Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A.

Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

Experiment No. 2: Creating functions, classes and objects

using python. Demonstrate exception
handling and inheritance.

Aim: To Create functions, classes and objects using python. Demonstrate

exception handling and inheritance.

Theory:

 Classes and Objects:

 Class:

A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects

are created. Classes provide a means of bundling data and functionality
together. Creating a new class creates a new type of object, allowing new
instances of that type to be made. Each class instance can have attributes
attached to it for maintaining its state. Class instances can also have methods
(defined by their class) for modifying their state.

Class creates a user-defined data structure, which holds its own

data members and member functions, which can be accessed and used by
creating an instance of that class. A class is like a blueprint for an object.
Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

Some points on Python class:

 Classes are created by keyword class.

 Attributes are the variables that belong to a class.
 Attributes are always public and can be accessed using the dot (.)
operator. Eg.: Myclass.Myattribute

Class Definition Syntax:

class ClassName:

# Statement-1

# Statement-N

 Objects

An Object is an instance of a Class. A class is like a blueprint while

an instance is a copy of the class with actual values. It’s not an idea
anymore, it’s an actual dog, like a dog of breed pug who’s seven years old.
You can have many dogs to create many different instances, but without the
Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

class as a guide, you would be lost, not knowing what information is

required.

An object consists of :

State: It is represented by the attributes of an object. It also reflects the

properties of an object.

Behavior: It is represented by the methods of an object. It also reflects

the response of an object to other objects.

Identity: It gives a unique name to an object and enables one object to

interact with other objects.

 Function in python:

A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a

single, related action. Functions provide better modularity for your application
and a high degree of code reusing.
Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

As you already know, Python gives you many built-in functions like print(),
etc. but you can also create your own functions. These functions are
called user-defined functions.

Defining a Function

You can define functions to provide the required functionality. Here are simple
rules to define a function in Python.

 Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function
name and parentheses ( ( ) ).

 Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these

parentheses. You can also define parameters inside these parentheses.

 The first statement of a function can be an optional statement - the

documentation string of the function or docstring.

 The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is
indented.

 The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing

back an expression to the caller. A return statement with no arguments is
the same as return None.

Syntax:

def functionname( parameters ):

"function_docstring"
Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

function_suite
return [expression]

By default, parameters have a positional behavior and you need to inform them
in the same order that they were defined.

 Exception Handling:

Python has many built-in exceptions which forces your program to

output an error when something in it goes wrong. However, sometimes you may
need to create custom exceptions that serves your purpose.

A list of common exceptions:

 ZeroDivisionError: Occurs when a number is divided by zero.

 NameError: It occurs when a name is not found. It may be local or global.
 IndentationError: If incorrect indentation is given.
 IOError: It occurs when Input Output operation fails.
 EOFError: It occurs when the end of the file is reached, and yet
operations are being performed.

In Python, users can define such exceptions by creating a new class.

This exception class has to be derived, either directly or indirectly, from
Exception class. Most of the built-in exceptions are also derived from this
class.
Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

Python uses try and except keywords to handle exceptions. Both keywords
are followed by indented blocks.

Syntax:

try :

#statements in try block

except :

#executed when error in try block

Exception handling in Python

If the Python program contains suspicious code that may throw the
exception, we must place that code in the try block. The try block must be
followed with the except statement which contains a block of code that will be
executed if there is some exception in the try block.

Example:

try:

a = int(input("Enter a:"))

b = int(input("Enter b:"))
c = a/b;
print("a/b = %d"%c)
except Exception:
Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

print("can't divide by zero")

else:

print("Hi I am else block")

 Inheritance:
Inheritance is the capability of one class to derive or inherit the
properties from another class. The benefits of inheritance are:
1. It represents real-world relationships well.
2. It provides reusability of a code. We don’t have to write the same
code again and again. Also, it allows us to add more features to a class
without modifying it.
3. It is transitive in nature, which means that if class B inherits from
another class A, then all the subclasses of B would automatically
inherit from class A.

a) Simple Inheritance:

 The mechanism of designing or constructing classes from other

classes is called inheritance.
 The new class is called derived class or child class & the class from
which this derived class has been inherited is the base class or parent
class.
Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

 In inheritance, the child class acquires the properties and can access
all the data members and functions defined in the parent class. A child
class can also provideits specific implementation to the functions of
the parent class.

Syntax:
class BaseClass1
#Body of base class
class DerivedClass(BaseClass1):
#body of derived – class

b) Multiple inheritance

 Python provides us the flexibility to inherit multiple base classes in the

child class.
Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

 Multiple Inheritance means that you're inheriting the property of multiple

classes into one. In case you have two classes, say A and B, and you want
to create a new class which inherits the properties of both A and B.
 So it just like a child inherits characteristics from both mother and father,
in Python, we can inherit multiple classes in a single child class.

Syntax:

class A:

# variable of class A

# functions of class A

class B:

# variable of class A

# functions of class A

class C(A, B):

Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

# class C inheriting property of both class A and B

# add more properties to class C

Code:

# Inheritance and Exception handling

class Maths:

def GetInput(self):

self.n1=int(input("Enter First Number"))

self.n2=int(input("Enter second Number"))

class Division(Maths):

def Div(self):

try:

self.div=self.n1/self.n2

except Exception:

print("Divide by zero", exception)

exit()
Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

class Result(Division):
def output(self):
print("Division of %s" % self.n1,"and %s is" % self.n2, self.div)
obj=Result()
obj.GetInput()
obj.Div()
obj.output()
Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

Output:
Roll No: 82 Name: Abhishek A. Goykar

ATHARVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST'S

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by the Government of Maharashtra
& Affiliated to University of Mumbai )
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22

Conclusion:

We have Successfully implemented program for exception handling

and inheritance.