This document discusses concepts related to earthquakes and seismic design of structures. It defines magnitude and intensity as different metrics for measuring earthquakes. It also discusses ductility in structures and methods for retrofitting and improving ductility of reinforced concrete structures.
This document discusses concepts related to earthquakes and seismic design of structures. It defines magnitude and intensity as different metrics for measuring earthquakes. It also discusses ductility in structures and methods for retrofitting and improving ductility of reinforced concrete structures.
This document discusses concepts related to earthquakes and seismic design of structures. It defines magnitude and intensity as different metrics for measuring earthquakes. It also discusses ductility in structures and methods for retrofitting and improving ductility of reinforced concrete structures.
This document discusses concepts related to earthquakes and seismic design of structures. It defines magnitude and intensity as different metrics for measuring earthquakes. It also discusses ductility in structures and methods for retrofitting and improving ductility of reinforced concrete structures.
Magnitude and Intensity measure different 3 fractures. A ductile structure's ability to contort and characteristics of earthquakes. Magnitude measures dissipate energy during an earthquake is, therefore, the energy released at the source of the earthquake. also advantageous as it will keep deforming without Magnitude is determined from measurements on reaching ultimate failure or collapse. seismographs. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain Retrofitting is the Science and Technology of location. Intensity is determined by its effects on strengthening the existing structures or structural people, human structures, and the natural elements to enhance their performance with new environment. Magnitude is measured by Richter scale technology, features and components. Retrofitting of and intensity is measured by the Mercalli scale. an existing reinforced concrete structure includes either repair, rehabilitation (or) strengthening terms. Earthquake Design Philosophy The classification of retrofitting techniques for RCC The earthquake design philosophy may be buildings is mainly of two categories, such as, summarized as; (a) Under minor but frequent shaking, the main 1. Global Retrofitting Techniques members of the building that carry vertical and 2. Local Retrofitting Techniques horizontal forces should not be damaged; however building parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable damage. Global Retrofitting Techniques (b) Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may sustain repairable damage, while the Adding Shear Wall, Adding Infill Wall, Adding Steel other parts of the building may be damaged such that Bracing, Adding Wing Wall, Wall Thickening they may even have to be replaced after the Technique, Mass Reduction Technique, Base earthquake. Isolation Technique, Mass Dampers (c) Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe (even irreparable) damage, but the Local Retrofitting Technique building should not collapse. Jacketing of Beams, Jacketing of Columns, Jacketing Response spectrum analysis is a method to estimate of Beam-Column Joints, Strengthening of Individual the structural response to short, nondeterministic, Footings transient dynamic events. Examples of such events are earthquakes and shocks. Since the exact time Methods of Retrofitting history of the load is not known, it is difficult to perform a time-dependent analysis. The exact value of the peak response of a MDOF system in its nth Some of the commonly used methods of retrofitting natural mode can be obtained from the earthquake of structure are: response spectrum. The response spectrum method is based on a special type of mode superposition. The Adding Steel Bracing, Jacketing Method, External idea is to provide an input that gives a limit to how Plate Bonding, Base Isolation Technique, Mass much an eigenmode having a certain natural Reduction Technique, Wall Thickening Technique, frequency and damping can be excited by an event of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP), Adding Shear Wall, this type. Epoxy Injection Method, Section Enlarging Reinforcing Method A ductile structure can accommodate large deformations without losing its strength and stability, Seismic Design Factors while a brittle structure can fail suddenly and catastrophically. Ductility can also reduce the damage ● Low Height to Base Ratios. and repair costs of a structure after an earthquake, as ● Equal Floor Heights. it can prevent or limit the formation of cracks and
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● Symmetrical Plans. various design and construction techniques. Ductility
● Uniform Sections and Elevations. is essential for structures to withstand large ● Maximum Torsional Resistance. deformations without sudden failure, especially in ● Short Spans and Redundancy. seismic events. Here are some methods to enhance ● Direct Load Paths. ductility in RC members:
detailing of reinforcement according to design codes The following factors affect and are affected by the and standards. Adequate reinforcement in critical design of the building. It is important that the design regions such as beam-column joints and potential team understands these factors and deal with them plastic hinge zones in beams can improve ductility. prudently in the design phase. Use of Adequate Reinforcement: Increase the amount Torsion: Objects and buildings have a center of mass, of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement in a point by which the object (building) can be critical sections. This helps in distributing and balanced without rotation occurring. If the mass is dissipating energy during seismic events, enhancing uniformly distributed then the geometric center of the ductility. floor and the center of mass may coincide. Uneven Proper Concrete Strength: Use concrete mixes with mass distribution will position the center of mass appropriate strength characteristics. Higher-strength outside of the geometric center causing "torsion" concrete can provide better confinement to generating stress concentrations. A certain amount of reinforcement and enhance ductility. torsion is unavoidable in every building design. Confined Concrete: Employ techniques like Symmetrical arrangement of masses, however, will confinement using spirals, hoops, or fiber wraps in result in balanced stiffness against either direction critical regions, such as beam-column joints and and keep torsion within a manageable range. plastic hinge zones. Confinement enhances the lateral Damping: Buildings in general are poor resonators to strength and ductility of concrete. dynamic shock and dissipate vibration by absorbing Proper Shear Reinforcement: Adequately design and it. Damping is a rate at which natural vibration is detail shear reinforcement in beams and columns. absorbed. Proper shear reinforcement helps in preventing brittle Ductility: Ductility is the characteristic of a material shear failure and enhances ductility. (such as steel) to bend, flex, or move, but fails only Seismic Design Considerations: Implement seismic after considerable deformation has occurred. design principles and detailing requirements specified Non-ductile materials (such as poorly reinforced in seismic design codes. These provisions are aimed concrete) fail abruptly by crumbling. Good ductility at improving the ductility and overall seismic can be achieved with carefully detailed joints. performance of RC structures. Strength and Stiffness: Strength is a property of a Energy Dissipation Devices: Integrate energy material to resist and bear applied forces within a safe dissipation devices such as dampers or base isolators limit. Stiffness of a material is a degree of resistance in the structure. These devices absorb and dissipate to deflection or drift (drift being a horizontal energy during seismic events, reducing demands on story-to-story relative displacement). RC members and enhancing ductility. Building Configuration: This term defines a Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP): Consider using building's size and shape, and structural and FRP wraps or jackets to retrofit existing members or nonstructural elements. Building configuration enhance the ductility of new construction. FRP determines the way seismic forces are distributed materials can improve the confinement of concrete within the structure, their relative magnitude, and and increase the ductility of RC members. problematic design concerns. Proper Construction Practices: Ensure proper construction practices such as adequate concrete How ductility of RC members can be increased? compaction, proper curing, and quality control of The ductility of reinforced concrete (RC) members, reinforcement placement. Proper construction such as beams and columns, can be increased through
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practices help in achieving the desired material areas. It helps inform building codes, zoning properties and structural performance. regulations, and emergency preparedness plans to Innovative Materials and Techniques: Explore reduce the impact of earthquakes on lives and innovative materials and construction techniques that property. enhance the ductility of RC members. Research and development in this area continually offer new solutions for improving structural performance. By implementing these methods, engineers can effectively increase the ductility of RC members, ensuring the safety and resilience of structures under various loading conditions, including seismic events.
Seismic evaluation Seismic evaluation is a process used to assess the vulnerability of structures, buildings, or infrastructure to earthquake-induced ground motions. It involves analyzing various factors such as soil conditions, building materials, design specifications, and regional seismic activity to determine how well a structure can withstand seismic forces.
Seismic evaluation is typically required in regions
prone to earthquakes or where seismic activity is a significant risk factor. This includes areas along major fault lines or in regions with a history of seismic events. The evaluation helps engineers and authorities understand the potential risks posed by earthquakes and take appropriate measures to mitigate them.
The evaluation process may involve:
Structural analysis: Assessing the structural integrity
of buildings and infrastructure to determine their ability to withstand seismic forces. Geotechnical analysis: Evaluating soil conditions to understand how ground shaking may affect different types of foundations. Risk assessment: Estimating the potential damage and loss of life that could occur during an earthquake, taking into account factors such as building occupancy, population density, and proximity to fault lines. Retrofitting recommendations: Recommending structural upgrades or retrofitting measures to improve the seismic resistance of existing buildings and infrastructure. Seismic evaluation is essential for ensuring the safety and resilience of communities in earthquake-prone
