Determiner

• A determiner is a word or a group of words that comes before a noun to provide context or
clarify its reference in a sentence. Determiners include articles (like "the", "a", "an"),
demonstratives (like "this", "that", "these", "those"), possessives (like "my", "your", "his", "her",
"its", "our", "their"), quantifiers (like "some", "many", "few", "several"), and numbers (like "one",
"two", "three"). They help specify whether the noun is definite or indefinite, show possession, or
quantify the noun.

• Pre-determiners: These come before other determiners in a noun phrase, adding extra
information or emphasis. For example, in "all the students," "all" is the pre-determiner.

• Central determiners: These are the main determiners in a noun phrase and typically come
immediately before the noun. Examples include articles ("the", "a") and demonstratives ("this",
"that"). In "the book," "the" is the central determiner.

• Post-determiners: These come after other determiners and further specify or quantify the noun.
For instance, in "all three books," "three" is the post-determiner.

Reference

• General reference: Refers to any member of a class (e.g., "A cat is a mammal").

• Unique reference: Refers to a specific individual or thing (e.g., "The cat is on the table").

• Situational reference: Refers to something related to the current situation (e.g., "Pass me that
pen").

• Logical reference: Refers to something based on logical reasoning (e.g., "All humans need air to
breathe").

• Anaphoric reference: Refers back to something mentioned earlier in the text (e.g., "John lost his
keys. He was upset.").

• Cataphoric reference: Refers to something mentioned later in the text (e.g., "He was tired. The
man collapsed").

• Deictic reference: Refers to something based on the speaker's or listener's perspective, such as
"here," "there," "this," or "that."

Plurals:

• Mutated: Some nouns change their form entirely in the plural, often without a predictable
pattern (e.g., "man" becomes "men").

• Regular plurals: Most nouns form their plural by adding "s" or "es" to the singular form (e.g.,
"book" becomes "books," "box" becomes "boxes").
 • Pluralia tantum: Nouns that only exist in the plural form, such as "scissors" or "pants."

• Irregular plurals: Some nouns have irregular plural forms that don't follow the typical pattern
(e.g., "child" becomes "children," "mouse" becomes "mice").

• Summation: When the noun itself changes to indicate plurality, often through addition of "s" or
"es" (e.g., "cat" becomes "cats").

• Collective plurals: Singular nouns that refer to a group or collection of individuals but are treated
as plural (e.g., "team," "family").

• Compound nouns: Nouns formed by combining two or more words, where both parts may or
may not change to indicate plurality (e.g., "passerby" becomes "passersby").

• Foreign plurals: Plurals of nouns borrowed from other languages may follow their original
language's pluralization rules (e.g., "cactus" becomes "cacti" following Latin rules).

• Zero plurals: Some nouns remain the same in both singular and plural forms (e.g., "sheep,"
"deer").

Genitive Meaning

• Double genitive: Indicates possession of one thing by another that is already possessive (e.g., "a
friend of John's").

• Possessive genitive: Shows ownership or association (e.g., "John's car").

• Subjective genitive: Shows the subject or agent of the action (e.g., "the author's book" indicates
the book belongs to the author who wrote it).

• Descriptive genitive: Describes the noun it modifies (e.g., "a man of wealth" describes a man
who is wealthy).

• Objective genitive: Indicates the object or recipient of the action (e.g., "a lover of art" refers to
someone who loves art).

• Partitive genitive: Denotes a part of a whole (e.g., "a slice of cake").

Types of Pronouns

• Personal pronouns: Used to refer to specific people or things (e.g., "I," "you," "he," "she," "it,"
"we," "they").

• Relative pronouns: Introduce dependent clauses and connect them to the main clause (e.g.,
"who," "whom," "whose," "which," "that").

• Demonstrative pronouns: Point out specific people or things (e.g., "this," "that," "these,"
"those")

• Interrogative pronouns: Used to ask questions about people or things (e.g., "who," "whom,"
 "whose," "which," "what").

• Reflexive pronouns: Reflect back to the subject of the sentence (e.g., "myself," "yourself,"
"himself," "herself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," "themselves").

• Indefinite pronouns: Refer to non-specific people or things (e.g., "everyone," "someone,"

Limiters

In English language, "limiters" can refer to words or phrases that restrict or limit the scope, quantity, or
specificity of a noun or verb. They are often used to provide context or clarification in a sentence. Some
common types of limiters include:

• Quantifiers: Words that indicate quantity or amount, such as "some," "many," "few," "several,"
"all," "each," and "every."

• Determiners: Words that precede a noun to provide context or specify its reference, including
articles ("a," "an," "the"), demonstratives ("this," "that," "these," "those"), possessives ("my,"
"your," "his," "her," "its," "our," "their"), and quantifying determiners ("some," "any," "each,"
"every").

• Modifiers: Words or phrases that provide additional information about a noun, verb, or other
part of speech, such as adjectives ("big," "red," "beautiful"), adverbs ("quickly," "very,"
"extremely"), and prepositional phrases ("in the house," "on the table").

• Restrictors: Words or phrases that limit or specify the scope of a noun phrase, such as relative
clauses ("which," "that," "who") or restrictive adjectives ("only," "single," "specific").

Characteristics of Adjactives

• Descriptive: Adjectives describe or provide information about nouns or pronouns.

Example: The blue sky, a happy child.

• Modifying: Adjectives modify or add detail to nouns or pronouns.

Example: She wore a beautiful dress.

• Positional: Adjectives can occur before or after the noun they modify.

Example: The cat is black. OR The black cat is sleeping.

• Comparative: Adjectives can express degrees of comparison (comparative and superlative

Example: This book is bigger than that one. OR It is the biggest book on the shelf.
 • Non-gradable: Some adjectives do not have comparative or superlative forms.

Example: She is unique. (No comparative or superlative form)

• Attributive and predicative: Adjectives can be used attributively (before the noun) or
predicatively (after linking verbs).

Example: The red car is fast. OR The car is red.

• Quantity: Adjectives can indicate how much or how many of something there is.

Example: There are few people in the room.

• Specificity: Adjectives can be specific or general in describing nouns or pronouns.

Example: The three apples (specific), some apples (general).

• Adjective order: Adjectives often follow a specific order when multiple adjectives are used to
describe the same noun.

Example: She found a beautiful, old house.

• Participial adjectives: Some adjectives are formed from verb participles and describe the state or
quality of the noun.

Example: The broken window, an excited child.

• Compound adjectives: Adjectives formed by combining two or more words.

Example: A blue-eyed girl, a high-quality product.

inherent adjectives:

These are qualities inherent to the noun they describe, meaning they are essential or inherent
characteristics of the noun itself. For example, "a wooden table" - "wooden" is inherent to the table.

Non-inherent adjectives:

These are qualities that are not essential or inherent to the noun but are added to provide extra
information or context. They can be subjective or temporary characteristics. For example, "a happy
person" - "happy" is a non-inherent quality that describes the person's emotional state.

Sentence models :

• Simple sentence: Contains one independent clause with a subject and a predicate (e.g., "She
sings").
• Compound sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating
conjunctions or punctuation (e.g., "She sings, and he dances").

• Complex sentence: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g.,
"Although she sings, he dances").

• Compound-complex sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause (e.g., "Although she sings, he dances, and they both have fun").

• Imperative sentence: Gives a command, request, or instruction (e.g., "Close the door").

• Interrogative sentence: Asks a question (e.g., "Where are you going?").

• Exclamatory sentence: Expresses strong emotion or excitement (e.g., "What a beautiful day!").