THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Europe at the beginning of the 20th century

• Parliamentary systems:
– U.K. and France became democracies.
– Germany was also a constitutional regime with an
authoritarian ruler.
– Spain, Portugal and Italy had weak constitutional regimes.

• Authoritarian regimes in the plurinational empires:

– Austro-Hungarian empire.
– Russian empire.
– Turkish empire.
– They will be affected by nationalism
 THE ARMED PEACE

• PERIOD KNOWN AS ARMED PEACE OR BELLE EPOQUE

• NEW ECONOMIC ORDER: THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

•NEW POLITIC ORDER: IMPERIALISM.

• NATIONALISMS

• MILITARY ALLIANCES
 CAUSES OF THE WAR
ECONOMIC RIVALRIES
• II INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: CAPITALISM.

•CAPITAL AND GLOBALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY.

• NEW ECONOMIC POWERS: USA, JAPAN AND GERMANY.

•IN EUROPE, GERMANY IMPROVED MORE THAN GREAT BRITAIN

AND FRANCE.

•GERMANY REMOVED MARKETS TO ENGLAND, THREATENING HER

ECONOMY.
 IMPERIALIST CONFRONTATIONS

•LATE GERMAN UNIFICATION.

• GREAT ECONOMIC WEIGHT OF GERMANY, BUT FEW

COLONIAL POSSESSIONS

• GERMANY DEMANDED A NEW COLONIAL REALITY. FRANCE

AND BRITAIN OPPOSED.

• TWO EPISODES OF RIVALRY: MOROCCAN CRISIS.

 IMPERIALIST CONFRONTATIONS
• FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS (1905): CLAIM TO CREATE A
FRENCH PROTECTORATE IN MOROCCO. OPPOSITION FROM GERMANY
AND SPAIN.

• ALGECIRAS`S CONFERENCE (1906)

• SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS (1911): FINALLY GERMANY ACHIEVED

•FRENCH TERRITORIES. PART OF CONGO.
 NATIONALISM AND TERRITORIAL DISPUTES

Poland.
Under Russian rule
sicne 1815.

Alsace and Lorraine.

French territories Turkish Empire.
conquered by In decadence since
Germany in 1871. 19th century. Russia
and Austria will fight
for controlling the
Balkans.

Trentino, South Tirol,

Istria and Trieste. Austria-Hungary Dardanelles Strait.
Austrian territories Nationalist GB and Russia will
claimed by Italy. movements within the Bosnia-Herzegovina. fight for it.
Empire. Under Austrian rule
since 1878, annexed
by Austria in 1908.
 NATIONALISM
CRISIS IN THE BALKANS

• DECAY OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE: GREECE, MONTENEGRO, SERBIA, ALBANIA,

BULGARIA, ROMANIA AND MACEDONIA ...

• COLONIAL ASPIRATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN POWERS.

• NATIONALIST ASPIRATIONS OF NEW STATES: "THE GREAT SERBIA ".

• 1908: BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WAS ANNEXED BY AUSTRIA.

• 1912: I BALKAN WAR

• 1913: II BALKAN WAR

“If there is ever another war in Europe, it will come out of some damned silly thing in the Balkans”.
Otto Von Bismarck- German Chancellor.
 NATIONALISM
HOSTILITY FRANCE-GERMANY

FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1870): PRUSSIA BEAT.

FRANCE HAS TO GIVE ALSACE AND LORRAINE. CRAVING FOR REVENGE.

BISMARCK WILL TRY TO ISOLATE TO FRANCE.

 MILITARY ALLIANCES
THE BISMARCKIAN SYSTEMS

• 1872-1890: REALPOLITIK
( GERMANY)
(OTTO VON BISMARCK)

• WHAT WAS THE GOAL?

 BALANCE BETWEEN
THE POWERS.

ISOLATION OF FRANCE.

HOSTILITIES
 MILITARY ALLIANCES
THE ARMED PEACE
• 1890: NEW GERMAN KAISER
WILLIAM II FIRED BISMARCK.

• WELTPOLITIK: MORE AGGRESSIVE

AND IMPERIALIST POLICY

 POWERS BEGIN TO CREATING

ALLIANCES AND AGREEMENTS.

 ARMS RACE.
 MILITARY ALLIANCES
THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

• FORMED AT THE BEGINNING BY

GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
AND ITALY.

• ITALY WILL WITHDRAW AND JOIN

TO THE OTHER ALLIANCE.

• TURKEY (1914) AND BULGARIA (1915)

WILL JOIN THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.
 MILITARY ALLIANCES
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE

• ENTENTE CORDIALE (1904): FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN.

• TRIPLE ENTENTE (1907): FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA.

• JOINED IN CONFLICT: BELGIUM, ITALY, JAPAN, USA, SERBIA,

ROMANIA, PORTUGAL, CHINA AND LATIN AMERICAN STATES.
 MILITARY ALLIANCES
TRIPLE ENTENTE vs TRIPLE ALLIANCE
 THE POTENTIAL OF BOTH SIDES
TRIPLE TRIPLE
ALLIANCE ENTENTE

GEOGRAPHICALLY CLOSER MORE DISPERSED

TERRITORIES TERRITORIES

DEMOGRAPHICALLY 117 MILLIONS 255 MILLIONS

OF INHABITANTS OF INHABITANTES.

ECONOMICALLY INDUSTRIALLY INEXHAUSTIBLE RAW

TOP MATERIALS

MILITARILY ARMY BEST EQUIPPED AND NAVAL SUPERIORITY AND

TRAINED. MORE AND BETTER NUMBER OF
EQUIPMENT SOLDIERS.

• THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE WANT A QUICK VICTORY.

• US BREAK THE APPARENT BALANCE IN 1917.

 THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR
THE CRISIS OF JULY 1914

• 28 JUNE 1914: MURDER OF FRANCISCO FERNANDO

(HEIR TO Austro-Hungarian throne) AND HIS WIFE IN SARAJEVO
(BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA)

• GAVRILO PRINCIP. TERRORIST OF "BLACK HAND"

• “BLACK HAND”: TERRORIST ORGANIZATION WHOSE PURPOSE WAS THE
INCORPORATION OF BOSNIA IN “THE GREAT SERBIA”

• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY BLAMED SERBIA TO COOPERATE WITH "THE BLACK HAND" AND

THEY SENT AN ULTIMATUM.
SERBIA REJECTED THE ULTIMATUM.

• JULY 28 1914: WORLD WAR I STARTED. THE ALLIANCES WERE PUT UP.
 THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR
• 28TH JULY: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA.

• RUSSIA, SERBIA'S ALLY, DECLARED

WAR ON AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

• GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY`S
ALLY DECLARES WAR ON RUSSIA
AND FRANCE.

• BRITAIN, AN ALLY OF FRANCE,

DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY.

• ITALY WITHDREW FROM THE

TRIPLE ALLIANCE, LATER JOIN
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE
(THEY PROMISED COLONIAL
TERRITORIES AFTER THE WAR)

ON JULY 28 BEGAN THE FIRST WORLD WAR.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAR
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAR
LARGE EXTENSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAR
LONG LIFE

JULY 28, 1914

NOVEMBER 11, 1918

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAR
NEW AND SOPHISTICATED WEAPONS
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAR
USE OF ADVERTISING
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAR
HUGE MOBILIZATION
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAR
IMPORTANCE OF THE REARGUARD

• CLOSE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE BATTLEFRONT AND REARGUARD.

• NEW PRODUCTION, WORK AND HEALTH ORGANIZATION.

•SHORTAGE OF RAW MATERIALS: RATIONS.

•GREAT BENEFIT: NEUTRAL COUNTRIES.

 THE PHASES OF THE WAR
THE WAR OF MOVEMENTS (1914)
• OPERATIONS IN 1914 WERE BASED ON GERMAN EFFORTS TO DEFEAT
TO FRANCE AND THEN ANNHILATE TO RUSSIA.

• STRATEGY BASED ON FAST MOVING TO SURPRISE YOUR ENEMIES.

“BLITZKRIEG”.

• TWO FRONTS: WEST AND EAST.

 THE PHASES OF THE WAR
THE WAR OF MOVEMENTS (1914)

• SHLIEFFEN PLAN: TO INVADE QUICKLY FRANCE AND BELGIUM.

→→ The Germans in command of Van Moltke succeeded in the invasion of Belgium
and northern France without opposition. Moltke transfer troops to Russia.
→→ The French commanding by Joffre reorganized his troops around the river
Marne and inflicted a heavy defeat to the Germans.
→→ Moltke was replaced by Falkenhayn.
 THE PHASES OF THE WAR
THE WAR OF MOVEMENTS (1914)

• SERBIA DEFEAT AUSTRÍA-HUNGRÍA.

• RUSSIA DEFEAT THE AUSTRIANS IN LAMBERG AND WILL SEIZE

GALITZIA (POLAND).

• GERMAN GENERAL HINDENBURG WON THE RUSSIANS IN THE

BATTLES OF TANNENBERG AND THE MASURIAN LAKES.

•THE SHLIEFFEN BLITZKRAIG STABILIZES THE FRONTS.

 THE PHASES OF THE WAR
THE TRENCH WARFARE (1915-16)

• IT STARTED WHAT IS KNOWN AS “TRENCH WARFARE”.

→→ Chemical war in Ypres (Belgium) by Germany.
→→ Total war in the battle of Verdun.
→→ Allied counteroffensive in the Somme.
 THE PHASES OF THE WAR
THE TRENCH WARFARE (1915-16)

•ITALY JOINED IN THE WAR WITH THE ENTENTE..

• NAVAL BATTLE IN JUTLAND BETWEEN ENGLAND AND GERMANY.
• SINKING OF THE "LUSITANIA" (AMERICAN SHIP). US RETHINKS HIS ENTRANCE IN THE
WAR.
 THE PHASES OF THE WAR
THE TRENCH WARFARE (1915-16)

• GERMANY OCCUPIED POLAND RUSSIA AND LITHUANIA.

• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY RECOVERED SERBIA AND GALITZIA.

• BULGARIA IS IN WAR WITH THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

• RUMANIA IS IN THE WAR WITH THE TRIPLE ENTENTE.

 THE PHASES OF THE WAR
THE 1917 CRISIS
• DEMORALIZATION IN TROOPS AND SOCIETY.
→→ Long and costly war: In lives and supplies.
→→ Soldier Riots, hardly repressed.
→→ Strikes in the industries.
 THE PHASES OF THE WAR
THE END OF THE WAR (1918)
• BREST-LITOVSK TREATY: RUSSIA WITHDREW OF THE WAR.

• 2ND BATTLE OF THE SOMME: LAST GERMAN OFFENSIVE. ALLIES

COUNTERATTACK AND PITCH THE GERMANS TO BELGIUM.

• BULGARIA AND TURKEY GAVE UP IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER.

• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY SIGNED THE PEACE ON NOVEMBER 3

• REVOLUTION IN GERMANY: WILHEM II ABDICATES AND THE NEW

GOVERNMENT OF EBERT SIGNS THE PEACE ON NOVEMBER 11.
 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PEACE
THE CONFERENCE OF PARÍS: 4 ACTORS
LLOYD GEORGE(G.B)
WILSON (USA)
ORLANDO (ITALY)
CLEMENCEAU (FRANCE)

EXPIRED COUNTRIES WERE NOT INVITED

 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PEACE

• FRANCE-CLEMENCEAU: Harder and intransigence posture against Germany.

France will pay ".
• GREAT BRITAIN-LLOYD GEORGE: more conciliatory position. They didn´t
want to punish Germany in excess.
• USA: “WILSON`S 14 POINTS”. → No secret alliances
→ Free passage through international waters
and fewer trade obstacles.
→ + 55% of country's indigenous population
will be independent
→ New countries: democratic regimes.
• ITALY-ORLANDO: It didn`t receive the territories that were promised

CLEMENCEAU LLOYD GEORGE WILSON ORLANDO

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
TERRITORIAL CLAUSES
• France recovers Alsace and Lorraine • Belgium got Eupen and Malmendy:
• France got the mines of Sarre. • Sclhessweig was annexed to Denmark.
• Polish Corridor. • Danzig and Memel: Free towns.
•´Valley of Niemen River: Lithuania • Germany lost all of its colonies.
GERMANY LOST 76.000 km2 (13% of the territory) and 6,5 millions of Inhabitants (10% of
his population).
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
MILITARY CLAUSES

• REDUCTION OF THE ARMY: No more than 100.000 soldiers and 4000 generals.
• PROHIBITION OF MILITARY SERVICE REQUIRED.
• DELIVERY OF MATERIAL AND FLEET OF WAR
•PROHIBITION OF MAKING NEW WEAPONS
• DEMILITARISATION OF “RENANIA”
• REPAIR OF WAR: 132,000 MILLIONS OF MARKS = 400,000 MILLION DOLLARS.
• NO ACCESS TO THE SDN (SOCIEDAD DE NACIONES)
• PERPETUAL PROHIBITION OF “ANSCHLUSS”: UNION GERMANY-AUSTRIA.
THE TREATY OF SAINT GERMAIN
• It was reduced to a little country with 8 millions of inhabitants
• The Austro-Hungarian Empire emerged 3 new countries: Austria, Hungary and
Czechoslovakia.
• Huge territories were given to two new countries: Poland and Yugoslavia.
• Italy also got territories in the Balkans.
 THE TREATY OF TRIANON-HUNGARY
• It was reduced to a little country with 7 millions of inhabitants.
• It lost Croatia(to Yugoslavia), Transilvania (to Romania) y Eslovaquia (Checoslovaquia).
THE TRETY OF NEUILLY-BULGARIA.
• Cession of territories to Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece. No landlocked.
THE TREATY OF SEVRES- TURQUÍA
• Total disintegration of the empire: It is reduced to the Anatolian peninsula.
• Lost in the Middle East: Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Lebanon and parts of Arabia.
 CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR
DEMOGRAPHIC
• VERY HIGH NUMBER OF DEATHS: 10 MILLIONS OF INHABITANTS.
• MANY CIVILIAN DEATHS.
• OTHER CONSEQUENCES: Wounded, mutilated, orphans and widows.

CONSECUENCIAS DEMOGRÁFICAS

DEATHS 9.272.000

WOUNDED 6.5000.000

WIDOWS 4.250.000

ORPHANS 8.000.000
 CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR
ECONOMIC
• EXTREME MATERIAL DESTRUCTION: Russia and France were the most
affected countries. Crops, infraestructures and cities totally destroyed.
• LOSS OF WEALTH OF COUNTRIES: About 25% average.
• NEED FOR INDUSTRIAL CONVERSION.
• ENDEBT COUNTRIES