Structure of a Program

C++ Basics
Content: Today we will see
n Some basic rules about C++ coding
n The form of a C++ program
n How to display text messages in C++
n Some common errors in C++ coding
n Some good practices
My First Program
n Write a C++ program that displays the
following message on the screen

Welcome to ENGR 112 !

My First Program

Welcome to ENGR 112 !

My First Program
n Rule: any text
message must
be enclosed in
double
quotation
marks

“ Welcome to ENGR 112 ! ”

 My First Program
n Rule: all C++
commands
must be in
small letters

cout “ Welcome to ENGR 112 ! ”

 My First Program
n << is called
insertion
operator

cout << “ Welcome to ENGR 112 ! ”

 My First Program
n Rule: every C++
statement
must end with
a semi-colon (;)

cout << “ Welcome to ENGR 112 ! ” ;

 My First Program
#include <iostream> n iostream:
input/output
stream is a file
that includes
the
declarations of
the basic
cout << “ Welcome to ENGR 112 ! ” ;
standard input-
ouput library in
C++
n Note: no semi-
colon after this
line
 My First Program
#include <iostream> n All the
using namespace std; elements of
the
standard C+
+ library
are
cout << “ Welcome to ENGR 112 ! ” ; declared
within the
namespace
std;
 My First Program
#include <iostream> n main() is a
using namespace std; function where
all C++
programs start
int main() their execution
{ (i.e. The entry
point)
cout << “ Welcome to ENGR 112 ! ” ;
n main() must
appear exactly
once in every
C++ program
} n No semi-colon
(;) after main()
 n return 0; tells
the OS that the

My First Program program has

worked as
expected
without errors
#include <iostream> during its
using namespace std; execution
n { and }
int main() indicates the
begin and the
{ end of the
cout << “ Welcome to ENGR 112 ! ” ; function
respectively.
(function will
be seen later)
return 0; n main is a
} particular
function
 My First Program
#include <iostream> n The output of
using namespace std; the program

int main()
{
cout << “ Welcome to ENGR 112 ! ” ;

return 0;
}

Welcome to ENGR 112!

 General form of a C++ program
1. // Program description (comments)
2. #include directives
3. using namespace std;
Numbers 4. int main()
Are not
Part 5. {
Of the
program 6. variable declarations
7. executable statements
8. return 0; //ending the program
9. }
C++ comments
n Comments are explanatory notes
n Increase the program readability
n They are ignored by the compiler

n There are two ways to include comments in a

program:
// single line comment: starts with
// double forward slash signs to the end of
// that line.

/* Block Comment: A slash followed by an

asterisk marks the start of a multiple line
comment. It ends with an asterisk followed by
a slash. */
1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp Single-line comments. Ignored
by Compiler
2 // A first program in C++.
Preprocessor directive which tells the
3 #include <iostream> pre-processor to include input/output
stream header file <iostream>.
4 using namespace std;
Name cout belongs to namespace
5 /* function main begins program execution */ std.
Function main appears exactly
6 int main() once in every C++ program..
7 { Function main returns an integer value. Statement is a simple or compound expression
for computer to perform, end with a
8 cout << “Welcome to ENGR 112!\n”; semicolon(;)
9 Stream insertion operator. cout is a standard output stream
Left brace { begins function body.
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11 Corresponding right brace } ends function body.
Keyword return is one of several means to exit function;
12 } // end function main
value 0 indicates program terminated successfully.

Welcome to ENGR 112!

n using namespace std; Otherwise you have to use std::cout

n C++ is case sensitive. Cout is different than cout.
<iostream> file
 • What is the output of this program?

1 // Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp

2 // Printing a line with multiple statements.
3 #include <iostream>
4 using namespace std;
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 {
Unless new line '\n' is explicitly
8 cout << “Welcome "; specified, the text continues on
the same line.
9 cout << “to ENGR 112!";
10
11 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
12
13 } // end function main
Welcome to ENGR 112!
1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
3 #include <iostream>
4 using namespace std;
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 {
8 cout << “Welcome to ENGR 112";
9
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11
12 } // end function main

Modify the above code to display the following output:

Welcome
to

ENGR 112
1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
3 #include <iostream>
4 using namespace std;
5 // function main begins program execution
Using newline characters to print
6 int main() on multiple lines.
7 {
8 cout << “Welcome\nto\n\nENGR 112\n";
9
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11
12 } // end function main

Welcome
to

ENGR 112
 Escape Sequences
n Rule: all escape sequences must be within the quotations
Escape Description Example Output
Sequen
\n Newline. Position the screen cursor cout<<“Hello \n World”; Hello
to the beginning of the next line. World
\t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cout<<“Hello \t World”; Hello World
cursor to the next tap stop.
\r Carriage return. Position the cout<<“Hello \r Word”; Word
screen cursor to the beginning of
the current line.
\a Alert. Sound the system bell cout<<“Hello \a”; Beep
\\ Backslash. Used to print backslash cout<<“hello \\ World”; Hello \ World
character
\” Double quote. Used to print double cout<<“\”hello\” ”; “hello”
quote character
21
1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
3 #include <iostream>
4 using namespace std;
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 {
8 cout << "Welcome”<<endl<<“to\n”;
9 cout << endl<<“ENGR 112”<<endl;

10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully

11
12 } // end function main
Welcome
to

ENGR 112
Program Errors
1 /* Please find out the ERRORS,
2 Enjoy………………………*/
3 #include (isotream);
4 using name space std
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main{ }
7 {
8 Cout >> “C++ “,
9 cout >> “is fun! “,
10 cout >> “endl”;
11
12 return ; // indicate that program ended successfully
13 } // end function main
Program Errors
1 /* Program without Errors,
2 Enjoy………………………*/
3 #include <iostream>
4 using namespace std;
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 {
8 cout << “ C++ “;
9 cout << “is fun! “;
10 cout << endl;
11
12 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
13 } // end function main

C++ is fun!
 What makes a bad program?
n Writing Code without detailed analysis and
design

n Repeating trial and error without

understanding the problem

n Writing tricky and dirty programs

Exercise
n Write a C++ code that displays your
name, surname as shown below:

Mohamed
Abdul-Aziz
Exercise: solution
n Analysis:
n Output : text showing Name and
Surname in separate lines
n Input: None
n Process: Display the text mentioned
above
Exercise: solution (cont)
1 /* Program displaying name and surname */
2 #include <iostream>
4 using namespace std;
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 {
8 cout << “Mohamed“;
10 cout << endl ;
11 cout << “Abdul-Aziz“;

12 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully

13 } // end function main