Slides

Section : Coroutines
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 C++20 Coroutines

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 Concepts Ranges

Coroutines Modules

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 • Coroutines are a generalization of functions in C++
• They are designed to make writing asynchronous
code much easier

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 Function

• Can be called
• Can return something

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 Coroutine

• Can be called
• Can return something
• Can be paused
• Can be resumed

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 C++ user code

Coroutine types generator<T>

Coroutine Infrastructure C++20

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 Lazy computations

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 Coroutine workflow

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 Functions

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 Call stack

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 Coroutines

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 Coroutines : call stack [ pause –resume]

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 Coroutine keywords

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 Coroutine keywords can’t show up in these functions
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 co_yield

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 co_yield

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 co_return

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 co_await

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 So how do we actually run this code?

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 C++ user code

Coroutine types

Coroutine Infrastructure

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 Coroutine Infrastructure

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 C++ user code

Coroutine types generator<T>

Coroutine Infrastructure C++20

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 Promise type Coroutine handle Awaiter

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 Method Description
get_return_object(){} Return value of coroutine type

initial_suspend(){} Whether function is suspended upon

call
final_suspend(){} Whether coroutine state is destroyed
at last suspension point
Unhandled_exception(){} Handling exceptions thrown into
coroutines
Return_value(value){} Enables the co_return v; syntax
Return_void(){} Enables the co_return; syntax
Yield_value(value){} Enables the co_yield v; syntax

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 Method Description
bool await_ready(){} Whether the co_await expression suspends.
If false is returned, then await_suspend is
called, to (mostly) suspend
void await_suspend(){} May suspend the coroutine, or schedule the
coroutine state for destruction
void await_resume(){} May return the result of the entire co_await
expression

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 Awaitables

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 Awaiter

It is possible to create your own awaiters, things that can act as

operands to the co_await operator, by setting up structs/classes that
overload the co_await operator

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 Custom Awaitables

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 • C++ 20 doesn’t provide actual usable coroutine types like CoroType

• It provides the low level infrastructure to build them (promises, awaitables,

coroutine handles,…

• Building your own coroutine types is not recommended. It’s only reserved
for hard core, highly experienced library developers who really know what
they’re doing

• It is expected that C++23 will provide high level coroutine types built into
C++, ready to use just by including some headers

• If you want to use them know, there are third party libraries that can help,
like cppcoro and some others

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 co_await

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 C++ user code

Coroutine types CoroType

Coroutine Infrastructure C++20

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 Keep in mind

• What we’re going to do here works for modern compilers with C++
20 enabled and support for coroutines

• gcc and msvc have been tested :

• gcc 10 and gcc 11 require the –fcoroutines switch
• msvc 2019 (version 16.8.3) and upwards don’t require any switch

• Online compilers are also a convenient option :

• https://wandbox.org is a good choice

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 Awaitables

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 Putting it all together

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 co_yield

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 C++ user code

Coroutine types generator<T>

Coroutine Infrastructure C++20

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 co_yield 2; co_await promise.yield_value(2);

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 Awaitables

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 Awaiter

It is possible to create your own awaiters, things that can act as

operands to the co_await operator, by setting up structs/classes that
overload the co_await operator

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 Custom Awaitables

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 Putting it all together

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 co_return

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 C++ user code

Coroutine types generator<T>

Coroutine Infrastructure C++20

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 Putting it all together

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 • C++ 20 doesn’t provide actual usable coroutine types like generator<T>

• It provides the low level infrastructure to build them (promises, coroutine

frames, coroutine handles,…

• Building your own coroutine types is not recommended. It’s only reserved
for hard core, highly experienced library developers who really know what
they’re doing

• It is expected that C++23 will provide high level coroutine types built into
C++, ready to use just by including some headers

• If you want to use them know, there are third party libraries that can help,
like cppcoro

• Before we use cppcoro though, we need to build it and load it into our
C++ project

• In the next chapter, we explore basic info and knowledge you need to 62
create: and
The C++ 20 Masterclass use third party
From Fundamentals libraries in
to Advanced C++, Gakwaya
© Daniel like cppcoro
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 Custom coroutine types :
Generator

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 C++ user code

Coroutine types

Coroutine Infrastructure

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 C++ user code

Coroutine types generator<T>

Coroutine Infrastructure C++20

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 Third Party Coroutine Types

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 C++ user code

Coroutine types generator<T>

Coroutine Infrastructure C++20

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 • Cppcoro
• https://github.com/Quuxplusone/coro

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 #include “third_party_coro_type.h”

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 No function call operator in <unique_generator>

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 Changing the interface of unique_generator

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 Coroutines : Summary

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 C++ user code

Coroutine types generator<T>

Coroutine Infrastructure C++20

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 • co_await
• co_yield
• co_return

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 • C++20 doesn’t provide actual coroutine types for direct use

• It only provides an infrastructure to build them

• Good coroutine types are hard to build and get right

• It’s advised to at least start by using third party coroutine type

libraries and only build your own when you REALLY know what
you’re doing

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