each desktop accessory program.

First, however, are two sets of actions available to most Windows desk-
top applications: Page Setup options and Printer options.

PAGE SETUP OPTIONS

Several Windows accessories-including Paintbrush, Notepad, and
Cardfile-allow you to set the margins and add formatted headers and
footers to your printouts.

Setting Margins
To set the margins of your printouts, follow these steps:
1. Choose Page Setup from the application's File menu. The Page Setup
dialog box, similar to the one shown in Figure 4-2, appears.

!!_eade,: l~_~I
Eooter: l~_~I
Margins----~

!_op: ID I .!!ottom: ~

1.ell: ~ flight: ~

FIGURE 4-2. The Page Setup dialog box.

2. In the Margins area, type in the measurements you want for your
margins.
3. Choose OK.

Inserting Headers and Footers

To insert a header or a footer into your printouts, follow these steps:
1. Choose Page Setup from the application's File menu. The Page Setup
dialog box, similar to the one shown in Figure 4-2, appears.
2. Type the header or footer text into the Header or Footer text box. The
table below includes the character codes used to format the header or
footer.
Character Code Function
&d Inserts the current date
&p Inserts the current page number
(continued)
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 93

continued
Character Code Function
&f Inserts the current filename
&l Justifies the text following the code at the left
margin
&r Justifies the text following the code at the right
margin
&c Centers the text following the code
&t Inserts the current time
3. Choose OK.

CHANGING PRINTERS AND PRINTER OPTIONS

Many Windows accessories allow you to set up a printer before print-
ing. This includes selecting a printer (useful if you've installed several
printers) and changing a printer's options. To change printers or printer
options, follow these steps:
1. Choose Print Setup from the File menu. A dialog box similar to the
one shown in Figure 4-3 appears.

Printe,-----------~
0
D_efaull Printer
(current!., QMS-PS 810 on \\lire\post (LPT2:)J
@ Specific frinter:

Orientation P_,
["A', @Po<oaa Si.1,e: ILeiter 8111 x 11 in

~ 0 ,Landscape ,iource: IUpper Tray

FIGURE 4-3. The Print Setup dialog box.

2. Select a printer from the Specific Printer drop-down list box, if

necessary.
3. Select the Orientation and Paper specifications as necessary.
4. To set options specific to your printer, choose Options. A dialog box
containing printer setup options appears.
5. Select printer options as necessary. The options in this dialog box
vary depending on the printer you've installed. See your printer's
manual for information about your printer's options, or press Fl for
help.
6. Choose OK in the Print Setup dialog box.
94 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

CALCULATOR
The Calculator application acts as a standard calculator (for addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division) or as a scientific calculator (for
trigonometric functions and statistical operations). The first time you
use Calculator, the standard calculator, as shown in Figure 4-4, appears.

Edit View Help

I ~1
OJ@]( Back) D
GDCDCDCDGJ~
§J0CDCD~0
8GJ0CDOG;J
~00080
FIGURE 4-4. The standard calculator.

Switching Calculators
To switch between the standard and scientific calculators, choose either
Standard or Scientific from the View menu.

Entering Values
To enter values, click on the number buttons or enter numbers with your
keyboard.
NOTE: If you' re using the keyboard, you can use the numbers from the top row
of the keyboard or the numbers from the numeric keypad. If you choose to use
the numbers from the keypad, remember to first activate the NumLock key.

Using the Standard Calculator

To add, subtract, multiply, or divide two numbers, follow these steps:
1. Enter the first number's digits.
2. Click on the symbol of the desired operation, or press the correspond-
ing keyboard key.
3. Enter the second number's digits.
4. Click on the equal sign, or press your keyboard's equal-sign key.
The following table lists calculator buttons, the keyboard equivalent of
each button, and the function of each button:
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 95

Button Keyboard Key Function

C Esc Clears the current calculation
CE Delete Clears the current value
Back Backspace/ Clears the rightmost digit of the current value
Left arrow
MC Ctrl+L Clears the contents of memory
MR Ctrl+R Recalls the value stored in memory
M+ Ctrl+P Adds the current value to the value in memory
and places the result in memory
MS Ctrl+M Stores the current value in memory
+/- F9 Changes the current value's sign
1/x R Calculates the reciprocal of the current value
sqrt @ Calculates the square root of the current value
% % Treats the current value as a percentage
+ + Adds
Subtracts
* * Multiplies
I I Divides
= Performs the designated operation on the
previous two values; choose again to repeat
the operation
Inserts a decimal point into the current value

Using the Scientific Calculator

To use the scientific calculator, expand the Calculator icon in the Ac-
cessories group window and choose Scientific from the View menu. The
scientific calculator appears as shown in Figure 4-5.

Edit View Help

I o. I
IO Hex ® Dec O Oct O Bin I I® Deg O Rad O Grad I
G:]~( Back )IO Inv D Hyp ID 0 D
~EJGJGJGD00CDGJ~B
EJB~GJ§JGJCDCDDGB
~~~~~CQCDCDO~B
GJ~@J0El0GJDGJu~
8~§:JG;:]0000000
FIGURE 4-5. The scientific calculator.
96 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Performing Scientific Calculations

With the scientific calculator you can work with hexadecimal, decimal,
octal, or binary numbers and specify an angle's units of measure in
degrees, radians, or gradients.
The following table lists the button, keyboard equivalent, and purpose of
each scientific calculator function (the scientific calculator includes but-
tons found in the standard calculator):
Button Keyboard Key Function
( Starts a new level of parentheses. The current
level of parentheses is shown below the
display. The maximum number of levels is 25
) Closes the current level of parentheses
ABCDEF ABCDEF Enters the hexadecimal digits A through F.
These keys can be used only in the
hexadecimal number system
And & Calculates the bitwise exclusive AND of the
current value
Ave Ctrl+A Calculates the average of the values in the
Statistics Box. Inv+Ave calculates the average
of the squares of the values in the Statistics
Box
Bin F8 Converts to the binary number system
Byte F4 Displays the lower 8 bits of the current value
cos 0 Calculates the cosine of the current value.
Inv+cos calculates the arc cosine of the
current value. Hyp+cos calculates the
hyperbolic cosine of the current value.
Inv+Hyp+cos calculates the arc hyperbolic
cosine of the current value
Dat Ins Enters the current number in the Statistics
Box
Dec F6 Converts to the decimal number system
Deg F2 Sets trigonometric input for degrees when in
decimal mode
dms m Converts the current value to degree-minute-
second format. Inv+dms converts the current
value to degrees
DWord F2 Displays the full 32-bit representation of the
current value
Exp X Allows entry of exponential numbers. Exp can
be used only in the decimal number system
(continued)
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 97

continued
Button Keyboard Key Function
F-E V Turns scientific notation on or off. F-E can be
used only with the decimal number system
Grad F4 Sets trigonometric input for gradients when in
decimal mode
Hex F5 Converts to the hexadecimal number system
Hyp H Sets the hyperbolic function for sin, cos, and
tan. These functions automatically turn off the
hyperbolic function after a calculation is
completed
Int Displays the integer portion of the current
value. lnv+lnt displays the fractional portion
of the current value
Inv Sets the inverse function for sin, cos, tan,. PI,
x"y, x"2, x"3, ln, log, Ave, Sum, ands. These
functions automatically turn off the inverse
function after a calculation is completed
ln n Calculates the natural (base e) logarithm of
the current value. Inv+ln calculates e raised to
the power of the current value
log Calculates the base 10 logarithm of the
current value. lnv+log calculates 10 raised to
the power of the current value
Lsh < Bitwise shifts the current value left. Inv+Lsh
bitwise shifts the current value right
Mod % Displays the modulus (remainder) of x + y
n! Calculates the factorial of the current value
Not Calculates the bitwise inverse of the current
value
Pl p Displays the value of 7t. Inv+PI displays 2 x 7t
Rad F3 Sets trigonometric input for radians when in
decimal mode
Oct F7 Converts to the octal number system
Or Calculates the bitwise OR of the current value
s Ctrl+D Calculates standard deviation with the
population parameter as nl. lnv+s calculates
standard deviation with the population
parameter as n
sin s Calculates the sine of the current value.
Inv+sin calculates the arc sine of the current
value. Hyp+sin calculates the hyperbolic sine
of the current value. Inv+Hyp+sin calculates
the arc hyperbolic sine of the current value
(continued)
98 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

continued
Button Keyboard Key Function
Sta Ctrl+S Activates the Statistics Box and its associated
buttons
Sum Ctrl+T Calculates the sum of the values in the
Statistics Box. Inv+Sum calculates the sum of
the squares of the values in the Statistics Box
tan Calculates the tangent of the current value.
lnv+tan calculates the arc tangent of the
current value. Hyp+tan calculates the
hyperbolic tangent of the current value.
lnv+Hyp+tan calculates the arc hyperbolic
tangent of the current value
Word F3 Displays the lower 16 bits of the current value
x"2 @ Squares the current value. lnv+x"2 calculates
the square root of the current value
x"3 # Cubes the current value. Inv+x"3 calculates
the cube root of the current value
x"y y Computes x to the yth power. Inv+x"y
calculates the y th root of x
Xor I\ Calculates the bitwise exclusive OR of the
current value

Performing Statistical Calculations

To perform statistical calculations, expand the Calculator icon in the
Accessories group window and choose Scientific from the View menu.
Choose the scientific calculator's Sta button. Calculator opens a window
called the Statistics Box which, like any window, can be moved to a con-
venient location on your screen. The Statistics Box appears as shown in
Figure 4-6.

FIGURE 4-6. The Statistics Box.

To enter numbers into the Statistics Box, follow these steps:

1. Activate the Calculator window by clicking on it or by typing R.
2. Enter the desired value.
3. Click on Dat or press Ins.
You can enter as many values as you want. After entering all values,
you can use the Calculator's statistical functions. If you enter more than
 PART IV: Desktop Applicotions 99

six values into the Statistics Box, a vertical scroll bar appears at the
right side of the list box. You can use this scroll bar to scroll through the
values. The following table describes each Statistics Box button, as well
as its keyboard equivalent, and purpose:
Keyboard Key Function
R Returns to the Calculator window from the
Statistics Box
Load L Copies the valµe selected in the Statistics
Box to Calculator
CD C Deletes the value selected in the Statistics
Box
CAD A Deletes all v;ilues from the Statistics Box

CALENDAR
Calendar is an electronic daily and monthly planner. Using Calendar,
you can enter and track your appointments for today, next week, or even
severl;ll months from now. Depending on your preference, Calendar lets
you combine or separate your schedules. In other words, you can keep
one large master schedule of all your appointments, or you can create
individual schedules for home, work, and leisure activities. If your com-
puter connects to a local area network, you can even exchange calendar
files with other users to resolve scheduling conflicts. Using Calendar's
built-in alarm capabilities, you can remind yourself of key appoint-
ments. Calendar lets you work with a daily or monthly planner, as
shown in Figures 4-7 and 4-8.
-
:;;: Calendar ll!ntlth-dl f"'"F-7
File EdH ',!lew' lihdw Alair~ JlpUons tl'elp

10:47 PM 1•111 Thursday. January 09. 1992 Status line

7:00 AM I
8:00
9:00
10:00 Appointment area
11:00
12:00 PM
1:00
2:0·0
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
e:oli

Message box

FIGURE 4-7. The daily planner.

100 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

file .!;_dit ~iew ,Show Alarm QJJtions tlelp

10:50 PM 1M1litl Thursday, Janmuy 09, 1992

January 1992
s M T w T F s
1 2 3 4

■
5 6 7 B 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31

FIGURE 4-8. The monthly planner.

Calendar File Operations

Calendar stores your schedules on disk in files with the CAL extension.
Calendar's File menu lets you save a new schedule, save the existing
schedule, print a list of appointments, or open a different calendar file,
such as VACATION.CAL. The following table briefly describes Calen-
dar's File menu:
Command Function
New Creates a new calendar, first prompting you to save or
discard changes to the current calendar
Open Displays a dialog box that lets you load an existing calendar
file
Save Saves schedule changes to an existing calendar file
Save As Lets you save a schedule under a new name
Print Prints appointments for the range of days you specify
Page Setup Lets you define margins as well as insert a header and footer
for each page
Print Setup Lets you select a printer and change its options
Exit Closes the Calendar window
The first time you start Calendar, the daily planner appears.
To select the planner you want to use, simply choose Day or Month
from the View menu, or press F8 (daily planner) or F9 (monthly
planner).
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 101

Calendar's Daily Planner

Calendar's daily planner lets you enter appointments for a 24-hour day.

Using the Daily Planner

To move inside the daily planner, use the arrow keys, or drag the verti-
cal scroll bar using your mouse, and then click on the appropriate time.
To schedule an appointment, simply type the appointment at the correct
time. You can type notes to yourself in the message box at the bottom of
the daily planner. Press Tab to move back and forth between the ap-
pointment area and the message box.
Changing Calendar's Timing
By default, Calendar divides a day into 1-hour intervals. If you need
finer scheduling resolution, Calendar also lets you choose 15-minute and
30-minute intervals.
To change the daily appointment calendar's time interval, choose Day
Settings from the Options menu. A dialog box similar to the one shown
in Figure 4-9 appears.

!nlerval: 0 15 0 30 @[~.~·]

0
!:!.our Formal: @ 12 24

I
liDil
~larling Time: 17:00 AM
11111
FIGURE 4-9. The Day Settings dialog box.

Interval lets you select 15-minute, 30-minute, or 60-minute intervals.

Hour Format lets you specify a 12-hour clock with A.M./P.M. format or
a 24-hour military clock. Starting Time lets you specify the hour of the
day you want to appear at the top of the daily calendar when you first
view it. Select the options you want, and then choose OK.
Viewing Other Appointments
Calendar lets you view a previous or future day's appointments. To do
so, click on the scroll arrows in the status line, or press Ctrl+PgUp to
view the previous day or Ctrl+PgDn to view the following day. To view
the schedule for a day more than a few days prior to-or following-
the current day, choose Date from Calendar's Show menu. A dialog box
asks for the date. Type in the date of the schedule you want to view, and
then choose OK.
102 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Calendar's Edit Menu

Calendar lets you move or copy text using its Edit menu and the Win-
dows Clipboard. The following table briefly describes Calendar's Edit
menu:
Command Function
Cut Removes the selected text from Calendar and places it
onto the Clipboard
Copy Copies the selected text from Calendar onto the Clipboard
Paste Copies text from the Clipboard to Calendar
Remove Removes all Calendar appointments between a specified
range of dates
The Edit menu Cut and Copy commands require that you first select the
text to be cut or copied. To select text, follow these steps:
Drag the mouse pointer over the desired text.

Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the beginning of the
desired text. Hold down the Shift key and use the right and left
arrow keys to select the desired text.
To remove a range of appointments, choose Remove from the Edit
menu. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 4-10 appears.
- Remove

Remove Appointments:

from: Unt◄ 1 BtJ:f'1 I

1.0 C==:J lltonco1 j

FIGURE 4-10. The Remove dialog box.

Type the range's beginning date into the From text box, the ending date
into the To text box, and then choose OK. To remove the appointments
for one day only, type the day's date into the From text box, leave the
To text box empty, and choose OK.
Setting Alarms for Appointments
In the daily planner you can set alarms that notify you of appointments.
To set an alarm, follow these steps:
1. Select the day for which you want the alarm set.
2. Click on the desired time, or move the cursor to the desired time by
using the arrow keys.
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 103

3. Set the alarm by choosing Set from Calendar's Alarm menu.

A bell symbol-indicating that the alarm is set-appears to the left of
the time.
Early warn ing By default, Calendar activates the alarm at the time you
set for it. To sound the alarm a few minutes prior to the specified time,
choose Controls from the Alarm menu. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 4-11 appears.
- Alarm Controls

[arly Ring (0 - 10): U ~

~_iound

FIGURE 4-11. The Alarm Controls dialog box.

Early Ring lets you specify the number of minutes prior to the specified
time that you want the alarm to ring. Sound is a check box that lets you
enable or disable the audible alarm.
NOTE: For the alarm to be audible, Calendar must be running as either a win-
dow or an icon.
Alarm styles At the scheduled time, Calendar beeps or plays the appro-
priate sound (if sound is enabled) and then notifies you of the alarm in
one of the following ways:
■ If Calendar is the active window, Calendar displays a reminder dialog
box.
■ If Calendar is a nonactive window, Calendar's title bar blinks. Acti-
vate Calendar's window to display the reminder dialog box.
■ If Calendar is an icon, the icon blinks. Expand the icon to display the
reminder dialog box.
NOTE: If you are running an application designed for MS-DOS when the alarm
sounds, Calendar might not be able to notify you of the alarm until the applica-
tion completes.

Calendar's Monthly Planner

From a monthly calendar you can select a specific day and view the
day's appointments by double-clicking on the day or by highlighting the
day with the arrow keys and pressing Enter.
To move to a previous or future month, click on the scroll arrows that
appear in the status line, or press Ctrl+PgUp (previous month) or
Ctrl+PgDn (following month).
104 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Keyboard Combinations
The following table briefly summarizes Calendar's keyboard
combinations:
Keyboard
Combination Function
Ctrl+X Cuts selected text onto the Clipboard
or Shift+Delete
Ctrl+C Copies selected text onto the Clipboard
or Ctrl+Ins
Ctrl+V Pastes text from the Clipboard into the daily planner
or Shift+lns
F8 Selects the daily planner
F9 Selects the monthly planner
F4 Moves to a specific day's appointments
Ctrl+PgUp Selects the previous day or month
Ctrl+PgDn Selects the following day or month
F5 Sets or removes an alarm
F6 Marks a special day on the monthly planner
F7 Inserts a unique time (not necessarily an interval
of 15, 30, or 60 minutes) on the daily planner
Fl Opens Calendar's online help
NOTE: Calendar obtains the current date and time from your computer's inter-
nal clock. If the date and time are incorrect, use the Date/Time option in the
Control Panel to reset them.

CARDFILE
Cardfile lets you organize information on electronic "index cards."
These cards can store a list of names and addresses, birthdays, phone
numbers, or virtually any other type of information.

Starting Cardfile
Expand the Cardfile icon from the Accessories group window. A win-
dow similar to the one shown in Figure 4-12 appears.

Creating a New Set of Cards

If you are creating a new set of cards, start Cardfile (choose New from
the File menu if Cardfile is already running) and type text in the card's
information area.
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 105

_Eile _Edit Y'iew .C,ard ~earch l!elp

Card View
"*"'"' 1 Card - ~ Status line

Index line

Information area

FIGURE 4-12. A new Cardfile window.

Assigning an Index
The card's top line is the index line. To assign an index to a card, follow
these steps:
1. Double-click on the card's index line, or select Index from the Edit
menu. The Index dialog box appears.
2. Type in a meaningful and-ideally-unique index that describes the
card, and then choose OK.

Adding a Card
To add a card, follow these steps:
1. Choose Add from the Card menu. The Add dialog box appears.
2. Type in a meaningful and-ideally-unique index that describes the
card's eventual contents, and then choose OK.
3. When Cardfile displays the card, type in the card's contents in the in-
formation area.

Saving a Cardfile
To save your cards, follow these steps:
I. Choose Save As from the File menu. The Save As dialog box
appears.
2. Type in the filename you want. If you specify the name of an exist-
ing file, Cardfile displays a dialog box asking whether you want to
replace the existing file. Note that if you choose Yes, you lose the in-
formation in the existing file.
106 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Loading a Cardf ile

To load previously created cards into a Cardfile, follow these steps:
1. Choose Open from the File menu. The Open dialog box appears.
2. Select the drive on which the cards are stored from the Drives drop-
down list box.
3. Select the directory in which the cards are stored from the Directo-
ries list box,
4. Type the filename into the File Name text box, or select a file from
the list box.
5. Choose OK.

The File Menu

The following table briefly describes Cardfile's File menu:
Command Function
New Starts a new list of cards, asking whether you want to
s&ve changes to the current card list, if any
Open Displays a dialog box that lets you lqad an existing card
file
Save Saves the list of cards to an existing file
Save As Lets you save a list of cards with a new name
Print Prints the current card
Print All Prints every card in the list
Merge Combines the current list of cards with another card list
Page Setup Lets you define margins as well as insert a header and a
footer for each page
Print Setup Lets you select a printer and change its options
Exit Exits Cardfile

Looking Through Your Cards

I • , ,

Cardfile gives you several ways to look through your cards.

Moving Forward and Backward

To move forward or backward through the list, click on the scroll ar-
rows in the status line, or use one of the key combinations listed in the
following table:
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 107

Key Combination Movement

PgUp Moves backward one card
PgDn Moves forward one card
Ctrl+Home Moves to the first card in the list
Ctrl+End Moves to the last card in the list
Ctrl+X Moves to the first card whose index line begins with X.
If two or more cards ' index lines begin with the same
letter or number, press Ctrl+X again to move to the
second card, and so on

Moving w ith the View Menu

Choose List from the View menu to display the cards as a list of scroll-
able index lines. Cardfile always lists cards alphabetically by index line.

Moving with the Search Menu

Cardfile's Search menu provides two ways to search for a card: You can
search by index line or by keyword .
Searching by index line To search a set of cards for a specific index line,
follow these steps:
1. Choose Go To from the Search menu. The Go To dialog box appears.
2. Type in the desired index line, and choose OK.
If Cardfile locates a matching index line, the matching card appears at
the top of the deck. A dialog box informs you if no match is found.
Searching by keyword To search through the text of the cards for a
matching word or phrase, follow these steps:
1. Choose Card from the View menu.
2. Choose Find from the Search menu. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 4-13 appears.
Find

FIGURE 4-1 3. The Find dialog box.

3. Type the text you want to search for into the Find What text box.
4. Select Match Case if you want Cardfile to distinguish between upper-
case and lowercase letters.
5. Select a direction for the search.
108 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

6. Choose Find Next.

7. When your search is complete, choose Cancel in the Find dialog box.
If Cardfile locates a card with matching text, the card containing the
match appears at the top of the deck. If-despite the match-this is not
the card you want, you can continue the search by choosing Find Next
again. A dialog box informs you if no match is found.

Editing Cards
To change a card's contents, follow these steps:
1. Choose Card from the File menu.
2. Move to the desired card.
3. Use the arrow, Delete, and Backspace keys to delete and insert text as
necessary.

Undoing an Editing Change

To undo an editing change, choose Undo from the Edit menu. To undo
all editing changes to the top card, choose Restore from the Edit menu.

Changing a Card's Index Line

To change a card's index line, follow these steps:
1. Move to the desired card.
2. Choose Index from the Edit menu. A dialog box appears asking for a
new index line.
3. Type in the new index line and choose OK.

Selecting Text
To select text, follow these steps:
Position the mouse pointer over the start of the text, hold down
the left mouse button, and then drag the mouse pointer to the
end of the text. Release the left mouse button.
Move the cursor to the beginning of the text, hold down the
Shift key, and then use the arrow keys to move the cursor to
the end of the text. Release the Shift key.
 PART IV: Desktop Appliccitions 109

Deleting a Card
To delete a card, follow these steps:
1. Move to the desired card.
2. Choose Delete from the Card menu.
3. A dialog box appears asking you to confirm the deletion. Choose OK
to delete the card, or Cancel to terminate the procedure.

Copying Text from One Card to Another

To copy text from one card to another, follow these steps:
1. Select the desired text.
2. Choose Copy from the Edit menu.
3. Move to the card to which you want to copy the text. Move the cursor
to the location where you want the text.
4. Choose Paste from the Edit menu.

Pasting a Paintbrush Graphic into a Card

To paste a graphic created by Paintbrush into a card, follow these steps:
1. Switch to Paintbrush.
2. Open an existing graphic that you want to paste into a card, or create
a new graphic.
3. Use the Pick or the Scissors tool to select the graphic.
4. Choose Copy from the Edit menu.
5. Switch to Card.file.
· 6. Choose Picture from the Edit menu.
7. Choose Paste from the Edit menu.

Linking a Paintbrush Graphic to a Card

When you link a graphic to a card, a copy of the graphic is displayed in
the card but the graphic is still stored in its original Paintbrush file.
When you make changes to the graphic, these changes appear in every
file that contains a link to that graphic.
To link a graphic from Paintbrush, follow these steps:
1. Switch to Paintbrush.
110 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

2. Open an existing graphic that you want to link, or create a new

graphic.
3. Save your new graphic or any changes you've made to the existing
graphic.
4. Use the Pick or the Scissors tool to select the graphic.
5. Choose Copy from the Edit menu. A copy of the graphic is placed
onto the Clipboard.
6. Switch to Cardfile.
7. Open the file containing the card to which you want to link the
graphic.
8. Choose Picture from the Edit menu.
9. Choose Paste Link from the Edit menu. Or you can choose the Paste
Special command to specify the format of the graphic. If you want to
change the format to a bitmap or a picture, choose the Paste Special
command. If you want the graphic to remain in the Paintbrush Pic-
ture format, there is no need for you to choose the Paste Special
command.

CLOCK
The most straightforward application is Clock. Clock displays the cur-
rent time and date, using either an analog clock or a digital clock, as
shown in Figure 4-14.
[i:::::l Clock 121:1]
,Settings

..-·
,·~
.· •· .
'

09:59:34 AM
1/10192
.
..
..
·~.
.
'

.
'
'

FIGURE 4-14. The Clock window.

The first time you start Clock a digital clock appears. To select the
analog clock, choose Analog from the Settings menu. To change back to
a digital clock, choose Digital from the Settings menu. When you
change the clock type, the new type remains in effect-even if you
leave Windows-until you specifically change it again.
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 111

Setting Clock's Font

The digital clock lets you change the font used to display the date and
time. To change Clock's font, follow these steps:
1. Choose Set Font from the Settings menu. A dialog box appears, simi-
lar to the one shown in Figure 4-15.
Font

Cowie,
'Ii' Cowie, New

,ls-~.
Fixedsys
MS Dial

Aa BbYyZz

FIGURE 4-15. The Font dialog box.

2. Select the desired font from the Font list box. The Sample box dis-
plays several characters drawn in the selected font.
3. Choose OK.

Hiding or Displaying Clock's Title Bar

To hide Clock's title bar, choose No Title from the Settings menu. A
faster method of hiding Clock's title bar is to double-click on Clock's
window, or press Esc. To display Clock's title bar, click on Clock's win-
dow or press Esc. A fast method of displaying Clock's title bar with the
mouse is to double-click on Clock's window.

Hiding or Displaying the Date

If you choose an anolog clock, Clock displays the current date in its title
bar. If you choose a digital clock, Clock displays the current date
beneath the time. To hide the date, choose Date from the Settings menu.
To display the date again, choose Date from the Settings menu.

Hiding or Displaying Seconds

By default, Clock displays seconds in the current time. To hide the sec-
onds, choose Seconds from the Settings menu. To display seconds again,
choose Seconds from the Settings menu.
112 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Setting Clock to Be the Topmost Window

Normally, the window of the active application is the topmost window.
Clock is special, however-it can be set to remain the topmost window
regardless of the active application. To set clock to be the topmost win-
dow, follow these steps:
1. Minimize Clock's window.
2. Select Always on Top from Clock's Control menu.
3. Restore Clock's window, if desired.

Restoring Clock
To restore clock, follow these steps:
1. Minimize Clock's window.
2. Select Always on Top from Clock's Control menu.
3. Restore Clock's window, if desired.
You can select the clock and then minimize Clock's window to an icon,
displaying the current time at the bottom of the screen. This arrange-
ment gives you constant access to the clock but leaves you free to work
with other Windows-based applications.
NOTE: Clock obtains the current time from your computer's internal clock. If
the time is incorrect, use the Date/Time option in the Control Panel to reset it.

NOTEPAD
Notepad is a simple text editor that lets you create memos, record notes,
or create batch files.
NOTE: The maximum size of a Notepad document is about 50,000 characters.

Starting Notepad
To start Notepad, expand the Notepad icon from the Accessories group
window. A window similar to the one shown in Figure 4-16 appears.

Opening a Document
If you want to load an existing document, follow these steps:
1. Choose Open from the File menu. The Open dialog box appears.
2. Type in the name of the document you want to open, or select it (and
its directory, if necessary) from the Files and Directories list boxes.
Then choose OK.
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 113

=file
I
f_dit ,Search
Notepad - (Untitled)
He lp
!Clal
.
...

,.. I
i
I~

FIGURE 4-16. A new Notepad window.

Creating a New Document

To create a new document, choose New from the File menu. (If you've
made changes to the current document, a dialog box appears, asking
whether you want to save the changes.)

Saving a Documen t
To save a document, choose Save from the File menu. If this is the first
time you've saved the file, the Save As dialog box appears. Simply type
in the desired filename. (If a file with that name already exists, a dialog
box asks whether you want to replace the existing file. If you choose
Yes, the information in the existing file is lost.)
NOTE: Notepad does not create a backup file for documents . When you save a
changed document, the previous document is lost.

Notepad' s File Menu

The following table briefly describes the commands available in the
File menu:
Command Function
New Creates a new document, first prompting you to save or
discard any changes to the current document
Open Displays a dialog box that lets you load an existing
document
Save Saves the current document
Save As Saves the current document with a new name
Print Prints the document
Page Setup Lets you define margins as well as insert a header and a
footer for each page
Print Setup Lets you select a printer and change its options
Exit Closes the Notepad window
114 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Advanced File Editing

The following table describes the commands available in Notepad's Edit
menu.
Command Function
Undo Cancels the most recent edit
Cut Deletes the selected text and places it onto the Clipboard
Copy Copies the selected text from the file onto the Clipboard
Paste Copies the contents of the Clipboard to the current
document at the cursor's location
Delete Removes the selected text from the document without
placing the text onto the Clipboard
Select All Selects all of the document's text
Time/Date Inserts the time and date at the cursor location
Word Wrap Enables word wrapping at the right edge of the window

Notepad Notes
■ By default, Notepad does not wrap text, so you must press Enter at
the end of each line. (To have Notepad perform word wrapping,
choose Word Wrap from the Edit menu.)
■ To move through a document, use the arrow, PgUp, PgDn, Home, and
End keys, or the vertical and horizontal scroll bars if you're using a
mouse.
The following table lists keyboard combinations that help you move
around the screen:
Keyboard Combination Function
Home Moves the cursor to the start of the current line
End Moves the cursor to the end of the current line
Ctrl+Home Moves the cursor to the start of the document
Ctrl+End Moves the cursor to the end of the document
PgUp Moves the cursor up one page
PgDn Moves the cursor down one page
Ctrl+Right Arrow Moves the cursor right one word
Ctrl+Left Arrow Moves the cursor left one word
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 115

Moving Text
To move text to a different location in the document, follow these steps:
1. Select the desired text, and choose Cut from the Edit menu. The text
disappears from your screen.
2. Move the cursor to where you want the text to reappear, and choose
Paste from the Edit menu. The text reappears at the cursor location.

Searching for a Word or a Phrase < I '

To search a document for a word or a phrase, follow these steps.

1. Choose Find from the Search menu. A dialog box appears, similar to
the otie shown in Figure 4-17.

FIGURE 4-17. The Find dialog box.

2. Type in the text you want to find.

3. Select the Match Case check box if Notepad must match uppercase
and lowercase letters exactly.
4. Select the direction you want Notepad to search (down toward the
end of the document; or up toward the beginning of the document).
If the search is successful, the desired portion of text appears in the
Notepad window. A dialog box informs you if no match occurs. If a
match occurs but is not the match you want, choose Find Next again.
Choose Cancel to close the Find dialog box.

Controlling Notepad's Printed Output

If you choose Page Setup from Notepad's File menu, a dialog box ap-
pears, similar to the one shown in Figure 4-18. This dialog box lets you
specify a header (a line of text that appears at the top of each. page) and
a footer (a line of text that appears at the bottom of each page). This dia-
log box also lets you specify the page's margin sizes (in inches).
To use the Page Setup dialog box, simply fill in the fields as desired,
and then choose OK. By default, the header contains the filename and
the footer contains the page number.
116 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

l!eadeoc =11!1~-~I IID!lllfct

footer: ,~~~I.
l~age &p IIH~ilJ•
0stsm,
0

Margins:
!c_eft: ~ fl_ight: ~
lop: ~ D._otlom: ~

FIGURE 4-18. The Page Setup dialog box.

Place the following special characters in either the header or footer text
to enhance your printed output:
Character Code Function
&l Justifies the text following the code at the left margin
&r Justifies the text following the code at the right margin
&c Centers the text following the code
&d Inserts the current date
&f Inserts the current filename
&p Inserts the current page number
&t Inserts the current time

Creating a Time-Log Document

If the first line of your document contains the characters .LOG (capital
letters required), Notepad creates a time-log document. Each time you
open a time-log document, Notepad appends the current time and date to
the document. If you start your new text after the time and date appears,
you will have a log of your work. Using the Search menu, you can
quickly find a specific day's work.

PAINTBRUSH
Paintbrush lets you create your own graphics images or enhance
graphics images created by a scanner.
NOTE: If you try to use Paintbrush without a mouse, you'[[ quickly become
frustrated. Accordingly, this section focuses on mouse operations. For more in-
formation on keyboard combinations-and for a detailed description of the
Paintbrush program-see Windows 3.1 Companion (Microsoft Press, 1992).

Starting Paintbrush
To start Paintbrush, expand the Paintbrush icon from the Accessories
group window. A window appears, similar to the one shown in Figure 4-19.
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 117

~ew !ext [:id: Qptions Help

1• !!1g:~:;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;;;;;;;dld

FIGURE 4-19. A new Paintbrush window.

Using the File Menu

The following table describes the commands available in Paintbrush's
File menu:
Command Function
New Creates a new image, first prompting you to save or
discard any changes to the current image
Open Displays a dialog box that lets you load an existing image
Save Saves the current image
Save As Displays a dialog box that lets you save the current image
with a new name
Page Setup Lets you define printer margins as well as insert a header
and a footer for each page
Print Prints the current image
Printer Setup Lets you select a printer and change its options
Exit Closes the Paintbrush window
Paintbrush provides a collection of drawing tools described here:

Scissors Pick
Airbrush Text
Color Eraser Eraser
Paint Roller Brush
Curve Line
Box Filled Box
Rounded Box Filled Rounded Box
Circle/Ellipse Filled Circle/Ellipse
Polygon Filled Polygon
118 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Tool Function
Scissors Selects a free-form portion of the image to move or
delete
Pick Selects a rectangular portion of the image to move or
delete
Airbrush Spray-paints the image with the foreground color
Text Places text into the image
Color Eraser Changes portions of the foreground color to the
background color, or changes every occurrence of one
color to another
Eraser Changes portions of the drawing to the background
color
Paint Roller Fills an area with the foreground color
Brush Paints using the foreground color
Curve Draws a smooth curved line
Line Draws a straight line
Box Draws an unfilled rectangle
Filled Box Draws a rectangle filled with the foreground color
Rounded Box Draws an unfilled rectangle with rounded corners
Filled Draws a rectangle with rounded edges, filled with the
Rounded Box foreground color
Circle/Ellipse Draws an unfilled ellipse
Filled Circle/Ellipse Draws an ellipse filled with the foreground color
Polygon Draws an unfilled irregular shape
Filled Polygon Draws an irregular shape filled with the foreground
color

Selecting a Tool
To select a tool, simply click on the tool.

Selecting Line Thickness

Below the Paintbrush tool set are eight horizontal lines of varying thick-
ness. You use these lines to define the thickness Paintbrush uses to draw
or erase lines and shapes. To change the thickness, simply click on the
desired thickness.

Selecting Colors
To the right of the line-size box is the color palette, along with the fore-
ground and background color indicator. To select a foreground color,
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 119

simply click (using the left mouse button) on the desired color. To select
a background color, click (using the right mouse button) on the desired
color.
NOTE: If you have swapped the functions of the mouse buttons, as described in
Part Ill, you'll use the right button to select the foreground color and the left
button to select the background color.

Using the Paintbrush Tools

The following sections briefly describe the use of each Paintbrush tool.
Working with the Scissors Tool
The Scissors tool lets you select an irregularly shaped area. (After
creating this ''cutout,'' you can perform a variety of operations on it.
See "Fun with Cutouts" later in this section.)
To use the Scissors tool, follow these steps:
1. Select the Scissors tool. The mouse pointer changes to a pair of cross
hairs.
2. Place the mouse pointer on the starting point of the area to select.
3. Hold down the mouse button, and then draw around the area you
want to select. After you completely encircle the area, release the
mouse button.

Working with the Pick Tool

The Pick tool provides a convenient way to cut out a rectangular area.
(After creating such a "cutout," you can perform a variety of operations
on it. See "Fun with Cutouts" later in this section.)

Working with Your Image

The following tips should prove helpful as you begin to create and work
with Paintbrush images:
■ If your image is larger than the canvas area, use the horizontal and
vertical scroll bars to view different parts of the image.
■ Choose Zoom In from the View menu to temporarily magnify a por-
tion of the image to allow detailed editing. (While you're zoomed in,
you edit pixel-by-pixel with each click of the rnouse.) After you fin-
ish with the detailed editing, choose Zoom Out from the View menu
to restore the image to its normal size.
120 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

To use the Pick tool, follow these steps:

1. Select the Pick tool. The mouse pointer changes to a pair of cross
hairs.
2. Place the mouse pointer at the upper left corner of the rectangular
area you want to select.
3. Hold down the mouse button, and then move the mouse pointer to
create a rectangular border around the desired area. Then release the
mouse button.
Copying a Paintbrush Image onto the Clipboard
To copy a Paintbrush image onto the Clipboard, use either the Pick or
the Scissors tool to select the image, and then choose Copy from the
Edit menu. The image can then be pasted from the Clipboard into an-
other application.
Working with the Airbrush
The Airbrush tool works like a can of spray paint, letting you shade
areas. By selecting different line sizes and colors, you can change the
Airbrush tool's effect.

Fun with Cutouts

Cutouts can be treated in a variety of different ways. The following
table provides a simple description of the operations available. Experi-
ment! Or, for further information, see Windows 3.1 Companion
(Microsoft Press, 1992).
Operation Description
Cut Removes the cutout from the window and places
it onto the Clipboard
Copy Places a copy of the cutout onto the Clipboard
Paste Pastes a copy of the Clipboard into the window
Flip Horizontal Flips the cutout from side to side
Flip Vertical Flips the cutout from top to bottom
Inverse Inverts the cutout colors to their complementary
colors
Shrink + Grow Allows you to copy and size a cutout
Tilt Allows you to copy and skew a cutout
Clear Changes the background area within the original
cutout to the background color when you choose
Shrink + Grow or Tilt
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 121

To use the Airbrush tool, follow these steps:

1. Select the Airbrush tool. The mouse pointer changes to a pair of cross
hairs.
2. Select a foreground color.
3. Press the mouse button to airbrush an area. Hold down the mouse
button, and drag the mouse to airbrush a large area. Release the
mouse button to shut the Airbrush off. By concentrating the Airbrush
in an area, you can create darker shades.
Adding Text to an Image
Many images you create will need labels, titles, or other text. The Text
tool lets you add text to an image. Depending on your image, you will
want to select an appropriate font, font size, and text attribute such as
bold, italic, or underline. The commands in the Text menu let you do
just that.
To add text to your image, follow these steps.
1. Select the Text tool. The mouse pointer changes to an I-beam.
2. Select as the foreground color the color you'd like the text to be.
3. Select Fonts from the Text menu. A dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure 4-20 appears.
- Fon1

FIGURE 4-20. The Font dialog box.

4. Select a font from the Font list box.

5. Select a font style from the Font Style list box.
6. Select a font size from the Size list box.
7. Click on OK to close the Font dialog box.
8. Click on the location where you'd like the text to appear. Type in the
desired text.
Erasing Areas
Paintbrush's Color Eraser tool and Eraser tool let you erase areas of the
image. The Color Eraser, however, only erases text or graphics of the
122 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

selected foreground color, replacing it with the background color. The

selected line size affects how much area the erasers remove at one time.
A thick line erases more area, whereas a thin line gives you finer
contrnl.
To erase an area, follow these steps:
1. Select either the Color Eraser tool or the Eraser tool. The mouse
pointer changes to a pair of cross hairs inside a square.
2. Select the foreground and background colors.
3. Move the mouse pointer to the area you want to erase.
4. Hold down the mouse button, and then drag the mouse to erase the
area.
5. After you finish erasing, release the mouse button.

Changing All of One Color to Another

To quickly change all of one color to another, follow these steps:
1. Select as the foreground color the color you wish to change.
2. Select as the new color the background color.
3. Double-click on the Color Eraser tool.

Using the Paint Roller Tool

The Paint Roller tool lets you fill a bordered area with the foreground
color. If the border has an opening, the color leaks through the border,
filling outer areas.
To use the Paint Roller, follow these steps:
1. Select the Paint Roller tool. The mouse pointer changes to look like a
paint roller.
2. Select as the foreground color the desired color.
3. Move the mouse pointer into the area you'd like to fill, and press the
mouse button.

Using the Brush Tool

The Brush tool lets you draw using the foreground color and line thick-
ness. To use the Brush tool, follow these steps:
1. Select the Brush tool. The mouse pointer changes to a square.
2. Select as the foreground color the desired color.
3. Select the desired line thickness. The size of the mouse pointer
changes to reflect your choice.
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 123

4. Move the mouse pointer to the desired location. Hold down the mouse
button, and move the mouse to draw.
5. After you finish drawing, release the mouse button.
Drawing Lines
The Curve tool and the Line tool let you draw curved and straight lines.
To create a straight line, follow these steps:
1. Select the Line tool. The mouse pointer changes to a pair of cross
hairs.
2. Select as the foreground color the desired color.
3. Select the desired line thickness.
4. Click where you want the line to begin, and drag the mouse to create
the desired shape. Then release the mouse button.
To draw a curved line, follow these steps:
1. Select the Curve tool. The mouse pointer changes to a pair of cross
hairs.
2. Select as the foreground color the desired color.
3. Select the desired line thickness.
4. Click where you want the line to begin, and drag the mouse to create
the desired shape. Then release the mouse button.
5. Next hold down the mouse button and drag. The line curves to follow
the mouse pointer. When the line has the desired shape, release the
mouse button. If you're satisfied with the shape, click on the second
endpoint to finalize the curve. If you want to add a second curve to
the line, click and drag again.
Drawing Boxes
Paintbrush lets you draw four types of boxes: empty boxes, empty boxes
with rounded corners, filled boxes, and filled boxes with rounded cor-
ners. (The border of a filled box is drawn with the background color,
and then filled with the foreground color.)
To draw a box, follow these steps:
1. Select the desired box tool. The cursor changes to a pair of cross
hairs.
2. Select the desired foreground color. For a filled rectangle, also select
a background color.
3. Select the desired line thickness.
124 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

4. Move the mouse pointer to the location where you want the box to ap-
pear. Drag the mouse to create the desired shape, and then release the
mouse button. To draw a perfect square, press the Shift key before
releasing the mouse button.
Creating Circles and Ellipses
Paintbrush lets you create empty or filled circles and ellipses. An ellipse
is simply an elongated circle. (The border of a filled circle or ellipse is
drawn with the background color and then filled with the foreground
color.)
To draw a circle or an ellipse, follow these steps:
1. Select the desired circle/ellipse tool. The cursor changes to a pair of
cross hairs.
2. Select the desired foreground color. For a filled circle or ellipse, also
select a background color.
3. Select the desired line thickness.
4. Move the mouse pointer to the location where you want the circle or
ellipse to appear. Drag the mouse to create the desired shape, and
then release the mouse button. (You'll have the tendency to create an
ellipse. If you want to ensure that you draw a true circle, press the
Shift key before you release the mouse button.)
Creating Polygons
A polygon is an irregularly shaped closed object. Paintbrush lets you
create empty and filled polygons. To create a polygon, follow these
steps:
1. Select a polygon tool. The mouse pointer changes to a pair of cross
hairs.
2. Select the desired foreground color. For a filled polygon, also select a
background color.
3. Select the desired line thickness.
4. Move the mouse pointer to the location of the first corner of the bor-
der of the polygon you want to draw and click.
5. Move the mouse pointer to the location of the second corner of the
border of the polygon you want to draw and click. A line appears be-
tween the first and second corners.
6. Move the mouse pointer to the location of the next corner of the
border of the polygon you want to draw and click. A line appears
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 125

between the second and third corners. Repeat this process for each
corner of the polygon. Finish the polygon by clicking on the starting
point.

RECORDER
As you work with Windows on a regular basis, you might find yourself
repeatedly opening the same windows and running the same applica-
tions. To save time and keystrokes, you can create a Windows macro. A
Windows macro is a record of the keystrokes and mouse operations re-
quired to perform a certain task. The Recorder application lets you
record to a macro the keystrokes and mouse operations you perform on a
regu lar basis. When you later need to perform the operation, you can
run the macro to perform the steps automatically.

Starting Recorder
To start Recorder, expand the Recorder icon from the Accessories group
window. A window similar to the one shown in Figure 4-21 appears.
=Fi le Macro
Recorder· (Untitled! I•!'( il!,\ij•z 121:1
.Q.ptions ttelp

FIGURE 4 -21. A new Recorder window.

Recording a Macro
Normally, you use the mouse to select and choose options. However,
th is can cause problems in a macro because options such as menus,
check boxes, and option buttons aren't always in the same place. To
avoid this problem, it's wise to use keyboard combinations rather than
the mouse when selecting and choosing options to be recorded as a
Windows macro.
To record a Windows macro, follow these steps:
1. Choose Record from the Macro menu. A dialog box similar to the
one shown in Figure 4-22 appears.
2. Type a descriptive macro name in the Record Macro Name text box,
but do not press Enter.
126 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Record Macro fiame:

Shotlc ut t.ei' f layback

To: Same Application -t
18) Ct,I Speed: _F•_•l _ _ __t
0 Shin D Conttrluous loop
□ All 18] Enable Shollcut Keys

Record _Mou se: I

Clicks + Drags [!) f!.elative to: !Window l(il
,O_escription

FIGURE 4-22. Th e Record Macro dialog box.

3. Move to the Shortcut Key text box, and select a shortcut key combi-
nation you want to use to run the macro. For example, if you want the
keyboard combination Ctrl+Alt+ T to run this macro, type T in the
Shortcut Key text box, and then select the Ctr! and Alt check boxes.
(Do not select a keyboard combination used by the application your
macro assists.) If you want to use a special key (such as Fl) in the
shortcut key combination, select the key from the Shortcut Key drop-
down list box.
4. The default selections for the remaining options are probably fine.
You might want to include a description of the macro in the Descrip-
tion box.
5. Start the application in which the macro is to be used, and then return
to the Record Macro dialog box.
6. Choose Start to begin recording . The Recorder window becomes a
blinking icon on the desktop to indicate that the recording process
has begun.
7. Perform the operations you want to record.
8. After you finish performing the operations you want to record, ex-
pand the Recorder icon. A dialog box similar to the one shown in
Figure 4-23 appears .

Recorder

Macro Recording Suspended!

® l~ii ~)~(~~-r-~j
0 fl.esume Recording
0 .Cancel Recording

FIGURE 4-23. The Recorder dialog box.

9. Select Save Macro, and choose OK.

 PART IV: Desktop Applications 127

Saving a Macro File

To save a macro file on disk, follow these steps:
1. Choose Save As from the File menu. The Save As dialog box
appears.
2. Select a drive and directory from the Drives drop-down list box and
the Directories list box, type a filename into the File Name text box,
and choose OK. If a file with that name already exists, Recorder dis-
plays a second dialog box asking whether you want to replace the
existing file. Choose Yes to replace it or No to cancel the operation.
Loading a Macro File
To load a macro file, follow these steps:
I. Choose Open from the File menu. The Open dialog box appears, ask-
ing for the name of the macro file.
2. Select a drive and directory from the Drives drop-down list box and
the Directories list box, type the filename into the File Name text box,
and choose OK. Recorder shows the names of each macro in the file.
Running a Macro
To run a macro, both Recorder and the macro's application must be run-
ning, and the macro file must be loaded. To run a macro, press the
macro's shortcut key.

Deleting a Macro
To delete a macro, follow these steps:
1. In the Recorder window, select the macro to be deleted.
2. Choose Delete from the Macro menu. A dialog box appears, asking
you to confirm the deletion. Choose Yes.

Other Recorder Options

Select or deselect the following commands from the Options menu to
control how Recorder operates:
Command Function
Control+Break When enabled, allows Ctrl+Break or Ctrl+C to
Checking stop a Windows macro
Shortcut Keys When enabled, allows use of Windows keyboard
combinations with macros
Minimize On Use When enabled, reduces the Recorder to an icon
when a Windows macro is run
Preferences Lets you change several default macro settings
128 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

TERMINAL
Terminal is a telecommunications application that lets one computer ex-
change information with another, typically via telephone lines.

Starting Terminal
To start Terminal, expand the Terminal icon from the Accessories group
window. The Terminal window appears, similar to Figure 4-24.

= •I•
Eile fdit Settings ):hone Iransfers Help
11 ♦

. I.♦
.-
FIGURE 4-24. A new Terminal window.

Identifying Your Modem

Terminal needs to know what type of modem you are using. To provide
this information, follow these steps:
I. Choose Modem Commands from the Settings menu. A dialog box
similar to the one shown in Figure 4-25 appears.

Commands
P refix: Suffix:
Ii OK I
Q.ial: 1mm 11·==:J 1cwo1 I
l::l.angup:
E==:J~ ,Modem Defaults
Binary IX: C=:JC=:J @ Hayes
Binary B_X:
C=:JC=:J 0 MultiTech
.Q_riginate: IATQOV1E1S0a0 I 0 T1ailBlaze1
0 None

FIGURE 4-25. The Modem Commands dialog box.

2. If your modem is listed in the Modem Defaults box, select the option
button that corresponds to it. If your modem is not listed, select the
Hayes option button.
3. Select the Prefix field of the Dial text box. The letters ATDT tell the
modem your phone uses touch-tone dialing. If your phone is rotary
based, change these letters to ATDP. The remaining options in this
dialog box are fairly standard, and you probably do not have to
change them unless explicitly directed by your modem documentation.
4. Choose OK.
 PART IV: Desktop Applicotions 129

Setting Up Communication Parameters

Before two computers can communicate, they must agree on a set of
communication parameters, such as baud rate and the number of bits. If
you access several different computers, each might use a unique set of
data communication parameters. To set these up appropriately, follow
these steps:
1. Choose Communications from the Settings menu. A dialog box ap-
pears, similar to the one shown in Figure 4-26.

-l!aud Rale I CE]

0 110 0 300 0 600 @1200
0 2400 0 4800 0 9600 0 19200 I Cancel 1
IQ.ata Bill

.
l ,S.top8ib ~
_O sO 6 O 1@e
I @1 0 1.5 02

honnector
.e_a,ity- [k>w Control -
®
0 Odd
None @ Xon/Xoff
0 Hardware
.,.,
~None
COM2: I~
0 Even 0 N one
0 Ma,k
0 Space D Parity Chee!,_ D Ca11ie, Detect
-

FIGURE 4-26. The Communications dialog box.

2. Select a port from the Connector list box and the data communication
settings used by the computer you'll be calling. (You'll need to find
this out from the owner of the other computer.)

Setting Up a Phone Number

Specify the phone number of the computer you want to call. To do so,
follow these steps:
I. Choose Phone Number from the Settings menu. A dialog box ap-
pears, similar to the one shown in Figure 4-27 .

.Q.ial: I I CE]
limeout If Not Connected In ~ Seconds I Cancel I
D fl.edial Aller Timing Out D ~ ignal \rlhen Connected

FIGURE 4-27. The Phone Number dialog box.

2. Type in the number of the computer you intend to call. Type it in as

you would dial it. (That is, if you must dial 9 to access an outside
line, include the 9 in the Dial text box. If the phone call is long dis-
tance, include a 1 and the area code.) You can separate digits with
spaces, parentheses, or hyphens. A comma directs the modem to
130 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

pause two seconds before continuing dialing. (This is useful to give

an office phone system time to connect with an outside line.)
The remaining fields let you tell Terminal what steps to perform if a
modem at the other end of the phone line fails to respond in the speci-
fied time period:
□ Timeout If Not Connected In lets you specify how long the com-
puter tries to make a connection. Depending on how far you are
calling and on the number of times the phone rings before the
other modem answers, you might need to increase the timeout
period to 60 seconds or more.
□ Redial After Timing Out lets you direct Terminal to keep recall-
ing until it connects to the other computer.
□ Signal When Connected directs Terminal to beep to notify you of
the connection when it successfully connects to the other
computer.
3. After you finish setting options, choose OK.

Saving Communication Information

To save the communication information, choose Save As from the File
menu. A dialog box appears asking you for a filename. Type in a file-
name, and choose OK. (Unless you specify otherwise, Terminal saves
the file with a TRM filename extension.)

Loading Communication Information

To load the communication information back into Terminal, choose
Open from the File menu. A dialog box appears, asking what file to
load. Type in the filename, and choose OK.

Placing a Phone Call

After you assign the data communication parameters and phone number,
you're ready to place a call. To do so, follow these steps:
1. Choose Dial from the Phone menu. A dialog box appears that dis-
plays the phone number being called, as well as a countdown of sec-
onds until time-out. If Terminal successfully reaches the other
modem, you might hear the two modems exchange tones as they form
a connection.
2. When the tones end, press Enter to begin your interaction with the
other computer.
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 131

3. When you 're ready to end the connection, choose Hangup from the
Phone menu. Terminal directs your modem to disconnect the call and
hangs up the line.

Transferring Files
One of the primary reasons for connecting your computer to another
computer is to exchange files. In general, the files you exchange are
either text (ASCII files created by a text editor such as Notepad) or
binary files such as programs, spreadsheets, or word processing files.
Terminal lets you send and receive both kinds of files.
Sending Files
To send a file to another computer, follow these steps. (The other com-
puter must be prepared to receive a file.)
1. To send a text file, choose Send TextFile from the Transfers menu.
To send a binary file, choose Send Binary File from the Transfers
menu.
2. A dialog box appears. Type in the name of the file you want to send,
and choose OK.
A small status bar that lets you monitor the transfer appears at the bot-
tom of the window:
■ If Terminal successfully transfers the file, the status bar disappears,
and interactive mode resumes.
■ If an error occurs during transmission, a dialog box appears describ-
ing the error. You might need to set a Text Transfer or Binary Trans-
fer setting. For more information on these settings, use Terminal's
online help, or refer to Windows 3.1 Companion (Microsoft Press,
1992).
Receiving Files
To receive a file, follow these steps:
1. To receive a binary file, choose Receive Binary File from the Trans-
fers menu. To receive a text file, choose Receive Text File from the
Transfers menu. A dialog box appears, prompting you for the name
of the file to receive the text. (You can optionally append the text to
an existing file.)
2. Type in the filename, and press Enter. If you're receiving a text file,
the text from the remote computer scrolls by on the screen as Termi-
nal captures it in the file. A status bar at the bottom of the window
lets you monitor the number of bytes transferred.
132 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

3. To end the transmission, click on the Stop button, or choose Stop

from Terminal's Transfer menu. If an error occurs, a dialog box
describing the error appears.

WRITE
Write is a word-processing application that lets you create and edit
professional-quality letters and reports. Beyond performing the normal
editing tasks of cutting and pasting text, Write lets you align para-
graphs, use different character fonts, and even integrate graphics images
you create with Paintbrush.

Starting Write
To start Write, expand Write's icon from the Accessories group window.
A window appears, similar to the one shown in Figure 4-28.

File Edit Find Character Earagraph Document Help

FIGURE 4-28. A new Write window.

Opening an Existing Document

To open an existing document, choose Open from Write's File menu.
The Open dialog box appears. Select the drive and directory where the
file is stored in the Drives drop-down list box and the Directories list
box, and type the name of the file into the File Name text box. Then
choose OK.

Creating a New Document

To create a new document, choose New from the File menu. If you've
made any changes to the current document, Write first asks whether you
want to save the changes to the current document.
 PART IV: Desktop Applicotions 133

Saving a Document
After you complete the document, you need to save it to a file on disk.
To do so, choose Save As from Write's File menu. The Save As dialog
box appears. Select the drive and directory on which the file is to be
saved in the Drives drop-down list box and the Directories list box, and
then type a filename into the File Name text box. Then choose OK.

Write's File Menu

The following table briefly describes the commands in Write's File
menu.
Command Function
New Creates a new document, first asking whether you want
to save any changes to the current document
Open Lets you load an existing document
Save Saves a document
Save As Saves a document with a new name
Print Prints the document
Print Setup Lets you select a printer and change its options
Repaginate Repaginates a document
Exit Closes the Write window

Moving Through Your Document

You can move to a different area in your document by using either the
mouse or the keyboard.
To move up or down one line at a time, click on the up or
down arrow in the scroll bar.
2. To move up or down one screen at a time, click on the
scroll bar above or below the scroll box.
3. To move rapidly to a new area, drag the scroll box up or
down.

The table on the following page shows the key combinations

you use to move to a different area of your document.
134 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Keyboard
Combination Cursor Movement
Home Moves the cursor to the start of the current line
End Moves the cursor to the end of the current line
Ctrl+Home Moves the cursor to the start of the document
Ctrl+End Moves the cursor to the end of the document
PgUp Moves the cursor up one page
PgDn Moves the cursor down one page
Ctrl+PgUp Moves the cursor to the top of the page
Ctrl+PgDn Moves the cursor to the bottom of the page
Ctrl+Right arrow Moves the cursor right one word
Ctrl+Left arrow Moves the cursor left one word
Goto+Right arrow* Moves the cursor to the next sentence
Goto+Left arrow* Moves the cursor to the previous sentence
Goto+Down arrow* Moves the cursor to the next paragraph
Goto+Up arrow* Moves the cursor to the previous paragraph
Goto+PgDn* Moves the cursor to the next page, according to the
last repagination
Goto+PgUp* Moves the cursor to the previous page, according to
the last repagination
*Goto represents the numeric keypad 5 key.

Editing Your Document

Write lets you move, copy, or delete sections of your document. To use
Write's edit menu, you must first select the text you want to manipulate.
To do so, follow these steps:

Position the mouse pointer over the start of the text, hold down
the mouse button, and then drag the mouse pointer to the last
of the text you want to select. Then release the mouse button.

Move the cursor to the beginning of the text, hold down the
Shift key, and then use the arrow keys to move the cursor to
the end of the text you want to select. Then release the Shift
key.

Moving Text
To move text from one location to another, follow these steps:
1. Select the text to move, and then choose Cut from the Edit menu.
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 135

2. Move the cursor to the location in the document where you want to
place the text, and then choose Paste from the Edit menu.

Copying Text
To copy text from one location to another, follow these steps:
1. Select the text to copy, and then choose Copy from the Edit menu.
2. Move the cursor to the location in the document to which you want to
copy the text. Choose Paste from the Edit menu. Repeat this step at
each location to which you want to copy the text.
Deleting Text
To delete text, simply select the text, and choose Cut from the Edit
menu.
Cutting and Pasting Graphics
Write lets you Paste graphics images into a document from the Clip-
board. To place a graphics image you have created using Paintbrush
(such as a logo) into your Write document, follow these steps:
1. Within Paintbrush, use the Scissors tool or the Pick tool to place the
image onto the Clipboard. (See "Paintbrush," earlier in this section.)
2. Start Write, and open the document in which the image is to be
placed.
3. Move to the location in the document where you want the image to
appear. Choose Paste from the Edit menu.
Sizing an image After you place the image into the document, you can
resize it to suit your needs. To resize an image, follow these steps:
1. Select the image:

Click on the image.

~ Move the cursor to the beginning of the image, hold down

~ the Shift key, and then press the Down arrow key.

2. Choose Size Picture from the Edit menu. A box appears around the
image, and the mouse pointer changes to a box within a box shape.
3. Use the mouse or the arrow keys to resize the box surrounding the
image. When the box is the corre_ct size, click the mouse or press En-
ter. The image is redrawn at the new size.
136 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Positioning an image After you place the image into the document, you
can move it to suit your needs. To move an image, follow these steps:
I. Select the image:

Click on the image.

~ Move the cursor to the beginning of the image, hold down

~ the Shift key, and then press the Down arrow key.

2. Choose Move Picture from the Edit menu. A box appears around the
image, and the mouse pointer changes to a box within a box shape.
3. Use the mouse or the arrow keys to move the box surrounding the im-
age. When the box is positioned properly, click the mouse or press
Enter. The image is redrawn at the new location.

Using Embedded Objects

Write's Edit menu lets you place an embedded object or a link to an ob-
ject within your document. For more information on links and embedded
objects, refer to the section on Object Packager near the end of Part IV.

Using the Find Menu

The Find menu provides several ways of searching for text in a
document.
Searching for a Word or a Phrase
To search your document for a string of text, follow these steps:
1. Choose Find from Write's Find menu. A dialog box appears, similar
to the one shown in Figure 4-29.
6

0 Match ~hole Word Only

D Maleh !;a se

FIGURE 4-29. The Find dialog box.

2. Type the text you are searching for into the Find What text box.
3. Select Match Whole Word Only if you want Write to distinguish the
text from words containing the text (for example, if you want to find
the word book and want to ignore the word bookmark).
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 137

4. Select Match Case if you want Write to match uppercase and lower-
case letters exactly (for example, if you want to find Book but not
book).
5. Choose Find Next. If Write finds the text in the document, it displays
the part of the document containing the text; otherwise, Write dis-
plays a dialog box telling you the text was not found.
6. To search for another occurrence of the text, choose Find Next; other-
wise, choose Cancel.

Changing a Word or a Phrase

Write lets you quickly search for and change each occurrence of a word
or a phrase throughout your document. To change a word or a phrase,
follow these steps:
I. Move to the location in the document where you want the changes to
begin.
2. Choose Replace from the Find menu. A dialog box appears, similar
to the one shown in Figure 4-30 .

. ) ' "'
FindW'hat:

Ael!_laceW'ith: ~ - - - - - ~ ft\•nJ;.lCff
I· A~~e ~;ci&<.'\i,AA ·1
0 Maleh ~hole Word Only
C!,ne
D Malch~ase

FIGURE 4-30. The Replace dialog box.

3. In the Find What text box, type the word or phrase you want to
change, but do not press Enter. In the Replace With field, type the
desired replacement word or phrase, but do not press Enter.
4. Select Match Whole Word Only if you want Write to distinguish the
Find What text from words containing the text (for example, if you
want to find the word book and want to ignore the word bookmark).
5. Select Match Case if you want Write to match uppercase and lower-
case letters exactly (for example, if you want to find Book but not
book).
6. Choose the " find" button that best suits your needs:

Find Button Result

Find Next Finds the next match but doesn't change it
Replace Changes the current match
(continued)
138 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

continued
Find Button Result
Replace All Changes all matching text, starting from
the beginning of the document
Replace Selection Changes all occurrences of the Find What
text in the selected portion of the
document
Close Cancels the replace operation

Moving to a Specific Page

To move to a specific page in the document, follow these steps:
I. Choose Go To Page from the Find menu. A dialog box appears,
similar to the one shown in Figure 4-31.

F
fage Number: Li
lrot I 1rCancel I

FIGURE 4-31. The Go To dialog box.

2. Type in the number of the page to which you'd like to move, and then
choose OK.

Changing Character Fonts

Write provides several character fonts for use in your Write documents.
Write gives you two ways to select and use fonts: You can select a
specific font, and then type. (The text you type appears in the new font.)
Or you can change any existing text to a new font. To do so, follow
these steps:
1. Select the desired text.
2. Choose Fonts from the Character menu. A dialog box appears, simi-
lar to the one shown in Figure 4-32.
font

Courie, Italic
'1r Coutiet New Bold
Fixedsys Bold Italic
Modem

AaBb YyZz

This is a True Type font. This same font will be

used on both your p1inte1 and you, screen.

FIGURE 4-32. The Font dialog box.

 PART IV: Desktop Applications 139

3. Select a font from the Font list box, a font style from the Font Style
list box, and a size from the Size list box, and then choose OK.
As you select different font, style, and size combinations, Write displays
corresponding sample text.

Using the Character Menu

Write's Character menu lets you select text attributes such as bold, un-
derline, or italic. Reduce Font and Enlarge Font incrementally decrease
or increase a font size. For best results, use these commands with the
TrueType fonts that come with Windows 3.1.

Using the Paragraph Menu

Write automatically wraps text at the right edge of the window. The
only time you need to press Enter is to distinguish one paragraph in
your document from another. Write's Paragraph menu lets you specify
paragraph alignment, line spacing within paragraphs, and paragraph in-
dentation. The following table briefly describes the formatting com-
mands available from the Paragraph menu:
Commands Function
Left Aligns text along the left margin only
Centered Centers text between the left and right margins
Right Aligns text along the right margin only
Justified Aligns text along the left and right margins
Single Space Single-spaces a paragraph
1½ Space Uses 1½ spaces between lines in a paragraph
Double Space Double spaces a paragraph
Indents Lets you set paragraph indents
NOTE: If you have a mouse, you can set these paragraph values with the Ruler.
See "Using the Document Ruler" later in this section.

Changing Paragraph Alignment

To change a paragraph's alignment, follow these steps:
1. Place the cursor within the paragraph to align.
2. Select the desired alignment from the Paragraph menu.
Changing Paragraph Spacing
Write lets you single-space, double-space, or triple-space the lines of
text in a paragraph. To change a paragraph's line spacing, perform the
steps that follow.
140 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

I. Place the cursor within the desired paragraph.

2. Select the desired line spacing from the Paragraph menu.

Changing Paragraph Indentation

Write lets you indent a paragraph from the left and right margins. The
first line can be indented separately to make it stand out. To indent a
paragraph, follow these steps:
I. Place the cursor within the paragraph you want to change.
2. Choose Indents from the Paragraph menu. A dialog box appears,
similar to the one shown in Figure 4-33.
Indents
1.eft lndenl:

[i, st line:

flight Indent

FIGURE 4-33. The Indents dialog box.

3. Type in the indentations you want, and then choose OK.

Using the Document Menu

Write 's Document menu lets you control elements that affect your entire
document.
Adding a Header or a Footer
A header is text-such as a title, your name, or a page number-that
appears at the top of each page throughout your document. Likewise, a
footer is text that appears at the bottom of each page. To add a header or
a footer to your document, follow these steps:
I. Choose Header or Footer from Write's Document menu. A window
appears where you type in the actual text for the header or footer,
along with a dialog box that lets you provide certain information
about the text, as shown in Figure 4-34 .
•I • •I•
file Edit Find ,Character .earagraph .Q.ocument tfelp

.~ Page Header

Q.istance from Top: ~ D .e_,inl on First Page

ICl-P-• lfJJNi I jwR.-1oi>.......,.,i' I

FIGURE 4-34. The Header window and Page Header dialog box.
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 141

2. Type the text for the header or footer into the Header window. When
you're satisfied with the text, press Alt+F6 to move to the Header dia-
log box.
3. In the Distance from Top text box (if you ' re creating a footer, the text
box is Distance from Bottom), specify a value-in inches- that dic-
tates how far the header or footer falls from the top (header) or bot-
tom (footer) of the page.
4. Select the Print on First Page check box if you want your header or
footer to appear on the first page.
5. Choose Insert Page # if you want page numbers to accompany your
header or footer.
6. If you're happy with your choices, choose Return to Document. If
you'd like to revise your header or footer, press Alt+F6 to move to
the Header window and edit your header or footer text. Or, if you
want to start from scratch, simply choose Clear in the Page Header
dialog box to erase the header or footer, and press Alt+F6. Begin
again at step 2, above.

Setting Tab Stops

By default, Write sets tab stops at every half inch. You can set up to 12
tab stops of your own. To do so, follow these steps.
NOTE: If you are using a mouse, you can set tabs with the document ruler. See
" Using the Document Ruler" later in this section.
1. Choose Tabs from Write ' s Document menu. A dialog box similar to
the one shown in Figure 4-35 appears.

fositions:

.Q_ecimal: D. □ . □. □.
f.osihons:
Il.ecimal: D. D □.

It ci..A11~ 1

FIGURE 4-35. The Tabs dialog box.

2. Select an empty Positions text box .

3. Type in the tab stop's distance from the left margin in inches (include
a " after the number).
4. Select the correspondi ng Decimal check box if you want to align
decimal points in a column of numbers.
142 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

5. After you finish setting tab stops, choose OK.

Deleting a Tab Stop
To delete a tab stop, follow these steps:
1. Choose Tabs from the Document menu.
2. Select the Positions text box for the tab stop you want to remove.
3. Use the Backspace key to delete the measurement.
4. After you finish deleting tab stops, choose OK.

Using the Document Ruler

The document ruler is a ruler and a group of icons that Write displays
below its menu bar to help you view and control tab stops, margins, and
indentation, as shown in Figure 4-36.

D Tab stop m Left align

C!J Decimal tab stop @l Center

Iii Single space ~ Right align

Fl I½ space ~ Align left and right

~I Double space

File Edit Find Character Paragraph Document Help

FIGURE 4-36. The document ruler displays your screen measurements.

To toggle the ruler on or off, choose Ruler On or Ruler Off from the
Document menu.
Setting Tab Stops with the Document Ruler
To set tab stops with the document ruler, follow these steps:
1. Click on the icon for the type of tab stop you want (normal or
decimal).
2. Click on the ruler at the location where you want the tab stop to
appear.
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 143

Changing and Removing Tab Stops with the Document Ruler

To change a tab stop using the document ruler, drag the tab stop to its
new location. To remove a tab stop, drag it below the document ruler.

Setting Paragraph Line Spacing with the Document Ruler

To set paragraph line spacing with the document ruler, follow these
steps:
1. Click anywhere within the paragraph you want to format.
2. Click on the icon for the type of line spacing you want.

Setting Paragraph Alignment with the Document Ruler

To set paragraph alignment with the document ruler, follow these steps:
1. Click anywhere within the paragraph you want to format.
2. Click on the icon for the type of alignment you want.

Keyboard Combinations
The following table describes Write's keyboard combinations.
Keyboard
Combination Function
Ctrl+X Cuts selected text from the document and places it
or Shift+Delete onto the Clipboard
Ctrl+C Copies selected text onto the Clipboard
or Ctrl+Ins
Ctrl+V Pastes the contents of the Clipboard into the
or Shift+lns document at the cursor location
F3 Repeats the most recent Find operation
F4 Activates the Go To dialog box
Ctrl+B Enables bold text
Ctrl+I Enables italic text
Ctrl+U Enables underlined text

CHARACTER MAP
Character Map is a Windows 3.1 desktop accessory that lets you insert
onto the Clipboard characters and symbols from other character sets.
You can then paste the characters and symbols from the Clipboard into
documents. To start Character Map, expand the Character Map icon in
the Accessories group window. A window appears, similar to the one
shown in Figure 4-37.
144 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

[ onl: lM·ffti Ii) Chatacle1s lo Copy: I I ~

~1~--#~$~%~&~.~c~1~.~.~.~~1~□~,~2~3~4~5~6~1~s~9~~<~=~>~1 ne1oc1 I
"~~~~;~~~: ;~~~~~1: 1~~ ;~~;~~1:;;
o D , I . t t ·r., S <CE o D Do ' " " • - -
:1;
• '" ! , ce Do Y
~□ n
~
,.., I
it.£0¥:li ©•<-,-® ~±2~ ' 1u1 ,0 > 1/, ½¾i
AAAAAA~ EEEE I I I 10N00000•0UUU0YPD
a a a a a .\ ae, c e e e e 1 1 r ; o no6 ooo+ " u u o oI y p y
11

FIGURE 4-37. The Character Map window.

To insert characters and symbols onto the Clipboard using Character

Map, follow these steps:
I. Select a font from the Font drop-down list box. The characters in
Character Map's display change to those of the new font.
2. Select the desired character from Character Map's display. The
selected character appears in an enlarged box, as shown in Figure
4-38.

[!) ChA1acle1s lo Copy: ~ - - - ~

.
I # $ %&
IO'i A BC DE F G H
( 11 ·I+ I 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
L M N 0 p Q RS T U vw X Z I I I y .
< = > ?

' b C d e f a h
0 0 . I.
; ¢
t t .
£ • ¥ : §
..... CED D O D
-® - 0 ± ' ' . I"
!:) •
< -
0
--
> ¼ ½¾ , .,. ,
I I m n olola r s I u ' W X Iv z I I l
> ce 0
- 0
DY

AA AA Al£~ IE E E E I I I f 0 N 00 00 0. 0U u u u y PD
a a a a a I ., C e e e e i i i I 0 n o a 6 6 0 + • u U 0 u Iv b '

FIGURE 4-38. The selecled character appears in an enlarged box.

3. Choose Select. The character appears in the Characters to Copy text

box.
4. Continue selecting as many characters as you want. After you select
al 1 the characters you desire, choose Copy.
5. Switch to the application into which the characters are to be inserted,
and choose Paste from the Edit menu.

OBJECT PACKAGER
Object Packager is a tool you can use to insert a package into a docu-
ment. A package is an icon that represents an embedded or a linked ob-
ject. An embedded object is information created in one document and
inserted into another document. An embedded object can be edited
within that document even if a different application was used to create
the object. A linked object is a representation of an object that is
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 145

inserted into a document. The object exists in the original application

and, when it is changed, the linked object updates to reflect these
changes. An object may be a complete document or part of one. For
example, a spreadsheet cell and an entire drawing are both objects.
When you expand the Object Packager icon, a window appears, similar
to the one shown in Figure 4-39.

file fdit !jelp

.. •I•

£l'Jli§4'1'§4 I lnNrfpiii... I --Content-- View : ® Description O Vi~1urn

•I I♦

FIGURE 4-39. The Object Packager window.

The Object Packager window is split into two smaller windows. The
window on the left, the Appearance window, displays the icon that rep-
resents the embedded or linked object in the destination document. The
window on the right, the Content window, displays a desciption of the
object by default. To see a graphical view of the object, select the Pic-
ture option button. To again see the description of the object, select the
Description option button. Picture view is only available when the ap-
plication that created the object is capable of creating linked and em-
bedded objects.

Creating a Packaged Obiect

To create a packaged object, follow these steps:
I. From the File menu in Object Packager, choose Import. A dialog box
appears, similar to the one shown in Figure 4-40.
Import
File !lame: Q.irecto,ies: 01(
1111 c:\win31b3
256color.bmp • =e~c~,,- - ---r,. I Cancel
accessor. grp e, win31 b3 i-
applical .grp
applicat.grp
LJ system
a,cade.bmp
arches.bmp
a,gyle.bmp
auloe11ec. win

lid Files of !J'pe: Driyes:

~I
AI_I Fi_
l••~l"~-
•J _ __ liJ Iliiil c: raitllin

FIGURE 4-40. The lmporr dialog box.

2. In the Import dialog box, select the document you want to package
and then choose OK. The icon of the application used to create the
146 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

file appears in the Appearance window, and the name of the file ap-
pears in the Content window.
3. Choose Copy Package from the Edit menu. A copy of the package is
placed onto the Clipboard.
4. Switch to the application into which you want to place the package.
The application must support embedded or linked objects.
5. If applicable, move the cursor to the place where you want the pack-
age to appear.
6. Choose Paste from the application's Edit menu.

Creating a Package That Contains

Part of a Document
To create a package that contains part of a document, follow these steps:
1. Open the application containing the information you want to pack-
age. The application must be able to create objects that can be em-
bedded in or linked to other applications.
2. Select the information you want to package.
3. Choose Copy from the application's Edit menu.
4. Open Object Packager.
5. Select the Content window.
6. Choose Paste from the Edit menu to embed the package, or choose
Paste Link to link it.
7. Choose Copy Package from the Edit menu.
8. Switch to the application into which you want to insert the package.
The application must support embedded or linked objects.
9. Move the cursor to the place you want the package to appear.
10. Choose Paste from the application's Edit menu. The package is em-
bedded or linked and appears in the document. Open the package to
see its contents.
NOTE: You can embed or link documents by dragging their icons from File
Manager into applications that support embedded or linked objects.

Selecting a Different Icon

By default, Object Packager uses the icon of the application that created
the information for an embedded or linked object. To use a different
icon, follow these steps:
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 147

I . Choose Insert Icon in the Object Packager window. A dialog box ap-
pears, similar to the one shown in Figure 4-41.
Insert Icon

fi le Name: l! Miutd:t.Pl:f:ii I ~

1n mCJ]~'
~ unent Icon: r - . . -- - - - - - - - , [ Cancel I
1 .......... 1

FIGURE 4-41. The Insert Icon dialog box.

2. Select an icon from the Current Icon list box.

3. Choose OK. The Insert Icon dialog box closes, and the selected icon
appears in the Appearance window.

Creating Your Own Icons

Object Packager also lets you use Paintbrush to create your own custom
icons. To do so, follow these steps:
I. Start Paintbrush and create an image.
2. Use Paintbrush's Pick or Scissors tool to select the image.
3. Choose Cut from Paintbrush's Edit menu.
4. Start Object Packager.
5. Select Object Packager's Appearance window.
6. Choose Paste from Object Packager's Edit Menu. The image you cre-
ated in Paintbrush appears in the Appearance window.

MEDIA PLAYER
Media Player is a mu ltimedia desktop accessory program included with
Windows 3.1. If your PC has the appropriate hardware, Media Player
lets you play animation, sound, and MIDI sequencer files . To start
Media Player, expand the Media Player icon in the Accessories group
window. A window appears, similar to the one shown in Figure 4-42.
Media Ph,ycr
file Q.evice .S.cu le tlelp

Play Pause Stop Eject

FIGURE 4-42. The Media Player window.

148 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Selecting a Media Device

Media Player supports two device types: compound and simple. Com-
pound devices are used to play a specific media file. When you select a
compound device, a dialog box appears, prompting you for the name of
the file you want to play. Simple devices, on the other hand, play the
media loaded in the device itself. To select a device, follow these steps:
1. Choose the device from the Display menu. (Compound devices have
ellipses [ ... ] after their name.)
2. If you've chosen a compound device, the Open dialog box appears.
Type in the name of the media file and choose OK.
NOTE: The devices listed in the Device menu correspond to MCI (Multimedia
Control Interface) devices you have installed in your system. For information
on installing MCI devices, see Part III.

Opening Media Files

If you are using a compound device, you can open and play other media
files. To open a media file for a compound device, follow these steps:
1. Choose Open from the File menu. The Open dialog box appears.
2. Type in the name of the media file you want to open and choose OK.

Selecting a Scale
The Media Player Scale menu lets you display the scale in tracks or
time intervals. To change the scale display, choose the option you want
from the Scale menu.

Media Device's Buttons

Media Player is similar to a tape recorder, providing Play, Pause, Stop,
and Eject buttons. Below is a table of Media Player's buttons, and the
function each performs.
Button Function
Play Starts play
Pause Pauses play
Stop Stops play
Eject Ejects a compact disk
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 149

Changing the Playback Position

The horizontal scroll bar in the Media Player window controls Media
Player's playback position. To select a playback position, drag the scroll
box to the location you want, or select the scroll box and use the left or
right arrow keys to move it.

Exiting Media Player

To exit Media Player, choose Exit from the File menu.

SOUND RECORDER
Sound Recorder is a multimedia desktop accessory program included
with Windows 3.1. If your PC has the appropriate hardware, Sound
Recorder lets you play, edit, and record sound files in Wave format. To
start Sound Recorder, expand the Sound Recorder icon in the Accesso-
ries group window. A window appears , similar to the one shown in
Figure 4-43.

Rewind Play Stop Record

Fast
Forward

FIGURE 4-43. The Sound Recorder window.

Opening a Sound File

To open a sound file for playback or editing, follow these steps:
I. Choose Open from the File menu. The Open dialog box appears.
2. Type in the name of the sound file you want to open, and choose OK.

Sound Recorder's Buttons

Sound Recorder is similar to a tape recorder, providing Rewind, Fast
Forward, Play, Stop, and Record buttons. A table of Sound Recorder' s
buttons and the function each performs is on the following page.
150 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Button Function
Rewind Rewinds the sound file
Fast forward Forwards the sound file
Play Plays back the sound file
Stop Stops playing the sound file
Record Records a sound file
As you play back a sound file, the Sound Recorder displays the sound's
waveform as if you were viewing the wave on an oscilloscope.

Recording a Sound File

The Sound Recorder lets you record up to 60 seconds of sound using a
microphone attached to your computer. To record a new sound file, fol-
low these steps:
1. Choose New from the File menu.
2. Choose Record.
3. Record up to one minute of sound.
4. Choose Stop.
5. Choose Save As from the File menu. The Save As dialog box ap-
pears. Type in a name for the file, and then choose OK.

Adding Sound to an Existing Sound File

To add sound to an existing sound file, follow these steps:
1. Choose Open from the File menu. The Open dialog box appears.
2. Type in the name of the sound file you want to open and choose OK.
3. Move the scroll box to the location at which you want to insert the
new sound.
4. Choose Record.
5. Record the desired sound.
6 Choose Stop.
7. Play the new sound file. If you are satisfied, choose Save from the
File menu; otherwise, go back to step 3.

Inserting a Sound File

To insert an existing sound file into your current sound file, follow
these steps:
 PART IV: Desktop Applications 151

1. Move the scroll box to the location at which you want to insert the
sound file.
2. Select Insert File from the Edit menu. The Insert File dialog box
appears.
3. Type in the name of the sound file you want to insert, and choose
OK.
3. Play your sound file. If you are satisfied, choose Save from the File
menu; otherwise, discard the change and go back to step 1.

Mixing Sound Files

When you mix sound files, the Sound Recorder combines the sounds
from two files so the sounds can be played back simultaneously. To mix
two sound files, follow these steps:
1. Load the first sound file into Sound Recorder.
2. Move the scroll box to the location at which you want the mixing to
begin.
3. Choose Mix from the File menu. The Mix With File dialog box
appears.
4. Type in the name of the sound file you want to mix, and choose OK.
5. Play your new sound file. If you are satisfied, choose Save from the
File menu; otherwise, go back to step 1.

Deleting Part of a Sound File

To delete part of a sound file, follow these steps:
1. Load the sound file you want into Sound Recorder.
2. Move the scroll box to the location you desire.
3. To delete all sounds in front of the location indicated by the scroll
box, choose Delete Before Current Position from the Edit menu. To
delete all sounds after the scroll box's location, choose Delete After
Current Position from the Edit menu.
4. A dialog box asking you to confirm the deletion appears. Choose OK.
5. Play the sound file. If you are satisfied, choose Save from the File
menu; otherwise, go back to step 1.

Discarding Changes to a Sound File

If you make changes to a sound file and are unhappy with the results,
perform the steps that follow.
152 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

1. Select Revert from the File menu. A dialog box appears, asking you
to verify the operation.
2. Select Yes. Sound Recorder restores the sound file to its last saved
state.

Changing a Sound's Volume

To increase a sound's volume, choose Increase Volume (by 25%) from
the Effects menu. To decrease a sound's volume, choose Decrease Vol-
ume from the Effects menu.

Changing the Speed at Which a Sound Is Played

To increase the speed at which a sound plays, choose Increase Speed
(by 100%) from the Effects menu. To decreasethe speed at which a
sound plays, choose Decrease Speed from the Effects menu.

Adding an Echo to a Sound

To add an echo to a sound, choose Add Echo from the Effects menu.

Reversing a Sound
To reverse a sound, choose Reverse from the Effects menu. Choosing
Reverse again restores the sound to its original direction.

Exiting Sound Recorder

To exit Sound Recorder choose Exit from the File menu.
PARTY

Games
Windows 3.1 provides two computer games, Solitaire and Minesweeper.
To select a game, open the Games group in the Program Manager win-
dow. The Games group window appears, similar to the one shown in
Figure 5-1.
=
1m~1,@1;,. ,,,,tL "' , ¾cl, Game~
-
!Lli!'t"''wt.'%.'t'B:.tff!MtBU D

~
i •
Mr'\esweeper

FIGURE 5-1. The Games group window.

PLAYING SOLITAIRE
To play Solita ire, expand the Solitaire icon in the Games group window.
A new window appears, similar to the one shown in Figure 5-2.

[J ~••• □ l•• ♦ ♦
♦♦
♦• ♦ rn
2 •

A ~
•••
....
'i' 'I'! .•• .•
i••••• 11: •
•: ~

Score: 0 Time: 0

FIGURE 5-2. Th e Solitaire window.

The goal of Solitaire is to build, in the upper right-hand corner of the

Solitaire window, four stacks of cards-one for each suit. The cards are
stacked in order of rank, from Ace to King.

153
154 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

The seven lower columns of cards begin with one card in column 1, two
cards in column 2, and so on up to seven cards in column 7. The top
card of each column is placed face up, and the unexposed cards below it
are placed face down.
Each card has a rank. Aces have the lowest rank and Kings have the
highest rank. A card can be moved from one column to another, as long
as the top card of the column you're moving to is ranked one card
higher than the card you're placing and is a different color. For ex-
ample, the :Six of Hearts could be moved from one column to be placed
on top of the Seven of Clubs in another column. Whenever a face-down
card in one of these columns is exposed, the card can be turned face up.
In the same manner, a sequence of upturned cards can be moved to an-
other column, as long as the top card of the other column has a higher
rank and is a different color than the bottom card of the sequence.
Kings and Aces are special. Kings can be moved to vacated columns in
the lower columns, whereas Aces can be moved to vacant stacks located
in the upper right-hand corner of the Solitaire window. Top cards of the
lower columris can be moved to these stacks, as long as the top card of
the lower stack has a lower rank and is the same suit. For example, the
Two of Hearts can be moved up onto the Ace of Hearts.
A deck of cards (stacked face down), in the upper left-hand corner
of the Solitaire window, is turned over either one or three at a time,
depending on the options you've chosen. The top card can be moved to
either one of the lower columns or the upper stacks, as long as the rules
of rank and color are satisfied. When all cards in this deck are turned
over, the deck is turned face down (depending on what options you've
chosen). Click on the empty box to begin turning over cards from this
deck again.

Moving Cards
Moving a card is easiest with the mouse-simply drag the card to its
new position. To move a card with the keyboard, follow these steps:
1. Move the pointer to the card using the left and right arrow keys.
2. Press either Enter or the Spacebar.
3. Move the pointer to the card's destination using the left and right
arrow keys. The card moves with the pointer.
4. When the card is in position, press either Enter or the Spacebar.
 PART V: Games 155

Turning Cards Over

Turning cards over is easiest with the mouse-simply double-click on
the card. To turn a card over with the keyboard, move the pointer to the
card using the left and right arrow keys, and then press either Enter or
the Spacebar.

Selecting a Card Design

Solitaire lets you choose the appearance of the back of your cards. To
do so, follow these steps:
I. Choose Deck from the Game menu. A dialog box appears displaying
sample card backs as shown in Figure 5-3.
Select Card B&t.k

I
.I
FIGURE 5·3. Solitaire's available card backs.

2. Select the desired card back and then choose OK.

Starting a New Game

To start a new game, choose Deal from the Game menu. Solitaire
shuffles the cards and deals.

Optional Rules
In addition to straight Solitaire, you can select Standard or Vegas scor-
ing rules. To select the scoring rules , choose Options from the Game
menu . A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure 5-4 appears.
The Draw radio buttons control how Solitaire deals cards from the
available card pile: either one card at a time, or three cards at a time.
The Timed game check box lets you turn Solitaire's game timer on or
off. The Status bar check box lets you turn on or off the status bar
Solitaire uses to display the score and timer. The Outline dragging
check box controls whether the entire card or only the card's outline is
displayed when you drag it.
156 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

1i[~;~ !c~:~:~ard 0 ,None

~ Timed game
~ Status b_ar D t;,cq1 score
D Outline dragging

FIGURE 5-4. The Options dialog box.

In Standard scoring, Solitaire scores the game as follows:

■ +5 points for any card moved from the deck to a card column.
■ + 10 points for any card played onto a suit stack.
■ -15 points for moving a card from a suit stack to a card column.
■ -20 points for each pass, after three passes, with the Draw Three
option.
■ -100 points for each pass, after one pass, with the Draw One option.
In Vegas scoring, Solitaire scores the game as follows:
■ Your initial wager is $52.00.
■ You win $5.00 for each card you place in a suit stack.
■ You get only one pass through the card deck with the Draw One
option.
■ You get only three passes through the card deck with the Draw Three
option.

PLAYING MINESWEEPER
Minesweeper is a board game that combines chance and skill. To play
Minesweeper, expand the Minesweeper icon in the Games group win-
dow. A window similar to Figure 5-5 appears.
I

FIGURE 5-5. The Minesweeper game board.

 PART V: Games 157

The board, initially an 8x8 grid, contains 10 mines. Your goal is to iden-
tify the location of each mine.
To begin, click on a square. If the square contains a mine, the location
of each mine is revealed and the game is over, as shown in Figure 5-6.

FIGURE 5-6. An unsuccessful game.

If the square isn't a mine, a number appears, as shown in Figure 5-7.

FIGURE 5-7. An uncovered square.

Each square is surrounded by up to eight other squares. The number

Minesweeper displays in an uncovered square is the number of mines in
the squares surrounding the uncovered square. For example, there are
two mines in the eight squares that surround the uncovered square in
Figure 5-7. By combining your knowledge about the number of mines in
the surrounding squares, you can narrow down the squares that you
think contain mines. Do not click on a square that you think contains a
mine. Doing so would explode the mine and end the game. Instead,
click on the square using the right mouse button. This marks the square
with a flag, as shown in Figure 5-8.
If you are not sure whether a location contains a mine, you can double-
click on the square using the right mouse button. A question mark ap-
pears in the square. After you make other moves, you can change the
question mark into a flag if you think the square contains a mine, or
you can click on the square with the left mouse button to uncover it.
158 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

FIGURE 5-8. Marking a suspected mine location.

Minesweeper has four levels:

Beginner 64 squares, 10 mines
Intermediate 256 squares, 40 mines
Expert 480 squares, 99 mines
Custom User defined
Choose the level you want from the Game menu.
Minesweeper keeps track of the fastest time at each level. If you have
the fastest time for your level, Minesweeper displays a dialog box ask-
ing you to type in your name.
APPENDIX A

Installing Windows
This section helps you if you need to install Windows. Note that before
you can continue, you must be using MS-DOS version 3.1 or later. The
instructions throughout this book assume you are using MS-DOS 5 or
later.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR WINDOWS 3.1

To use Windows 3.1, you need
■ An IBM-PC-compatible computer with an 80286, 80386, 80386SX,
i486, i486SX, or compatible microprocessor
■ 1 MB or more of memory (640 KB of conventional memory plus 384
KB of extended memory)
■ A hard disk with 8 to 10 MB (or more) of available storage
■ An EGA, VGA, 8514/A, or compatible graphics adapter and monitor
(VGA or higher recommended)
■ A mouse (not necessary, but highly recommended)

INSTALLING WINDOWS
To begin the Windows installation, place Windows installation floppy
disk 1 in drive A, and use the following command to change to drive A:
C:\>A: <Enter>
Then use the following command to run Setup:
A:\>SETUP <Enter>
Information then appears about the Windows installation. Read the in-
formation, and press Enter to continue. Setup displays a screen asking if
you want to perform an Express Setup or a Custom Setup. Unless you 're
an experienced computer user, press Enter to choose an Express Setup.

159
160 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Setup then checks your computer's configuration. If Setup detects net-

work software, Setup might inform you that a newer version of your net-
work software is available.
Setup prompts you for the directory to which you want to install Win-
dows 3.1. If you're upgrading from Windows 3.0 or installing Windows
for the first time, simply press Enter.
Next, Setup begins copying files onto your hard disk, occasionally ask-
ing you to insert the other installation disks. Insert each disk as directed
and press Enter.
Eventually a dialog box appears, similar to the one shown in Figure A-1.
Type your name and your company's name (if applicable) into the text
boxes, and then choose OK. Setup asks you to confirm your choices, and
then continues installing Windows.

Please type your full name in the box below. You

may also specify the name of your company if
Windows will be used for business purposes.
Then choose Continue or press ENTER.
The information you enter will be used by Setup
for subsequent installations of Windows .

Name:

Company:

I[ C11.ntlnue Exit Setup Help

FIGURE A-1. Setup asks you to type in your name and your company's name.

Selecting a Printer
As the installation continues, Setup asks you to select a printer. Printer
selection is actually a two-step process: First you select the printer at-
tached to your computer, and then you configure it. This section de-
scribes this process.
A dialog box appears, similar to the one shown in Figure A-2, request-
ing that you select a printer.
I. Use the arrow keys to scroll through the printer list and highlight
your printer. (To speed up this process, type the first letter of your
 APPENDIX A: Installing Windows 161

;:: Printer Installation

Select a printer from the following list. Press the UP and DO\r/N
Arrow keys lo move the highlight and scroll through the list.

Then press ENTER lo install the printer .

... . .
Generic/ Text Only
Agla 9000 Series PS Ii,
Agla Compugraphic 400PS
Agfa Compugraphic Genies
Apple Laser\rlriter
Apple Laser\rlriler II NT
Aoole Laser\rlriter II NTX i
To see more printers, use the UP and DOWN Arrow keys.

Selected Printer: No Printer Attached

FIGURE A-2. The Printer Installation dialog box.

printer's name.) If your printer's name does not appear, highlight

Install Unlisted or Updated Printer.
2. Choose OK.
3. Setup might ask you to insert another disk. Do so and press Enter.
After you've selected a printer, a dialog box appears, asking you to
select the port to which the printer is attached, as shown in Figure A-3.
Select a port from the list box and choose Install.

~ Printer Installation

From the following list. select the port that your printer is
connected to. Press the UP and OO\r/N Arrow keys lo move the
highlight and scroll through the list.
Then press ENTER to specify the port.

LPT2:
LPTJ:
COM1 :
COM2:
COMJ:
COM4:
EPT : i
To see more ports, use the UP and DOWN Arrow keys.

Selected Printer: QMS -PS 810

FIGURE A-3. The Printer Installation dialog box.

Setting Up Applications
After you select and configure your printer, Setup begins searching
your hard disk for applications. A dialog box appears, similar to the one
shown in Figure A-4.
162 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Searching
C:\QC25\BIN
Found App: Microsoft Make Utility

lb%

FIGURE A-4. The Windows Setup dialog box.

If Setup finds an application it can't identify, it asks you to select the

application, as shown in Figure A-5.

Setup needs to know the application name for:

C:\QB45\BC.EXE
~elect the application name from the following list and choose
OK. or press ENTER to continue.

Microsoft Basic Compiler

None of the above

1, Cancel

FIGURE A-5. Serup asks you ro selecr an applicarion ir can't idenrify.

Select the application's name and choose OK.

After searching for applications, Setup displays a dialog box similar to
the one shown in Figure A-6 asking if you want to run the Windows
tutorial. The tutorial introduces you to mouse and window operations.

il'Ntffliil¥►t1Mmeti181111

1t Setup can now run a short tutorial

on how to use Windows and the
IreTutoriairl
mouse. l[ikip Tulo,ial I
You will also be able to run the
tutorial after Windows has been
set up. Ir 11e1p
r El.it s....., - 1

FIGURE A-6. Serup asks if you wanr to run the rurorial.

If you are new to Windows, choose Run Tutorial to run the tutorial. If
you don't want to run the tutorial, choose Skip Tutorial. Setup continues
the installation. Part I of this reference shows you how to run the
tutorial at a later time from within Windows.
 APPENDIX A: Installing Windows 163

Completing the Windows Installation

The Windows installation is now complete. Setup displays a dialog box
similar to the one shown in Figure A-7.

Windows J_ 1 is now set up.

Remove any floppy disks from your drives.
You need to reboot your computer so that all installed
options can take effect.
After rebooting. type WIN at the MS -DOS prompt to start
Windows.

!!_eboot Restart l!,[indows Return to MS-Q_OS

FIGURE A-7. The Exit Windows Setup dialog box.

If you want to start Windows, choose the Restart Windows button. If

you want to return to the MS -DOS prompt, choose the Return to MS-
DOS button. (Choose the Reboot button if you don't see a Restart Win-
dows button.)

WHICH MODE IS RIGHT FOR YOU?

Windows runs in one of two modes: Standard or 386 Enhanced mode.
The mode is dictated by your computer type and the amount of memory
your computer contains. The following table describes the minimum
CPU and memory requirements for each operating mode:
Mode CPU Memory
Standard 80286 I MB (640 KB conventional, plus
384 KB extended)
386 80386SX, 80386, 2 MB (640 KB conventional, plus
Enhanced i486SX, i486 I 024 KB extended)

Each mode provides Windows with a certain degree of power. The fol-
lowing paragraphs provide a brief description of each mode and its
capabilities.

Standard Mode
Windows automatically runs in standard mode on computers that use
the Intel 80286 microprocessor (or an equivalent microprocessor) and
have 640 KB of conventional memory and at least 384 KB of extended
164 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

memory. Standard mode lets you start and run as many Windows-based
applications as you'd like, limited by the amount of your computer's
available memory. You can run applications designed for MS-DOS as
well, but applications designed for MS-DOS must use the full screen
and run in the foreground only.

386 Enhanced Mode

386 Enhanced mode is the most powerful operating mode available with
Windows. Windows automatically runs in 386 Enhanced mode on com-
puters with an 80386SX, 80386, i486SX, or i486 microprocessor (or
equivalent microprocessors) with 640 KB of conventional memory and
at least 1024 KB of extended memory.
In 386 Enhanced mode, Windows can treat free space on your hard
drive as extra memory. (This is known as virtual memory.) In 386 En-
hanced mode, you can start and run as many Windows-based applica-
tions as you'd like, limited by the amount of your computer's available
memory. 386 Enhanced mode also lets applications designed for MS-
DOS run in the full screen or in a window.
APPENDIX ■

Fundamental
Keys in Windows
WA , i&ii--&i11'mau&m••iW&IAI I 44

In Windows 3.1 you can perform a number of tasks with a few simple
key combinations. Figure B-1 lists the key combinations you typically
use within a window. Figure B-2 lists key combinations you commonly
use within a dialog box.
Key(s) Function
Alt+Spacebar Opens an application window's Control
menu
Alt+Hyphen Opens a document window's Control
menu
Alt+F4 Closes the active application window
Alt+Esc Selects the next application window or
icon
Alt+Tab Allows you to perform fast switching
between applications
Alt+Print Screen Copies an image of the active window
onto the Clipboard
Ctrl+Esc Opens the Task List
Ctrl+Tab Activates the next group or document
window
Ctrl+F4 Closes the active group or document
window
Shift+Fl Activates context-sensitive help on a
specific command or screen element.
This is only available with some appli-
cations designed for Windows
Fl Activates online help
Print Screen Copies the current screen image to the
Clipboard
FIGURE B-1. Fundamental key combi,:i,ations used in Windows.

165
166 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Key(s) Function
Alt+X Selects the element noted by X (the letter
underlined on screen)
Alt+Down arrow Opens the selected drop-down list
Alt+Up arrow Selects an item in a drop-down list
Alt+F4 or Esc Cancels a dialog box
Ctrl+/ Selects all items in the contents pane of a File
Manager window
Ctrl+\ Cancels all items in the contents pane of a
File Manager window.
Shift+Tab Moves to the previous field
Tab Moves to the next field
Home Moves to the first character in a text box
End Moves to the last character in a text box
Enter Executes a command
Spacebar Selects or cancels a check box item
FlO Selects the first menu on the menu bar
FIGURE 8-2. Fundamental key combinations used in dialog boxes.
APPENDIXC

Memory and
System Settings
This section provides information concerning memory types and uses as
well as information concerning system settings that you can change with
the Setup application.

PUTTING MEMORY TO WORK

NOTE: Memory is too complex a subject to cover fully here. For a lively and
useful guide to taking full advantage of your computer's memory, see Dan
Gookin's The Microsoft Guide to Managing Memory with DOS 5
(Microsoft Press, 1991).
Your computer can contain as many as three types of memory: conven-
tional memory, extended memory, and expanded memory. All IBM-PC-
compatible computers have conventional memory, which is memory up
· to 640 KB (although some computers have less than the 640-KB
amount).
If your computer uses an 80286, 80386, 80386SX, i486SX, or i486
microprocessor, it probably contains extended memory. Extended
memory is memory above the 1-MB mark. Computers that use the 8088
or 8086 microprocessors cannot have extended memory. As a general
rule, the more extended memory you add to your computer, the faster
Windows runs your applications.
Expanded memory is essentially a pool of extra memory. Using a spe-
cial memory board and software, expanded memory can be mapped into
a 64-KB region of upper memory (within the 384-KB memory area be-
tween 640 KB and 1 MB). Different areas of expanded memory can be
mapped into this 64-KB region. All IBM-PC-compatible computers can
use expanded memory.
If you are using an 80286-based, 80386SX-based, 80386-based, i486SX-
based, or i486-based computer that has extended memory, be sure that

167
168 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

your CONFIG.SYS file loads HIMEM.SYS, which is an extended

memory manager (provided with Windows and MS-DOS 5) that lets
your computer use extended memory. Check to ensure that a line similar
to the following appears in your CONFIG.SYS file:
DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS
If you are using an 80386SX-based, 80386-based, i486SX-based, or
i486-based computer and you use an application that needs expanded
memory, be sure that your CONFIG.SYS file loads EMM386.EXE.
EMM386.EXE uses extended memory to simulate expanded memory.
Check to ensure that a line similar to the following appears in your
CONFIG.SYS file:
DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE

Creating a RAM Disk

Many Windows-based applications create temporary files. You can im-
prove the performance of Windows by creating a RAM disk and storing
temporary files there.
To create a RAM disk, add the following line to your CONFIG.SYS
file:
DEVICE=C:\DOS\RAMDRIVE.SYS [DiskSize [SectorSize [DirectoryEntries]]]
[/A : /E]

Items shown in square brackets are optional. Items separated by the pipe
(:) character are mutually exclusive-that is, you can use only one or
the other.
■ DiskSize specifies the RAM disk's size in kilobytes, from 16 (16 KB)
through 4096 (4096 KB). The default value is 64 (64 KB).
■ SectorSize specifies the size of the RAM disk's sectors. A large sector
size is good for large files, and a small sector size is good for small
files. Valid numbers for SectorSize are 128,256, 512, or 1024. The
default value is 512 (512 KB). If you specify SectorSize, you must
also specify DiskSize.
■ DirectoryEntries specifies the maximum number of files the RAM
disk's root directory can hold, from 2 through 1024. The default is 64
(64 entries). If you provide a value for DirectoryEntries, you must also
specify SectorSize and DiskSize.
■ The / A and /E switches control the type of memory used to create
the RAM disk. Specify / A to use expanded memory or /E to use
 APPENDIX C: Memory and System Settings 169

extended memory. If you do not specify /A or /E, the RAM disk is

created in conventional memory.

Creating a Disk Cache

A disk cache is a large buffer in memory that holds information that has
been written on disk. If an application needs to read that information, it
reads it from the disk cache instead of from the disk, thereby improving
the computer's performance.
To create a disk cache, add the following line to your AUTOEXEC.BAT
file and then reboot your computer:
C:\WINDOWS\SMARTDRV.EXE
This line sets up a basic disk cache. If you're familiar with MS-DOS
commands, SMARTDRV.EXE has a number of optional parameters for
fine-tuning its performance. The complete syntax for
SMARTDRV.EXE is as follows:
C:\WINDOWS\SMARTDRV.EXE [[/E:ElementSize] [/8:BufferSize]
[Driveletter [+] : [-]] [Size] [WinSize]] ...
Parameters shown in square brackets are optional. Parameters separated
by the pipe character (:) are mutually exclusive-that is, you can use
only one of them. The ellipsis ( ... ) indicates that the parameters can be
repeated, allowing you to specify disk caching for more than one disk
drive.
■ IE:ElementSize is the size of the disk cache elements (in bytes)
■ IB:BufferSize is the size of the read buffer
■ DriveLetter is the letter of the disk drive you are caching
■ + enables write-behind caching for the specified disk drive
■ - disables all caching for the specified disk drive
■ Size is the amount of extended memory (in kilobytes) used by the disk
cache. The default value depends on the amount of memory in your
computer
■ WinSize is the amount of extended memory (in kilobytes) used by the
disk cache when Windows is running. The default_ value depends on
the amount of memory in your computer
■ IC writes all write-behind information onto the hard disk
■ JR clears the contents of the existing disk cache and restarts
SMARTDRV.EXE
■ IL loads SMARTDRV.EXE into low memory
170 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

■ IQ prevents the display of SMARTDRV.EXE information on your

screen
■ JS displays additional information about the status of
SMARTDRV.EXE

CHANGING SYSTEM SETTINGS USING SETUP

If you change your video card, mouse, keyboard, or network, you must
tell Windows about the change. To do this, expand the Program Man-
ager's Setup icon. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure C-1
appears that lists your existing system settings.
Windows Setup
.Q.ptions Help
Oi1pla1: VGA
ICeyboat"d: Enhanced 101 or 102 key US and Non US
Mouse: Mict01olt, o, IBM PS/2
Network: Microsoft LAN Manager (version 2.00

FIGURE C-1. The Windows Setup dialog box.

The Setup application lets you perform two different tasks: changing
system settings and setting up applications.

Changing System Settings

To change your system settings, choose Change System Settings from
the Options menu. A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure C-2
appears .
.., Change System Settings

Q_isplay: t
,t;.e)'board: IEnhanced 101 Of 102 key US and Non US keyboatds ltlJ
,Mouse: [Microsofl. Of IBM PS/2 l!JI
H.elw<Nk: jMicrosofl LAN Manager (verston 2.00 Enhanced) l]J

FIGURE C-2. The Change System Settings dialog box.

This dialog box has drop-down list boxes for Display, Keyboard, Mouse,
and Network. To change a setting, follow these steps:
l. Select the setting, and open its drop-down list box.
2. Choose the new setting.
3. Windows might ask you to insert one or more Windows disks. Follow
the instructions on the screen.
4. After you finish changing settings, choose OK. A dialog box appears
that prompts you to restart Windows or return to MS-DOS . To do so,
choose the appropriate icon.
 APPENDIX C: Memory and System Settings 171

Adding Applications Designed for MS-DOS

If you have one or more applications designed for MS-DOS, you can let
Setup search your hard disk for these applications and create an icon for
each. To do this, choose Set Up Applications from the Options menu. A
dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure C-3 appears.
!fflll Setup AppUca1lons
Setup can e91he1 sea1ch for applications to set up for use
with Windows. 01 ask you to specify an application to set up.

Setup will:
@ 'i~
~~-.
~~~~~~.
,.-_, ~-P.P~.
li,c~.
~~i~<t~~-
~- ;
0 ·,.:;k. )'~·,·~. ;~;~if; ~~ ~ppJication.

FIGURE C-3. The Setup Applications dialog box.

Choose OK to let Setup search for all applications designed for

MS-DOS. The dialog box changes to resemble Figure C-4.
• Setup AppUcations

Setup can sea.ch )'DUI hard disk(sl IOI' applications and then
set lhem up to run with 'Windows. Select the place(s) you
want Selup to search. Then choose Search Now or press
ENTER .
Setup will search:

C: (Local Drive)
D: (Local Drive)
E: (Local Drive)

FIGURE C-4. The Setup Applications dialog box.

By default, Setup searches all directories listed in the Path command

in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file. To search a specific drive, select the
desired drive in the list box. Choose Search Now to begin the search.
As Setup searches, a dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure C-5
appears.
- Windows Setup
Seatching
C:\ TURB06\UTILS
Found App: Twbo Pascal 6.0

37%

FIGURE C-5. The Windows Setup dialog box.

Setup occasionally finds an application designed for MS-DOS that it

can't identify. If so, Setup displays a dialog box similar to Figure C-6.
Select the correct application in the list box and choose OK. Setup con-
tinues its search.
172 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

After Setup has completed the search, a dialog box similar to the one
shown in Figure C-7 appears.
iii! Setup Applications
Setup needs to know the application name fot :
C:\QB45\BC.EXE
~ elect the application name horn the following list. and choose
m::.:. o, press ENTER lo c ontinue.

Mic,osofl Bas ic Compile,

None of the above

FIGURE C-6. An unidentified application designed f or MS-DOS.

Applic ations found on ha,d disk(s):

(c)MicrosoltCorpl991
(c) M;c,o, oft Co,p 1991
APPINST

~::~~~ Cu IDE
~;~~9• :':::: game
~• ~

~ ~
~

IP-:1
=
H, ~Setup Applications

~ el up for use with Windows:

L-..C...C...--'-------
(c ) Mic rosoft Corp 1991
C:\WINFO\WINBBS .EXE

FIGURE C-7. Th e expanded Setup Applications dialog box.

The dialog box displays all the applications found in the search. To add
all the applications, choose Add All. To add specific applications, fol-
low these steps:
I. Select the application from the Applications Found On Hard Disk(s)
list box.
2. Choose Add.
If you change your mind about adding an application, follow these
steps:
I. Select the application from the Set Up For Use With Windows list
box.
2. Choose Remove.
3. After you finish selecting applications, choose OK.
Setup really doesn't prepare an application designed for MS-DOS for
running under Windows. Instead, it adds an icon for the application to the
Applications group. For more information on running applications de-
signed for MS-DOS, refer to the description of the PIF Editor in Part II.

Removing Optional Windows Components

Windows places several documentation files and Windows accessory
programs on your hard disk as well as a variety of wallpaper files. You
 APPENDIX C: Memory and System Settings 173

don't need these files to run Windows. If your hard disk is running out
of room, you might want to remove one of these optional components.
To remove one of these components, follow these steps:
1. Expand the Windows Setup icon in the Main group window.
2. Choose Add/Remove Windows Components from the Options menu.
A dialog box similar to the one shown in Figure C-8 appears.
3. Deselect the component to remove it. If you want to remove specific
files within a component, choose Files for that component. A dialog
box similar to the one shown in Figure C-9 appears.
4. Select the files you want to remove in the Install These Files On
Hard Disk list box, and then choose Remove. Choose OK.
5. Choose OK in the Windows Setup dialog box. Windows asks you to
confirm any deletions.
- Windows Setup

The following optional grnups of file s (components.) are

installed on your s1stem.
To remove a component clear its. checkbox.
To fflstall a component, c heck its c heckbox.
To remove or install specific file s within a component
choose Files ... for that component

Add/Remove
Component Bytes Used lndivKlual Files ...

ISi Readme files 312.448

ISi Accessories 1,076,653
ISi jiames 239,207
ISi Sc1een .S.ave11 58,144
ISi ~allpapen. Misc. 341 .589

Disk Space Cunently Used by Components: 2.028.041 Bytes

Additional S pace Needed by Cuuenl Selection· 0 Bytes
T01.i, Available Disk Space: 159.006.720 Bytes

FIGURE C-8. The Windows Setup dialog box.

-- Readme Ries
To install file s. select files on the left. then choose Add.
To ,emove files. select file s on the right. then choose Remove.
1
When finished selecting. choose OK.

_& Do not install ,-.::=;a install these fil es

W these file s: ~ on the hard disk:

0 file(s) selected: 0 Byles 0 file(s) selec ted: 0 Bytes

Total Disk Space Required: 312.UB Bytes

FIGURE C-9. A dialog box from which you can add and remove files.
APPENDIXD

Glossary
Below are definitions of common terms used throughout this book. For
a complete computer dictionary, see the Microsoft Press Computer Dic-
tionary (Microsoft Press, 1991).
Active window The window you are currently working in, or have just
selected. The active window is the topmost window.
Application A computer program that performs a specific task, such as
word processing.
Application window The primary window for an application. An applica-
tion window might contain multiple document windows.
Associate To identify a filename extension as belonging to a certain ap-
plication. The File Manager lets you define associations.
Check box A small square box that appears within a dialog box, which
when selected contains an X, and when deselected is empty.
Command button A large button within a dialog box that either cancels or
carries out the selected command.
Control menu The menu represented by a horizontal bar in the upper left-
hand corner of every window . The Control menu lets you size, move,
or close the window.
Default printer The printer Windows automatically uses when you
choose Print. Windows allows only one default printer.
Desktop The screen background upon which Windows displays win-
dows, icons, and dialog boxes.
Dialog box A rectangular box from which Windows either displays or re-
quests information.
Document Any information you create with an application and save.

Document window A window within an application window. Each docu-

ment window contains a single document.
Drop-down list box A single-line list box entry that opens to reveal a list
of choices.

174
 APPENDIX D: Glossary 175

Font A graphic design applied to a collection of numerals, symbols, and

characters in the alphabet.
Font set A collection of font sizes for a specified font.

Font style An emphasis applied to a font, such as bold or italic.

Group A collection of applications within the Program Manager. The

Program Manager lets you create, access, and manage groups.
Group window A Program Manager window that displays items within a
group.
Icon A graphical representation of an object.

List box A type of information box within a dialog box that contains a
list of choices.
MCI (Media Control Interface) The software that provides a device-
independent multimedia interface.
Menu A list of available commands in an application window.

Menu bar The horizontal bar at the top of an application window, imme-
diately beneath the title bar, which lists the available menus.
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) An interface that allows commu-
nication between several computers, devices, or musical instruments.
Minimize button A small button to the right of a Windows title bar con-
taining a downward-pointing arrow. The Minimize button minimizes
the window to an icon.
Multimedia The combined use of text, graphics, video, and sound to pre-
sent information to a user.
Non-Windows application An application that was not written to run in
Windows.
Object Any piece of information created using a Windows-based
application.
Option button A small round button within a dialog box used to select an
option. Within a group of related option buttons, you can select only
one button.
Package An icon that represents either embedded or linked information.

Restore button A small button to the right of a Windows title bar that
contains an up arrow and a down arrow. The Restore button returns a
maximized window to its previous size.
176 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Scroll bar A bar along the right edge or bottom of a window that lets you
scroll the contents of a window or list box to display information not
currently visible.
Shortcut key A key or key combination that when pressed executes a
specific command without the user first selecting the command from
a menu.
Status bar A horizontal bar beneath a window that displays status
information.
Task List A window containing a list of all the currently running applica-
tions from which you can quickly switch to another application.
Text box A dialog box entry within which you can type text, such as a
filename.
Title bar The horizontal bar at the top of a window or dialog box con-
taining the title of the window or dialog box.
Track A sound sequence on a compact disk that typically corresponds to
a song.
TrueType fonts Fonts that are scalable and print exactly as they appear on
your screen.
WAV The filename extension associated with files containing Wave
(waveform) data.
Window A rectangular, framed area on your screen, within which you
can display an application or document.
Windows application An application written to run in Windows.
Index
Special characters applications, continued
? (question mark), 55, 56 exiting (see Exit command; exiting)
1½ Space command, 139 filename extensions, 36-37
386 Enhanced mode groups (see groups; Program
memory, 164 Manager)
options, 84-85 memory (see memory)
scheduling, 85-86 moving between groups, 24
swap-files, 86-87 MS-DOS-based (see also PIF Editor)
overview, 163, 164 386 Enhanced mode, 84-87
PIF Editor, 56-59 multiple (see also Task List)
386 Enhanced mode scheduling
A options, 85-86
About command, 13 device contention, 84-85
Accessories group, 21. See also desktop name, 36-37, 54, 56
applications non-Windows (see applications,
active window, defined, 174 MS-DOS-based)
Airbrush tool, 117, 118, 120-21 pathname, 54, 56, 171
alarms, appointments; 102-3 running, 30-31, 35, 57
alignment. See also Justified command setting up, 161-62
paragraphs, 139,143 shortcut keys (see shortcut keys)
text, 139 stopping, 53
Always Alert command, 51 switching between, 71
animation. See Media Player application video mode, 55, 56
annotating, help text, 18-19 application windows. See also windows
applications closing, 11, 12
adding to groups, 22-23 Control menu, 12
background execution, 57-58 defined, 174
changing descriptions, 25 overview, 3-4
command line, 55, 56 sizing, 2, 9-11, 12
copying between groups, 24 appointments. See Calendar application
defined, 174 ASCII files, transferring, 131-32
deleting from groups, 23 Associate command, 35
desktop (see desktop applications) associating files
display, 57, 58-59 defined, 174
embedding files in (see Object overview, 35-37
Packager application) ATDP, modem, 128
ATDT, modem, 128
178 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

attributes, file, 40 Calendar application, daily planner,

AUTOEXEC.BAT file, 54, 56, 169, 171 continued
alarms, 102-3
B Edit menu, 102
background execution, 57-58 timing, 101
background patterns, 68-71 viewing appointments, 101
background printing, 50. See also Print file operations, 100
Manager keyboard combinations, 104
background window, 85 monthly planner, 103
baud rate, defined, 66 overview, 99
beep, 90. See also alarms, appointments canceling
binary files, transferring, 131-32 editing changes, 108, 114
bits file selections, 34
data, defined, 66 replace operation, 138
stop, defined, 66 Task List, 53
Blank Screen screen saver, 72 Cardfile application
bookmarks, 17-18 adding cards, 105
borders, 2, 75-76 assigning index, 105
boxes, drawing, 117, 118, 123-24 copying text, 109
Box tool, 117, 118 creating cards, 104
Brush tool, 117, 118, 122-23 deleting cards, 109
buttons editing cards, 108
command (see command buttons) File menu, 106
option, 7-8 index line, 105,107,108
Restore, 12 linking graphics to cards, 109-10
defined, 175 loading cards, 106
scientific calculator, 96-98, 99 overview, 104
sizing, 2, 9, 10, 12 pasting graphics into cards, 109
standard calculator, 95 saving cards, 105
starting, 104
C undoing editing changes, 108
Calculator application viewing cards, 106-8
entering values, 94 cards, Solitaire. See Solitaire
overview, 94 cascading windows, 25, 26, 30
scientific calculator, 94, 95 Centered command, 139
buttons, 96-98, 99 character codes
scientific calculations, 96-98 formatting headers and footers, 92-93
statistical calculations, 98-99 Notepad, 116
standard calculator, 94, 95 Character Map application, 143-44
Calendar application Character menu, 139
daily planner, 101
 Index 179

characters colors
fonts (see fonts) drawing with, 117, 118, 121-23
from other character sets, inserting screen (see screen, colors)
onto Clipboard, 143-44 command buttons
check boxes defined, 174
defined, 174 Find menu, 137-38
overview, 8 Help menu, 13, 15-16
Checking command, 127 Media Player, 148
Circle/Ellipse tool, 117,118, 124 overview, 2, 6, 10
circles, drawing, 117, ll8, 124 Sound Recorder, 149-50
Clear command, Paintbrush, 120 command line, 55, 56
clearing, Clipboard, 47 commands
clicking, 3 Calendar, 100
Clipboard Cardfile, 106
clearing, 47 Control menu, 12
copying images onto, 120 Disk menu, 40-41
inserting characters and symbols from File menu, 35
other character sets, 143-44 Find menu, 137-38
opening files, 47 Help, 13
overview, 46 Media Player, 148
saving files, 46-47 menus, 5
Clock application Notepad, 113, 114
fonts, 111 Paintbrush, 117
hiding and displaying date, seconds, Print Manager, 50, 51
and title bar, Ill Recorder, 127
overview, 110 selecting, 5
restoring clock, 112 Sound Recorder, 150
setting clock to be topmost window, Write, 133, 139
112 communication parameters
Close command loading and saving, 130
Control menu, 12 setting, 65-66, 129
Write, Find Replace command, 138 compound devices, Media Player, 148
closing CONFIG.SYS file, 168
applications (see Control menu) configuring
menus, 5 device drivers, 89-90
windows, II, 12, 30 printers, 77-80
codes, character serial ports, 65-66
formatting headers and footers, 92-93 confirmation dialog boxes, 45
Notepad, 116 Contents command, 13
Color Eraser tool, 117, 118, 121-22 contents pane, 27, 29, 31-33
Control+Break command, 127
180 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Control menu copying, continued

commands, 12 files, 38-39
defined, 174 floppy disks, 40, 41
overview, 12 images, onto Clipboard, 120
control-menu box, 2 text, 109, 135
Control Panel Create Directory command, 35
386 Enhanced mode options, 84-85 current directory, 26, 27, 29
scheduling, 85-86 current drive, 26
swap-files, 86-87 cursor blink rate, 76
assigning sounds to system events, 90 Curve tool, 117, 118, 123
changing screen colors (see screen, Cut command
colors) Calendar, 102
desktop customization (see Notepad, 114
background patterns; desktop, Paintbrush, 120
customization; screen saver) cutouts, 119-20
device drivers (see device drivers) cutting
fonts, 63-65 cutouts, 120
international settings, 80-82 graphics, 135-36
keyboard response, 76-77 text, 102, 114
MIDI Mapper, 84
mouse customization (see mouse, D
customization) daily planner. See Calendar application,
network options, 83 daily planner
options, 60, 83 data bits, defined, 66
overview, 60 date
printer configuration, 77-80 clock, hiding and displaying, Ill
serial port configuration, 65-66 file, displaying, 49
setting date and time, 83 inserting in files, 114
conventional memory, 167 international settings, 81
Copy command setting, 83
Calendar, 102 time-log documents, 116
Cardfile, 109 default printer
File menu, 35 defined, 174
Notepad, 114 selecting, 80
Paintbrush, 120 definitions, accessing, 14-15
Write, 135 Delete command
Copy Disk command, 40 File menu, 35
copying. See also Copy command Notepad, 114
applications, between groups, 24 deleting. See also erasing
directories, 38-39 annotations, 18
applications, from groups, 23
 Index 181

deleting, continued destination disk, 41

appointments, daily planner, 102 device contention, 84-85
background patterns, 70 device drivers
bookmarks, 18 adding and removing, 87-89
cards, 109 overview, 87
directories, 35, 39 reconfiguring, 89-90
files, 35, 39 dialog boxes
macros, 127 confirmation, 45
program groups, 22 defined, 174
sound file, part of, 15 I keyboard combinations, 166
tab stops, 142, 143 overview, 5-8
text, 114, 135 Sizing Grid, 75-76
desktop directories
customization, 68 changing,27,55,56
background patterns (see collapsing, 28-29
background patterns) copying, 38-39
cursor blink rate, 76 creating, 35
Fast Alt+ Tab switching, 71 current, 26, 27, 29
icon spacing, 75 deleting, 35, 39
screen saver (see screen saver) expanding, 28
Sizing Grid box, 75-76 moving, 37-38
defined, 174 opening, 100,106,113,117
elements, changing color of, 62 overview, 28
overview, 1 renaming, 39-40
desktop applications viewing, 29
Calculator, 91, 94-99 directory path, 26
Calendar, 91, 99-104 directory tree, 26, 31
Cardfile, 91, 104-10 directory windows
Character Map, 91, 143-44 changing order of contents, 32
Clock, 91, 110-12 closing, 30
Media Player, 91, 147-49 contents pane, 27, 29, 31-33
Notepad, 91, 112-16 customizing information, 32
Object Packager, 91, 144-47 display, 30
overview, 91 dividing, 31
page setup options, 92-93 viewing, 31
Paintbrush, 91, 116-25 disk. See also floppy disks
printers and printer options, 93 hard
Recorder, 91, 125-27 increasing space, 172-73
Sound Recorder, 91, 149-52 searching for files, 35, 37
Terminal, 91, 128-32 RAM, 168-69
Write, 91, 132-43 disk cache, 169-70
182 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

disk drive. See drives drawing tools

Disk menu Airbrush, 117, 118, 120-21
commands, 40-41 box (various types), 117, 118, 123-24
copying floppy disks, 40, 41 Brush, 117,118, 122-23
creating system disks, 43 Circle/Ellipse, 117, 118, 124
formatting disks, 41, 42 · Color Eraser, 117, 118, 121-22
labeling disks, 40, 41-42 Curve, 117, 118, 123
network drives, 43-44 Eraser, 117,118, 121-22
display. See screen icons, 117
displaying. See also viewing Line, 117,118,123
applications, 59 Paint Roller, 117, 118, 122
Clock's date, seconds, and title bar, Pick, 117, 118, 119-20
1l1 polygons (various types), 117, 118,
directory windows, 30 124-25
document ruler, 142-43 Scissors, 117, 118, 119, 120
files (see files, displaying) selecting, 118
text output, 59 Text, 117, 118, 121
Document menu, 140-42 drives
document ruler, 142-43 changing, 27, 41
d_ocuments. See also files; Notepad current, 26
application; text; Write File Manager, 26
application icons, 26
creating, 113, 116 network, connecting to and
defined, 174 disconnecting from, 43-44
moving through, 133--,34 drop-down list boxes, 7
opening, 112,132,133 defined, 174
package containing part of, 146 overview, 7
saving, 113, 133
time-log, 116 E
document windows echo, adding to sounds, 152
Control menu, 12 editing. See also Notepad application
defined, 174 background patterns, 70
overview, 3 Calendar, 102
sizing incrementally, 11 canceling editing changes, 108, 114
DOS. See MS-DOS cards, 108
double-clicking, 3, 67 PIF,54
Double Space command, 139 Write, 134-36
dragging, 3 Edit menu
drawing. See drawing tools; Paintbrush Calendar, 102
application Notepad, 114
 Index 183

Eject command, 148 File Manager

ellipses, drawing, 117, 118, 124 changing directories, 27
embedded objects changing drives, 27
Object Packager (see Object Packager changing views, 31
application) closing directory window, 30
Write, 136 collapsing directories, 28-29
EMM386.EXE file, 168 confirmation dialog boxes, 45
entering. See also inserting determining amount of memory
text, 6 available, 44
values, Calculator, 94 directory window display, 30
Eraser tool, 117, 118, 121-22 Disk menu (see Disk mc;nu)
erasing, 117, 118, 121-22. See also exiting, 46
deleting expanding directories, 28
Exit command file information display, 32-33
Calendar, 100 File menu (see File menu)
Cardfile, 106 font selection, 45-46
File menu, 35 Options menu, 46
Notepad, 113 overview, 26
Paintbrush, 117 running applications, 30-31
Write, 133 screen, 26-27
exiting. See also Exit command selecting multiple files, 33-34
applications, 55, 57, 59 viewing directories, 29
File Manager, 46 File menu
help, 19 adding items to group windows, .39
Media Player, 149 assigning file attributes, 40
Microsoft Windows 3.1, 19 associating files, 35-37
Print Manager, 52 Calendar, 100
Sound Recorder, 152 Cardfile, 106
expanded memory commands, 35
applications, 58 copying files and directories, 38-39
overview, 167 deleting files and directories, 39
RAM disk, 168-69 moving files and directories, 37-38
extended memory Notepad, 113
applications, 58 overview, 34
overview, 167-68 Paintbrush, 117
RAM disk, 168-69 printing files, 35
renaming files and directories, 39-40
F searching for files, 37
Fast Alt+Tab switching, 71 Write, 133
Fast Forward command, 150 filenames
extensions, 35-36
184 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

filenames, extensions, continued files, opening, continued

associating with applications, 36 Write files, 132, 133
WAV, defined, 176 printing (see printing; Print Manager)
renaming files, 35, 39-40 Program Information File (see PIF
sorting, 32 Editor)
files. See also File Manager; File menu queued (see Print command; printers;
ASCII, transferring, 131-32 Print Manager; print queues)
assigning file attributes, 40 saving
associating, 35-37 Calendar files, 100
AUTOEXEC.BAT, 169, 171 Cardfile fi Jes, 105, 106
binary, transferring, 131-32 Clipboard files, 46-47
canceling selections, 34 macro files, 127
Clipboard, 46-47 Notepad, 113
CONFIG.SYS, 168 Paintbrush files, 117
copying, 38-39 Write files, 133
creating, 132 searching disk for, 35, 37
deleting, 35, 39 selecting, 34, 41
displaying SMRTDRV.EXE, 169-70
fine details, 32 sound (see sound fi Jes)
restricting type, 32-33 swap-files, 86---'87
size, time, and date information, 49 system, 40, 43
document (see documents) text, transferring, 131-32
embedding in applications (see Object time-log documents, 116
Packager application) transferring, 131-32
EMM386.EXE, 168 file specification, 26
font, 63 Filled Box tool, 117, 118
HIMEM.SYS, 168 Filled Circle/Ellipse tool, 117, 118
loading, 127 Filled Polygon tool, 117, 118
macro, 127 Filled Rounded Box tool, 117, 118
media, 148 Find menu, 136-38
moving, 37-38 Find Next command, 137
multiple, selecting, 33-34 Flash if Inactive command, 51
names (see filenames) Flip Horizontal command, 120
opening Flip Vertical command, 120
Calendar files, 100 floppy disks
Cardfile files, 106 copying, 40, 41
Clipboard files, 47 destination, 41
media files, 148 formatting, 41, 42
Notepad, 112 source, 41
Paintbrush fi Jes, 117 system, 43
sound files, 149 volume label, 26, 40, 41-42
 Index 185

flow control, defined, 66 groups. See also group windows;

font file, 63 Program Manager
fonts Accessories, 21
adding, 64 adding (see Program Manager)
changing, 138-39 defined, 175
clock, setting, 111 deleting (see Program Manager)
defined, 175 Games, 21
File Manager, 45-46 Main, 21
overview, 63 Startup, 21, 25
removing, 64-65 group windows
TrueType, 65 adding items, 39
defined, 176 Control menu, 12
font set, defined, 175 defined, 175
font style, defined, 175 overview, 3, 4, 20-21
footers sizing incrementally, 11
formatting, 92-93, ll6
inserting, 92 H
Calendar, JOO hard disk
Cardfile, 106 increasing space, 172-73
Notepad, ll3, 115-16 searching for files, 35, 37
Paintbrush, ll7 hardware requirements, 159
Write, 140-41 headers
foreground window, 85 formatting, 92-93, 116
Format Disk command, 41 inserting, 92
formatting Calendar, JOO
floppy disks, 41, 42 Cardfile, 106
headers and footers, 92-93, II6 Notepad, 113, 115-16
text (see text; Write application) Paintbrush, 117
Write, 140-41
G help. See online help
games Help commands, 13
Minesweeper, 156-58 hiding, clock's date, seconds, and title
Solitaire (see Solitaire) bar, I 11
Games group, 21 high memory area, 58
graphics. See also images; Object High Priority command, 50
Packager application; Paintbrush HIMEM.SYS file, 168
application History button, 15-16
cutting and pasting, 109, 135-36 How to Use Help command, 13
linking to cards, 109-10
pasting into cards, 109 I
icons
arranging, 26
186 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

icons, continued K
Control Panel, 60 keyboard
defined, 175 international settings, 81
disk-drive, 26 response, setting, 76-77
document ruler, 142 scientific calculator, 96-98, 99
drawing tools, 117 shortcuts (see shortcut keys)
expanding,4,9-10,30 standard calculator, 95
file type, 29 keyboard combinations
groups as, 20 Calendar, 104
Network, 83 Cardfile, 107
Object Packager, 146--A7 dialog boxes, 166
overview, 3 Notepad, 114
Print Manager, 48 Windows, 165
spacing, 75 Write, 134, 139-40
Ignore if Inactive command, 51 keywords
images. See also graphics; Object searching cards by, 107-8
Packager application; Paintbrush searching for help from, 13, 16:---17
application
positioning, 136 L
sizing, 119-20, 125 Label Disk command, 40
viewing, 119-20 labeling, floppy disks, 26, 40, 41-42
indentation, paragraphs, 139, 140 Left (alignment) command, 139
Indents command, 139 lines
index, assigning, 105 drawing, 117, 118, 123
index line, 105,107,108 thickness, selecting, 117, 118
inserting. See also entering Line tool, 117, 118, 123
annotations, into help text, 18 linking
characters and symbols, onto graphics, to cards, 109-10
Clipboard, 143-44 objects (see Object Packager
date and time, into files, 114 application)
headers and footers (see footers; list boxes
headers) defined, 175
sound files, 150-51 drop-down, 7
installation. See Microsoft Windows 3.1, defined, 174
installing overview, 6-7
international. settings, 80-82 loading
Inverse command, 120 cards, 106
communication parameters, 130
J macro files, 127
Justified command, 139 local print queues, 48
 Index 187

.LOG indication in Notepad document, memory, continued

116 expanded, 167
Low Priority command, 50 applications, 58
RAM disk, 168-69
M extended, 167-68
macros, 125. See also Recorder applications, 58
application RAM disk, 168-69
Main group, 21 Standard mode (see Standard mode)
Make System Disk command, 41 upper, 167
margins, setting virtual, 164
Calendar, 100 menu bar, 2, 4
Cardfile, 106 menus
Notepad, 113, 115-16 Character, 139
overview, 92 closing, 5
Paintbrush, 117 command list, 5
Write, 140-41 Control, 12
Marquee screen saver, 72-73 defined, 174
Maximize command, 2, 10, 12 control-menu box, 2
maximizing windows, 2, 10, 12 defined, 175
MCI (Multimedia Control Interface) Disk (see Disk menu)
defined, 175 Document, 140-42
devices, 140 (see also device drivers) Edit
measurements, international settings, 81 Calendar, 102
media files, 148. See also Media Player Cardfile, 108, 109-10
application Notepad, 114
Media Player application Paintbrush, 120
buttons, 148 Write, 134-36
exiting, 149 File (see File menu)
opening files, 148 Find, 136-38
overview, 147 opening, 4-5
playback position, 149 Options, 45
selecting devices, 148 overview, 4
selecting scales, 148 Paragraph, 139-40
Medium Priority command, 50 Search, 107-8
memory View, 107
386 Enhanced mode (see 386 Merge command, 106
Enhanced mode) Microsoft Windows 3.1
amount available, 44 386 Enhanced mode (see 386
applications, 55, 56-57, 58, 59 Enhanced mode)
conventional, 167 application, defined, 176
exiting, 19, 21
188 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Microsoft Windows 3.1, continued moving, continued

hardware requirements, 159 cards, 154
installing, 159-60 through cards, 106-7
completing, 163 directories, 37-38
printer selection, 160-61 in document, 133-34
setting up applications, 161-62 files, 35, 37-38
optional components, removing, to specific page, 138
172-73 text, 115, 134-35
Standard mode, 163-64 windows, 11, 12
starting, 1 MS-DOS
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital system files, 40, 43
Interface). See also Media Player temporarily exiting to, 21
application MS-DOS-based applications. See also
defined, 175 PIF Editor
overview, 84 386 Enhanced mode, 84-87
MIDI Mapper, 84 multimedia, defined, 175
Minesweeper, 156-58 Multimedia Control Interface (MCI)
Minimize button defined, 175
defined, 175 devices, 148 (see also device drivers)
overview, 2, 9, 12 Musical Instrument Digital Interface
Minimize On Use command (MIDI). See also Media Player
File Manager, 46 application
Recorder, 127 defined, 175
minimizing windows, 2, 9, 12, 30 overview, 84
mixing sound files, 151 Mystify screen saver, 72, 73-74
modem. See Terminal application
monthly planner, Calendar application, N
103 names
mouse. See also mouse pointer applications, 36-37, 54, 56
customization directories, changing, 39-40
double-click speed, 67 files (see filenames)
selecting trails, 67-68 groups, changing, 25
swapping buttons, 67 network
tracking speed, 67 drives, connecting to and
overview, 3 disconnecting from, 43-44
mouse pointer, 2, 67-68 printers, connecting to, 79
Move command print queues (see print queues,
Control menu, 12 network)
File menu, 35 setting options, 83
moving Network Connections command, 41
applications, between groups, 24 New command
Calendar, 100
 Index 189

New command, continued online help

Cardfile, 106 accessing, 12-14
Notepad, 113 annotating help text, 18-19
Paintbrush, 117 bookmarks, 17-18
Write, 133 definitions, 14-15
Next command, 12 exiting, 19
non-Windows applications. See expanded, 13-14
MS-DOS-based applications keyword search, 13, 16-17
Notepad application printing help topics, 15
creating documents, 113 returning to previous help topics,
Edit menu, 114 15-16
File menu, 113 online tutorial, 1-2
moving around screen, 114 Open command
moving text, 115 Calendar, 100
opening documents, 112 Cardfile, 106
overview, 112 File menu, 35
printing, 115-16 Notepad, 113
saving documents, 113 Paintbrush, 117
searching for words and phrases, 115 Write, 133
starting, 112 opening files (see files, opening)
word wrapping, 114 option buttons
numbers defined, 175
entering, Calculator application, 94 overview, 7-8
international settings, 82 options, choosing, 6-7
Options menu, 45
0
Object Packager application p
creating package containing part of package. See also Object Packager
document, 146 application
creating packaged objects, 145-46 defined, 175
icons, 146-47 page setup. See footers; headers;
overview, 144-45 margins, setting; Page Setup
objects command
defined, 175 Page Setup command
embedded (see also Object Packager Calendar, 100
application) Cardfile, 106
Write, 136 Notepad, 113
linked (see also Object Packager Paintbrush, 117
application) Page Setup options, 92-93
Cardfile, 109-10 Paintbrush application
Write, 136 colors, 118-19
190 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Paintbrush application, continued PIF Editor, continued

drawing tools (see drawing tools) overview, 53
File menu, 117 standard mode, 54-55
line thickness, 118 playback position, changing, 149
overview, 116 Play command
starting, 116 Media Player, 148
Paintbrush graphics Sound Recorder, 150
linking to cards, 109-10 pointer, mouse, 2, 67-68
pasting into cards, 109 polygons, drawing, 117, 118, 124-25
Paint Roller tool, 117, 118, 122 Polygon tool, 117, 118, 124-25
paper clip, help annotation, 18, 19 ports
Paragraph menu, 139-40 connecting printers to, 78-79
paragraphs. See Write application serial, configuring, 65-66
parity, defined, 66 positioning, images, 136
passwords, 74-75 Preferences command, 127
Paste command Print All command, 106
Calendar, 102 Print command
Cardfile, 109 Calendar, 100
Notepad, 114 Cardfile, 106
Paintbrush, 120 File menu, 35
Write, 135 Notepad, 113
pasting Paintbrush, 117
Clipboard, 120 Write, 133
graphics, 109, 135-36 printers
text, 59, 102, 114, 135 adding or changing, 48, 77-78, 93
pathname configuring, 77-80
applications, 54, 56 connecting to ports, 78-79
overview, 26 default
Pause command, 148 defined, 174
pausing selecting, 80
Media Player, 148 network, connecting to, 79
printing, 50-51 options, changing, 93, 117
phone calls. See Terminal application removing, 80
phrases, searching for and replacing, 115, selecting, 117, 160-61
136-37 Printer Setup command in Paintbrush,
Pick tool, 117, 118, 119-20 117. See also Print Setup command
PIF Editor printing. See also Print command;
386 Enhanced mode, 56-59 printers; Print Manager; print
creating PIFs, 53 queues; Print Setup command
editing PIFs, 54 Calendar, 100
 Index 191

printing, continued Program Manager, continued

Cardfile, 106 changing application descriptions, 25
help topics, 15 copying applications, 24
Notepad, 113, 115-16 deleting applications, 23
Paintbrush, 117 deleting groups, 22
pausing and resuming, 50-51 moving applications, 24
problems, 51 overview, 20-21
Writer, 133 Startup group, 25
Print Manager. See also print queues tiling or cascading group windows,
background printing, 50 25-26
closing, 52 Properties command, 35
network options, 51-52
overview, 48 Q
pausing and resuming printing, 50-51 question mark(?), 55, 56
printing files, 35 queues. See Print Manager; print queues
printing problems, 51
priority, 50 R
print queues. See also Print Manager RAM disk, 168-69
changing order, 50 Record command, 150
local, 48 Recorder application
network, 48 deleting macros, 127
options, 51-52 loading macros, 127
status, 49 options, 127
viewing, 49 overview, 125
removing files, 50 recording macros, 125-26
viewing queued files, 48-49 saving macros, 127
Print Setup command starting, 125
Calendar, 100 recording
Cardfile, 106 macros, 125-26
File menu, 93 sound files, 150
Notepad, 113 Remove command, 102
Paintbrush (see Printer Setup removing. See also deleting; erasing
command in Paintbrush) device drivers, 89
Write, 133 fonts, 64-65
program groups. See Program Manager Rename command, 35
Program Information File. See PIF renaming
Editor directories, 39-40
Program Manager files, 35, 39-40
adding applications to groups, 22-23 Repaginate command, 133
adding groups, 21-22 repeat rate, keyboard, 77
arranging icons, 26 Replace All command, 138
192 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Replace command, 137 Scissors tool, 117, ll8, 119, 120

Replace Selection command, 138 scoring, Solitaire, 155, 156
replacing, words and phrases, 137-38 screen
Restore button applications, 57, 58-59
defined, 175 colors
overview, 12 changing, 122
restoring creating, 62-63
clock, 112 desktop elements, 62
sound files, 151-52 predefined, 61-62
windows, 9-10, 12 selecting, 118-19
Rewind command, 150 File Manager, 26-27
Right (alignment) command, 139 screen saver
Rounded Box tool, 117, 118 Blank Screen, 72
ruler, document, 142-43 Marquee, 72-73
Run command, 35 Mystify, 72, 73-74
overview, 71-72
5 passwords, 74-75
Save As command Starfield Simulation, 72, 74
Calendar, 100 scroll bars
Cardfile, 106 defined, 176
Notepad, 113 overview, 6, 8-9
Paintbrush, 117 scroll boxes, 8-9
Write, 133 scrolling, 8-9
Save command Search command, 35
Calendar, 100 Search for Help On command, 13
Cardfile, 106 searching
Notepad, 113 cards
Paintbrush, 117 by index line, 107
Write, 133 by keyword, 107-8
Save Settings on Exit command, 46 for files, 35, 37
saving. See also Save As command; Save for help from keywords, 13, 16-17
command for words and phrases
cards, 105 Notepad, 115
communication parameters, 130 Write, 136-37
documents, 113, 133 Search menu, 107-8
files (see files, saving) seconds, hiding and displaying, 111
settings, 46 Select All command, 114
scale, Media Player, selecting, 148 Select Drive command, 41
scienti fie calculator. See Calculator Select Files command, 35
application, scientific calculator selection frame, 27
serial ports, configuring, 65-66
 Index 193

setup. See also Microsoft Windows 3.1, sound files, continued

installing; Printer Setup command mixing, 151
in Paintbrush; Print Setup opening, 149
command recording, 150
applications, 161-62 Sound Recorder application
page (see footers; headers; margins, adding echo, 152
setting; Page Setup command; buttons, 149-50
Page Setup options) changing speed at whic)1 sound plays,
system settings, 170-73 152
shortcut keys changing volume, 152
defined, 176 exiting, 152
overview, 3, 23, 127 files (see sound files)
reserving, 55, 59 overview, 149
Shortcut Keys command, 127 reversing sounds, 152
Shrink + Grow command, 120 sounds. See also Media Player
simple devices, Media Player, 148 application; sound files; Sound
Single Space command, 139 Recorder application
Size command, 12 assigning to system events, 90
sizing source disk, 41
images, 119-20, 125 spacing
windows, 2, 9-11, 12, 30 icons, 75
sizing buttons, 2, 9, 10, 12 paragraphs, 139-40, 143
SMRTDRV.EXE file, 169-70 standard calculator, 94, 95
Solitaire Standard mode, 54-55, 163-64
card design, 155 Standard scoring, Solitaire, 155, 156
moving cards, 154 Starfield Simulation screen saver, 72, 74
optional rules, 155-56 Startup group, 21, 25
overview, 153-54 startup procedure, 1
Standard scoring, 155, 156 statistical calculations, scientific
starting new games, 155 calculator, 98-99
turning cards over, 155 status bar
Vegas scoring, 155, 156 defined, 176
sorting, filenames, 32 overview, 27, 46
sound devices. See also device drivers Status Bar command, 46
MCI, 148 status message, 6
MIDI Mapper, 84 stop bits, defined, 66
sound files Stop command
adding sound to, 150 Media Player, 148
deleting part of, 151 Sound Recorder, 150
discarding changes to, 151-52 swap-files, 86-87
inserting, 150-51 switching, Fast Alt+Tab, 71
194 CONCISE GUIDE TO MS-WINDOWS 3.1

Switch To command, 12 text files, transferring, 131-32

symbols, from other character sets, Text tool, 117, 118, 121
inserting, 143-44 386 Enhanced mode
system disk, 43 memory, 164
system files, 40, 43 options, 84-85
system settings. See setup, system scheduling, 85-86
settings swap-files, 86-87
overview, 163, 164
T PIF Editor, 56-59
tab stops, 141-43 tiling, windows, 26, 30
Task List Tilt command, 120
activating, 52 time. See also Clock application
canceling, 53 daily planner, 101
defined, 176 file, displaying, 49
overview, 52 inserting in files, 114
stopping applications, 53 international settings, 82
using, 52 setting, 83
telecommunications. See Terminal Time/Date command, 114
application time-log (.LOG) documents, 116
Terminal application title bar
communication parameters, 129, 130 clock, hiding and displaying, lll
identifying modem, 128 defined, 176
overview, 128 overview, 2
placing phone calls, 130-31 track, defined, 176
setting up phone numbers, 129-30 tracking speed, mouse, 67
starting, 128 tree, directory, 26, 31
transferring files, 131-32 TrueType fonts
text. See also documents; Notepad defined, 176
application; Write application overview, 65
aligning, 139 tutorial, online, 1-2
copying, 109, 135
cutting, 102, 114 u
deleting, 114, 135 Undo command, 114
displaying, 59 upper memory, 167
entering, 6, 117, ll8, 121
help, annotating, 18-19 V
moving, ll5, 134-35 values. See numbers
pasting, 59, 102, 114 Vegas scoring, Solitaire, 155, 156
selecting, 108, 114 video mode, 55, 56
text boxes viewing. See also displaying
defined, 176 appointments, daily planner, IOI
overview, 6 cards, 106-8
 Index 195

viewing, continued word processing. See Write application

contents pane, 31 words, searching for and replacing, 115,
directories, 29 136-37
directory tree, 31 Word Wrap command, 114
directory windows, 31 work area, 3
images, 119-20 Write application
queued files, 48-49 character fonts, 138-39
View menu, 107 Character menu, 139
virtual memory, 164 copying text, 135
volume labels, 26, 40, 41-42 creating documents, 132
cutting and pasting graphics, 135-36
w deleting text, 135
wallpaper, selecting, 70-71 Document nienu, 140-42
WAV filename extension, defined, 176 document ruler, 142-43
Windows. See Microsoft Windows 3.1 editing documents, 134-36
windows embedded objects, 136
active, defined, 174 File menu, 133
application (see application windows) Find menu, 136-38
background, 85 headers and footers, 140-41
borders, 2, 75-76 keyboard combinations, 143
closing, 11, 12, 30 moving text, 134-35
defined, 176 moving through documents, 133-34,
directory (see directory windows) 138
document (see document windows) opening documents, 132
foreground, 85 overview, 132
group (see group windows) paragraph alignment, 139, 143
keyboard combinations, 165 paragraph indentation, 139, 140
maximizing, 2, 10, 12 Paragraph menu, 139-40
minimizing, 2, 9, 12, 30 paragraph spacing, 139-40, 143
moving, 12, 11 saving documents, 133
overview, 2-3 searching for and changing words and
Program Manager, 20 phrases, 136-38
restoring, 9-10, 12 starting, 132
running applications in, 57 tab stops, 141-43
selecting, 4
tiling or cascading, 25-26, 30
topmost, setting clock to be, 112
Kris Jamsa
Kris Jamsa is the author of over 40 computer books written on a wide
range of topics including MS-DOS, hard-disk management, MS-DOS
batch files, Microsoft Windows, graphics, programming languages,
WordPerfect, and WordPerfect for Windows. Many of Jamsa's books
have appeared on bestseller lists across the country and collectively
have sold over one million copies.
Jamsa grew up in Seattle and moved to Phoenix, Arizona, for high
school. He received his bachelor's degree in computer science from the
United States Air Force Academy in 1983. After graduation, Jamsa
worked in Las Vegas as a VAX/VMS system manager for the Air Force.
In 1986 he received his master's degree in computer science from the
University of Nevada at Las Vegas. Jamsa left the Air Force in 1988 to
write full time. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate at Arizona State
University, researching multiprocessor operating systems.
He currently lives in Las Vegas with his wife, Debbie, their daughters,
Stephanie and Kellie, and Happy, their dalmatian puppy.
The manuscript for this book was prepared and submitted to Microsoft
Press in electronic form. Text files were processed and formatted using
Microsoft Word.
Principal editorial compositor: Barb Runyan
Principal typographer: Ruth Pettis
Interior text designer: Kim Eggleston
Principal illustrators: Peggy Herman and Lisa Sandburg
Cover designer: Rikki Conrad Design
Cover color separator: Color Service
Text composition by Microsoft Press in Times Roman with display
type in Futura Heavy, using the Magna composition system and the
Linotronic 300 laser imagesetter.

Printed on recycled paper stock.

 Great Resources for Window§ 3.1 Users
LEARNING & RUNNING WINDOWS™ 3.1
Includes Microsoft® Productivity Pack for Windows 3.1 and
Running Windows 3.1, 3rd ed.
Microsoft Corporation and Craig Stinson
This is the ideal blending of software and book instruction for users of all levels of experience.
If you want to be up and running with Windows 3.1 quickly and easily, this is the place to start.
The Microsoft Productivity Pack for Windows 3.1 (regularly $59.95) combines disk-baied lessons
with hands-on exercises. Guided practice sessions and concise explanations help you master the
basics of Windows. RUNNING WINDOWS 3.1 (regularly $27 .95) will continue to answer your
day-to-day questions about Windows long after you've learned the basics from the software
tutorial. An unbeatable package at an unbeatable price. Sold separately for $87 .90.
608 pages, softcover with one 5½-inch (HD) disk $39.95 ($54.95 Canada)

RUNNING WINDOWS™ 3.1, 3rd ed.

Craig Stinson
Build your confidence and enhance your productivity with Microsoft Windows, quickly and
easily, using this hands-on introduction. This Microsoft-authorized edition-for new as well as
experienced Windows users-is completely updated and expanded to cover all the new exciting
features of version 3.1. You'll find a successful combination of step-by-step tutorials, helpful
screen illustrations, expert tips, and real-world examples. Learn how to install and start using
Windows 3.1, use applications with Windows, and maximize Windows performance.
608 pages, softcover $27.95 ($37.95 Canada)

WINDOWS™ 3.1 COMPANION

The Cobb Group: Lori L. Lorenz and R. Michael O' Mara with Russell Borland
"Covers the basics thoroughly ... An excellent reference featuring dozens of live examples ...
Beautifully produced." PC Magazine
This up-to-date resource thoroughly covers Windows version 3.1----everything from installing
and starting Windows to using all its built-in applications and desktop accessories. Step-by-step
tutorials, great examples, and expert advice for novices to advanced users.
550 pages, softcover $27.95 ($37.95 Canada)

Microsoft Press books are available wherever quality computer books are sold.
Or call 1-800-MSPRESS for ordering information or placing credit card orders.*
Please refer to BBK when placing your order. Prices subject to change.
" In Canada, contact Macmillan Canada, Attn: Microsoft Press Dept., 164 Commander Blvd., Agincourt, Ontario, Canada MIS 3C7,
or call (416) 293-8141.
In the U.K., contact Microsoft Press, 27 Wrights Lane, London W8 STZ.
 Outstanding Word for Windows Resources
MICROSOFT® WORD FOR WINDOWS™ STEP BYSTEP
Version 2
Microsoft Corporation
MICROSOFf WORD FOR WINDOWS STEP BY STEP shows you how Word can
make your everyday work easy. Whether you're new to word processing or new to Microsoft·
Word for Windows, you'll learn to produce professional-quality documents with ease. This
timesaving package-now updated for version 2-includes disk-basked tutorials with follow-along
lessons and practice exercises. Each lesson includes clear objectives, step-by-step instructions,
useful tips, disk-based practice files, plus handy tips, and advice. And the lessons are progressive
yet modular, so the novice user can advance from one lesson to the next, and the intermediate user
can jump in at any point. This is the perfeci training guide for business, classroom, or home use.
292 pages, softcover with one 5 ¼-inch disk $29.95 ($39.95 Canada)

WORD FOR WINDOWS™ COMPANION, 2nd ed.

The Cobb Group: Mark W. Crane with M. David Stone and Alfred Poor
WORD FOR WINDOWS COMPANION makes Word for Windows easy to learn and use.
Regardless of your level of expertise, you '11 find a wealth of useful information in this comprehensive
resource-now updated for version 2. It's both an exceptional tutorial for new Word for Windows
users and a master reference guide for experienced users. You'll learn basic concepts of word processing,
typography, and design that you can use to create professional-looking documents with confidence and ease.
In addition to detailed explanations, the book offers scores of illustrations, examples, and tips to enhance
your productivity. An extensive index and side-margin headings make information readily accessible.
896 pages, softcover $27.95 ($37.95 Canada) Available May 1992

RUNNING WORD FOR WINDOWS™

Version2
Russell Borland
This example-rich book is an outstanding reference for intermediate and advanced Microsoft
Word for Windows users. Now completely updated, it highlights all the powerful new features
of Word for Windows version 2. This book moves from a review of the basics to a full description
of Word's power-packed features: styles, fields, macros, and templates. Thrnughout, special tips
provide additional insight and suggest handy shortcuts. You '11 discover the most effective-and
easiest-ways to produce professional-looking documents. You won't find a more authoritative
or comprehensive source of information than RUNNING WORD FOR WINDOWS.
592 pages, softcover $27.95 ($34.95 Canada)

Microsoft Press books are available wherever quality computer books are sold.
Or call 1-800-MSPRESS for ordering information or placing credit card orders.*
Please refer to BBK when placing your order. Prices subject to change.
• In Canada, contact Macmillan Canada, Attn: Microsoft Press Dept., i64 Commander Blvd., Agincourt, Ontario, Canada MIS 3C7,
or call (416) 293-8141.
In the U.K., contact Microsoft Press, 27 Wrights Lane, London W8 5TZ.
 The Books of Choice for Microsoft®Excel Users
MICROSOFT® EXCEL STEP BY STEP, 2nd ed.
Windows™ 4 Edition
Microsoft Corporation
Learn to create useful, error-free spreadsheets with Microsoft Excel for Windows version 4---
with MICROSOFT EXCEL STEP BY STEP-the official Microsoft Excel courseware. It's the
perfect training guide for business, classroom, or home use. Self-paced lessons, disk-based practice
files, and real-world business examples provide you with the most effective and timesaving way to
get up and running with Microsoft Excel. The lessons are progressive yet modular, so the novice
can advance from one lesson to the next, and the intermediate user can step in at any point to
learn specific skills. This method lets you get right to what you need to know. Become a
spreadsheet expert the easy way, with MICROSOFT EXCEL STEP BY STEP.
325 pages, softcover with one 5¼-inch disk $29.95 ($39.95 Canada) Available June 1992

GETTING STARTED WITH

MICROSOFT® EXCEL 4 FOR WINDOWS;M 2nd ed.
Ralph Soucie
If you've never used Microsoft Excel or any other spreadsheet before, GETTING
STARTED WITH MICROSOFT EXCEL 4 FOR WINDOWS is the fastest and easiest way
to master this popular program. This book is a straightforward, step-by-step guide and example-
packed tutorial that is ideal for novice users. You'll quickly pick up the fundamentals of Microsoft
Excel's worksheet, charting, database, and macro capabilities with this clear, concise guide.
Includes dozens of timesaving tips, practical examples, and screen illustrations.
350 pages, softcover $19.95 ($26.95 Canada) Available May 1992

RUNNING MICROSOFT® EXCEL, 3rd ed.

The Cobb Group: Douglas Cobb, Judy Mynhier
with Craig Stinson and Chris Kinata
Here is the most complete and authoritative guide to Microsoft Excel-now updated
for version 4 for Windows-available anywhere. No matter what your level of expertise-
seasoned spreadsheet user, beginning or occasional Microsoft Excel user, or longtime Lotus 1-2-3
user-RUNNING MICROSOFT EXCEL will be your primary source of.information and advice.
It's packed with step-by-step instruction, scores of examples and tips, and dozens of illustrations.
The easy-to-follow tutorial style will help you quickly learn both the basics and most advanced
features of Microsoft Excel and learn how to use Microsoft Excel with other programs, link
and share files with Lotus 1-2-3, and use Microsoft Excel with Windows.
900 pages, softcover $29.95 ($39.95 Canada) Available June 1992

Microsoft Press books are available wherever quality computer books are sold.
Or call 1-800-MSPRESS for ordering information or placing credit card orders.'
Please refer to BBK when placing your order. Prices subject to change.
' In Canada, contact Macmillan Canada, Attn: Microsoft Press Dept., 164 Commander Blvd., Agincourt, Ontario, Canada MIS 3C7,
or call (416) 293-8141.
In the U.K., contact Microsoft Press, 27 Wrights Lane, London WS STZ.
 The Official Software Companion Books
from Microsoft Press
When you're looking for information on Microsoft Works for Windows, Money or
Publisher, turn to the Official Software Companion books from Microsoft Press:

MICROSOFT® WORKS FOR WINDOWS™

JoAnne Woodcock
This information-filled tutorial and reference offers clear instruction on each element in the Works
for Windows package-ideal for novice and intermediate users. It is the one book you need to get up and
running fast-and to get full benefit from Works' word processor, spreadsheet, database, drawing package,
charting tool, communications module, and report generator. In addition, you'll leam how to share data
within Works and with Money and Publisher, and how to intergrate Works into any small business.
440 pages, softcover $22.95 ($27.95 Canada)

MICROSOFT® MONEY
Stephen L. Nelson
This book offers example-packed tutorials on all the features of Microsoft Money-the financial
rrianagement software for the Microsoft Windows operating environment. You'll find a wealth of informa-
tion to help you automate and organize your finances, from basic tasks such as balancing your checkbook to
advanced accounting procedures. This book also includes instructions on working with Microsoft Windows,
tips on personal and small-business finances, and information to help you set up and use the software to suit
your own financial management style. Ideal for individuals, investors, and small-business owners.
280 pages, softcover $19.95 ($25.95 Canada)

MICROSOFT® PUBLISHER
Luisa Simone
You don't need to be a professional designer to produce professional-quality printed pieces with
Microsoft Publisher-the new Windows desktop publishing software package. This book is an information-
filled resource of design advice and projects and offers instruction for those wanting to explore desktop
publishing with Microsoft Publisher. There is welcome information on the fundamentals of design, an
overview of Microsoft Publisher's built-in tools and features, a super selection of projects, and an inspiring
portfolio of printed pieces. A valuable tool for the home or small business desktop publisher.
400 pages, softcover $24.95 ($34.95 Canada)

Microsoft Press books are available wherever quality computer books are sold.
Or call 1-800-MSPRESS for ordering iriformation or placing credit card orders.*
Please refer to BBK when placing your order. Prices subject to change.
' In Canada, contact Macmillan Canada, Attn: Microsoft Press Dept., 164 Commander Blvd., Agincourt, Ontario, Canada MIS 3C7,
or call (416) 293-8141.
In the U.K., contact Microsoft Press, 27 Wrights Lane, London W8 5TZ.
Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052-639

Part No. 424-41844