Rectangular Waveguide

We still have (seemingly) six simultaneous equations to solve. In fact, the 6 are NOT independent.
This looks complicated!
Adopt a strategy of expressing the transverse fields (the Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy components in terms of the
longitudinal components Ez and Hz only. If we can do this we only need find Ez and Hz from the
wave equations….Too easy eh!
For other field components:

(1) (4)

(2) (5)

(3) (6)
From (1) and (4):

Similarly,

Recall,
We notice that there are different types of field patterns or configurations. Each of these distinct field
patterns is called a mode. Three different mode categories can exist, namely:
Boundary conditions for the waveguide:

B4 = 0,

B2 = 0,
For TE modes, (m, n) may be (0, 1) or (1, 0) but not (0, 0). Both m and n cannot be zero at the same time
because this will force the field components to vanish.
We have three possibilities depending on k (or ω), m, and n:

The cutoff frequency is the operating frequency below which attenuation occurs and above which propagation
lakes place.
The corresponding wavelength inside the guide:

The phase velocity:

The phase velocity is always higher than in an unbounded medium (fast wave) and is frequency
dependent.
The group velocity:

Wave impedance:
Boundary conditions for the waveguide:

A3 = 0,

A1 = 0,
Wave impedance:
The dominant mode is the mode with the lowest cutoff frequency (or longest cutoff
wavelength).
In practice , a safety margin of about 20% is considered, so that the useful bandwidth is less than the
maximum mono-mode bandwidth. This is necessary to make sure that the first mode (TE10) is well
above cut-off, and the second mode (TE01 or TE20) is strongly evanescent.
In the case of perfectly square wave guide, TEm0 and TE0n modes with m=n are degenerate with the
same cut-off frequency.

Example – Design an air-filled rectangular wave guide for the following operation conditions: a.
10 GHz in the middle of the frequency band (single mode operation) b. b=a/2
Solution:
Prob.
we choose TM13,
Problem: Determine all the modes that can be transmitted in a rectangular waveguide with cross
section 7x4 cm. Assume that the guide is excited at 3 GHz and at 9 GHz.

Sol: 2 2
1 𝑚 𝑛
𝑓𝑐 = +
2 𝜇𝜖 𝑎 𝑏

3 × 1010 𝑚 2 𝑛 2 9 × 1020 𝑚 2 𝑛 2
𝑓𝑐 = + 𝑓𝑐2 = +
2 7 4 4 7 4

For propagation, 𝑓𝑐 < 𝑓 𝑓𝑐2 < 𝑓 2

9 × 1020 𝑚 2 𝑛 2 𝑚 2 𝑛 2
+ <9× 1018 + < 0.04
4 7 4 7 4

16𝑚2 + 49𝑛2 < 31.4

Only TE10 mode is possible.
For conductor loss (TE10):
 Excitations of Modes in Rectangular Waveguides

The simple arrangement below can be used to excite TE10 in a rectangular wave guide.
The inner conductor of the coaxial cable behaves like a dipole antenna and it creates a
maximum electric field in the middle of the cross-section.
CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE
Helmholtz equations:
where Jn(kcr) is the nth-order Bessel function of the first kind, representing a standing wave of cos
(kcr) for r < a as shown in Fig. Nn(kcr)is the nth-order Bessel function of the second kind,
representing a standing wave of sin (kcr) for r > a.

Therefore the total solution of the Helmholtz equation in cylindrical coordinates is given by
The TE, modes in the circular guide are characterized by EZ means that the z component of the magnetic field
HZ must exist in the guide in order to have electromagnetic energy transmission.
Boundary conditions for the waveguide:
The mode propagation constant:

The cutoff wave number of a mode:

The phase velocity for TE modes:

The wavelength and wave impedance for TE modes:

The field equations of TMnp modes in circular waveguide:
In a circular waveguide, is the mode of TE11 that has the smallest value of the product, kca = 1.841, as
shown in Tables.

Example: An air-filled circular waveguide has a radius of 2 cm and is to carry energy at a frequency of
10 GHz. Find all the TE and TM modes for which energy transmission is possible.
 MICROWAVE CAVITIES

In general, a cavity resonator is a metallic enclosure that confines the electromagnetic energy. The
stored electric and magnetic energies inside the cavity determine its equivalent inductance and
capacitance. The energy dissipated by the finite conductivity of the cavity walls determines its
equivalent resistance. In practice, the rectangular-cavity resonator, circular-cavity resonator, and
reentrant-cavity resonator are commonly used in many microwave applications.
Theoretically a given resonator has an infinite number of resonant modes, and each mode
corresponds to a definite resonant frequency. When the frequency of an impressed signal is equal
to a resonant frequency, a maximum amplitude of the standing wave occurs, and the peak energies
stored in the electric and magnetic fields are equal. The mode having the lowest resonant
frequency is known as the dominant mode.
 Rectangular Cavity Resonator
TE resonator:

Put boundary condition on Exs

TM resonator:

Put boundary condition on Exs

Circular-Cavity Resonator