Algorithm, Pseudocode and

FlowChart
Problem solving

n Understand the problem: Analysis

n Define inputs, outputs, process
n Define your Assumptions
n Need for control statement ?
n If , if-else, nested , condition(s)
n Loop ?

n Design a Solution for your problem: How?

n Algorithm
n Pseudocode
n FlowChart

n Implementation (coding)
n Testing
Slide 2
Algorithm
n Algorithm
n A procedure determining the
n What? are the actions to be executed

n How? Order in which these actions are to be

executed
Finding the largest integer
among five integers
Defining actions in FindLargest
algorithm
FindLargest refined
Generalization of FindLargest
Algorithm: Example
§ Design an algorithm to find the perimeter and
area of a rectangle
§ The perimeter and area of the rectangle are given
by the following formulas:

perimeter = 2 * (length + width)

area = length * width

Slide 8
Algorithm: Example
§ Prompt the user to enter the length
§ Read the length of the rectangle
§ Prompt the user to enter the width
§ Read the width of the rectangle
§ Find the perimeter using the following equation:
perimeter = 2 * (length + width)
§ Find the area using the following equation:
area = length * width
Slide 9
Pseudocode
n Algorithm gives details without using words related to
C++
n Pseudocode is an artificial, informal language used to
develop algorithms
n A mixture of English and a generic programming language
n Pseudocode simplifies algorithm design by allowing you
to ignore the specific syntax of the programming
language as you work out the details of the algorithm
n If the step is obvious, use C++
n If the step is difficult to express in C++, use English

Slide 10
Example
n Write an algorithm to change a numeric grade to
a pass/no pass grade, assume the pass grade is
70 and above.
n Begin
Read (Get) the number
if (number > 70) then
Set the grade to “pass”
else
Set the grade to “nopass”
End if
n End
 Flowchart
n Flowchart is a graphical representation of an
algorithm

n A flowchart is a step by step solution of a problem,

using suitable geometric diagrams connected by
arrows (called flowlines) that show the flow of a
program.

Slide 12
Z=X+Y

Slide 13
Flowcharts of Control Structures
n control structures:
n selection structure

n if, if-else, if-else-if, switch

n repetition structure
n while, for, do .. while
 Selection Structure: (if)
Syntax: Flowchart: if

if (expr1)
{
C++ block true
} expr1 {
block
}
Example: false

if( grade>=60)
cout<<"Passed\n";
 Selection Structure: (if-else)
Syntax: Flowchart: if-else

if (expr1)
{ block1 }
false true
else
expr1
{ block2 }

{ block2} { block1}
Example:
if( grade>=60)
cout<<"Passed";
else
cout<<"Failed";
 Selection Structure: (if-else-if)
Syntax: Example:

if (expr1) if( grade>=90)

{ block1 } cout<<"Your GPA is A."<<endl;
else if (expr2) else if (grade>=80)
{ block2 } cout<<"Your GPA is B."<<endl;
else if (expr3) else if (grade>=70)
{block 3} cout<<"Your GPA is C."<<endl;
else else if (grade>=60)
{block4} cout<<"Your GPA is D."<<endl;
else
{cout<<"Your GPA is F."<<endl;
cout<<"You will cry!"<<endl;}
Nested (if … else) Flowchart .
NO YES
g > 60

failed NO YES
g > 90

mark mark&
excellent

Slide 18
Selection Structure: (switch)
Syntax:

switch (expr1)
{
case val_1: block
break;
case val_2: block2
break;
…
default: block
}
 Selection Structure: (switch)

val_1 val_2 val_4 val_5 default

expr1

Val_3
block1 block3 block5 block6 block
break; block4 break; break;
break;
break;
 Repetition Structures
(while-loop)
Syntax: Flowchart: while-loop

while (expr1)
{C++ block}
true
Example: expr1 { C++block}
int num=0;
while( num<=100)
false
{
cout<<num*num;
cout<<"\n";
num+=2;
}
 Repetition Structures
(do while-loop)
Syntax: Flowchart: do-while-loop

do
{C++ block true
}while (expr1);
Example: { C++block} expr1
int num=0;
do
false
{
cout<<num*num;
cout<<"\n";
num+=2;
} while( num<=100);
 while vs. do-while
while-loop
do-while-loop
true
true
expr1 { C++block} { C++block} expr1

false false

Exercise: explain the difference between the two

 Repetition Structures
(for loop)
Flowchart: for-loop
Syntax:

for (expr1;expr2;expr3)
{C++ block } { C++ block}

expr3 true
expr1
Example:
int num; expr2
for (num=0; num<=100; num+=2)
{ false
cout<<num*num;
cout<<"\n";
}
 Flowchart & Pseudocode
Start
Flowchart
Pseudocode
Sum=0
Count = 0 BEGIN Average Grade
sum=0
count = 0
Input DO
Sum = Sum + Grade
Count = Count + 1
Grade INPUT grade
IF grade < 0 EXIT
sum = sum + grade
Yes More count = count +1
grades? END DO
IF count > 0 THEN
No average = sum/
count
Average = Sum/Count ELSE
average = 0
END IF
Stop END Average Grade