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Aa Formula Booklet

The document contains formulas for mathematics analysis and approaches. It includes formulas for number and algebra, functions, geometry, trigonometry, statistics, probability, and calculus. The formulas are organized by topic and level of difficulty for both SL and HL courses.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
52 views14 pages

Aa Formula Booklet

The document contains formulas for mathematics analysis and approaches. It includes formulas for number and algebra, functions, geometry, trigonometry, statistics, probability, and calculus. The formulas are organized by topic and level of difficulty for both SL and HL courses.

Uploaded by

nina.p
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Diploma Programme

Mathematics: analysis and approaches


formula booklet
For use during the course and in the examinations
First examinations 2021

Version 1.0

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2019


Contents

Prior learning
SL and HL 2

Topic 1: Number and algebra


SL and HL 3

HL only 4

Topic 2: Functions
SL and HL 5

HL only 5

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry


SL and HL 6

HL only 7

Topic 4: Statistics and probability


SL and HL 9

HL only 10

Topic 5: Calculus
SL and HL 11

HL only 12
Prior learning – SL and HL

Area of a parallelogram A bh , where b is the base, h is the height

1
Area of a triangle A (bh) , where b is the base, h is the height
2

1
Area of a trapezoid A (a b) h , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height
2

Area of a circle A r 2 , where r is the radius

Circumference of a circle C 2 r , where r is the radius

Volume of a cuboid V lwh , where l is the length, w is the width, h is the height

Volume of a cylinder V r 2 h , where r is the radius, h is the height

Volume of a prism V Ah , where A is the area of cross-section, h is the height

Area of the curved surface of A 2 rh , where r is the radius, h is the height


a cylinder

Distance between two


d ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2
points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )

Coordinates of the midpoint of x1 x2 y1 y2


a line segment with endpoints ,
2 2
( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 2


Topic 1: Number and algebra – SL and HL

SL The nth term of an un u1 (n 1) d


1.2 arithmetic sequence

The sum of n terms of an n n


arithmetic sequence Sn 2u1 (n 1) d ; S n (u1 un )
2 2

SL The nth term of a un u1r n 1

1.3 geometric sequence

The sum of n terms of a u1 (r n 1) u1 (1 r n )


finite geometric sequence Sn , r 1
r 1 1 r

SL r
kn

1.4 Compound interest FV PV 1 , where FV is the future value,


100k
PV is the present value, n is the number of years,
k is the number of compounding periods per year,
r% is the nominal annual rate of interest

SL Exponents and logarithms ax b x log a b , where a 0, b 0, a 1


1.5

SL Exponents and logarithms log a xy log a x log a y


1.7
x
log a log a x log a y
y
log a x m m log a x

log b x
log a x
log b a

SL The sum of an infinite u1


1.8 geometric sequence S , r 1
r 1

SL Binomial theorem n C a n 1b … n C a n r b r … b n
1.9 ( a b) n an
1 r

nC n!
r r !(n r )!

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 3


Topic 1: Number and algebra – HL only

AHL nC n!
1.10 Combinations
r r !(n r )!

nP n!
Permutations
r (n r )!

AHL Complex numbers z a bi


1.12

AHL Modulus-argument (polar) z r (cos isin ) rei r cis


1.13 and exponential (Euler)
form

AHL r (cos isin )


n
r n (cos n isin n ) r n ein r n cis n
De Moivre’s theorem
1.14

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 4


Topic 2: Functions – SL and HL

SL Equations of a straight line y mx c ; ax by d 0; y y1 m x x1


2.1

y2 y1
Gradient formula m
x2 x1

SL Axis of symmetry of the b


2.6 graph of a quadratic f ( x) ax 2 bx c axis of symmetry is x
2a
function

SL
Solutions of a quadratic b b 2 4ac
2.7
equation ax 2 bx c 0 x , a 0
2a
Discriminant b2 4ac

SL Exponential and ax e x ln a ; log a a x x a loga x where a , x 0, a 1


2.9 logarithmic functions

Topic 2: Functions – HL only

AHL Sum and product of the n


1 a0
an
2.12 roots of polynomial Sum is 1
; product is
equations of the form an an
n
ar x r 0
r 0

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 5


Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – SL and HL

SL Distance between two


d ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2 ( z1 z2 ) 2
3.1 points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
( x2 , y2 , z2 )

Coordinates of the x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z2
midpoint of a line segment , ,
2 2 2
with endpoints ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
and ( x2 , y2 , z2 )

1
Volume of a right-pyramid V Ah , where A is the area of the base, h is the height
3

1 2
Volume of a right cone V r h , where r is the radius, h is the height
3

Area of the curved surface A rl , where r is the radius, l is the slant height
of a cone

4 3
Volume of a sphere V r , where r is the radius
3

Surface area of a sphere A 4 r 2 , where r is the radius

SL a b c
3.2 Sine rule
sin A sin B sin C

a2 b2 c2
Cosine rule c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C ; cos C
2ab

1
Area of a triangle A ab sin C
2

SL
3.4
Length of an arc l r , where r is the radius, is the angle measured in radians

1 2
Area of a sector A r , where r is the radius, is the angle measured in
2
radians

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 6


SL sin
3.5 Identity for tan tan
cos

SL Pythagorean identity cos 2 sin 2 1


3.6

Double angle identities sin 2 2sin cos

cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 2cos 2 1 1 2sin 2

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – HL only

AHL 1
Reciprocal trigonometric sec
3.9
identities cos

1
cosec
sin

Pythagorean identities 1 tan 2 sec 2


1 cot 2 cosec 2

AHL Compound angle identities sin ( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B


3.10

cos ( A B ) cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B

tan A tan B
tan ( A B)
1 ∓ tan A tan B

Double angle identity 2 tan


tan 2
for tan 1 tan 2

AHL v1
3.12 2 2 2
Magnitude of a vector v v1 v2 v3 , where v v2
v3

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 7


AHL v1 w1
3.13
Scalar product v w v1w1 v2 w2 v3 w3 , where v v2 , w w2
v3 w3

v w v w cos , where is the angle between v and w

Angle between two v1w1 v2 w2 v3 w3


cos
vectors v w

AHL Vector equation of a line r=a+ b


3.14

Parametric form of the x x0 l, y y0 m, z z0 n


equation of a line

Cartesian equations of a x x0 y y0 z z0
line l m n

AHL v2 w3 v3 w2 v1 w1
3.16
Vector product v w v3 w1 v1w3 , where v v2 , w w2
v1w2 v2 w1 v3 w3

v w v w sin , where is the angle between v and w

Area of a parallelogram A v w where v and w form two adjacent sides of a


parallelogram

AHL Vector equation of a plane r = a + b+ c


3.17
Equation of a plane r n a n
(using the normal vector)

Cartesian equation of a ax by cz d
plane

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 8


Topic 4: Statistics and probability – SL and HL

SL Interquartile range IQR Q3 Q1


4.2

SL k

4.3 f i xi k
Mean, x , of a set of data x i 1
, where n fi
n i 1

SL n ( A)
4.5 Probability of an event A P ( A)
n (U )

Complementary events P ( A) P ( A ) 1

SL Combined events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B) P ( A B)


4.6
Mutually exclusive events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B)

P ( A B)
Conditional probability P ( A B)
P ( B)

Independent events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B)

SL Expected value of a E(X ) x P(X x)


4.7 discrete random variable X

SL Binomial distribution
4.8 X ~ B (n , p)

Mean E ( X ) np

Variance Var ( X ) np (1 p )

SL Standardized normal x
4.12 variable z

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 9


Topic 4: Statistics and probability – HL only

AHL P ( B) P ( A | B)
Bayes’ theorem P ( B | A)
4.13
P ( B) P ( A | B) P ( B ) P ( A | B )

P( Bi ) P( A | Bi )
P ( Bi | A)
P( B1 ) P( A | B1 ) P( B2 ) P( A | B2 ) P( B3 ) P( A | B3 )

AHL k
2
k

4.14 f i xi f i xi 2
2 2 2
Variance i 1 i 1

n n

k
2
f i xi
i 1
Standard deviation
n

Linear transformation of a E aX b aE ( X ) b
single random variable
Var aX b a 2 Var ( X )

Expected value of a
continuous random E(X ) x f ( x) dx
variable X

2
Variance Var ( X ) E ( X )2 E(X 2) E (X )

Variance of a discrete Var ( X ) (x )2 P ( X x) x2 P ( X x) 2

random variable X

Variance of a continuous
Var ( X ) (x ) 2 f ( x ) dx x 2 f ( x ) dx 2
random variable X

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 10


Topic 5: Calculus – SL and HL

SL Derivative of x n f ( x) xn f ( x) nx n 1

5.3

SL
5.5 xn 1
Integral of x n x n dx C, n 1
n 1

Area between a curve


b
y f ( x) and the x-axis, A y dx
a
where f ( x) 0

SL Derivative of sin x f ( x) sin x f ( x) cos x


5.6
Derivative of cos x f ( x) cos x f ( x) sin x

Derivative of e x f ( x) e x f ( x) e x

1
Derivative of ln x f ( x) ln x f ( x)
x
dy dy du
Chain rule y g (u ) , where u f ( x)
dx du dx
dy dv du
Product rule y uv u v
dx dx dx

du dv
v u
Quotient rule
u dy dx dx
y
v dx v2
SL dv d2 s
5.9 Acceleration a
dt dt 2

Distance travelled from t2


distance v(t ) dt
t1 to t 2 t1

Displacement from t2
displacement v (t )dt
t1 to t 2 t1

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 11


SL Standard integrals 1
5.10 dx ln x C
x

sin x dx cos x C

cos x dx sin x C

e x dx e x C

SL
5.11 Area of region enclosed b
A y dx
by a curve and x-axis a

Topic 5: Calculus – HL only

AHL Derivative of f ( x) from dy f ( x h) f ( x)


5.12 first principles
y f ( x) f ( x) lim
dx h 0 h

AHL Standard derivatives


5.15
tan x f ( x) tan x f ( x) sec 2 x

sec x f ( x) sec x f ( x) sec x tan x

cosec x f ( x) cosec x f ( x) cosec x cot x

cot x f ( x) cot x f ( x) cosec 2 x

ax f ( x) a x f ( x) a x (ln a )

1
log a x f ( x) log a x f ( x)
x ln a

1
arcsin x f ( x) arcsin x f ( x)
1 x2

1
arccos x f ( x) arccos x f ( x)
1 x2

1
arctan x f ( x) arctan x f ( x)
1 x2

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 12


AHL Standard integrals 1 x
5.15 a x dx a C
ln a
1 1 x
2 2
dx arctan C
a x a a

1 x
dx arcsin C, x a
a 2
x 2 a

AHL dv du
5.16 Integration by parts u dx uv v dx or u dv uv v du
dx dx

AHL b

5.17
Area of region enclosed A x dy
a
by a curve and y-axis

b b
Volume of revolution V y 2 x or V x2 y
a a
about the x or y-axes

AHL Euler’s method yn 1 yn h f ( xn , yn ) ; xn 1 xn h , where h is a constant


5.18 (step length)

Integrating factor for P ( x )dx


e
y P ( x) y Q ( x)

AHL x2
5.19 Maclaurin series f ( x) f (0) x f (0) f (0) …
2!

Maclaurin series for x2


special functions ex 1 x ...
2!

x2 x3
ln (1 x) x ...
2 3

x3 x5
sin x x ...
3! 5!

x2 x4
cos x 1 ...
2! 4!

x3 x5
arctan x x ...
3 5

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 13

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