CHE 205

CHE 205
Chemical Engineering Calculations

Hybrid Teaching
Week 5
Spring 2022

2
Chapter 3 Processes and Process Variables
3.4 Pressure
3.5 Temperature
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Material Balances
4.1 Process Classification

3
 3.4b. Types of Pressures
1. Atmospheric pressure (Patm): is the pressure caused by the
Ight m

weight of atmosphere on surface of earth. (Barometric Pressure).

2. Absolute pressure (Pabs): is total pressure and relative to a perfect

A
surface

vacuum (P = 0).

3. Gauge pressure (Pgauge): is the pressure of the fluid relative to

atmospheric pressure; Pabs minus Patm.

Of
Pgauge = Pabsolute  Patm
A gauge pressure of 0 indicates that the absolute pressure
of the fluid is equal to atmospheric pressure.
Pogo
Pubs at m
4. Vacuum pressure (Pvac): when pressure is below
atmospheric value. Complete vacuum corresponds to zero
pressure. 4

abs m
 s
gag
Pgauge = Pabsolute  Patm

Note
If the tank is open to the atmosphere,
Pg = 0

atm
Sometimes you will see Ibf
/in2
gabs
units written as psia (pounds per square
inch absolute) or psig (pounds per square inch gauge)

5
 3.4c. Pressure measuring devices

Bourdon gauge

6
 Manometers

to calculate
the pressure
0

I
Measures pressure at Measures pressure P2 = nearly vacuum ~ 0. If
one point difference between inlet end is exposed to
two point in the line atmosphere the unit is
Manometers variables called Barometer
(P1 = 1 atm).

Calculations of
manometers will
be discussed in the
Momentum
Transfer course.
7
 3.5 Temperature
 Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
molecules of a substance.

 It is measured indirectly using a scale relative to a measureable

00
physical property that depends on temperature (electrical resistance,
voltage, radiation, etc).

Temperature Scales
 Can be defined in terms of any property or physical phenomena, e.g.,
volume of a fixed mass of fluid (thermometer), that takes place at a
fixed temperature, e.g., freezing or boiling points..

and the Celsius scale.

O
T
 The two most common temperature scales are the Fahrenheit scale

 They are defined using freezing temperature (Tf) and boiling

temperature (Tb) of water at 1 atm at sea level.
I stand freezing 8
 f tht
Celsius or centigrade scale (degrees C, or C)
•
•
0 0
Tf is assigned a value of (0C,) and Tb a value (100C).
Absolute zero: theoretically is the lowest temperature attainable in nature.
• On this scale, absolute zero falls at -273.15C OR
Fahrenheit scale (F)
•
O O
Tf is assigned a value of (32F,) and Tb a value (212C).
•
o
Absolute zero falls at -459.67F

Kelvin (K) and Rankine (R) scales

• Are defined such that the absolute zero has a value of zero (0)
• In Kelvin scale, the size of degree Kelvin (K) is same as a C.
Kelvin Celsius
• In Rankine scale, the size of degree Rankine (R) is same as a F.

9
 Relation between temperature scales
T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15
T(°R) = T(°F) + 459.67

T(°F) = 1.8 T(°C) + 32 y= ax+b

9
T(°R) = 1.8 T(K)

Example. Convert 20°F into °C.

20°F = 1.8 T(°C) + 32  T = -6.67 °C

TEC
7.1.31
20
6.670
31 10
 Temperature vs. Temp. Interval
• 20°C is a temperature value, while 20°C to 50°C is an interval.
• Temperature interval is any situation that can be described as T
Tf Ti
Conversion of units for a Conversion of units for a
temperature value (T) temperature interval (T)
T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15
T(°R) = T(°F) + 459.67
T(°R) = 1.8 T(K)
T(°F) = 1.8 T(°C) + 32
I tis
Example. How many °C are there in interval 20°F to 80°F?
T = 80 - 20 = 60°F (interval).
T(°C) = 60°F  (1°C / 1.8°F) = 33.33°C

Show that
R= 8.314 m3.Pa/mol.K What about:
equals to Q= m C T ?
0.7302 ft3.atm/mol.R 11
 Temperature vs. Temp. Interval

Absolute Water 100 – 0 = 100°C

Water
zero freezes boils

-273°C 0°C 100°C

-3 -1 1 4 98 99
°C -272 -271 -2 2 3 5 101
°C

K 1 2 270 271 272 274 275 276 277 278 371 372 374 K
0K 273K 373K
212 – 32 = 180°F

-460°F 32°F 212°F

°F -459 -458 -457 27 28 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 209 210 211 213
°F

°R 1 2 3 487 488 489 490 491 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 669 670 671 673 °R
0°R
492°R 672°R

12
 Temperature-Measuring Devices
Temperature is determined indirectly by measuring a
physical property of a substance whose value depends on
temperature. thermocouple
Resistance
• Resistance thermometer: electrical thermometer

resistance of a conductor.

• Thermocouple: voltage at the

junction of two dissimilar metals.

• Pyrometer: spectrum of emitted Pyrometer

radiation. Thermo-meter

• Thermometer: volume of a fixed

mass of fluid

13
Example 3.5-3 Temperature Conversion and Dimensional
Homogeneity
The heat capacity of ammonia, defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit
mass of ammonia by precisely 1o at a constant pressure, is, over a limited temperature range, given by
the expression

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐶 = 0.487 + 2.29 × 10 𝑇 ℉
𝑙𝑏 ℉

Determine the expression for 𝐶 in 𝐽/ 𝑔 ℃ in terms of 𝑇 ℃ .

Solution
The ℉ in the units of 𝐶 refers to a temperature interval, while the unit of 𝑇 is a temperature. The
calculation is best done in two steps.

14
Cp 1
1 0.487 2.29 10 4 T.cat EfsE
to

page

o 4874 2.29110 4 1.8 TOC 132

4 32
0.487 2.29 10 44 1 8 42.29 10

T
4f7.328X1010
12xio Y87 0.494t4 I 2 10 4769

BY 18 1 1J 2.20462164

IX F I 9.486 10 Btn looog

4.183
Ee
049474.12 4 TE 2.06 1.72
10
4.13 10
TECO
 0.487 32
Solution cont. 0.487 1.8
Eigg Y
1. Substitute for 𝑇(℉) and simplify the resulting equation: No
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐶 = 0.487 + 2.29 × 10 𝑇 ℉
𝑙𝑏 ℉
c
= 0.487 + 2.29 × 10 1.8𝑇 ℃ + 32 g 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 ℉ = 1.8𝑇 ℃ + 32
= 0.494 + 4.12 × 10 𝑇 ℃

2. Convert to desired temperature interval unit using Equation 3.5-5 :

𝐽 (𝐵𝑡𝑢) 1.8℉ 1𝐽 1𝑙𝑏 Equation 3.5-5:

𝐶 = 0.494 + 4.12 × 10 𝑇 ℃ . ℉ . ° ℉ ℃
𝑔 ℃ 𝑙𝑏 ℉ 1℃ 9.486 × 10 𝐵𝑡𝑢 454 𝑔 ℃
, , °
,

𝐽
𝐶 = 2.06 + 1.72 × 10 𝑇 ℃
𝑔 ℃

15
 4.1 Process Classifications
 Types of systems
Open system Closed system
Material flows across the No flows cross the
system boundary during the system boundary, in or
interval of time being studied out.

 Classification based on how the process varies with

time
Steady state Unsteady state (transient)
Process variables (P, V, T, n, Process variables change
m) do not change with time. with time.
P Pressure Volume T temperature n mold m mass 16
 Classification based on how materials are added/removed
1. Batch process:
• Add content to system, then remove them later.
• Closed system (material transfer only during
charging and product removal).
• Usually unsteady state
• Use amount units (kg, mol, etc)

2. Continuous process:
É8
• Materials are continuously added and removed
• System is open,
• Usually runs at steady state.
• Use flowrate units (kg, mol, etc)

3. Semibatch process:
• Neither batch nor continuous.
• Runs unsteady state
17
Examples. Classify these processes

Semibatch process
A balloon is filled with air at a constant rate of 2 g/min is _____________

Water is put in a closed flask then is boiled. _______________

Batch process
Continuous production of gasoline from crude oil. _________________
continuous process

f times W Batch
continuous
E
D or W semi batch 18
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Material Balances
4.1 Process Classification
4.2 Balances

19
 4.2 Balances
4.2a General Balance Equation
It is the Law of Conservation of Mass, i.e. Mass can neither be created nor
destroyed
system
output [Units]
O
Input Generation (+)
Consumption (-) mass, or
Accumulation mass/time
IIe
Input – Output + Generation – Consumption = Accumulation

Applies to conserved quantities (total mass, mass of a particular species, energy,

o
momentum) in a system (single unit, collection of units, the entire process).
o
22
 Accumulation : is the rate of change of material within the
system. It can be
i. Positive (material is increasing),
ii. Negative (material decreasing), or
iii. Zero (steady state).

 Types of Balances
Differential balance Integral balances
• Indicates what happen in the • Describes what happens between
system at any instant in time. two instants of time.
• Each term in balance equation • Each term in balance equation
is a rate = property/time. amount of property.
• Applies to continuous process. • Used for batch process.

23
 Example 4.2-1 The General Balance Equation
I n out
Each year 50,000 people move into a city, 75,000 move out,
Gen 22,000 are born, and 19,000 die. Write a balance on the
population of the city. con
System = city

Input output
Regeneration (+) 22,000 people/year
50,000 people/year Consumption (-) 19,000 people/year 75,000 people/year
Accumulation = ?

Accumulation = Input – Output + Generation – Consumption

50,000 p/yr - 75,000 p/yrc + 22,000 p/yrc - 19,000 p/yrc

Accumulation = -22,000 p/yr

Population of this city decreases by 22,000 people each year 24
Rules to simplify the general balance equation (GBE)
O Genratio
 If the system is at steady state  Input output consumption
• Accumulation = 0.0 regardless of what is being balanced.

 If the balanced substance is nonreactive species,

• Generation=0.0, and
• Consumption=0.0 Input output

 If the balanced quantity is total mass:

• Generation = 0.0, and
• Consumption=0.0

I
 When Accumulation is 0.0, the GBE can be rewritten as

input + generation = output + consumption

25
 4.2b Material balance on continuous steady-state processes

 Steady state  Accumulation = 0

Accumulation = In – Out + Generation – Consumption

Input + Generation = Output + Consumption

continuous

 (Special case). If the steady state balance is Non reactive

 Generation = 0 and Consumption = 0

Input + Generation = Output + Consumption

Input = Output
26
4.2c Integral balances on batch
processes
Batch Reaction (Reactant Ygime
Product)
 Consider Balance on any species (reactant or product)
 Feed is charged into a system at time t0 = 0, and thus the initial number of
mole of species (reactant or product) is no
 When reaction is terminated at time tf , the species will be withdrawn at nf.
 Between to and tf, no species enters (input = 0) or leaves (output= 0) the
reactor No No
input output
Species balance Accumulation = Input – Output + Generation –
Consumption
Accumulation = Generation – Consumption ....... (1)
Equating
also Accumulation = Final output – Initial input ....... (2) (1) and (2)

Initial input+ Generation = Final output +

Consumption 27
 Similarity in Balance equations
between Continuous steady-state and Batch processes
Expressions are very close but units are different
(flow rates vs. amounts)

Continuous steady-state (flowrate) – with reaction

Input + Generation = Output + Consumption

Flow rates (e.g., kg/h)

Batch (amount) – with reaction A

Initial input + Generation = Final output + Consumption

Amounts (e.g., kg)
28
Continuous steady-state (flowrate) – without reaction

Input = Output
Flow rates (e.g., kg/h)

Batch (amount) – without reaction

Initial input = Final output

Amounts (e.g., kg)

29
Example 4.2-2 Material Balances on a Continuous Distillation Process
One thousand kilogram per hour of a mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) containing 50%
benzene by mass is separated by distillation into two fractions (streams). The mass flow rate of
benzene in the top stream is 450 kg B/h and that of toluene in the bottom stream is 475 kg T/h. The
operation is at steady state. Write balances on benzene and toluene to calculate the unknown
component flow rate in the output streams.

450 kg B/h

Benzene (B) 1000(kg/h)

𝑚̇ 1 kg T/h 3500
Distillatio
Toluene (T)
ma 500 450 5
50 wt% B
n Column
Rgt
g
g
50 wt% T
Continuous steady state, no reaction
𝑚̇ 2 kg B/h
Input + Generation = Output + 475 kg T/h my
Consumption solution
T- balances 0. 5 × 1000 = ṁ + 475 4 75 25
𝒎̇ 𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒈 𝑻/𝒉 500
B- balances 0. 5 × 1000 = 450 + ṁ 𝒎̇ 𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒈 𝑩/𝒉
30
Example 4.2-3 Balances on a Batch Mixing Process
Two methanol-water mixtures are contained in separate flasks. The
first mixture contains 40.0 wt % methanol, and the second contains
70.0 wt% methanol. If 200 g of the first mixture is combined with
150 g of the second.
Methanol (M)
What are the mass and composition of the product? Water (W)

Batch, no reaction
200 g
Initial input + Gen. = final Output + Cons.
40 wt% M
60 wt% W input = final Output
m [g mixture]
Mixing
x [g M / g] Total balance
(1 x) [g W / g] 200 + 150 = 𝑚
150 g
M- balances
70 wt% M
O
0.4 × 200 + 0.7 × 150 = 𝑥 𝑚
30 wt% W
solving 𝒎 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟗 𝒈 𝑴/𝒈 (𝟏 − 𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟏 𝒈 𝑾/𝒈
31
 Top stream total 35
120g wttw
200g 5 x.mn
ogwt mmqotl
bottomstream
3504K 185
105g wth'm
15021 yggwt.tw Theyofminthemittare

52.857

N Thewtofwinthemixt
35 0.52897g
350 47.1431
1 21 7 1 0.528 0.471
165g
gig
32
Example 3.3-3 Conversion from a Composition by Mass to a Molar Composition

A mixture of gases has the following composition by mass:

O2 16% xO2=0.16 g O2/g total

CO 4.0%
CO2 17%
N2 63%

What is the molar composition?

33
Solution

o
of
o o
o
The Average Molecular Weight of a mixture

34
 Example 1
Cla
Pure chlorine enters a process. By measurement it is found that 2.4 kg
of chlorine pass into the process every 3.1 minutes.

Calculate the molar flow rate of chlorine in kmol/h.

M
kg kmol kmol/min kmol/h

70.91 g kg Ibm
Molecular weight of chlorine (M) =  70.91  70.91
1 mol kmol Ib  mol
(from appendix B.2)

2.4 kg 1 kmol 60 min

= 0.655 kmol / h
3.1 min 70.91 kg 1 h

= 0.66 kmol/h
35
 60 min
Einstein an

655 km
0
on
311ft
 Problem 3.9

A mixture is 10.0 mole% ethyl alcohol, 75.0 mole% ethyl acetate (C4H8O2),
and 15.0 mole% acetic acid.

• Calculate the mass fractions of each compound.

• What is the average molecular weight of the mixture ?
• What would be the mass (kg) of a sample containing 25.0 kmol of ethyl
C
acetate ?

36
Assuming 100gofmix
Fox too

moleo lomolofdcd
46.07gcz.ttgot
4612 C2HgoH
MC2ÉgoH

my 75 of acetate 88 ly ofactate
qmoyoactate
of acetate

i
aceti60I it acetic
901 got acetic
mot ofacetic
total mass 461 6608 901 7970 gofmix

Igf
Royalcoho o 0578
944ft
acetate 6608 0.83
Nof 7970

cette
901 0.113
N ofacetate 797

goffic
 AW I

79.7
9 moi
Imi

25RmoloFA 100km.to
fmix79.7kyofmi 75kmolofEXIKmolofmiX

265.6kg of mix
Solution

37
Solution Cont.

38
 Example 3.3-4 Calculation of an Average Molecular Weight

Calculate the average molecular weight of air

(1) From its approximate molar composition of 79% N2, 21% O2
(2) From its approximate composition by mass of 76.7% N2 and 23.3% O2

Solution (1) M  yM i

all components
i 𝑀=𝑦 𝑀 +𝑦 𝑀

𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒓

1 xi xN 2 xO2 0.767 g N 2/ g 0.233 g O 2 / g mol

(2)  
M all components M i
 
M N 2 M O2
 
28 g N 2/ mol 32 g O 2 / mol
 0.035
g

⇒ 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 29 g/mol 39
Example 3.3-5 Conversion Between Mass, Molar, and Volumetric Flow
Rates of a Solution

A 0.50-molar aqueous solution of sulfuric acid flows into a process unit at

a rate of 1.25 m3/min. The specific gravity of the solution is 1.03.

Calculate:
1. The mass concentration of H2SO4 in kg/m3.
2. The mass flow rate of H2SO4 in kg/s.
3. The mass fraction of H2SO4.

40
 0.55
NSA
56 1.03 LA FA 1 03 1000

Pref

JSA 1030891m
0.5 98.08 0
M42504 0.4908

0.04904kg 44.761 155

GAY
1030kg m3 m3

CSA I Iffinos
10501.631

it
Solution
1. The mass concentration of H2SO4 in kg/m3.

2. The mass flow rate of H2SO4 in kg/s.

41
Solution Cont.
3. The mass fraction of H2SO4.

The mass fraction of H2SO4 equals the ratio of the mass flow rate of H2SO4 to the total mass
flow rate, which can be calculated from the total volumetric flow rate and the solution density.

42
 Problem 3.12

A mixture of methane and air is capable of being ignited only if the

mole percent of methane is between 5% and 15%. A mixture
containing 9.0 mole% methane in air flowing at a rate of 700 kg/h is
to be diluted with pure air to reduce the methane concentration to the
lower flammability limit. Calculate the required flow rate of air in
mol/h and percent by mass of oxygen in the product gas.
Note: Air may be taken to consist of 21 mole% O2 and 79 mole% N2 an
to have an average molecular weight of 29.0.

43
Solution

44
Solution Cont.

45
Exercise Mass, molar and volumetric flow rates, average molecular weight

The total mass flow of the stream is 1.7 lbm/s. The stream consist of
water (xA = 30%), ethanol (xB = 30%), and methanol.

Calculate:

a) Mass flow of the each component.

b) Molar fractions of the each component in the stream.
c) Molar flow of the each component.
d) Volume flow of the each component.
e) Average molecular weight of the stream.

46
 Example 2 Pressure

The manometer reads pressure of 9.5 psia.

a) What is the pressure in:
• Dynes/cm2
• Bar
• kPa
b) What is the corresponding pressure in psig?

47
 Example 3.4-2 Pressure Below the Surface of a Fluid
What is the pressure 30.0 m below the surface of a lake? Atmospheric
pressure (the pressure at the surface) is 10.4 m H2O, and the density of water
is 1000.0 kg/m3. Assume that g is 9.807 m/s2.
Solution
1) By using

48
2) By using

Show that two calculated pressures are equivalent.

49