UNIVRSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

CH 225: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

SPECIAL/SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR

2004/2005

DATE: 16/01/2004 TIME: 14.30-17.30 HRS

REG. NO…………….. EXAMINATION NO. ………………

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. This examination paper consists of FOUR (4) printed pages with questions
divided into two sections: section A (24 marks) and Section B (36
marks).

2. Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY THREE questions from

Section B.

3. Do not use this question paper for rough work. All rough work must be
done in the answer book (at the back) and crossed through.

4. Periodic Tables are provided.

5. This examination paper must be handed in together with your answer

book.
 SECTION A: Attempt ALL questions

QUESTION 1
(a) What is meant by a hydrogen bond? Outline its two consequences
(1.unusual boiling point of H2O ,pt 373K and 2. Boiling point of
H2S,H2Se,H2Te less than 300K.) [3 marks]
(b) Name the following:
(i) An element that exhibits inert pair effect.
(Ti, Pb, Bi )
(ii) The compounds(s) formed when sodium is burned in air.
(Na2O react further more to form Na2O2)
(iii) The element in main Group II that is expected to have the smallest
hydrated cation.
(Be)
(iv) Two transition elements which form alums.
( Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Rh or Ir)
(v) Two principal factors responsible for the difference between the
chemistry of nitrogen and phosphorus.

(vi) Two stable nitrogen oxides with incomplete octets.

(NO, NO2)
(vii) An element in main Group V that forms an amphoteric oxide.
Antimony (Sb), [10 marks]

QUESTION 2
Write the trend of the following down the Group of the Periodic Table:
(i) The acid strength of the aqueous solutions of Group VI dihydrides,
H2X(X=S, Se, Te).

(ii) The thermal stability of the hydride anions MH4- (M=B, Al, Ga).
(Decrease down the group)
(iii) The thermal stability of the carbonates of the Group II metals (Ca to Ra),
and
(Increase down the group)
(iv) The Lewis acid character of the boron trihalides (BX3, X = F, Cl, Br).
(Increase down the group, due to lack of efficient overlaping)
[1 marks x 4 = 4 marks]

QUESTION 3
(a) For each of the following pairs of substances, select the one that has the
more polar bonds, In each case give ONE reason for your choice.
(i) NF3 or IF3
(ii) HF or H2Te
(iii) CO2 or SnO2. [3 marks]
(b) For the first Transition series the most common oxidation states are II and
III.
(i) Name two elements that can exhibit oxidation state V or greater.
(Vv, CrV,VI; MnV,VI,VII and FeV,VI) [2 marks]
(ii) Give an example of either a compound or an ion for each of the
element named in (i) above. [2 marks]
CrF5, CrF6, MnO3F.
SECTION B: Attempt ANY THREE questions from this section

QUESTION 4

(i) Due to electron deficiency, in addition to the conventional chemical bonds,

the bonding in boranes may be explained by multi-centre bonding
concepts. List three types of multi-centre bonding that can be used for
this purpose.
• 3c-2e hydrogen bridge bond
• Open 3c-2e boron bridge bond
• Closed 3c-2e boron bond
[3 MARKS]

(ii) Although both nitrogen and phosphrous belong to main Group V of the
Periodic Table, phosphorus does not exist as a diatomic molecule but
nitrogen does. Explain. [4 marks]

(iii) CCI4 is not reactive towards water whereas SiCl4 is rapidly hydrolysed.
Explain. [3 marks]
SiCl4 + H2O Si(OH)2+ 4HCl
(iv) Name two interhalogen compounds that are not halogen fluorides.
BrCl, ICl, ICl3 [2
marks]

QUESTION 5
(a) Explain why xenon hexafluoride is a stable compound whereas krypton
hexafluoride is unknown [3 marks]

(b) Outline the ways in which the elements of Group VI (excluding oxygen),
i.e. sulphur, selenium and tellurium may complete their noble gas
configurations, giving an example in each case. [3 marks]
1) 2- 2-
Chalconide ions S , Se and Te 2-

2) Two electron pair bonds eg. (CH3)2S, H2S.

3) Ionic species with one bond and one negative charge
-
eg. HS , RS .-

4) Three bonds and one positive charge eg. R3S+.

5) Compds in formal oxidation states IV and VI eg. SeCl4, TeF6,
SeF5- with four, five or six bonds. Te may give an eight-
coordinate ion, TeF8 . -
(c) For the elements of the first transition series, except for copper, the lower
oxidation state (1, 0, -I and II) are known only with –acid ligands or some
organic ligands e.g. olefins, acetylenes. Explain. PR3 = -acid due to
d-orbitals of low energy.
[4 marks]

QUESTION 6
(a) Outline the principal factors responsible for the differences between the
chemistry of oxygen and sulfur. [6 marks]
(i) S  Po have lower electronegativities, which means that their
compounds have less ionic character.
(ii) As in other 2nd row and subsequent elements there is multiple S d-
p bonding but no p -p bonding, causing shortening of bonds.
eg. SO42- : Expected S-O
Bond length = 1.69 Å
Observed S-O Bond
length = 1.49 Å
iii) The valence is not confined to two, since d-orbitals can be utilized to
form more than four bonds to other elements. eg. SF6, Te(OH)6.
iv) Sulfur has a strong tendency to catenate and forms compounds with
no O, Se or Te analogs. eg. polysulphide ions, Sn2-. (Energy of S-S
bonds may be as high as 430 kJ/mol
(b) Group IV elements have a high tendency to catenate
(i) Outline two conditions that an element must fulfill in order to
catenate.
1. An element must have a valence of at least two.
2. Must form strong bonds to itself.

(ii) Name the element in Group IV that has the least tendency to
catenate. Give reason(s).
(Pb Does not form strong bonds to itself.)
 (iii) Name an element which is not in Group IV that also has a high
tendency to catenate. S

(iv)
Name one type/class of compound(s) in which germanium exhibits
catenation. [2+2+1+1marks=6 marks]
Extensive chains occur in Si & Ge hydrides, up to Si6H14 and
Ge9H20, Silicon halides and in Ge2Cl6

QUESTION 7
(a) Most of main Group I and II metals in the Periodic Table dissolve in liquid
ammonia forming solutions that are blue when dilute.
(i) The dilute solutions are paramagnetic, however the paramagnetism
decreases with increased concentration. Give Reason(s).
Decrease in paramagnetism with increase in concentration suggest that
the ammoniated electrons can associate to form diamagnetic species
containing electron pairs.
2e- ⇌ e22-

(ii) Name two lanthanide elements that also dissolve in liquid ammonia
forming solutions that are blue when dilute.
(Eu & Yb)
(iii) Name two elements (excluding hydrogen) from main Group I or II
that do not dissolve in liquid ammonia to give blue solutions.Be ,
Mg → Soluble only in the presence of a strong base.

(iv) Describe the “cavity model” which is thought to be the best in

explaining the relationship between the solvated electrons and
ammonia molecule. [2+1+1+4 marks =8 marks]

(b) What is meant by a –acid ligand? Give two examples. [4 marks]

 These are ligands which have lone pairs and vacant -orbitals. The
vacant orbitals accept electron density from filled metal orbitals to
form a type of bonding that supplements the –bonding.
 (eg. Substituted phosphines ie. PR3, CN-, PF3, PCl3 etc).

QUESTION 8
(i) Although the average S-F bond energy in SF4 is higher than in
SF6, the later is far less reactive than the former. Explain.
(ii) List the four broad classes of polyhedral boranes and
carbaboranes.
(iii) The charge to radius ratio of Li+ differ from the rest of the main
Group I metals. State this difference and give three examples to
illustrate this behaviour. This is due to the small size of Li+.eg Li
forms Li2O, When heated with carbon; Li react to form the
 acetylide Li2C2 , Li – Uniquely reactive to give the crystalline
nitride Li3N (25oC

(iv) Alumimium is used in various industrial processes. List its two

major ores.
[4+2+4+2 marks = 12 marks]
(Bauxite (Al2O3.nH2O) and Cryolite (Na3AlF6 - sodium hexafluoroaluminate).

---------------------THE END--------------------
 UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

CH 219: SYSTEMATIC INORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND CH 250: INORGANIC

CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS

FINAL EXAMINATION FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2010/2011

DATE: 14/07/2011 TIME: 14.00-16.00 HRS

REGISTRATION NUMBER………………….........................

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. This examination paper consists of FOUR (4) printed pages with questions
divided into two sections: Section A (30 marks) and Section B (30
marks).

2. Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO questions from

Section B.

3. Do not use this question paper for rough work. All rough work must be
done in the answer book (at the back) and crossed through.

4. This examination paper must be handed in together with your answer

book.

5. Mobile phones and pagers are not allowed in the examination room.

Useful information

Periodic Tables are provided.

 SECTION A: Answer ALL questions
QUESTION 1
Consider the Periodic Table and name the following as specified. If none of the
elements in the Group satisfies the statement, write “None of the Elements.”
(a) Elements of Group IIA that form amphoteric oxides. Be
(b) Elements of Group IIIA that have a high tendency to catenate.None
(c) Elements of Group VIA (excluding oxygen) that form ionic oxides. Increase
in metallic character of the elements eg: The MO2 oxides of Te & Po are
ionic
(d) Elements of Group VIA that form oxides which are used as non-aqueous
solvents.S
(e) Group IA metals that do not dissolve in liquid ammonia to give solutions that
are blue when dilute.None
[5 marks]

QUESTION 2
(a) Write the formula of two nitrogen oxides with incomplete octets.NO, NO2
(i) (b) Iron is the second most abundant metal on the earth’s crust. Name
its four major ores. Haematite (Fe2O3) (ii) Magnetite (Fe3O4)
(iii) Limonite (2Fe2O3.3H2O), (iv) Siderite (FeCO3

[4 marks]

QUESTION 3
For the oxo-acids of bromine, HBrO3, HBrO2, HBrO4 and HBrO:
(a) Give the name of each acid.
(b) Arrange the acids in order of increasing acidity. [3 mark]

QUESTION 4
(a) Outline three general properties of the transition elements that
distinguish them from the main Group elements. With very few exceptions,
they exhibit variable valence.Their ions and compounds are coloured in
one if not all oxidation states (with very few exceptions).Due to partially
filled shells, they form some paramagnetic compounds
(b) List three principal factors that determine the electronic configurations of
transition elements. Nuclear-electronic attraction. Shielding of one electron
by others. Inter-electronic repulsions. Exchange energy of half filled shells
[3 marks]

QUESTION 5
Write balanced chemical equations for the hydrolysis by water for each of the
following. If there is no reaction, write “No reaction.”
(a) CaC2(CaC2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + HC CH)
(b) XeF4(6XeF4 + 12H2O = 2XeO3 + 4Xe + 3O2 + 24HF)
(c) LiAIH4
(d) GeH4 (No rxn) [4
marks]

QUESTION 6
Write the trend down the Group of the Periodic Table for each of the following:
(a) The acid strength of aqueous solutions of Group VI dihydrides, H 2X (X=S,
Se, Te). ( All behave as very weak acids and acidity in water
increases down the series H2S < H2Se < H2Te.)

(b) The thermal stability of the peroxides of the main Group II metals, (Ca-
Ra).(Increase down the group)
(c) The thermal stability of main Group VA MH3 hydrides.( Thermal stability
of the gases fall rapidly down the group and SbH3 and
BiH3 are very unstable thermally)
(d) The solubility in water of the nitrates of the main Group II metals (Ca-Ra).
(Decrease down the group)
[4 marks]

QUESTION 7
Consider the electronic configurations of the following elements:
A = [Ar]4s1, B = [Ne]3s23p2, C = [He]2s22p5 and D = [Kr]5s25p4

(a) Name the element that has the lowest first ionization potential.( D = [Ar]4s1
(b) Name the element with the highest electron affinity.( C = [He]2s22p5 )
[3 marks]

QUESTION 8
The most common oxidation state for the lanthanide elements is +3.
(a) Name two lanthanide elements that can exhibit oxidation state +2.
(Europium (Eu) and Yttebium (Yb) can form M2+.
Eu2+ = [Xe]4f7 Yb2+ = [Xe]4f14)

(b) Name two lanthanide elements (excluding cerium) that can exhibit oxidation
state +4.(Pr, Nd, Pm,Tb,Dy)
(c) Name two cerium compounds in which cerium has an oxidation state +4.( :
CeO2 (Ceric Oxide), CeO2.nH3O, (Hydrous Ceric Oxide),
CeF4)
[4 marks]
 SECTION B: Answer ANY TWO questions

QUESTION 9
(i) Outline the ways in which the elements of main Group VI (excluding
oxygen) i.e. S, Se, and Te may complete their noble gas configurations,
giving an example in each case.(chalconide ions S2-, Se2- and Te2-
Two electron pair bonds eg. (CH3)2S, H2S. Ionic species with one bond
and one negative charge eg. HS-, RS-. Three bonds and one positive
charge eg. R3S+.Compds in formal oxidation states IV and VI eg. SeCl4,
[5 marks]

(ii) Explain why it is erroneous to refer to aqueous solutions of ammonia as

ammonium hydroxide. [4 marks]

(iii) Group VIIA (the halogens) and Group O (the noble gases) are adjacent
Groups in the Periodic Table. Explain why the halogens have large negative
values of electron affinities whereas all the noble gases have positive values
of electron affinities. [3 marks]

(iv) What is meant by a -acid ligand? Give two examples. [3 marks]

(-acid ligands
(eg. Substituted phosphines ie. PR3, CN-, PF3, PCl3 etc).
 These are ligands which have lone pairs and vacant -orbitals. The
vacant orbitals accept electron density from filled metal orbitals to
form a type of bonding that supplements the –bonding.)

QUESTION 10
(a) Silicon and carbon are in Group IVA of the Periodic Table. However silicon
dioxide is a solid with a macromolecular structure and high boiling point
whereas carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature. Explain. [4 marks]
(b) Arsenic and nitrogen are both in Group VA of the Periodic Table. However
the compound MF5 is known for M = arsenic but unknown for M =
nitrogen. Give two plausible reasons for this observation. [4 marks]
N M
 1) Very strong p- p 1) Unstable p-p bonds
bonds 2) Weak to moderate but important p-d and d-d bondin
-
2) p- d bonding is rare 3) There is valence expansion. PF5, PF6
3) No valence expansion

(c) Most main Group IA and IIA elements dissolve in liquid ammonia giving
solutions that are blue when dilute.
(i) The dilute solutions are paramagnetic, but the paramagnetism
decreases with increased concentration. Give reason(s).
Metal ions are colourless and therefore the blue colour is associated
with the solvated electrons.
Decrease in paramagnetism with increase in concentration suggest
that the ammoniated electrons can associate to form diamagnetic
species containing electron pairs.
2e- ⇌ e22-

(ii) Name two elements in main Group IVA that react with solutions of
alkali metals in liquid ammonia forming polyhedral clusters of metal
ions. Sn & Pb react with alkali metals in liquid ammonia to
form compds such as Na4Pb9, Na2Sn5 that contain polyhedral
clusters of metal atoms.

(iii) Write the formula of the compound formed by removal of the

solvent of a dilute solution of strontium in liquid ammonia at the
boiling point.
(iv) Name two lanthanoid elements that also dissolve in Iiquid
ammonia giving solutions that are blue when dilute. Eu, Yb [4
marks]

(d) Select the more acidic oxide from each of the following pairs, giving a
reason for your choice in each case.
(i) MnO2 and MnO7
(ii) SeO2 and TeO2
(iii) Cr2O3 and CrO3 [3 marks]

QUESTION 11
(a) Outline four general methods for the preparation of lithium alkyls and
aryls, giving an example with an equation in each case. [4 marks]
1. Using an alkyl or aryl chloride in benzene or petroleum:
e.g: C2H5Cl + 2Li  C2H5Li + LiCl
2. By metal-halogen exchange
n-C4H9Li + C6H4NBr  C6H4NLi + n-C4H9Br
3. By metal-hydrogen exchange.
n-C4H9Li + Fe(C5H5)2  Fe(C5H5)2-Li + n-C4H10
4. By metal-metal exchange
2Li + R2Hg  2 RLi + Hg
R = alkyl or aryl

(b) Xenon hexafluoride is a stable compound whereas krypton hexafluoride is

unknown. Give two plausible reasons to explain this observation.
[4 marks]

(c) For the elements of the first transition series, except for copper, the lower
oxidation states (I, 0, –I) are known only with -acid ligands or some
organic ligands e.g. olefins, acetylenes. Give reason(s). PR3 = -acid
due to d-orbitals of low energy.
[4 marks]

(d) Arrange the following hydroxides in order of increasing basicity:

Ho(OH)3, Sm(OH)3, Pr(OH)3, Yb(OH)3. Give a reason for your order.
[3 marks]
Pr(OH)3, >Sm(OH)3 >Ho(OH)3> Yb(OH)3.
 UNIVRSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

CH 225: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

FINAL EXAMINATION FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2003

DATE: 16/01/2004 TIME: 14.30-17.30 HRS

REG. NO…………….. EXAMINATION NO. ………………

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. This examination paper consists of FOUR (4) printed pages with questions
divided into two sections: section A (24 marks) and Section B (36
marks).

2. Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY THREE questions from

Section B.

3. Do not use this question paper for rough work. All rough work must be
done in the answer book (at the back) and crossed through.

5. Periodic Tables are provided.

5. This examination paper must be handed in together with your answer

book.
 SECTION A Attempt ALL questions

QUESTION 1

(a) Define the following:

(i) Electron affinity
(ii) lattice energy
(iii) Electronegativity [3 marks]

(b) Consider the Periodic Table and name or list the following:
(i) Group III element(s) which form(s) MH4- anion(s) that can be re-
crystallized from cold water as the sodium salt(s). The most
important for Al & Ga are the tetrahedral hydride ions:
(ii) The formula of the compound(s) formed when sodium is heated
with carbon.
2Na+C(or C2H2) Na2C2(acetylides) C2H2
(iii) The element(s) in main Group IV that form(s) amphoteric oxide(s)
Sn(tin).
(iv) Two main Group elements, excluding carbon, that have the highest
tendency to catenate. (sulfur, silcon)
(v) Two types/classes of compounds in which tin and lead exhibit
catenation. For Sn & Pb catenation occurs only in organo-
compounds, & Sn & Pb react with alkali metals in liquid
ammonia to form compds such as Na4Pb9, Na2Sn5 that contain
polyhedral clusters of metal atoms.
[5 marks]

QUESTION 2
For each of the following pairs of substances, select the one that is more acidic.
In each case give ONE reason for your choice.
(i) In2O3 and Ga2O3
(ii) AS4O6 and AS2O5
(iii) SO2 and SeO2.
(iv) N2O5 and N2O3 [4 marks]

QUESTION 3
For the first Transition series the most common oxidation states are II and III.
(i) Name two elements that can exhibit oxidation state V or greater.
Vv, CrV,VI; MnV,VI,VII and FeV,VI [2
marks]
(ii) Give an example of either a compound or an ion for each of the
element named in (i) above. eg. CrF5, CrF6, MnO3F [2 marks]

QUESTION 4
Give ONE example of a compound for each of the following bonding
characteristic of hydrogen:
(i) Bridging Bonding in Diborane, B2H6
(ii) Covalent H-F>H-Cl>H-Br>H-I.
(iii) Lonic NaH
(iv) Hydrogen bonding H-F, H2O [4 marks]
QUESTION 5

Write the trend down the Group of the periodic Table for each of the following:
(i) strength of the covalent bonds in the M2 molecules of main Group
I elements (excluding hydrogen).(The strength decrease down
the group)
(ii) The solubilities in water of the nitrates of main Group II metals Ca-
Ra.(decrease down the group)
(iii) The acid strength of aqueous solutions of main Group VI dihydrides
(excluding oxygen). All behave as very weak acids and acidity
in water increases down the series H2S < H2Se < H2Te
(iv) Oxidizing power of the halogens.(decrease )

SECTION B Attempt ANY THREE questions from this section.

QUESTION 6
(v) the average s-f bond energy in sf6 is lower than in sf4. explain why
SF6 is far less reactive than SF4. SF6 – Very resistant to chemical
attack.
This is due to a combination of factors including:
High S-F bond strength.
Sulfur is both co-ordinatively saturated and
sterically hindered.
Lack of polarity of the molecule.

(vi) Explain why the degree of ionization of an aqueous solution of

hydrogen fluoride increases with concentration.
(vii) Due to electron deficiency, in addition to the conventional chemical
bonds, the bonding in boranes may be explained by multi-centre
bonding concepts. List three types of multi-centre bonding that can
be used for this purpose.1:3c-2e hydrogen bridge bond, 2: open
3c-2e boron bridge bond 3:closed 3c-2e boron bond
(viii) List three principal factors which determine the stability of the
electronic configurations of the transition elements.
Nuclear-electronic attraction.
Shielding of one electron by others.
Inter-electronic repulsions.
Exchange energy of half filled shells
[3 marks x 4 = 12 marks]

QUESTION 7
(i) Outline the preparation of a Grignard reagent.
: Mg compounds are of TWO types:
(a) RMgX X = Cl, Br, I (Grignard reagents)
 (b) MgR2
>RMgX – Made by direct interaction of the metal and an organic
halide (RX) in a suitable solvent, usually ether. Mg + RX →
RMgX(solvent: diethyl
>MgR2 are made by the dry reaction
HgR2 + Mg (excess) → Hg + MgR2

(ii) The relative strength of Lewis acid character for the boron trihalides
follows the trend BBr3 >BCI3≥ BF3 which is opposite to that expected
either on steric grounds or from electronegativity. Explain. This, is
because of lack of efficient overlapping, the
extent of π bonding decreases as the size of atoms involved in
bonding increases
(ii) For the elements of the first transition series, except for copper, the
lower oxidation states (I, O, -I and –II) are known only with  -acid
ligands or some organic ligands e.g. olefins, acetylenes. Explain.
PR3 = -acid due to d-orbitals of low energy
[4 marks x 3 = 12 marks]

QUESTION 8
(a) Consider the elements of main Group IV. For each of the following
descriptions name the element(s) in the Group that best fit(s) the
description. If none of the elements fit the description, write “None of the
Elements.”
(i) Form(s) MH4 compound(s) which is/are resistant to hydrolysis even
by a 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Resistant to
hydrolysis (GeH4 is unaffected by 30% NaOH).

(ii) is/are component(s) or ordinary glass. Silcon

iii) Form(s) amphoteric dioxide(s). Tin(Sn)

(iii) Form(s) an ionic MCI4 compounds(s) that is/are rapidly hydrolyzed
by water.SILCON
(iv) Is/are components(s) of sand. Silcon [5 marks]

(b) One type of intercalation compounds of graphite makes graphite non-

conducting.
(i) Name two compounds of this type, Graphite oxide and Graphite
fluoride
(ii) Write the formulae of the compounds you have named in (i) C2O,
(CF)x and
(iii) State the preparation of the two compounds in (i). Graphite oxide:
Obtained by treating graphite with strong aqueous oxidizing agents eg.
KMnO4 or Fuming HNO3.
u Composition not entirely fixed, but approximates to C2O with a little
hydrogen always present. (OH-) may also be present.
Graphite fluoride: Obtained by direct fluorination of graphite at 600oC.
White stoichiometric (CF)x can be produced.
s (CF)x has lubricating properties like those of graphite.
[7 marks]

QUESTION 9
(a) Most of main Group I and II metals in the Periodic Table dissolve in liquid
ammonia forming solutions that are blue when dilute.
• (i) The dilute solutions are paramagnetic, however the
paramagnetism decreases with increased concentration. Give reason(s).
Decrease in paramagnetism with increase in concentration suggest
that the ammoniated electrons can associate to form diamagnetic
species containing electron pairs.
2e- ⇌ e22-
(ii) write the formula of the compound obtained when a 20% solution of
lithium in liquid ammonia is cooled.
(ii) name two lanthanide elements that also dissolve in liquid ammonia
forming solutions that are blue when dilute. Eu,Yb
(iv) name two elements (excluding hydrogen) from main Group I or II
that do not dissolve in liquid ammonia to give blue solutions. Be,Mg
(v) Describe the “cavity model” which is though to be the best in
explaining the relationship between the solvated electrons and
ammonia molecules. The best description for the solvated electron
in ammonia is the Cavity model. In this
model, the electron is trapped within a cavity surrounded by ammonia
molecules.Presumably the solvent dipoles are oriented with
the hydrogen atoms pointing inwardtoward the centre of the
cavity i.e. repulsion between the electron and the electrons of
thesolvent molecules leads to the formation of the cavity
within which the electron has thehighest probability of being
found.In the absence of impurities and metal surfaces, metal-
ammonia solutions are stable forextended periods of time at
temperatures where ammonia is still a liquid, but a reaction
togive amide,Na + NH3(l) NaNH2+ 1/2H2
can occur photochemically and is catalysed by a transition metal salts.
Alkali metal solutions in liquid ammonia are powerful reducing agents and
are used for
this purpose in inorganic and organic reactions. [1+1+1+1+4
marks = 8 marks]
(b) What is meant by a  -acid ligand? Give two examples. eg. Substituted
phosphines ie. PR3, CN-, PF3, PCl3 etc).
These are ligands which have lone pairs and vacant -orbitals. The vacant
orbitals accept electron density from filled metal orbitals to
form a type of bonding that supplements the –bonding [4
marks]
QUESTION 10
(a) Outline the ways in which nitrogen can complete its octet, giving and
example in each case.
Electron gain to form the nitride ion
Found only in salt-like nitrides of the most electropositive metals.
Formation of electron pair bonds
(a) single bonds as in NH3
(b) multiple bonds as in :NN: and -N=N-
Formation of electron pair bonds with electron gain as in
NH2- or NH2-
(amide) (imide)
Formation of electron pair bond with electron loss as in the tetrahedral
ammonium and substituted ammonium ions:
eg R4N+ , and NH4+
ie. H3N: + H+  NH4+
R3N: + RX  R4N+ + X-
[4 marks]
(b) Phosphorus does not exist as a diatomic molecule at room temperature
but nitrogen does. Explain.
1) Very strong p-p 4) Unstable p -p bonds
bonds 5) Weak to moderate but important p -d and d-d bondin
2) p -d bonding is 6) There is valence expansion.
rare
3) No valence
expansion
[3 marks]
(c) Define the lanthanide contraction This is the significant and steady
decrease in the size of atoms and ions ofthe Lanthanoids with increasing
atomic number (Z).
[1 mark]
(d) For the lanthanide elements +3 is the most common oxidation state.
(i) name two lanthanide elements that can exhibit oxidation state +2.
Eu,Yb
(ii) name two lanthanide elements that can exihibit oxidation state +4.
Pr (Praseodymium), Tb (Terbium), Nd (Neodymium) and Dy (Dysprosium)
solid compounds of oxidation state IV are known.
eg. NaPrF5, PrF4, TbO2, TbF4, Cs3 NdF7.

[4 marks]

---------------------THE END--------------------
 UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

CH 225: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

FINAL EXAMINATION FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2007/08

DATE: 22/05/2008 TIME:16.00-18.00 HRS

REG. NO………………………..

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. This examination paper consists of FOUR (4) printed pages with questions
divided into two sections: Section A (30 marks) and Section B (30
marks).

2. Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO questions from

Section B.

3. Do not use this question paper for rough work. All rough work must be
done in the answer book (at the back) and crossed through.

6. Periodic Tables are provided.

7. This examination paper must be handed in together with your answer

book.

8. Mobile phones and pagers are not allowed in the examination room.
 SECTION A Answer ALL questions

QUESTION 1

(a) Define the following:

(i) Electron affinity
(ii) Electronegativity [2 marks]

(b) Consider the Periodic Table and name or list the following:
(i) Main Group III element(s) which form(s) MH4- anion(s) that can be
re-crystallized from cold water as the sodium salt(s) AlH4-and
GaH4-.
(ii) Element(s) that have/has no triple point. He
(vi) Two main Group elements, excluding carbon, that have the highest
tendency to catenate. S, Si
(vii) The type/class of compounds in which germaneum exhibits
catenation. Halides, hydrides eg. Ge2Cl6. Ge9H20
(viii) The formulae of two binary inter-halogen compounds that are not
halogen fluorides. BrCl, ICl, ICl3, and IBr
(ix) Two major ores of aluminium. Bauxite (Al2O3.nH2O) and Cryolite
(Na3AlF6 - sodium hexafluoroaluminate).
(x) An element in main Group IV that forms an amphoteric oxide Sn
[7 marks]

QUESTION 2
Select the more acidic member for each of the following pairs of substances:
(v) In2O3 and Ga2O3.
(vi) As4O6 and As2O5.
(vii) SO2 and SeO2.
(viii) N2O5 and N2O3. [4 marks]

QUESTION 3
(c) Select the one that has the more polar bonds for each of the following
pairs of substances:
(i) NF3 or IF3
a. HF or H2Te
(v) CO2 or SnO2. [3 marks]

(b) For the first Transition series the most common oxidation states are II and
III. Name three elements that can exhibit oxidation state V or greater. Vv,
CrV,VI; MnV,VI,VII and FeV,VI
[3 marks]
QUESTION 4
Give ONE example of a compound demonstrating each of the following bonding
characteristics of hydrogen:
(v) Bridging Diborane B2H6
(vi) Covalent H-F>H-Cl>H-Br>H-I.
(vii) Ionic NaH
(viii) Hydrogen bonding H2O, NH3, HF [4 marks]

QUESTION 5

Write the trend down the Group of the Periodic Table for each of the following:
(a) The strength of the covalent bonds in the M2 molecules of main Group I
elements (excluding hydrogen). Strength of the covalent bonds in the M2
molecules decrease down the group
(b) The solubilities in water of the nitrates of main Group II metals, Ca-Ra.
decrease down the group
(c) The acid strength of aqueous solutions of main Group VI dihydrides
(excluding oxygen). All behave as very weak acids and acidity in water
increases down the series H2S < H2Se < H2Te
(d) The thermal stability of the peroxides of the main Group II metals, Ca-Ra.
increases down the group
[4 marks]

QUESTION 6
Write balanced chemical equations for the hydrolysis by water for each of the
following. If there is no reaction, write “No reaction”.
(a) SF4 SF4 + 2H2O  SO2 + 4HF
(b) BCl3 BCl3 + 3H2O  B(OH)3 + 3HCl
(c) GaH4- MH4- + 4H2O  4H2 + M(OH)3 + OH- [3 marks]

SECTION B Answer ANY TWO questions

QUESTION 7
(a) Outline four general methods for the preparation of lithium alkyls and aryls
giving an example with an equation in each case > Using an alkyl
or aryl chloride in benzene or petroleum:
e.g: C2H5Cl + 2Li  C2H5Li + LiCl
>By metal-halogen exchange
n-C4H9Li + C6H4NBr  C6H4NLi + n-C4H9Br
>By metal-hydrogen exchange.
n-C4H9Li + Fe(C5H5)2  Fe(C5H5)2-Li + n-C4H10
>.By metal-metal exchange
 2Li + R2Hg  2 RLi + Hg R = alkyl or aryl
.
[4 marks]
(b) Although hydrogen selenide is toxic, no deaths have been attributed to it.
Give reasons. [4 marks]
(c) What is meant by a -acid ligand? Give two examples. eg. Substituted
phosphines ie. PR3, CN-, PF3, PCl3 etc).
These are ligands which have lone pairs and vacant -orbitals. The vacant
orbitals accept electron density from filled metal orbitals to form a type of
bonding that supplements the –bonding `[3
marks]
(d) For each of the following descriptions name the element(s) in Group
V that best fit(s) the description. If none of the elements fit the
description, write “None of the Elements.”

(i) Form(s) an MF3 compound(s) that is/are resistant to

hydrolysis at room temperature. N
(ii) Form(s) MF5 compound(s) as the only stable
pentahalide.P
(iii) Form(s) amphoteric oxide(s).Sb
(iv) Is/are component(s) of safety matches. P [4 marks]

QUESTION 8
(a) Xenon hexafluoride is a stable compound whereas krypton hexafluoride is
unknown. Give reasons. [5 marks]

(b) One type of intercalation compounds of graphite makes graphite non-

conducting.
(i) Name two compounds of this type. Graphite oxide and Graphite
fluoride

(ii) Write the formulae of the compounds you have named in (i). ) C2O,
(CF)x

(iii) State the preparation of the two compounds in (i). Graphite oxide:
Obtained by treating graphite with strong aqueous oxidizing agents eg.
KMnO4 or Fuming HNO3.
u Composition not entirely fixed, but approximates to C2O with a little
hydrogen always present. (OH-) may also be present.
Graphite fluoride: Obtained by direct fluorination of graphite at 600oC.
White stoichiometric (CF)x can be produced.
s (CF)x has lubricating properties like those of graphite.
[6 marks]
(c) Outline four principal factors responsible for the difference between the
chemistry of oxygen and sulfur. [4 marks]
The Chemistry of O2 is different from that of S with more
gradual variations
through Se, Te, Po.
This may be attributable to:
(i) S  Po have lower electronegativities, which
means that their compounds have less ionic
character.
(ii) As in other 2nd row and subsequent elements there
is multiple d-p bonding but no p -p bonding,
causing shortening of bonds.
eg. SO42- : Expected
S-O Bond length = 1.69 Å
Observed S-O
Bond length = 1.49 Å
iii) The valence is not confined to two, since d-orbitals
can be utilized to form more than four bonds to
other elements. eg. SF6, Te(OH)6.
iv) Sulfur has a strong tendency to catenate and forms
compounds with no O, Se or Te analogs. eg.
polysulphide ions, Sn2-. (Energy of S-S bonds may be as
high as 430 kJ/mol).

QUESTION 9
(a) Most of main Group I and II metals in the Periodic Table dissolve in liquid
ammonia forming solutions that are blue when dilute.
(i) Name two lanthanide elements that also dissolve in liquid ammonia
forming solutions that are blue when dilute.Eu,Yb
(ii) Name two elements (excluding hydrogen) from main Group I or II
that do not dissolve in liquid ammonia to give blue solutions.Be, Mg
(iii) Describe the “cavity model” which is thought to be the best in
explaining the relationship between the solvated electrons and
ammonia molecules In this
model, the electron is trapped within a cavity surrounded by ammonia
molecules. Presumably the solvent dipoles are oriented with the hydrogen
atoms pointing inwardtoward the centre of the cavity i.e. repulsion between
the electron and the electrons of the solvent molecules leads to the
formation of the cavity within which the electron has the highest probability
of being found. In the absence of impurities and metal surfaces, metal-
ammonia solutions are stable for extended periods of time at temperatures
where ammonia is still a liquid, but a reaction togive amide, Na + NH3(l)
NaNH2+ 1/2H2
can occur photochemically and is catalysed by a transition metal salts.
Alkali metal solutions in liquid ammonia are powerful reducing agents and
are used for
this purpose in inorganic and organic reactions. [8 marks]

(b) Phosphorus does not exist as a diatomic molecule at room temperature

but nitrogen does. Give reasons. [4 marks]
(c) List three principal factors that determine the stability of the electronic
configurations of the transition elements. [3 marks]

Nuclear-electronic attraction.
Shielding of one electron by others.
Inter-electronic repulsions.
Exchange energy of half filled shells
 UNIVRSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

CH 225/CH 175: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY I/BASIC INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

FINAL EXAMINATION FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2006/2007

DATE: 01/06/2007 TIME: 14.30-17.30 HRS

REG. NO…………….. EXAMINATION NO. ………………

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. This examination paper consists of FOUR (4) printed pages with questions
divided into two sections: Section A (24 marks) and Section B (36
marks).

6. Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY THREE questions from

Section B.

7. Do not use this question paper for rough work. All rough work must be
done in the answer book (at the back) and crossed through.

8. Periodic Table are provided.

9. This examination paper must be handed in together with your answer

book.

10. Mobile phones and pagers are not allowed in the examination room.
 SECTION A Attempt ALL questions

QUESTION 1
Name or list the following:
i The formula of two compounds containing ionic nitrogen. Li3N,
Ca3N2.
ii The formulae of two binary inter-halogen compound(s) that are not
halogen fluorides. BrCl, ICl, ICl3,IBr
iii Two conditions that an element must fulfill in order to catenate. An
element must have a valence of at least two.
Must form strong bonds to itself.
Iv Two broad classes of polyhedral boranes and carbaboranes.
Five broad classes of boranes and carbaboranes are
recognized:
>Closo- (closed) compounds, BnHn2- n = 6-12 and
Bn-2C2Hn; n = 5-12, eg. B9H92-
Compounds in which the boron atom framework closes in on
itself to form a polyhedron with triangular faces.
>Nido- (nest-like) compounds eg. B10H14, B5H9
Compounds in which the boron atom framework is open or
incomplete polyhedron
>Arachno- (weblike), eg. B4H10.
Molecules are obtained by removing, from the nido-cluster, the
highest connected boron atom of the open face.
>Hypho- (netlike)
Molecules are even more opened out than arachno or nido
molecules.
>Conjuncto-These have structures formed by linking two or
more of the four types of clusters together.
e.g. B15H23, B20H26

iv Element(s) that has/have no triple point. He

v Two major ores of aluminium. Bauxite and cryolite
vi One element in main Group II that do not dissolve in liquid
ammonia to give a blue solution when dilute. Be [8
marks]

QUESTION 2
Consider the cations Mg2+, Ba2+, Be2+ and Sr2+. Name the cation that is expected
to give:
(i) The most acidic aqueous solution of its chloride salt. Be2+
(ii) The nitrate with the highest thermal stability Ba2+
(iii) The smallest hydrated radius Ba2+
(iv) A stable difluoride with the highest covalent character. Be2+ [4
marks]
QUESTION 3
The most common oxidation state for the lanthanide elements is +3.
(i) name two lanthanide elements that can exhibit oxidation state +2.
Eu & Yb
(ii) Name two lanthanide elements that can exhibit oxidation state
+4.Ce,Pr,Nd,Tb&Dy
[4 marks]
QUESTION 4
Write balanced chemical equations for the hydrolysis by water for each of the
following. If there is not reaction, write “No reaction.”
(e) CaC2
(f) SF4
(g) AIH4
(h) GeH4

QUESTION 5
Write the trend down the Group of the Periodic Table for each of the following:
(e) The acid strength of aqueous solutions of Group VI dihydrides, H 2X
(X=S, Se, Te). Increase
(f) The thermal stability of the peroxides of the main Group II metals,
(Ca-Ra). Increase
(g) The Lewis acid character of the boron trihalides, BX3 (X=F, Cl, Br).
(h) The oxidizing power of the halogens. decrease
 SECTION A Attempt ALL questions

QUESTION 6
(a) One type of intercalation compounds of graphite makes graphite non-
conducting.
(i) Name two compounds of this type, Graphite oxide and Graphite
fluoride

(ii) Write the formulae of the compounds you have named in (i) C2O,
(CF)x and
(iii) State the preparation of the two compounds in (i). Graphite oxide:
Obtained by treating graphite with strong aqueous oxidizing agents eg.
KMnO4 or Fuming HNO3.
u Composition not entirely fixed, but approximates to C2O with a little
hydrogen always present. (OH-) may also be present.
Graphite fluoride: Obtained by direct fluorination of graphite at 600oC.
White stoichiometric (CF)x can be produced.
s (CF)x has lubricating properties like those of graphite.
[4 marks]

(b) Outline four general methods for the preparation of Lithium alkyls and
aryls, giving an example with an equation in each case.1 Using an alkyl or
aryl chloride in benzene or petroleum:
e.g: C2H5Cl + 2Li  C2H5Li + LiCl
2. By metal-halogen exchange
n-C4H9Li + C6H4NBr  C6H4NLi + n-C4H9Br
3. By metal-hydrogen exchange.
n-C4H9Li + Fe(C5H5)2  Fe(C5H5)2-Li + n-C4H10
4. By metal-metal exchange
2Li + R2Hg  2 RLi + Hg
R = alkyl or aryl
[4 marks]

(i) (c) Outline the principal factors responsible for the differences between
the chemistry of oxygen and sulfur. S  Po have lower
electronegativities, which means that their compounds have less
ionic character.
(ii) As in other 2nd row and subsequent elements there is multiple d-p
bonding but no p -p bonding, causing shortening of bonds.
eg. SO42- : Expected S-O Bond length = 1.69 Å
Observed S-O Bond length = 1.49 Å
iii) The valence is not confined to two, since d-orbitals can be utilized to
form more than four bonds to other elements. eg. SF6, Te(OH)6.
iv) Sulfur has a strong tendency to catenate and forms compounds with
no O, Se or Te analogs. eg. polysulphide ions, Sn2-. (Energy of S-S
bonds may be as high as 430 kJ/mol).
[4 marks]

QUESTION 7
(a) Outline the ways in which nitrogen may complete its noble gas
configuration, giving an example in each case. 1. Electron gain to form
the nitride ion, N-3
Found only in salt-like nitrides of the most electropositive metals.
2) Formation of electron pair bonds
(a) single bonds as in NH3
(b) multiple bonds as in :NN:,-N=N-
3) Formation of electron pair bonds with electron gain as in
NH2- or NH2-
(amide) (imide)
4) Formation of electron pair bond with electron loss as in the
tetrahedral ammonium and substituted ammonium ions:
eg R4N+ ,NH4+
ie. H3N: + H+  NH4+
R3N: + RX  R4N+ + X-
[4 marks]
(b) Although hydrogen selenide is toxic, no deaths have been attributed to it.
Give reasons.
Outline the general preparation of a Grignard reagent.
i..RMgX X = Cl, Br, I (Grignard reagents)
(ii) MgR2
(i) RMgX – Made by direct interaction of the metal and an organic halide
(RX) in a suitable solvent, usually ether.
Mg + RX → RMgX (solvent: diethyl
ether or THF)
MgR2 are made by the dry reaction
HgR2 + Mg (excess) → Hg + MgR2
The product is extracted using an organic solvent.

[2 marks]
(c) Grignard reagents are usually used in situ. Give reasons. [2 marks]

QUESTION 8
(a) Explain why the degree of ionization of an aqueous solution of hydrogen
fluoride increases with concentration. [4 marks]
(b) Outline the principal factors responsible for the resistance of SF6 to
chemical attack. [4 marks]
(c) Most main Group I and II elements dissolve in liquid ammonia giving
solutions that are blue when dilute.
(v) The dilute solutions are paramagnetic, but the paramagnetism
decreases with increased concentration. Give reasons(s)
Name two elements in main Group IV that react with solutions of alkali
metals in liquid ammonia forming polyhedral clusters of metal ions. Sn &
Pb react with alkali metals in liquid ammonia to form compds such
as Na4Pb9, Na2Sn5 that contain polyhedral clusters of metal atoms
(vi) Write the formula of the compound formed by evaporation of a
dilute solution of calcium in liquid ammonia at the boiling point.
(vii) Write the formula of the compound formed when a 20 % solution of
lithium in liquid ammonia is cooled. [4 marks
QUESTION 9
(a) Xenon hexafluoride is a stable compound whereas krypton hexafluoride is
unknown. Give reasons. [4 marks]
(b) Main Group IV elements have a high tendency to catenate.
(i) Name the element in main Group IV that has the least tendency to
catenate.

(ii) Name two elements, which are not in Group IV, that also have a
high tendency to catenate.

(iii) Name one type/class of compound(s) in which germanium exhibits

catenation. [4 marks]

(c) What is meant by the term pseudo-halogen? Give one example.

(d) Arrange the following hydroxides in order of decreasing basicity:

Ho(OH)3, Sm(OH)3, Pr(OH)3, Yb(OH)3 [4 marks]

QUESTION 10
(a) Consider the elements of main Group I, excluding hydrogen. For each of
the following descriptions name the element(s) in the Group that best
fit(s) the description. If none of the elements fit the description, write “None
of the Elements.”
(i) is/are component(s) of safety matches K
(ii) React with carbon to form acetylides (Li)
a. does/do not react with water at room temperature but
explodes at 50oC. Rb and Cs

(iii) form(s) an amphoteric oxide None [4

marks]

(b) What is mean by a -acid ligand? Give two examples [4 marks]

 These are ligands which have lone pairs and vacant -orbitals. The
vacant orbitals accept electron density from filled metal orbitals to
form a type of bonding that supplements the –bonding.
(c) For the elements of the first transition series, except for copper, the lower
oxidation states (I,0 –I and –II) are known only with -acid ligands or some
organic ligands e.g. olefins, acetylenes. Give reason(s). [4 marks]
PR3 = -acid due to d-orbitals of low energy.

-------------------------THE END-----------------------
 UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES

CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

CH 229: BASIC INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 3 UNITS

FINAL EXAMINATION FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2009/2010

DATE: 15/07/2010 TIME:14:00-16:00 HRS

REG. NO…………………………..

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. This examination paper consists of FOUR (4) printed pages with questions
divided into two sections: Section A (30 marks) and Section B (30
marks).

2. Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO questions from

Section B.

3. Do not use this question paper for rough work. All rough work must be
done in the answer book (at the back) and crossed through.

9. Periodic Tables are provided.

10. This examination paper must be handed in together with your answer
book.

11. Mobile phones and pagers are not allowed in the examination room.
 SECTION A: Attempt ALL questions

QUESTION 1
(c) What is meant by a hydrogen bond? Outline its two consequences.
Hydrogen bond: refers to relatively weak secondary interaction
between a hydrogen atom bound to an electronegative atom and another
atom which is also generally electronegative, and has one or more lone
pairs enabling it to act as a base.
X-  H+ ----- Y:
Consequences: eg. Unusually high boiling pt of H2O. Boiling point = 373 K
Vs H2S, H2Se, H2Te Have boiling points less than 300 K

[3 marks]
(d) Name the following:
(i) Two main Group elements (excluding thallium) that exhibit inert pair
effect Sn, Pb and Bi also exhibit Inert pair effect.

(ii) Two broad classes of polyhedral borane and carbaborane anions,

Classes of Boranes and Carbaboranes
Five broad classes of boranes and carbaboranes are recognized:
i. Closo- (closed) compounds, BnHn2- n = 6-12 and
Bn-2C2Hn; n = 5-12, eg. B9H92-
• Compounds in which the boron atom framework closes in on itself to
form a polyhedron with triangular faces.
ii. Nido- (nest-like) compounds eg. B10H14, B5H9
Compounds in which the boron atom framework is open or
incomplete polyhedron
iii. Arachno- (weblike), eg. B4H10.
• Molecules are obtained by removing, from the nido-cluster, the
highest connected boron atom of the open face.
iv. Hypho- (netlike)
• Molecules are even more opened out than arachno or nido
molecules.
v. Conjuncto-
These have structures formed by linking two or more of the
four types of clusters together.
e.g. B15H23, B20H26

(iii) The element in main Group II that is expected to have the smallest
hydrated cation. Ba
(iv) Two transition elements which form alums(.Ti, V, Cr, Mn,
Fe,Co)
(v) Two examples of compounds with ionic nitrogen.(Li3N,Ca3N2,
(vi) Two stable nitrogen oxides with incomplete octets.(NO,NO2)
 (vii) Element(s) that have/has no triple point.( HELIUM,)
(viii) Two major ores of aluminium.( Bauxite (Al2O3.nH2O) and Cryolite
(Na3AlF6 - sodium hexafluoroaluminate)
[8 marks]

QUESTION 2
(a) Give ONE example of a compound demonstrating each of the following
bonding characteristic of hydrogen:
(ix) Bridging ( DIBORANE)
(x) Covalent (hydrogen halide,(HX) HCL)
(xi) Ionic (NaH)
(xii) Hydrogen bonding(water) [2 marks]

(b) For each of the following pairs of substances, select the one that is more
acidic:
(ix) In2O3 and Ga2O3.
(x) As4O6 and As2O5.
(xi) SO2 and SeO2.
(xii) N2O5 and N2O3. [2 marks]

QUESTION 3
Write balanced chemical equations for the hydrolysis by water for each of the
following. If there is no reaction, write “No reaction.”
(i) GaH4- MH4- + 4H2O  4H2 + M(OH)3 + OH-
(j) SF4 SF4 + 2H2O  SO2 + 4HF
(k) XeF4 6XeF4 + 12H2O = 2XeO3 + 4Xe + 3O2 + 24HF
(l) NF3 NF3 is the most stable (like CF4) and is unaffected by water, dilute
acid or alkali at RT.
[4 marks]

QUESTION 4
Outline four principal factors which determine the stability of the electronic
configurations of the transition elements.
(i) Nuclear-electronic attraction.
(ii) Shielding of one electron by others.
(iii) Inter-electronic repulsions.
(iv) Exchange energy of half filled shells.
[4 marks]

QUESTION 5
What is the trend of the following down the Group of the Periodic Table:
(a) the strength of the covalent bonds in the M2 molecules of Group I
elements (excluding hydrogen)’(DECREASE)
(b) the thermal stability of the hydride anions MH4- (M = B, Al,
Ga),(DECREASE) such as BH4- > AlH4- >> GaH4-
(c) the thermal stability of the carbonates of the Group II metals (Ca to
Ra),(INCREASE)
(d) The acid strength of aqueous solutions of Group VI di-hydrides, H2X (X=S,
Se, Te).(INCREASE)
[4 marks]
QUESTION 6
Name the following complexes according to IUPAC rules:
(a) [PtCl2(NH3)2]
(b) Ni(CO)2(Ph3P)2
(c) [Co(NO2)3(NH3)3] [3 marks]

SECTION B: Attempt ANY TWO questions

QUESTION 7

(a) Outline the preparation of the following compounds of graphite:

(i) Mellitic acid
(ii) Graphite oxide
(iii) Graphite monofluoride [3 marks]
Some reactions of Graphite.
1. Mellitic acid (C6(CO2H)6: Obtained by treating graphite with hot
concentrated HNO3.
2. Graphite Oxide: Graphite reacts with a suspension of KClO4 in
a 1:2 mixture (by volume) of conc. HNO3/H2SO4 to give graphite
oxide.

This is an unstable pale lemon coloured product of variable

stoichiometry and structure. It decomposes slowly at 70 oC.
3. Graphite monofluoride (CFx): Graphite reacts with an
atmosphere of fluorine at 400-500oC to give graphite
monofluoride CFx (x = appr. 0.68-0.99).
The reaction is catalysed by HF and can then occur at
much lower temperatures.
 At ca. 600oC the reaction proceeds with explosive violence
to give
a mixture of CF4, C2F6, and C5F12.
The colour of CFx depends on the reaction temp. and on
the fluorine content. The structure has not been definitely
established.

(c) Outline the ways in which nitrogen may complete its noble gas
configuration, giving an example in each case.
[4 marks]
EC = Is22s22p3
Nitrogen can complete its valence shell by:
1) Electron gain to form the nitride ion, N-3
Found only in salt-like nitrides of the most electropositive
metals.
2) Formation of electron pair bonds
(a) single bonds as in NH3
(b) multiple bonds as in :NN:,
-N=N-
3) Formation of electron pair bonds with electron gain as in
NH2- or NH2-
(amide) (imide)
4) Formation of electron pair bond with electron loss as in the
tetrahedral ammonium and substituted ammonium ions:
eg R4N+ ,NH4+
ie. H3N: + H+  NH4+
R3N: + RX  R4N+ + X-

(c) Although both nitrogen and phosphorous belong to main Group V of the
Periodic Table, phosphorus does not exist as a diatomic molecule at room
temperature but nitrogen does. Give reason(s). () [4 marks]
N P
 1) Very strong p- 1) Unstable p-p bonds
p bonds 2) Weak to moderate but important p-d and d-d bonding
-
2) p- d bonding is 3) There is valence expansion. PF5, PF6
rare
3) No valence
expansion

(d) Consider the elements of main Group V of the Periodic Table.

For each of the following descriptions name the element(s) in Group V
that best fit(s) the description. If none of the elements fit the
description, write “None of the Elements.”
a. Form(s) an MBr3 (M = Group V element) compound(s) that
explode(s) even at very low temperatures (up to -100
oC).NITROGEN

b. Form(s) MF5 compound(s) as the only stable

pentahalide(s).PHOSPHORUS
c. Form(s) amphoteric oxide(s).antimon Sb
d. Is/are component(s) of safety matches. Phosphorus. And
sulpher 4 g 6 [4 marks]

QUESTION 8
(a) Explain why xenon hexafluoride is a stable compound whereas krypton
hexafluoride is unknown. [4 marks]

(b) The formation of the oxide ion, O2-, is endothermic, yet a large number of
compounds containing this ion exist. Give reason(s).
The existence of the many ionic oxides [e.g. CaO] is a result of the high
lattice energies of oxides that contain the small charged ion (O2-).

Is more electronegative, high electron affinity, o ions tend to

resist addition of another electron, has comparative lrge
size t5han oxygen atom [4 marks]
(c) Outline the principal factors responsible for the resistance of SF 6 to
chemical attack. [4 marks]
SF6 – Very resistant to chemical attack.
This is due to a combination of factors including:
(i) High S-F bond strength.
 (ii) Sulfur is both co-ordinatively saturated and
sterically hindered.
(iii) Lack of polarity of the molecule.

(d) Name the type(s) of isomerism that are exhibited by each of the following
pairs of co-ordination compounds:
(i) [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 and [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O
(ii) [Co(NH3)5ONO]2+ and [Co(NH3)5NO2]2+
(iii) [Pt(NH3)4][CuCl4] and [Cu(NH3)4][PtCl4] [3 marks]

QUESTION 9

(a) For the oxo-acids of bromine, HBrO3, HBrO2, HBrO4 and HBrO:
(i) Give the name of each acid. [2 marks]
(ii) Arrange the acids in order of increasing acidity. [1 mark]
(iii) Give two reasons for the order of acidity described in part (ii).
[2 marks]
(b) Main Group IV elements have a high tendency to catenate.
(i) Outline two conditions that an element must fulfill in order to
catenate.
strong bond to itself, valency of at least two
(ii) Name the element in main Group IV that has the least tendency to
catenate. Give reason(s).tin, lead
(iii) Name an element which is not in main Group IV that also has a
high tendency to catenate.sulphur
(iv) Name one class/type of compound(s) in which tin exhibits
catenation.organocompund
[2+2+1+1marks=6 marks]

(d) Outline four principal factors responsible for the difference between
the chemistry of oxygen and sulfur.
NOTE:
The Chemistry of O2 is different from that of S with more gradual
variations
through Se, Te, Po.
This may be attributable to:
(i) S  Po have lower electronegativities, which means that their
compounds have less ionic character.
(ii) As in other 2nd row and subsequent elements there is multiple d-p
bonding but no p -p bonding, causing shortening of bonds.
eg. SO42- : Expected
S-O Bond length = 1.69 Å
Observed S-O
Bond length = 1.49 Å
iii) The valence is not confined to two, since d-orbitals can be utilized to
form more than four bonds to other elements. eg. SF6, Te(OH)6.
iv) Sulfur has a strong tendency to catenate and forms
compounds with no O, Se or Te analogs. eg. polysulphide ions, S n2-.
(Energy of S-S bonds may be as high as 430 kJ/mol).
[4 marks]