Texas A&M University at Qatar

Electrical and Computer Engineering Program

Semester: Fall 2023 Lab Project

ECEN 325 Electronics

Section: 501

Texas A&M University at Qatar Electrical and Computer Engineering Program

Designing a non-inverting Band-Pass Op Amp Filter

Instructor: Dr. Muhammed Zilany

Student’s Names: Malak Soliman, Fatma Al-Mohannadi

Submission Date: 23/10/2023

“On my honor, as an Aggie, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this academic work”
Contents
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Design Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 3
3. Design Verification: ............................................................................................................................... 4
4. 4-Design implementation: .................................................................................................................... 6
5. Design Discussion ................................................................................................................................10
6. Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................................10
7. Citation ................................................................................................................................................11

2
 1. Introduction
The objective of this lab project is to design and build a non-inverting band-pass op-amp filter. A band-
pass filter is a filter that lets through frequencies that fall within its range while rejecting those that do
not. In a transmitter, its main function is to limit the bandwidth of the output signal to the band that is
intended for transmission. In wireless transmitters and receivers, it is widely used. Signals within a preset
range of frequencies can be received or decoded thanks to the filer in a receiver. The op-amp is the
foundation of the circuit, along with resistors and capacitors.

2. Design Methodology
The first step of the experiment was building two distinct band-pass filter designs out of two op-amps,
resistors, and capacitors. In the first circuit, two op-amps were used to simulate the effects of a band-pass
filter. One op-amp was employed as a low-pass filter and the other as a high-pass filter. When both were
coupled, the circuit then worked as a band-pass filter. After the first circuit was built, the bode plots were
measured. An oscilloscope was used to observe three frequencies: 10 Hz, 1kHz, and 29 kHz. The three
frequencies that make up the band pass filter are classified as low, band, and high frequencies,
respectively, and are found in its three separate ranges. At different bandpass filter sites, the oscilloscope
showed the behavior of the frequencies. The initial circuit's simulations were finished, and the values
discovered through testing were validated after the circuit was constructed and all measurements had
been taken.

The second circuit's design was significantly more effective as it used a single op-amp to serve as both the
high-pass and low-pass filters with a few wire adjustments. The same methods as previously explained
were also used to the second circuit. The circuit's bode plots were measured to make sure the design
operated as a band-pass filter. The simulations were conducted to validate the experimental results once
the building was complete, and all measurements had been taken. To find the output for different
frequencies at different locations in the band pass filter, the three frequencies were also monitored with
an oscilloscope.

The simulated and experimental values could be confirmed once the construction and simulation of both
circuits were finished, and theoretical values were computed. The circuit of the first experiment was made
unsuitable for commercial usage due to its simplicity and the rapid heating of one of the op-amps when
in operation. In addition, the first circuit is far bigger and significantly more costly to construct
commercially than the second circuit.

Despite meeting the functional requirements of a band-pass filter, the first circuit was less efficient than
the second, which was a significantly more cost-effective and efficient way to construct a band-pass filter.
Furthermore, compared to the second circuit, the first circuit's wiring is more error prone. This presents a
hurdle. The first circuit had two op-amps, and much precision had to be taken so that both the op-amps
were in the correct orientation and the wiring was exact, as any mistake in the connection would give an
unexpected output and not give the desired plots and effects. Whereas the second circuit was much more
efficient in that sense, as it only had one op-amp and was much easier to assemble in comparison to the
first circuit.

3
 3. Design Verification:
Both circuits 1 and 2 were designed using Pspice AD 17.4. They were constructed using amplifiers,
capacitors, voltages and resistors. The designs were utilized using AC sweep and Noise analysis techniques.
Bode plots were displayed in dB with a cursor to pinpoint the output voltage at different frequencies. The
frequencies used were 10Hz, 1kHz and 29kHz and were observed to see the different responses to each
frequency.

Figure 2: circuit 1 simulation cursor at 150 Hz

Figure 1: circuit 1 simulation

Figure 3: circuit 1 simulation cursor at 3300 Hz

Figure 4: low frequency 10 Hz Figure 5: Band frequency 1kHz Figure 6: high frequency 29kHz

Figure 7: low frequency 10 Hz Figure 8: Band frequency 1kHz Figure 9: high frequency 29kHz
waveform plots waveform plots waveform plots

4
 Figure 11: circuit 2 simulation cursor at 160 Hz

Figure 10: circuit 2 simulation

Figure 12: circuit 2 simulation cursor at 3400 Hz

Figure 13: low frequency 10 Hz Figure 14: Band frequency 1kHz Figure 15: High frequency 29kHz

Figure 16: low frequency 10 Hz

Figure 17: Band frequency 1kHz Figure 18: low frequency 29kHz
waveform plots
waveform plots waveform plots

In this part of the experiment, we were asked to simulate the circuit at different frequencies but
when simulating it at low frequency there seems to be an error where the green and red line should be
exactly on top of each other but they are not. This might have occurred due to human error or PC glitches.

5
 4. Design implementation:

Table 1: calculated and measured values of the resistors and capacitors

Calculated Measured % error

Resistor 1 1.03kΩ 1kΩ 3%

Resistor 2 1.04kΩ 1kΩ 4%

Resistor 3 105Ω 1kΩ 89.5%

Resistor 4 1.0kΩ 1kΩ 0%

Resistor 5 510.8Ω 511Ω 2.11%

Capacitor 1 37.2nF 47nF 20.8%

Capacitor 2 0.89 μF 1μF 11%

Figure 19: Circuit 1 Bode Plot-Amplitude and Figure 20: Circuit 1 Bode Plot-Amplitude and
Phase cursor at 150 Hz Phase cursor at 3300 Hz

6
 Table 2: simulated, experimental and % error of frequency, phase shift and gain of circuit 1 (cursor at 150 Hz)
Frequency Phase Gain
Experimental 158.14 Hz 39.78° 1.43 dB
Simulated 159.86 Hz 41.88° 1.52 dB
% error 1.075% 5.014% 5.920%

Table 3: simulated, experimental and % error of frequency, phase shift and gain of circuit 1 (cursor at 3300 Hz)
Frequency Phase Gain
Experimental 3539.77 Hz -38.93° 3.29 dB
Simulated 3433.70 Hz -43.86° 2.90 dB
% error 3.09% 11.24% 13.44%

Figure 21: Oscilloscope reading at

low frequency 10 Hz Figure 22: Oscilloscope reading at
Band frequency 1kHz

Figure 23: Oscilloscope reading at

high frequency 29kHz

7
 Table 4: simulated and experimental frequency and gain
Low frequency 10Hz Band frequency 1kHz High frequency 29kHz
Simulated 0.154 V/V 1.50 V/V 0.301 V/V
Experimental 0.139 V/V 1.890 V/V 0.276V/V
% error 10% 20% 9.058%

Figure 24: Circuit 2 Bode Plot-Amplitude and Figure 25: Circuit 2 Bode Plot-Amplitude and
Phase cursor at 160 Hz Phase cursor at 3400 Hz

Table 5: simulated, experimental and % error of frequency, phase shift and gain of circuit 2 (cursor at 160 Hz)
Frequency Phase Gain
Experimental 158.14 Hz 39.41° 1.39 dB
Simulated 159.87 Hz 34.14° 1.521dB
% error 1.082% 15.44% 8.55%

Table 6: simulated, experimental and % error of frequency, phase shift and gain of circuit 2 (cursor at 3400 Hz)
Frequency Phase Gain
Experimental 3539.77 Hz -40.15° 1.40 dB
Simulated 3394.70 Hz -31.58° 1.51 dB
% error 4.27% 27.12% 7.28%

8
Figure 26: Oscilloscope reading at Figure 27: Oscilloscope reading at
low frequency 10 Hz in circuit 2 Band frequency 1kHz in circuit 2

Figure 28: Oscilloscope reading at

high frequency 29kHz in circuit 2

Table 7: simulated and experimental frequency and gain

Low frequency 10Hz Band frequency 1kHz High frequency 29kHz
Simulated 0.134V/V 1.55 V/V 0.31 V/V
Experimental 0.14V/V 1.82 V/V 0.26 V/V
% error 4.286% 14.835% 19%

9
 5. Design Discussion
The prices of the design component used in the circuits are shown in table below:

Table 8: cost of design components

Design Component (per) Price (USD) QAR=3.65*USD
Resistor (1kΩ) 0.280
Resistor (500 ohms) 0.032
Capacitor (47 nF) 0.231
Capacitor (1 μF) 0.151
Op-Amp (uA741) 0.440

Table 9: total cost of circuit in US dollars

Total cost First circuit Second circuit
Doesn’t include cost of cables as $1.502 $1.254
they’re a negligible cost

The first circuit is far more expensive to build than the second, as can be shown from the computations
above. Comparatively speaking, the second circuit presents a far more economical and efficient method
of utilizing op-amps to construct a band-pass filter than the first, which uses two of them.

There are two categories into which all design costs may be divided: proportionate costs and fixed costs.
Other fixed expenses including rent, production costs, design time and costs, and other fixed charges. On
the other hand, proportionate costs are related to the size of the chips produced and include the cost of
necessary supplies, packaging, and testing. Because they need suitable living and working conditions as
well as education, designers are getting more and more expensive. Additionally, certain new hardware and
software purchases must be made during the design phase. Better and more compact electrical gadgets
may now be produced thanks to technological advancements. The cost of the computer equipment
needed for the design does not diminish quickly, even if the cost of hardware resources is falling every day.
The project is becoming more sophisticated every day, and there is a growing need for better hardware.
The price of the components reflects the high cost of everything.

6. Conclusion
In conclusion, frequencies over 160 Hz and below 3400 Hz are allowed for both circuit designs as they
satisfy the required requirements. When verified by simulations and real-world applications, both
methods produced outcomes that were equivalent. Bode plots and oscilloscope readings at different
frequencies were obtained for each of the circuit configurations. Notably, there is a possibility that errors
in the wire circuit construction or inaccuracies in the component measurements will cause the
experiment's findings to differ significantly. Because it was more cheaply priced, the second circuit design
turned out to be the better design when the findings were collected.

10
 7. Citation

Electronics parts: Buy Electronic Components & Electric Parts - Octopart electronic parts. Octopart.
(n.d.). https://octopart.com/electronic-parts

11