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CHM Lab 9

The document describes a lab experiment where students used physical properties like solubility, density, and melting point to identify an unknown solid substance. They tested if the solid was soluble in water and ethanol, measured its density, and found its melting point. Based on the results, they determined the unknown solid was naphthalene.

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karamict8
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70 views

CHM Lab 9

The document describes a lab experiment where students used physical properties like solubility, density, and melting point to identify an unknown solid substance. They tested if the solid was soluble in water and ethanol, measured its density, and found its melting point. Based on the results, they determined the unknown solid was naphthalene.

Uploaded by

karamict8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab Report

Alfaisal University

Chemistry Department

CHM 102 L

Experiment No. 9

Identification of a Substance by Physical Properties

Student name: karam faroun

Student ID: 240419

Submission date:
Lab Report

Aim

To learn the use of physical properties such as solubility, density, boiling point, and melting
point in identifying liquids and solids substances.

Introduction

Every substance has a unique set of properties that allow us to differentiate one from
another. These properties can be classified as either physical properties or chemical
properties. Physical properties are those that can be determined or measured without
changing the composition or identity of the substance. These properties include color, odor,
taste, density, melting point, boiling point, conductivity, and hardness. Chemical properties
tell us how a substance interacts with other substances. Such properties include reaction with
oxygen (oxidation), chlorine, metals, etc. Determination of chemical properties results in the
change of the identity of the substance. Some properties, such as solubility, melting point,
boiling point, and density are independent of the amount of substance being examined. These
properties are known as intensive properties and are used to identify a substance. Extensive
properties such as mass and volume depend on the amount of substance present and are not
useful in the identification of a substance. In this experiment, we will use three properties to
identify a liquid substance - solubility, density and boiling point.Another serious problem is
the description of raw materials. Although aluminum is the third most abundant element in
the earth’s crust, the supply of its useful ores is not inexhaustible. Additionally, aluminum is
one of the more durable materials used in metal containers. The average “life” of an
aluminum can is about one hundred years. That means that discarded cans can be a serious
long-term litter problem.

Methods/ Procedures

SOLID - Identification of a solid utilizing the physical properties of solubility in water,


solubility in ethanol, density, and melting point.
PART A. Solubility
1. Take two test tubes and set them in a rack. Add 2 ml of water to the first test tube and 2 ml
of ethanol to the second test tube.
2. Add a FEW crystals of your unknown solid to each of the test tubes. Shake briefly.
3. Observe whether the crystals dissolve completely, dissolve to some extent, or do not
dissolve.
4. Record on your data sheet “s” for soluble, “sls” for slightly soluble, or “i” for insoluble.
PART B. Density
1. Fill your 10 ml graduated cylinder to the 5 ml mark with the liquid in which your unknown
was not soluble in Part A.
2. Read the volume to the nearest 0.05 ml. Record this initial volume on your data sheet.
3. Place the 10 ml graduated cylinder + liquid on the balance and tare the balance (re- set to
zero).
4. While the graduated cylinder is on the balance, add a few crystals of your unknown to the
liquid in the graduated cylinder until the balance reads about 0.5g. Record the mass of your
crystals on the data sheet.
5. Making sure that the crystals are completely submerged, read the final volume of the liquid
in the cylinder. Record this final volume on your data sheet.
6. To find the volume of your solid, subtract the initial volume of the liquid from the final
volume of the liquid.
7. Calculate the density of your solid and record. D = m/v
8. Pour most of the liquid into the sink and dispose of the solid part of the sample in the solid
waste container provided by your instructor.

PART C. Melting point (given by Dr. Nur)


1. Obtain 3 capillary tubes.
2. Place some of your unknown on a watch glass and push some unknown into the open end
of the capillary tube until you have about 1⁄4 inch of unknown in the tube. Tap the crystals
down to the closed end until they are well packed.
3. Using the Mel-Temp apparatus, set the plateau temperature to 1000C. Place 2 capillary
tubes into the apparatus and press start. (See Fig 2 or Fig. 3 using hot water bath). View your
samples through the view finder. Record on the data sheet the temperature at the instant the
first crystal begins to melt. This is your melting point. To verify the melting point
temperature, you may wish to repeat the procedure with your last test tube,
4. Discard the capillary tubes in the “Glass Disposal” containers.

Guidelines for using a single-pan balance:


1. Do not place chemicals directly on the pan. Instead, use a weighing paper, a beaker, a
watch glass, or weighing bottle.
2. Do not weigh hot or warm objects. Objects must be at room temperature. 3. Return all
weight to the zero position after weighing.
4. Clean up any chemical spills in the balance area.
5. Inform your instructor if the balance is not operating correctly. Do not attempt to repair it
yourself.
Results
Here are the results:

Part A:

In the water, the unknown solid is insoluble. However, in the ethanol the unknown solid is very
slightly soluble.

Water Solubility Ethanol Solubility


Insoluble Very Slightly Insoluble

Part B:

Dry Mass Initial volume Final volume Delta V (F-I) P=m/v


2.09 grams 5 ml 6.7 ml 1.8 ml 2.09 / 1.8 =1.16

The density is 1.16 g/ml.

Part C:

Melting point of the unknown solid is 80 degrees Celsius.

Conclusion:
The unknown solid is Naphthalene.
Discussion and Conclusion

We got to the conclusion that the chemicals in the reference table correspond to our results after
finishing our calculations and testing with both solid and liquid unknowns. That proves that we deliver
precise, careful work with few to no faults. According to the findings, the unidentified chemical is most
likely Potassium Alum.

Reference

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