MATHEMATICS-2 INDEX

CLASS-VIII
S.No. CHAPTER NAME Pg.No.
9. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS, 01-38
IDENTITIES AND FACTORISATION

10. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY 39-52

11. VISUALISING SOLID SHAPES 53-70

12. MENSURATION 71-100

13. DIRECT AND INVERSE PROPORTIONS 101-118

14. COMPARING QUANTITIES 119-145

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 Mathematics-2

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS,
CHAPTER 9 IDENTITIES AND FACTORISATION

The displacement 's' of the

ball can be found by the
relation, v2 – u2 = 2as
v 2 – u2
s=
2a
æ v – u öæ v + u ö
s=ç ÷ç ÷
è a øè 2 ø
[v = final velocity, u = initial
velocity, a = acceleration]
v+u
where = average velocity,
2
v–u
= time taken to cover
a
the distance.

1. Algebraic expression
Algebraic expression
A combination of constants and variables connected by the signs of
fundamental operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
is called an 'Algebraic expression'.
e.g., 3x, 2x – 3y etc., are algebraic expressions, the numbers 3, 2, – 3 are
constants and literal number x,y are variables.
Variable
A quantity which can take different numerical values is called a variable.
Constant
A quantity having a fixed numerical value is called a constant.
e.g., 3, 5, 8, – 11 etc., are constants.
Terms
Various parts of an algebraic expression which are separated by the signs
+ or – are called the 'terms' of the expression.
e.g., (i) 3x2 – 7x + 2, is an algebraic expression consisting three terms
i.e., 3x2, – 7x and 2
(ii) 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 7 is an algebraic expression consisting four terms,
i.e., 2x3, – 3x2 , + 4x, – 7.
(iii) x is a variable and 2 & 7 are constants.
e.g., We know that the perimeter 'P' of a square of side 's' is given by P = 4 × s.
Here, '4' is a constant and 'P' and 's' are variables.
Factor
Terms themselves can be formed as the product of factors.
e.g., (i) The term 4x is the product of its factors 4 and x.
(ii) The term 5 is made up of just one factor i.e. 5.

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Constant term
The term of an algebraic expression having no literal factor is called its
constant term.
e.g., (i) In the binomial expression 3a2 – 9, the constant term = – 9
3 3
(ii) In the multinomial 5x2 – 6xy + 7y – 9y2 + , the constant term =
2 2
Coefficient
Any factor of a term of an algebraic expression is called the coefficient of
the remaining factor of the term.
e.g., In –5xy, the coefficient of 'x' is –5y ; the coefficient of 'y' is –5x and the
coefficient of 'xy' is –5.
e.g., In –x, the coefficient of 'x' is –1.
e.g., In 3a2bc, the coefficient of 'a2' is 3bc, the coefficient of 'b' is 3a2c and the
coefficient of 'c' is 3a2b.

Identify the terms, their coefficients for each of following expressions :

(i) 4x3y2 – 4xy + 1 (ii) 0.3a – 0.6 ab + 9
Explanation
Expression terms coefficient
(i) 4x y – 4xy + 1
3 2 4x y3 2 4
– 4xy –4
1 1
(ii) 0.3a – 0.6ab + 9 0.3a 0.3
– 0.6ab – 0.6
9 9

2. Like and unlike terms

Like terms
The terms having the same literal factors with the same exponents are called
like or similar terms.
e.g., 2x2y, x2y, – 3x2y are like terms as they contain two variables x and y with
equal exponent.
Unlike terms
Terms having different literal factors are called unlike terms.
e.g., 2x2y and 2xy2 are unlike terms as the factors of 2x2y are 2, x, x and y,
whereas factors of 2xy2 are 2, x, y and y which are not same.
like terms
e.g., 4xy, 5x , – 4x , 9x
2 2 3

unlike terms
3. Polynomial
An algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only
non-negative integrals power, is called a polynomial.
B0BB-BC

An algebraic expression of the form

p(x) = anxn + an–1xn–1 + an–2xn–2 +............+ a1x1 + a0x0

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where an ¹ 0 and a0, a1, a2,.......an are real numbers and each power of x
is a positive integer is called a polynomial.
Hence, an, an–1, an–2, are coefficient of xn, xn–1 ,.............., x0
and anxn, an–1xn–1, an–2xn–2,............ are terms of the polynomial.
e.g., (i) p(x) = anxn + an–1 xn–1+..... a1 x + a0 is a polynomial in variable x.
(ii) p(y) = anyn + an–1 yn–1+..... a1 y + a0 is a polynomial in variable y.
(iii) p(z) = anzn + an–1 zn–1+..... a1 z + a0 is a polynomial in variable z.
Above all are called polynomials

1 3
e.g., (i) p(u) = u – 3u2 + 2u – 4 is a polynomial in variable u.
2

1 3 1
(ii) u , –3u2, 2u, –4 are known as the terms of the polynomial and ,
2 2
–3, 2,– 4 are constants.
Kinds of algebraic expression
Types of polynomials

Based on number of terms Based on degree

Based on number of terms
These are as follows :
Monomial : An algebraic expression containing only one term is called a THE
monomial. SPOT P
2 2 5 LIGHT
e.g., 7, 3y, 5xy, –5, 3y, 7xy, x yz, a2bc3 etc. are all monomials.
3 3 If there is a minus sign outside the
bracket, change the sign of each term
Binomial : An algebraic expression containing two unlike terms is called
inside the bracket (while opening the
a binomial. bracket).
e.g., 3x + 2y, 7xyz – 5, 2x – 3, xyz – 5 etc. are all binomials.
Trinomial : An algebraic expression containing three unlike terms is called
a trinomial.
e.g., x3 – 2y3 + 3x2y2z, 7 + a + 5b etc. are all trinomials.

Which type of polynomial x2y2 + 2xy + 1 – xy is ?

Explanation
The given polynomial can be written as
x2y2 + 2xy – xy + 1
= x2y2 + xy + 1
this is a trinomial, as it has 3 unlike terms.

4. Addition and subtraction of algebraic expressions

For addition or subtraction of two or more algebraic expressions, we first
collect like terms and then find the sum or difference of coefficients of these
terms.

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Add : 6x2 – 5x + 6, – 5x2 + 6x + 1 and 9x2 – x + 8

Explanation
6x2 + (– 5x2) + 9x2 – 5x + 6x – x + 6 + 1 + 8 [Collecting like terms]
= (6 – 5 + 9) x2 + (– 5 + 6 – 1) x + 15 [Adding like terms]
= 10x2 + 0.x + 15 = 10x2 + 15

Subtract : – 9x2 + 6x – 8 from 3x2 – 4x – 5

Explanation
3x2 – 4x – 5 – (– 9x2 + 6x – 8)
= 3x2 – 4x – 5 + 9x2 – 6x + 8
= 3x2 + 9x2 – 4x – 6x – 5 + 8 [Collecting like terms]
= (3 + 9)x2 + (–4 – 6) x + 3 [Adding like terms]
= 12x2 + (–10)x + 3
= 12x2 – 10x + 3

1 5 1 2 1 1 1 1
Add : 5x2 – x+ ,– x + x– and – 2x2 + x– .
3 2 2 2 3 5 6
THE
SPOT P Explanation
Required sum
LIGHT
We use the rules of exponents and æ 1 5ö æ 1 2 1 1ö æ 1 1ö
= ç 5x 2 - x + ÷ + ç – x + x – ÷ + ç –2x + x - ÷
2
powers when we multiply variables.
è 3 2ø è 2 2 3ø è 5 6ø

1 2 1 1 1 5 1 1
= 5x2 – x – 2x2 – x + x + x + – –
2 3 2 5 2 3 6
[Collecting like terms]

æ 1 ö æ 1 1 1ö æ5 1 1ö
= ç 5 - - 2 ÷ x2 + ç- 3 + 2 + 5 ÷ x + ç 2 - 3 - 6 ÷ [Adding like terms]
è 2 ø è ø è ø

æ 10 - 1 - 4 ö æ -10 + 15 + 6 ö æ 15 – 2 - 1 ö
= ç 2 ÷ x2 + çè ÷ø x + ç 6 ÷
è ø 30 è ø

5 2 11
= x + x + 2.
2 30

1. Add : 5x2 – xy, 2xy – x2, y2 + 3xy

Subtract : 2a – 5b + 2c – 9 from 3a – 4b – c + 6

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5. Multiplication of algebraic expressions

To multiply two or more monomials we use the laws of exponents and the
rules of signs with the commutative and associative properties of multiplication.
(+) × (+) = (+)
(–) × (–) = (+)
(+) × (–) = (–)
(–) × (+) = (–)
am × an = am+n
(am)n = amn
am ¸ an = am–n
While multiplying algebraic expression we will use these above mentioned
concepts.
Multiplication of a monomial by a monomial
Rule : Product of two monomials = (Product of their numerical coefficients
along with their signs) × (Product of their variable parts)

Find the volume of the rectangular boxes with following length, breadth
and height :
Length = 2ax, Breadth = 3by, Height = 5cz
Explanation
We know that the volume of a rectangular box
= Length × Breadth × Height THE
Volume = 2ax × 3by × 5cz SPOT P
= (2 × 3 × 5) × (ax × by × cz) = 30 abcxyz. LIGHT
When we multiply monomials, the
product is also a monomial.
Find the product : 20x10y20z30, (10 xyz)2
Explanation
We have,
20x10y20z30, (10 xyz)2
= (20x10y20z30) × (10xyz) × (10xyz)
= (20 × 10 × 10) × (x10 × x × x × y20 × y × y × z30 × z × z)
= 2000x10+1+1y20+1+1 z30+1+1
= 2000x12y22z32.

Find the product of :

2
æaö æ 1 2ö 3
(i) 6xy and – 3x2y2 (ii) ç ÷ × ç – a ÷ (iii) 4x2yz and – x2yz2
è4ø è 4 ø 2
(iv) 2.1a2bc and 4ab2
Solution
(i) 6xy and – 3x2y2
= {6 × (–3)} × {xy × x2y2} = – 18 × {x × x2 × y × y2} = – 18x3y3

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2
æaö æ 1 2ö
(ii) ç ÷ × ç – a ÷
è4ø è 4 ø
a2 1 2
= ×– a
42 4
1 2 1
= a × – a2
16 4
1 æ 1ö
= × ç – ÷ × a2 × a2
16 è 4ø
1 1 4
= – × a4 = – a
16 ´ 4 64
3
(iii) 4x2yz and – x2yz2
2
We have,
æ 3 ö æ 3ö
(4x2yz) × ç - x 2 yz 2 ÷ = ç 4 ´ - ÷ × (x2 × x2 × y × y × z × z2)
è 2 ø è 2ø
= –6x2+2y1+1z1+2 = –6x4y2z3.
(iv) 2.1a2bc and 4ab2
We have,
(2.1 a2bc) × (4ab2)
= (2.1 × 4) × (a2 × a × b × b2 × c)
= 8.4a2+1b1+2c = 8.4a3b3c.
Multiplication of a monomial by a binomial
Rule : Multiply each term of the binomial by the monomial, using the
distributive law,
a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c
'a' is monomial and (b + c) is any binomial.

Multiply : 3x and (4x + 3y2)

Explanation
= 3x × (4x + 3y2)
= 3x × 4x + 3x × 3y2
= 12x2 + 9xy2

3 2 2
Find the product x yz , 0.5xy2z2, 1.16x2yz3, 2xyz
4
Solution
We have,
æ3 2 2ö
ç 4 x yz ÷ × (0.5xy z ) × (1.16x yz ) × (2xyz)
2 2 2 3
è ø
æ3 ö
= ç ´ 0.5 ´ 1.16 ´ 2 ÷ ×(x2 × x × x2 × x × y × y2 × y × y × z2 × z2 × z3 × z)
è4 ø
æ 3 5 116 ö
= ç ´ ´ ´ 2 ÷ × (x2+1+2+1 × y1+2+1+1 × z2+2+3+1)
è 4 10 100 ø
87 6 5 8
= xyz.
100

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1. 4x2 + 4xy + y2.

2. a + b – 3c + 15

Multiplication of a trinomial by a monomial

Rule : In order to multiply a trinomial by a monomial, we use the following
rule a × (b + c + d) = a × b + a × c + a × d

Multiply : 3x2 – 2x + 2 by 3x.

Explanation
Product = 3x (3x2 – 2x + 2)
= 3x × 3x2 – 3x × 2x + 2 × 3x
= 9x3 – 6x2 + 6x

Multiplication of a binomial by a binomial

Rule : Consider two binomials, say (a + b) and (c + d). By using the distributive
property of multiplication over their addition,
(a + b) × (c + d) = a × (c + d) + b × (c + d)
= {a × c + a × d} + {b × c + b × d} = ac + ad + bc + bd

Multiply (x + 3) by (x + 2)
Explanation
Column method
x+3 Multiplicand
×x+2 Multiplier
x2 + 3x First partial product i.e., x (x + 3)
+ 2x + 6 Second partial product i.e., 2(x + 3)
2
x + 5x + 6 Product

Multiply (3x + 5y) and (5x – 7y)

Solution
(3x + 5y) (5x – 7y)

3x × (5x – 7y) + 5y (5x – 7y)

3x × 5x – 3x × 7y + 5y × 5x – 5y × 7y
15x2 – 21xy + 25yx – 35y2

15x2 – 21xy + 25xy – 35y2 [yx =xy]

15x2 + 4xy – 35y2

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1. Find each of the following products

(i) (2x2 – 5y2) × (x2 + 3y2) (ii) (x4 + y4) × (x2 – y2 )

Multiplying a binomial by a trinomial

Rule : In order to multiply a binomial by a trinomial, we use the following
rule (a + b + c) × (d + e)
= ad + ae + bd + be + cd + ce

Multiply (3x2 – 2x + 4) by (2x + 5)

Explanation
(2x + 5) (3x2 – 2x + 4) = 2x (3x2 – 2x + 4) + 5 (3x2 – 2x + 4)
= 6x3 – 4x2 + 8x + 15x2 – 10x + 20
= 6x3 – 4x2 + 15x2 + 8x – 10x + 20
= 6x3 + 11x2 – 2x + 20

THE Multiply (3x2 – 5x + 2) by (3x + 5)

SPOT P Solution
We have
LIGHT = (3x2 – 5x + 2) × (3x + 5)
While dividing variables we use the = 3x2 × (3x + 5) – 5x (3x + 5) + 2 × (3x + 5)
laws of exponents and powers.
= (9x3 + 15x2) + (– 15x2 – 25x) + (6x + 10)
= 9x3 + 15x2 – 15x2 – 25x + 6x + 10
= 9x3 – 19x + 10

1
Find the value of (5a6) × (–10ab2) × (–2.1a2b3) for a = 1 and b = .
2
Solution
We have,
(5a6) × (–10ab2) × (–2.1a2b3)
= (5 × –10 × –2.1) × (a6 × a × a2 × b2 × b3)

æ 21 ö
= ç 5 ´ –10 ´ - 10 ÷ × (a6 × a × a2 × b2 × b3)
è ø

= 105 a6+1+2 b2+3 = 105a9b5

1
Putting a = 1 and b = , we have
2
5
æ1ö 1 105
105a9b5 = 105 × (1)9 × ç ÷ = 105 × 1 × = .
è2ø 32 32

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6. Division of algebraic expression

Division of a monomial by a monomial
Dividing a monomial X (say) by a monomial Y (say) means finding a monomial
such that X = YZ and we write
X
X ¸ Y or =Z
Y
Here 'X' is called the Dividend 'Y' is called the Divisor and 'Z' is known as
the Quotient.

Divide : –72x2yz by –12xyz

Explanation

-72x2 yz æ -72 ö æ x2 yz ö
Quotient = = = 6x Ans.
-12xyz çè -12 ÷ø çè xyz ÷ø

Division of polynomial by a monomial

For dividing a polynomial in one variable by a monomial in the same variable,
we perform the following steps
Step I : Obtain the polynomial (dividend) and the monomial (divisor).
Step II : Arrange the terms of the dividend in descending order of
their degree. THE
Step III : Divide each term of the polynomial by the given monomial
by using the rules of division of a monomial by a monomial.
SPOT P
LIGHT
If the remainder is zero, then the
divisor is a factor of the dividend.
Divide 24x3y + 20x2y2 – 4xy by 2xy
Explanation

24x 3 y + 20x2 y 2 - 4xy

Quotient =
2xy

24x 3 y 20x 2 y 2 4xy

= + - = 12x2 + 10xy – 2.
2xy 2xy 2xy
Division of a polynomial by a polynomial
Step I : Arrange the terms of the dividend and divisor in descending
order of their degrees.
Step II : Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the
divisor to obtain the first term of the quotient.
Step III : Multiply the divisor by the first term of the quotient and
subtract the result from the dividend to obtain the remainder.
Step IV : Consider the remainder (if any) as dividend and repeat step
II to obtain the second term of the quotient.
Step V : Repeat the above process till we obtain a remainder which
is either zero or a polynomial of degree less than that of the
divisor.

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Divide a2 – 7ab + 12b2 by a – 3b

Explanation
a - 4b
2 2
a–3b a - 7ab + 12b
2
a - 3ab
- +

– 4ab + 12b2
– 4ab + 12b2
+ –
0

Divide 2x3 + x2 – 3x – 3 by 2x – 1
Explanation
2x – 1 2x3 + x2 – 3x – 3 x2+ x – 1 Quotient = x2 + x – 1, Remainder = – 4
2x3– x2
– +
2x2 – 3x
2x2 – x
– +
–2x –3
–2x +1
+ –
–4
7. Division algorithm
If a polynomial is divided by another polynomial then,
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Divide 3x4 + 5x3 – x2 + 13x + 9 by 3x + 2 and verify that

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder.
Solution
First we divide 3x 4 + 5x3 – x2 + 13x + 9 by 3x + 2.
3x + 2 3x4+ 5x3– x2+13x + 9 x3+ x2– x + 5
4 3
3x + 2x
– –
3 2
3x – x
3 2
3x + 2x
– –
2
–3x +13x
2
–3x – 2x
+ +
15x + 9
15x + 10
– –
–1
Quotient = x3 + x2 – x + 5

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Remainder = –1
Now, Divisor ×Quotient + Remainder = Dividend
(3x + 2) × (x3 + x2 – x + 5) – 1
3x (x3 + x2 – x + 5) + 2 (x3 + x2 – x + 5) – 1
3x4 + 3x3 – 3x2 + 15x + 2x3 + 2x2 – 2x + 10 – 1
3x4 + 5x3 – x2 + 13x + 9
= Dividend
Remark : When the remainder is zero, the divisor is a factor of the dividend.

1. (i) 2x4 – 15y4 + x2y2 (ii) x6 – x4y2 + x2y4 – y6

8. Greatest common factors of monomials
The greatest common factors (highest common factor or H.C.F.) of two or
more monomials is determined as follows.
(a) Find the greatest common factor of the numerical coefficient.
(b) Find the common letters appearing in the given monomials.
(c) Find the smallest power of each common letter.
(d) Multiply the numerical factor by the common letters with smallest powers
obtained above.

Find the greatest common factor of the monomials 6x3 a2b2c, 8x2 ab3 c3
and 12a3 b2c2
Explanation
The numerical coefficients of the given monomials are 6, 8 and 12.
The greatest common factor of 6, 8 and 12 is 2.
The common letters appearing in the given monomials are a, b and c.
The smallest power of 'a' in the three monomials = 1
The smallest power of 'b' in the three monomials = 2
The smallest power of 'c' in the three monomials = 1
The monomial of common letters with smallest powers = a1b2c1 =ab2c
Hence, the greatest common factor = 2ab2c

9. Factorisation of polynomials
Case-I. When each of the terms contains a common monomial factor.
The type is of the form 'am + bm + cm = m (a + b + c)'
Algorithm
(a) Find by inspection, the greatest monomial factors which can divide
each term of the expression.
(b) Find the quotient of the given expression by this monomial factor.
(c) Write this quotient in a bracket preceded by the monomial factor.

Factorise 12x3y4 – 4x5y2

Explanation
Here 4, x3 and y2 are the greatest common factors to each term of the
given expression. On dividing 12x3y4–4x5y2 by 4x3y2, we get the quotient
3y2 –x2.
\ 12x3y4 – 4x5y2 = 4x3y2 (3y2 –x2)

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Factorise 8(p –8q)2 – 6(p – 8q)

Solution
Here 2 and (p – 8q) are the greatest common factors to both the terms.
We divide the expression by 2 (p –8q) and get the quotient 4(p – 8q) – 3.
\ 8(p – 8q)2 –6 (p – 8q) = 2 (p – 8q) [4 (p – 8q) – 3]
= 2 (p – 8q) (4 p – 32q – 3)

1. Factorise: (i) 24x3 – 36x2y (ii) 14x3 + 21x4y – 28x2y2

Case-II : When an expression is a complete/perfect square
In this case, the expression is of the form
(a) a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 (b) a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2

Factorise 25x2 + 4y2 + 20xy

Explanation
25x2 + 4y2 + 20xy = (5x)2 + (2y)2 + 2 × 5x × 2y = (5x + 2y)2

Factorise 9x2 + 16y2 – 24xy

Explanation
9x2 + 16y2 – 24xy = (3x)2 + (4y)2 –2 × 3x × 4y = (3x – 4y)2
Case-III : When an expression is the difference of two squares
In this case, the expression is in the form of
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
Process : Find the square root of each term, the sum of these roots will
form one factor and their difference will form other.

1 2 2 9 2 2
Factorise x y – y z .
49 25
Explanation
The given expression has y2 common to both the terms.
We take out y2 common.

1 2 2 9 2 2 æ 1 2 9 2ö
\ x y - y z = y2 ç x - z ÷
49 25 è 49 25 ø

éæ 1 ö2 æ 3 ö2 ù æ1 3 öæ 1 3 ö
= y 2 êç x ÷ – ç z ÷ ú = y2 ç x + z ÷ç x - z ÷
ëè 7 ø è 5 ø û è7 5 øè 7 5 ø

Factorise x4 –81
Explanation
x4 –81 = (x2)2 –(9)2
= (x2 + 9) (x2 – 9)
= (x2 + 9) (x + 3) (x – 3)

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10. Factorisation by regrouping terms

Sometimes it is not possible to find the greatest common factor of the
given set of monomials. But by regrouping the given terms, we can find the
factors of the given expression.

(i) Factorise 1 – 3x – 3xz + z (ii) Factorize x2 – xz + xy – yz

Explanation
(i) 1 + z – 3x (1 + z) = 1 (1 + z) – 3x (1 + z) = (1 + z) (1 – 3x)
(ii) x2 – xz + xy – yz = (x2 – xz) + (xy – yz)
= x (x – z) + y (x – z) = (x + y) (x – z) THE
11. Factorisation of trinomials
SPOT P
Form-I : x2 + (a + b)x + ab = (x + a) (x + b).
LIGHT
Equations are true for certain values
of variables contained, but identities
are true for all values of the contained
Factorise : x2 + 7x + 12 variable.
Explanation
Here, constant term = 12 = 3 × 4, and 3 + 4 = 7 (= coefficient of x).
\ x2 + 7 x + 12 = x2 + 3x + 4x + 12
(breaking 7x in sum of two terms, 3x and 4x)
= (x2 + 3x) + (4x + 12) = x (x + 3) + 4 (x + 3) = (x + 3) (x + 4).

1. (i) 12x2 (2x – 3y) (ii) 7x2 (2x + 3x2y – 4y2)

Factorise: a2 – a – 6.
Explanation
Here, constant term = – 6 = (–3) (2), and (– 3) + (2) = – 1
(= coefficient of a).
\ a2 – a – 6 = a2 – 3a +2a – 6
= (a2 – 3a) + (2a – 6) = a(a – 3) + 2(a – 3) = (a – 3)(a + 2).
Form-II : ax2 + bx + c, a ¹ 1

Factorise: 6x2 + 7x + 2.
Explanation
Here, 6 × 2 = 12 = 3 × 4 and 3 + 4 = 7 (= coefficient of x)
\ 6x2 + 7x + 2 = 6x2 + 3x + 4x + 2
= (6x2 + 3x) + (4x + 2) = 3x (2x + 1) + 2 (2x + 1) = (2x + 1) (3x + 2).

Factorise: 1 – 18y – 63y2.

Explanation
The given expression is – 63y2 – 18y + 1.
Here, (– 63) × 1 = – 63 = (– 21) (3) and – 21 + 3 = – 18 (= coefficient of y)
\ –63y2 – 18y + 1 = – 63y2 – 21y + 3y + 1 = (–63y2 – 21y) + (3y + 1)
= – 21y (3y + 1) + 1(3y + 1) = (3y + 1) ( –21y + 1) = (1 + 3y) (1 – 21y).

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 Class-VIII

12. Some special Identities

Identities : If an algebraic expression is always equal to another expression,
then it is called an identity.
(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(ii) (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(iii) (a2 – b2) = (a + b) (a – b)
(iv) (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
(v) (x – a) (x + b) = x2 + (b – a)x – ab
(vi) (x – a) (x – b) = x2 – (a + b)x + ab
(vii) (x + a) (x – b) = x2 + (a – b)x – ab
(viii) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(ix) (a – b + c)2 = {a + (–b) + c}2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2bc + 2ca.
(x) (a + b – c)2 = {a + b + (–c)}2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab – 2bc – 2ca.
(xi) (–a + b + c)2 = {(–a) + b + c}2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
(xii) (a – b – c)2 = {a + (–b) + (–c)}2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
(xiii) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 OR a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(xiv) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 OR a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
(xv) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
(xvi) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
(xvii) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
If a + b + c = 0 then, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

THE
SPOT P Solve the following using the suitable identities
(i) (x + 3) (x + 3) (ii) (2x + 3y)2 (iii) (2a – 7) (2a – 7) (iv) (2x – 3y)2
LIGHT (v) (71)2 (vi) (99)2 (vii) 4x2 – 9y2
The factors of an expression like (viii) 512 – 492 (ix) (6x – 7) (6x + 7)
(x1024 – 1) = (x – 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1) Solution
(x4 + 1) (x8 + 1) (x16 + 1) (x32 + 1) (i) (x + 3) (x + 3)
(x64 + 1) (x128 + 1) (x256 + 1) (x512 + 1) 2
(x + 3)
[Using (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
a+b
a=x
b=3 = x2 + 2 × x × 3 + (3)2
= x2 + 6x + 9 Ans.
(ii) (2x + 3y)2
We have,
(2x + 3y)2 = (2x)2 + 2 × (2x) × (3y) + (3y)2
[Using (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= 4x + 12xy + 9y .
2 2

(iii) (2a – 7) (2a – 7)

We have,
(2a – 7)2 [Using (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= (2a) – 2 × 2a × 7 + (7)
2 2

= 4a2 – 28a + 49
(iv) (2x – 3y)2
We have,
(2x – 3y)2 = (2x)2 – 2 × (2x) × (3y) + (3y)2
[Using (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= 4x – 12xy + 9y .
2 2

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(v) (71)2
We have,
(70 + 1)2 [Using (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= (70)2 + 2 × 70 × 1 + 12 = 4900 + 140 + 1 = 5041 Ans.
(vi) (99)2
We have,
(100 – 1)2 [Using (a – b2) = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= (100)2 – 2 × 100 × 1 + (1)2
= 10000 – 200 + 1 = 9800 + 1 = 9801 Ans.
(vii) 4x2 – 9y2
We have, (2x)2 – (3y)2 [Using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (2x + 3y) (2x – 3y)
(viii) 512 – 492
We have, 512 – 492 [Using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (51 + 49) (51 – 49) = 100 × 2 = 200 Ans.
(ix) (6x – 7) (6x + 7) [Using (a – b) (a + b) = a2 – b2]
= (6x)2 – (7)2 = 36x2 – 49 Ans.

1 1 1
If x + = 4, then find the values of (a) x2 + 2 (b) x4 +
x x x4
Explanation
1
(a) x2 + 2
x
1
We have, x + =4
x
On squaring both sides, we get
2
æ 1ö
ç x + x ÷ = 42
è ø
2
1 æ1ö
Þ x +2×x×
2 + ç ÷ = 16
x èxø
1
Þ x2 + 2 + 2 = 16
x
1
Þ x + 2 = 16 – 2
2 [On transposing '2' on RHS]
x
1
Þ x + 2 = 14
2
x
1
(b) x + 4
4
x
1
We have, x2 + 2 = 14
x
On squaring both sides, we get
2 2
æ 2 1 ö æ 1 ö 1
ç x + x2 ÷ = 142 Þ (x2)2 + ç x 2 ÷ + 2 × x2 × 2 = 196
è ø è ø x
1
Þ x4 + 4 + 2 = 196
x
1
Þ x + 4 = 196 – 2
4 [On transposing '2' on RHS]
x
1
Þ x4 + 4 = 194.
x

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 Class-VIII

NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

(vi) In the expression 0.3 a – 0.6 ab + 0.5 b, the
EXERCISE : 9.1
terms are 0.3 a, – 0.6 ab and 0.5 b
1. Identify the terms, their coefficients for each of the Coefficient of a in the term 0.3a is 0.3.
following expressions : Coefficient of ab in the term – 0.6ab is – 0.6.
(i) 5xyz2 – 3zy Coefficient of b in the term 0.5b is 0.5.
(ii) 1 + x + x2 2. Classify the following polynomials as monomials,
(iii) 4x2y2 – 4x2y2z2 + z2 binomials, trinomials. Which polynomials do not fit
(iv) 3 – pq + qr – rp in any of these three categories?
x + y, 1000, x + x2 + x3 + x4, 7 + y + 5x,
x y
(v) + – xy 2y – 3y2, 2y – 3y2 + 4y3, 5x – 4y + 3xy, 4z – 15z2,
2 2 ab + bc + cd + da, pqr, p2q + pq2, 2p + 2q.
(vi) 0.3 a – 0.6 ab + 0.5 b Sol. The given polynomials are classified as under :
Sol. (i) 5xyz2 – 3zy Monomials : 1000, pqr
In the expression 5xyz2 – 3zy, the terms are
Binomials : x + y, 2y – 3y2, 4z – 15z2, p2q + pq2,
5xyz2 and –3zy. 2p + 2q.
Coefficient of xyz2 in the term 5xyz2 is 5.
Trinomials : 7 + y + 5x, 2y – 3y2 + 4y3,
Coefficient of zy in the term –3zy is –3.
5x – 4y + 3xy.
(ii) 1 + x + x2
In the expression 1 + x + x2, the terms are 1, Polynomials that do not fit in any category :
x and x2. x + x2 + x3 + x4, ab + bc + cd + da
Coefficient of x° in the term 1 is 1. 3. Add the following :
Coefficient of x in the term x is 1. (i) ab – bc, bc – ca, ca – ab
Coefficient of x2 is the term x2 is 1. (ii) a – b + ab, b – c + bc, c – a + ac
(iii) In the expression 4x2y2 – 4x2y2z2 + z2, the
(iii) 2p2q2 – 3pq + 4, 5 + 7pq – 3p2q2
terms are 4x2y2, – 4x2y2z2 and z2.
(iv) l2 + m2, m2 + n2, n2 + l2, 2lm + 2mn + 2nl
Coefficient of x2y2 in the term 4x2y2 is 4.
Coefficient of x2y2z2 in the term – 4x2y2z2 is – 4. Sol. (i) Writing the given expressions in separate rows
with like terms one below the other, we have
Coefficient of z2 in the term z2 is 1.
(iv) 3 – pq + qr – rp ab – bc
In the expression 3 – pq + qr – rp, the terms + bc - ca
are 3, –pq, qr and –rp – ab + ca
Coefficient of x° in the term 3 is 3. 0 + 0 + 0
Coefficient pq in the term –pq is –1.
(ii) Writing the given expressions in separate rows
Coefficient qr in the term qr is 1. with like terms one below the other, we have
Coefficient rp in the term –rp is –1.
a – b + ab
x y +b – c + bc
(v) In the expression + – xy , the terms are
2 2
–a +c + ac
x y 0 + 0 + ab + 0 + bc + ac
, and – xy
2 2 or ab + bc + ac
x 1 (iii) Writing the given expressions in separate rows
Coefficient of x in the term is . with like terms one below the other, we have
2 2
y 1 2p2 q 2 – 3pq + 4
Coefficient of y in the term is . – 3p2 q 2 + 7pq + 5
2 2
Coefficient of xy in the term – xy is – 1. – p2 q 2 + 4pq + 9

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(iv) Writing the given expressions in separate rows (ii) – 4p × 7p = (– 4 × 7) × (p × p)

with like terms one below the other, we have = – 28p1 + 1
= – 28p2
l +m
2 2

2 2
(iii) –4p × 7pq = (–4 × 7) × (p × p × q)
+m +n
= –28p1 + 1 q
l
2 2
+n
= –28p2q
+2lm + 2mn + 2nl (iv) 4p × (–3p) = {4 × (–3)} × (p3 × p)
3

2l + 2m + 2n + 2lm + 2mn + 2nl

2 2 2 = –12 × p3+1
= –12p4
4. (a) Subtract 4a – 7ab + 3b + 12 (v) 4p × 0 = (4 × 0) × (p)
from 12a – 9ab + 5b – 3
=0× p
(b) Subtract 3xy + 5yz – 7zx
from 5xy – 2yz – 2zx + 10xyz = 0.
(c) Subtract 4p2q – 3pq + 5pq2 – 8p + 7q – 10 2. Find the area of rectangles with the following pairs
from 18 – 3p – 11q + 5pq – 2pq2 + 5p2q. of monomials as their lengths and breadths
Sol. Rearranging the terms of the given expressions, respectively :
changing the sign of each term of the expression (p, q); (10m, 5n); (20x2, 5y2); (4x, 3x2); (3mn, 4np)
to be subtracted and adding the two expressions, Sol. We know that the area of a rectangle = l × b, where
we get, l = length and b = breadth.
Therefore, the areas of rectangles with pair of
(a) 12a - 9ab + 5b - 3 monomials (p, q); (10m, 5n); (20x2, 5y2); (4x, 3x2)
4a - 7ab + 3b + 12 and (3mn, 4np) as their lengths and breadths are
- + - - given by
8a - 2ab + 2b - 15 p × q = pq
10m × 5n = (10 × 5) × (m × n) = 50mn
(b) Rea rran ging the ter ms o f th e gi ven 20x2 × 5y2 = (20 × 5) × (x2 × y2) = 100x2y2
expressions, changing the sign of each term of 4x × 3x2 = (4 × 3) × (x × x2)
the expression to be subtracted and adding the
= 12x3
two expressions, we get,
and, 3mn × 4np = (3 × 4) × (m × n × n × p)
5xy – 2yz – 2zx + 10xyz = 12mn2p
3xy + 5yz – 7zx 3. Complete the table of products :
– – +
2xy – 7yz + 5zx + 10xyz
(c) Rea rran ging the ter ms o f th e gi ven
expressions, changing the sign of each term of
the expression to be subtracted and adding the
two expressions, we get.
5p2q – 2pq2 + 5pq – 11q – 3p + 18
4p2q + 5pq2 – 3pq + 7q – 8p – 10
– – + – + + Sol. Complete table is as under :
p2q – 7pq2 + 8pq – 18q + 5p + 28

EXERCISE : 9.2
1. Find the product of the following pairs of monomials
(i) 4, 7p (ii) – 4p, 7p (iii) – 4p, 7pq
(iv) 4p3, – 3p (v) 4p, 0
Sol. (i) 4 × 7p = (4 × 7) × p = 28p

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 Class-VIII

4. Obtain the volume of rectangular boxes with the

EXERCISE : 9.3
following length, breadth and height respectively :
1. Carry out the multiplication of the expressions in
(i) 5a, 3a2, 7a4 (ii) 2p, 4q, 8r each of the following pairs :
(iii) xy, 2x2y, 2xy2 (iv) a, 2b, 3c (i) 4p, q + r (ii) ab, a – b
Sol. (i) Required volume = 5a × 3a2 × 7a4 (iii) a + b, 7a2b2 (iv) a2 – 9, 4a
= (5 × 3 × 7) × (a × a2 × a4) (v) pq + qr + rp, 0
Sol. (i) 4p × (q + r) = 4p × q + 4p × r
= 105a1+2+4 = 105a7
= 4pq + 4pr
(ii) Required volume = 2p × 4q × 8r (ii) ab × (a – b) = ab × a – ab × (b)
= (2 × 4 × 8) × (p × q × r) = a2b – ab2
= 64 pqr. (iii) (a + b) × (7a b ) = 7a2b2 × a + 7a2b2 × b
2 2

(iii) Required volume = xy × 2x2y × 2xy2 = 7a3b2 + 7a2b3

= (1 × 2 × 2) × (xy × x2y × xy2) (iv) (a – 9) × 4a = a2 × 4a – 9 × 4a
2

= 4a3 – 36a
= (4) × (x1+2+1 × y1+1+2) (v) (pq + qr + rp) × 0 = 0
= 4x4y4 2. Complete the table :
(iv) Required volume = a × 2b × 3c First Second
Product
= (1 × 2 × 3) × (a × b × c) expression expression
= 6abc (i) a b+c+d –
5. Obtain the product of (ii) x+y– 5 5xy –
2
(i) xy, yz, zx (ii) a, – a2, a3 (iii) p 6p – 7p + 5 –
2 2 2 2
(iv) 4p q p –q –
(iii) 2, 4y, 8y2, 16y3 (iv) a, 2b, 3c, 6abc
(v) a+ b +c abc –
(v) m, – mn, mnp
Sol. (i) a(b + c + d) = a × b + a × c + a × d
Sol. (i) xy × yz × zx = x × x × y × y × z × z
= ab + ac + ad
= x1 + 1 × y1 + 1 × z1 + 1 (ii) (x + y – 5) × (5xy)
= x2y2z2 = 5xy × x + 5xy × y + 5xy × (–5)
(ii) a × (–a2) × a3 = 5x2y + 5xy2 – 25xy
= [1 × (–1) × 1] × (a × a × a × a × a × a) (iii) 6p3 – 7p2 + 5p
= (–1) × (a6) (iv) 4p4q2 – 4p2q4
= –a6 (v) a2bc + ab2c + abc2
(iii) 2 × (4y) × 8y2 × 16y3 3. Find the product :
= (2 × 4 × 8 × 16) × (y × y2× y3) æ2 ö æ –9 2 2 ö
(i) (a2) × (2a22) × (4a26)(ii) ç xy ÷ ´ ç x y ÷
= (1024) × (y1 + 2 + 3) è 3 ø è 10 ø
æ 10 3 ö æ 6 3 ö
= 1024 y6 (iii) ç - pq ÷ ´ ç p q ÷ (iv) x × x2 × x3 × x4
è 3 ø è5 ø
(iv) a × 2b × 3c × 6abc Sol. (i) (a2) × (2a22) × (4a26)
= (2 × 3 × 6) × (a × b × c × abc) = (1 × 2 × 4) × (a2 × a22 × a26)
= (36) × (a1+1 × b1+1 × c1+1) = 8a2 + 22 + 26 = 8a50
= 36 a2b2c2 æ 2 ö æ -9 2 2 ö
(ii) ç 3 xy ÷ ×ç 10 x y ÷
è ø è ø
(v) m × – mn × mnp = (1 × – 1 × 1)
æ 2 - 9 ö
× (m × m × m × n × n × p) = ç ´ ÷ × (x × x2 × y × y2)
è 3 10 ø
= – 1 × m3 × n2 × p 3 3
= – m3n2p = - × x1 + 2 × y1 + 2 = - x3y3
5 5

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æ 10 3 ö æ 6 3 ö (b) 2x(z – x – y) + 2y(z – y – x)

(iii) ç - pq ÷ ´ ç p q ÷ = (2x × z) – (2x × x) – (2x × y)
è 3 ø è5 ø
+ (2y × z) – (2y × y) – (2y × x)
æ 10 6 ö
= ç- ´ ÷ ´ ( p ´ q 3 ´ p3 ´ q ) = 2xz – 2x – 2xy + 2yz – 2y2 – 2xy
2

è 3 5ø = –2x2 – 2y2 – 4xy + 2xz + 2yz.

= (–4) × (p4 × q4) = –4p4q4 (c) 4l(10n – 3m + 2l) – 3l(l – 4m + 5n)
(iv) x × x2 × x3 × x4 = x1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = x10
= (4l ×10n) – (4l × 3m) + (4l × 2l) + (–3l × l)
4. (a) Simplify : 3x(4x – 5) + 3 and find its value for
+ (–3l × –4m) + (–3l × 5n)
1
(i) x = 3, (ii) x = . = 40ln – 12lm + 8l2 – 3l2 + 12lm – 15ln
2
(b) Simplify : a(a2 + a + 1) + 5 and find its value = 5l2 + 25ln
for (i) a = 0, (ii) a = 1, (iii) a = –1. (d) 4c(–a + b + c) – {3a(a + b + c) – 2b(a – b + c)}
Sol. (a) We have, = {4c × (–a) + 4c × b + 4c × c}
3x(4x – 5) + 3 = 3x × 4x – 3x × 5 + 3
= 12x2 – 15x + 3 – [{(3a × a + 3a × b + 3a × c)} +
(i) When x = 3, then {(–2b × a) + (–2b × –b) + (–2b × c)}]
3x(4x – 5) + 3 = 3 × 3(4 × 3 – 5) + 3 = –4ac + 4bc + 4c2
= 9(12 – 5) + 3 = 9 × 7 + 3 – {3a2 + 3ab + 3ac – 2ab + 2b2 – 2bc}
= 63 + 3 = 66
= –4ac + 4bc + 4c2 – 3a2 – 3ab – 3ac + 2ab
1
(ii) When x = , then 3x(4x – 5) + 3 – 2b2 + 2bc
2
= –3a – 2b + 4c – 7ac + 6bc – ab
2 2 2
1 æ 1 ö 3
= 3 × ç 4 ´ - 5÷ + 3 = (2 – 5) + 3
2 è 2 ø 2 EXERCISE : 9.4
3 9 3
= ×– 3 + 3 = – +3=– 1. Multiply the binomials :
2 2 2
(b) We have, (i) (2x + 5) and (4x – 3)
a(a2 + a + 1) + 5 = a × a2 + a × a + a × 1 + 5 (ii) (y – 8) and (3y – 4)
= a3 + a2 + a + 5 (iii) (2.5l – 0.5m) and (2.5l + 0.5m)
(i) When a = 0, then (iv) (a + 3b) and (x + 5)
a(a2 + a + 1) + 5 = 0(02 + 0 + 1) + 5 (v) (2pq + 3q2) and (3pq – 2q2)
= 0(1) + 5 æ3 2 æ 2 2 2ö
2 ö
= 0 + 5 = 5. (vi) ç a + 3b ÷ and 4 ç a - b ÷
è 4 ø è 3 ø
(ii) When a = 1, then
a(a2 + a + 1) + 5 = 1(12 + 1 + 1) + 5 Sol. (i) (2x + 5) and (4x – 3)
= 1(1 + 1 + 1) + 5 = 2x(4x – 3) + 5(4x – 3)
= 1(3) + 5 = 3 + 5 = 8. = 8x2 – 6x + 20x – 15
(iii) When a = –1, then = 8x2 + 14x – 15
a(a2 + a + 1) + 5 = –1[(–1)2 + (–1) + 1] + 5 (ii) (y – 8) × (3y – 4) = y(3y – 4) –8(3y – 4)
= –1(1 – 1 + 1) + 5 = 3y2 – 4y – 24y + 32
= –1(1) + 5 = –1 + 5 = 4 = 3y2 – 28y + 32
5. (a) Add : p(p – q), q(q – r) and r(r – p) (iii) (2.5l – 0.5m) × (2.5l + 0.5m)
(b) Add : 2x(z – x – y) and 2y(z – y – x) = 2.5l (2.5l + 0.5m) – 0.5m(2.5l + 0.5 m)
(c) Subtract : 3l(l – 4m + 5n) from 4l(10n – 3m + 2l) = 6.25l2 + 1.25lm – 1.25lm – 0.25m2
(d) Subtract : 3a(a + b + c) – 2b(a – b + c) from = 6.25l2 – 0.25m2
4c(–a + b + c) (iv) (a + 3b) × (x + 5)
Sol. (a) p(p –q) + q(q –r) + r(r – p)
= a(x + 5) + 3b (x + 5)
= p ×p – p ×q + q ×q – q ×r + r ×r – r ×p
= p2 – pq + q2 – qr + r2 – pr = ax + 5a + 3bx + 15b
= p2 + q2 + r2 – pq – qr – pr

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(v) (2pq + 3q2) × (3pq – 2q2) (iii) (t + s2)(t2 – s)

= 2pq (3pq – 2q2) + 3q2(3pq – 2q2) = t(t2 – s) + s2(t2 – s)
= 6p2q2 – 4pq3 + 9pq3 – 6q4
= t3 – ts + s2t2 – s3
= 6p2q2 + 5pq3 – 6q4
(iv) (a + b)(c – d) + (a – b)(c + d) + 2(ac + bd)
æ3 2 2 ö æ 2 2 2ö
(vi) ç 4 a + 3b ÷ and 4 ç a - 3 b ÷ = a(c – d) + b(c – d) + a(c + d) – b(c + d)
è ø è ø
+ 2ac + 2bd
æ3 2 2 ö æ 2 8 2ö
= ç a + 3b ÷ × ç 4a - b ÷
è 4 ø è 3 ø = ac – ad + bc – bd + ac + ad – bc – bd

3 2 æ 4a 2 - 8 b2 ö æ 2 8 2ö + 2ac + 2bd
=
a ç ÷ + 3b2 ç 4a - b ÷
4 è 3 ø è 3 ø = 4ac
= 3a – 2a b + 12a b – 8b
4 2 2 2 2 4
(v) (x + y)(2x + y) + (x + 2y)(x – y)
= 3a4 + 10a2b2 – 8b4
2. Find the product : = x(2x + y) + y(2x + y) + x(x – y) + 2y(x – y)
(i) (5 – 2x)(3 + x) (ii) (x + 7y)(7x – y) = 2x2 + xy + 2xy + y2 + x2 – xy + 2xy – 2y2
(iii) (a2 + b)(a + b2) (iv) (p2 – q2)(2p + q)
Sol. (i) (5 – 2x)(3 + x) = 5(3 + x) – 2x(3 + x) = (2 + 1)x2 + (1 + 2 – 1 + 2)xy + ( 1 – 2)y2
= 15 + 5x – 6x – 2x2 = 3x2 + 4xy – y2
= – 2x2 –x + 15
(ii) (x + 7y)(7x – y) (vi) (x + y)(x2 – xy + y2)
= x(7x – y) + 7y(7x – y) = x(x2 – xy + y2) + y(x2 – xy + y2)
= 7x – xy + 49xy – 7y
2 2
= x3 – x2y + xy2 + x2y – xy2 + y3
= 7x + 48xy – 7y
2 2
= x3 + y3
(iii) (a2 + b)(a + b2)
= a2(a + b2) + b(a + b2) (vii) (1.5x – 4y)(1.5x + 4y + 3) – 4.5x + 12y
= a3 + a2b2 + ab + b3 = 1.5x(1.5x + 4y + 3) – 4y(1.5x + 4y + 3)
(iv) (p2 – q2)(2p + q) = p2(2p + q) – q2(2p + q) – 4.5x + 12y
= 2p3 + p2q – 2pq2 – q3
3. Simplify : = 1.5x × 1.5x + 1.5x × 4y + 1.5x × 3 – 4y
(i) (x2 – 5)(x + 5) + 25 × 1.5x – 4y × 4y – 4y × 3 – 4.5x + 12y
(ii) (a2 + 5)(b3 + 3) + 5
(iii) (t + s2)(t2 –s) = 2.25x2 + 6xy + 4.5x – 6xy – 16y2 – 12y
(iv) (a + b)(c – d) + (a – b)(c + d) + 2(ac + bd) – 4.5x + 12y
(v) (x + y)(2x + y) + (x + 2y)(x – y)
= 2.25x + (6 – 6)xy + (4.5 – 4.5)x – 16y2
2
(vi) (x + y)(x2 – xy + y2)
(vii) (1.5x – 4y)(1.5x + 4y + 3) – 4.5x + 12y + (– 12 + 12)y
(viii) (a + b + c)(a + b – c)
= 2.25x2 + (0)xy + (0)x – 16y2 + (0)y
Sol. (i) (x2 – 5)(x + 5) + 25
= 2.25x2 + 0 + 0 – 16y2 + 0
= x2(x + 5) – 5(x + 5) + 25
= x3 + 5x2 – 5x – 25 + 25 = 2.25x2 – 16y2
= x3 + 5x2 – 5x (viii) (a + b + c)(a + b – c)
(ii) (a2 + 5)(b3 + 3) + 5
= a(a + b – c) + b(a + b – c) + c(a + b – c)
= a2(b3 + 3) + 5(b3 + 3) + 5
= a2 + ab – ac + ab + b2 – bc + ac + bc – c2
= a2b3 + 3a2 + 5b3 + 15 + 5
= a2b3 + 3a2 + 5b3 + 20 = a2 + 2ab + b2 – c2

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EXERCISE : 9.5 (viii) (–a + c)(–a + c)

= (–a + c)2 or (c – a)2
1. Use a suitable identity to get each of the following
= (c)2 – 2(c)(a) + (a)2
products.
{Using : (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2}
(i) (x + 3)(x + 3) (ii) (2y + 5)(2y + 5)
= c – 2ac + a2
2

æ 1ö æ 1ö
(iii) (2a – 7)(2a – 7) (iv) ç 3a - 2 ÷ ç 3a - 2 ÷ æ x 3y ö æ x 3y ö æ x 3y ö
2
è ø è ø (ix) ç + + = ç +
÷ ç ÷ ÷
(v) (1.1m – 0.4)(1.1m + 0.4) è2 4 ø è2 4 ø è2 4 ø
(vi) (a2 + b2)(–a2 + b2) 2 2
(vii) (6x – 7)(6x + 7) (viii) (– a + c)(– a + c) æxö æ x öæ 3y ö æ 3y ö
= ç ÷ + 2 ç ÷ç ÷ + ç ÷
è2ø è 2 øè 4 ø è 4 ø
æ x 3y ö æ x 3y ö
(ix) ç + ÷ç + ÷ [Using : (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
è2 4 ø è2 4 ø 2
x2 3xy 9y
(x) (7a – 9b)(7a – 9b) = + +
4 4 16
Sol. (i) (x + 3)(x + 3) = x2 + (3 + 3)x + (3)(3)
(x) (7a – 9b)(7a – 9b) = (7a – 9b)2
[Using : (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab]
= (7a)2 – 2(7a)(9b) + (9b)2
= x2 + 6x + 9
{Using : (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2}
OR
= 49a – 126ab + 81b2
2
(x + 3)(x + 3) = (x + 3)2
= x2 + 2(3)x + (3)2 2. Use the identity (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
to find the following products.
[Using : (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= x2 +6x + 9 (i) (x + 3)(x + 7) (ii) (4x + 5)(4x + 1)
(ii) (2y + 5) 2
(iii) (4x – 5)(4x – 1) (iv) (4x + 5)(4x – 1)
= (2y)2 + 2(2y)(5) + (5)2 (v) (2x + 5y)(2x + 3y)
{Using : (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2}
(vi) (2a2 + 9)(2a2 + 5)
= 4y2 + 20y + 25.
(iii) (2a – 7)2 (vii) (xyz – 4)(xyz – 2)
= (2a)2 – 2(2a)(7) + (7)2 Sol. (i) (x + 3)(x + 7) = x2 + (3 + 7)x + 3 × 7
{Using : (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2} = x2 + 10x + 21
= 4a2 – 28a + 49 (ii) (4x + 5)(4x + 1)
2 2 = (4x)2 + (5 + 1)4x + (5)(1)
æ 1ö æ1ö æ1ö
(iv) ç 3a - ÷ = (3a)2 – 2(3a) ç ÷ + ç ÷ = 16x2 + 24x + 5.
è 2ø è2ø è2ø
(iii) (4x – 5)(4x – 1)
{Using : (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2}
= [4x + (–5)] [4x + (–1)]
1 = (4x)2 + [(–5) + (–1)]4x + (–5)(–1)
= 9a2 – 3a +
4 = 16x2 + (–5 – 1)4x + 5
(v) (1.1m – 0.4)(1.1m + 0.4) = 16x2 – 24x + 5
= (1.1m)2 – (0.4)2 [Using : (a – b)(a + b) = a2 – b2] (iv) (4x + 5)(4x – 1) = (4x + 5)(4x + (–1))
= 1.21m2 – 0.16
= (4x)2 + [5 + (–1)](4x) + (5)(–1)
(vi) (a2 + b2)(– a2 + b2) = (b2 + a2)(b2 – a2)
= (b2)2 – (a2)2 = 16x2 + 16x – 5
[Using : (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2] (v) (2x + 5y)(2x + 3y)
= b 4 – a4
= (2x)2 + (5y + 3y)2x + (5y)(3y)
(vii) (6x – 7)(6x + 7) = (6x)2 – (7)2
{Using : (a – b)(a + b) = a2 – b2} = 4x2 + (8y)(2x) + 15y2
= 36x – 49
2 = 4x2 + 16xy + 15y2

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 Class-VIII

(vi) (2a2 + 9)(2a2 + 5) Sol. (i) (a2 – b2)2 = (a2)2 – 2 (a2)(b2) + (b2)2
= (2a2)2 + (9 + 5)2a2 + (9)(5) [Using : (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2)
= 4a4 + 28a2 + 45 = a4 – 2a2b2 + b4
(vii) (xyz – 4)(xyz – 2) = (xyz)2 + (– 4 – 2)(xyz) (ii) (2x + 5)2 – (2x – 5)2
+ (– 4)(– 2) {(2x)2 + 2(2x)(5) + (5)2} – {(2x)2 – 2(2x)(5) + (5)2}
= x y z – 6xyz + 8
2 2 2 {Using : (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 and
3. Find the following squares by using the identities : (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2}
(i) (b – 7)2 (ii) (xy + 3z)2 = (4x + 20x + 25) – (4x2 – 20x + 25)
2

2
= 4x2 + 20x + 25 – 4x2 + 20x – 25
æ2 3 ö
= 40x
(iii) (3x2 – 5y)2 (iv) ç m + n÷
è3 2 ø
(iii) (7m – 8n)2 + (7m + 8n)2
(v) (0.4p – 0.5q)2 (vi) (2xy + 5y)2 = (49m2 – 112mn + 64n2)
Sol. (i) (b – 7) = b – 2(7)b + (7)2
2 2
+ (49m2 + 112mn + 64n2)
= b2 – 14b + 49 = 49m2 – 112mn + 64n2
(ii) (xy + 3z)2 + 49m2 + 112m + 64n2
= (xy)2 + 2(xy)(3z) + (3z)2 = 98m + 128n2
2

{Using (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2} (iv) (4m + 5n)2 + (5m + 4n)2

= x y + 6xyz + 9z2
2 2 = {(4m)2 + 2(4m)(5n) + (5n)2}
(iii) (3x2 – 5y)2 + {(5m)2 + 2(5m)(4n) + (4n)2}
= (3x2)2 – 2(3x2)(5y) + (5y)2 = 16m2 + 40mn + 25n2 + 25m2 + 40 mn
{Using (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2} + 16n2
= 9x4 – 30x2y + 25y2 = 16m2 + 25m2 + 25n2 + 80mn + 16n2
2
= 41m2 + 80mn + 41n2.
æ2 3 ö (v) (2.5p – 1.5q)2 – (1.5p – 2.5q)2
(iv) ç m + n ÷
è3 2 ø = (6.25p2 – 7.5pq + 2.25q2)
2 2
– (2.25p2 – 7.5pq + 6.25q2)
æ2 ö æ2 ö æ3 ö æ3 ö = (6.25 – 2.25)p2 + (–7.5 + 7.5)pq
= ç m÷ + 2ç m÷ ç n÷ + ç n÷
è3 ø è3 ø è2 ø è2 ø + (2.25 – 6.25)q2
= 4p2 + (0)pq – 4q2 = 4p2 – 4q2
4 2 9
= m + 2mn + n2 (vi) (ab + bc)2 – 2ab2c
9 4
= (ab)2 + 2(ab)(bc) + (bc)2 – 2ab2c
(v) (0.4p – 0.5q) 2
= a2b2 + 2ab2c + b2c2 – 2ab2c
= (0.4p)2 – 2(0.4p)(0.5q) + (0.5q)2 = a2b2 + b2c2
= 0.16p2 – 0.4pq + 0.25q2 (vii) (m2 – n2m)2 + 2m3n2
(vi) (2xy + 5y)2 = {(m2)2 – 2(m2)(n2m) + (n2m)2} + 2m3n2
= (2xy)2 + 2(2xy)(5y) + (5y)2 = m4 – 2m3n2 + m2n4 + 2m3n2
{Using : (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2} = m4 + m2n4
= 4x2y2 + 20xy2 + 25y2 5. Show that :
4. Simplify : (i) (3x + 7)2 – 84x = (3x – 7)2
(i) (a2 – b2)2 (ii)(2x + 5)2 – (2x – 5)2 (ii) (9p – 5q)2 + 180pq = (9p + 5q)2
2
(iii) (7m – 8n) + (7m + 8n)2
2
æ4 3 ö 16 2 9 2
(iii) ç m – n ÷ + 2mn = m + n
(iv) (4m + 5n)2 + (5m + 4n)2 è3 4 ø 9 16
(v) (2.5p – 1.5q)2 – (1.5p – 2.5q)2 (iv) (4pq + 3q)2 – (4pq – 3q)2 = 48pq2
(vi) (ab + bc)2 – 2ab2c (v) (a – b)(a + b) + (b – c)(b + c)
(vii) (m2 – n2m)2 + 2m3n2 + (c – a)(c + a) = 0

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Sol. (i) LHS = (3x + 7)2 – 84x (iii) 1022 = (100 + 2)2
= (9x2 + 42x + 49) – 84x = (100)2 + 2(100)(2) + (2)2
= 9x2 – 42x + 49 [Q (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= (3x)2 – 2(3x)(7) + (7)2
= 10000 + 400 + 4 = 10404
= (3x – 7)2 = RHS
(iv) 9982 = (1000 – 2)2
(ii) LHS = (9p – 5q)2 + 180 pq
= {(9p)2 – 2(9p)(5q) + (5q)2} + 180 pq = (1000)2 – 2(1000)(2) + (2)2
= 81p2 – 90pq + 25q2 + 180 pq [Q (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= 81p2 + 90 pq + 25q2 = 1000000 – 4000 + 4 = 996004
= (9p)2 + 2(9p)(5q) + (5q)2 (v) (5.2)2 = (5.0 + 0.2)2
= (9p + 5q)2 = RHS. = (5.0)2 + 2(5.0)(0.2) + (0.2)2
2 [Q (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
æ4 3 ö
(iii) LHS = ç m – n ÷ + 2mn = 25 + 2 + 0.04 = 27.04
è 3 4 ø
2 2 (vi) 297 × 303 = (300 – 3) × (300 + 3)
æ4 ö æ4 ö æ3 ö æ3 ö
= ç m ÷ – 2 ç m ÷ ç n ÷ + ç n ÷ +2mn = (300)2 – (3)2
è3 ø è3 ø è4 ø è4 ø
[Using : (a – b)(a + b) = a2 – b2]
16 2 9 2
= m – 2mn + n + 2mn = 90000 – 9 = 89991
9 16
(vii) 78 × 82 = (80 – 2)(80 + 2)
16 2 9 2
= m + n = RHS = (80)2 – (2)2
9 16
(iv) LHS = (4pq + 3q)2 – (4pq – 3q)2 [Q (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]
= {(4pq)2 + 2(4pq)(3q) + (3q)2} = 6400 – 4 = 6396
– {(4pq)2 – 2(4pq)(3q) + (3q)2} (viii) 8.92 = (9 – 0.1)2
= {16p2q2 + 24pq2 + 9q2} = (9)2 – 2(9)(0.1) + (0.1)2
– {16p2q2 – 24pq2 + 9q2} [Using : (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= 16p2q2 + 24pq2 + 9q2 – 16p2q2 = 81 – 1.8 + 0.01 = 79.21
+ 24pq2 – 9q2 (ix) 1.05 × 9.5 = 1.05 × 0.95 × 10
= 48pq = RHS
2
= (1 + 0.05)(1 – 0.05) × 10
(v) LHS = (a – b)(a + b) + (b – c)(b + c) = [(1)2 – (0.05)2] × 10
+ (c – a)(c + a) = [1 – 0.0025] × 10
= a – b + b – c + c2 – a2
2 2 2 2
[Q (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]
= (a2 – a2) + (– b2 + b2) + (– c2 + c2) = 0.9975 × 10 = 9.975
= 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 = RHS 7. Using a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b), find
6. Using identities, evaluate :
(i) 512 – 492 (ii)(1.02)2 – (0.98)2
(i) 712 (ii) 992 (iii) 1022 (iv) 9982
(iii) 1532 – 1472 (iv) 12.12 – 7.92
(v) 5.22 (vi) 297 × 303
(vii) 78 × 82 (viii) 8.92 (ix) 1.05 × 9.5 Sol. (i) 512 – 492 = (51 + 49)(51 – 49)
Sol. (i) 712 = (70 + 1)2 = (70)2 + 2 × 70 × 1 + (1)2 = (100)(2) = 200
[Using : (a + b) = a + 2ab + b )
2 2 2
(ii) (1.02)2 – (0.98)2 = (1.02 + 0.98)(1.02 – 0.98)
= 4900 + 140 + 1 = 5041 = (2)(0.04) = 0.08
(ii) 99 = (100 – 1)2
2
(iii) 153 – 147 = (153 + 147)(153 – 147)
2 2

= (100)2 – 2 × 100 × 1 + (1)2 = (300)(6) = 1800

[Using : (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2) (iv) 12.1 – 7.9 = (12.1 + 7.9)(12.1 – 7.9)
2 2

= 10000 – 200 + 1 = 9801 = (20.0)(4.2) = 84

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8. Using (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab, find \ The highest common factor = 14pq
(i) 103 × 104 (ii) 5.1 × 5.2 (iv) 2x = 2 × x
(iii) 103 × 98 (iv) 9.7 × 9.8 3x2 = 3 × x × x
4 = 2 ×2
Sol. (i) 103 × 104 = (100 + 3)(100 + 4)
The common factor is 1.
= (100)2 + (3 + 4)(100) + (3)(4) (v) The numerical coefficients of the given
= 10000 + 700 + 12 = 10712 monomials are 6, 24 and 12.
(ii) 5.1 × 5.2 = (5 + 0.1)(5 + 0.2) The common literals appearing in the three
monomials are a and b.
= (5)2 + (0.1 + 0.2)(5) + (0.1)(0.2)
The smallest power of a in the three monomials
= 25 + 1.5 + 0.02 = 26.52 =1
(iii) 103 × 98 = (100 + 3)(100 – 2) The smallest power of b in the three monomials
= (100)2 + [3 + (–2)] (100) + (3)(–2) =1
= 10000 + 100 – 6 The monomial of common literals with smallest
= 10094 powers = ab
(iv) 9.7 × 9.8 = (10 – 0.3)(10 – 0.2) Hence, the highest common factor = 6ab
= (10)2 + [(–0.3) + (– 0.2)] (10) + (–0.3)(–0.2) (vi) 16x3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x × x
–4x2 = –1 × 2 × 2 × x × x
= 100 + (–0.5)10 + 0.06 = 100.06 – 5
32x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x
= 95.06
The common factors are 2, 2, x.
EXERCISE : 14.1 And 2 × 2 × x = 4x
1. Find the common factors of the given terms : (vii) The numerical coefficients of the given
monomials are 10, 20 and 30.
(i) 12x, 36 (ii) 2y, 22xy (iii) 14pq, 28p2q2
The highest common factor of 10, 20 and 30
(iv) 2x, 3x2, 4 (v) 6abc, 24ab2, 12a2b
is 10
(vi) 16x3, – 4x2, 32x (vii) 10pq, 20qr, 30rp
There is no common literal appearing in the
(viii) 3x2y3, 10x3y2, 6x2y2z three monomials.
Sol. (i) The numerical coefficients in the given Hence, the highest common factor = 10.
monomials are 12 and 36. (viii) 3x2y3 = 3 × x × x × y × y × y
The highest common factor of 12 and 36 is 12. 10x3y2 = 2 × 5 × x × x × x × y × y
But there is no common literal appearing in the 6x2y2z = 2 × 3 × x × x × y × y × z
given monomials 12x and 36. The common factors are x, x, y, y.
\ The highest common factor = 12. And,
(ii) 2y = 2 × y x × x × y × y = x2y2
2. Factorise the following expressions
22xy = 2 × 11 × x × y
(i) 7x – 42 (ii) 6p – 12q
The common factors are 2, y.
(iii) 7a + 14a
2
(iv) – 16z + 20z3
And, 2 × y = 2y
(v) 20l m + 30alm (vi) 5x2y – 15xy2
2
(iii) The numerical coefficients of the given
(vii) 10a2 – 15b2 + 20c2
monomials are 14 and 28.
(viii) – 4a2 + 4ab – 4ca
The highest common factor of 14 and 28 is 14.
(ix) x2yz + xy2z + xyz2
The common literals appearing in the given
(x) ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz
monomials are p and q.
Sol. (i) We have, 7x = 7 × x and 42 = 2 × 3 × 7
The smallest power of p and q in the two
monomials = 1 The two terms have 7 as a common factor
The monomial of common literals with smallest 7x – 42 = (7 × x) – 2 × 3 × 7
powers = pq = 7× (x – 2 × 3) =7(x – 6)

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(ii) 6p = 2 × 3 × p The three terms have 2, 2 and a as common

12q = 2 × 2 × 3 × q factors
The common factors are 2 and 3. \ – 4a2 + 4ab – 4ca = – (2 × 2 × a × a)
+ (2 × 2 × a × b) – (2 × 2 × c × a)
\ 6p – 12q = (2 × 3 × p) – (2 × 2 × 3 × q)
= 2 × 2 × a × (– a + b – c)
= 2 × 3 [p – (2 × q)]
= 4a (– a + b – c)
= 6(p – 2q) (ix) x2yz = x × x × y × z
(iii) We have, 7a2 = 7 × a × a xy2z = x × y × y × z
and, 14a = 2 × 7 × a xyz2 = x × y × z × z
The two terms have 7 and a as common factors The common factors are x, y, and z.
7a2 + 14a = (7 × a × a) + (2 × 7 × a) \ x2yz + xy2z + xyz2 = (x × x × y × z) +
= 7 × a × (a + 2) = 7a(a + 2) (x × y × y × z) + (x × y × z × z)
(iv) 16z = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z = x × y × z [x + y + z]
= xyz (x + y + z)
20z3 = 2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z
(x) We have, ax2y = a × x × x × y
The common factors are 2, 2, and z.
bxy2 = b × x × y × y
\ –16z + 20z3 = –(2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z)
and, cxyz = c × x × y × z
+ (2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z)
The three terms have x and y as common
= (2 × 2 × z) [–(2 × 2) + (5 × z × z)]
factors
= 4z (–4 + 5z2)
\ ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz = (a × x × x × y)
(v) We have, 20l2 m = 2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m
+ (b × x × y × y) + (c × x × y × z)
and, 30alm = 3 × 2 × 5 × a × l × m
= x × y × (a × x + b × y + c × z)
The two terms have 2, 5,l and m as common
= xy (ax + by + cz)
factors.
3. Factorise :
\ 20l2m + 30alm = (2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m)
(i) x2 + xy + 8x + 8y (ii) 15xy – 6x + 5y – 2
+ (3 × 2 × 5 × a × l × m)
(iii) ax + bx – ay – by (iv) 15pq + 15 + 9q + 25p
= 2 × 5 × l × m × (2 × l + 3 × a)
(v) z – 7 + 7xy – xyz
= 10lm (2l + 3a)
Sol. (i) x2 + xy + 8x + 8y = (x2 + xy) + (8x + 8y)
(vi) 5x2y = 5 × x × x × y
= x (x + y) + 8 (x + y)
15xy2 = 3 × 5 × x × y × y
= (x + y)(x + 8)
The common factors are 5, x, and y.
[Taking (x + y) common]
\ 5x2y – 15xy2 = (5 × x × x × y)
(ii) 15xy – 6x + 5y – 2
– (3 × 5 × x × y × y)
= 3 ×5 ×x ×y – 3 ×2 ×x + 5 ×y – 2
= 5 × x × y [x – (3 × y)]
= 3x (5y – 2) + 1 (5y – 2)
= 5xy (x – 3y)
= (5y – 2)(3x + 1)
(vii) We have, 10a2 = 2 × 5 × a × a,
(iii) ax + bx – ay – by = (ax + bx) – (ay + by)
15b2 = 3 × 5 × b × b
[Grouping the terms]
and, 20c2 = 2 × 2 × 5 × c × c
= (a + b)x – (a + b)y
The three terms have 5 as a common factor
= (a + b)(x – y)
\ 10a2 – 15b2 + 20c2 = (2 × 5 × a × a)
[Taking (a + b) common]
– (3 × 5 × b × b) + (2 × 2 × 5 × c × c)
(iv) 15pq + 15 + 9q + 25p
= 5 × (2 × a × a – 3 × b × b + 4 × c × c)
= 5(2a2 – 3b2 + 4c2) = 15pq + 9q + 25p + 15
(viii) We have, 4a2 = 2 × 2 × a × a, = 3 ×5 ×p ×q + 3 ×3 ×q + 5 ×5 ×p + 3 ×5
4ab = 2 × 2 × a × b = 3q (5p + 3) + 5(5p + 3)
and, 4ca = 2 × 2 × c × a = (5p + 3)(3q + 5)

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(v) z – 7 + 7xy – xyz = z – 7 – xyz + 7xy (ii) 63a2 – 112b2 = 7(9a2 – 16b2)
= 1(z – 7) – xy(z – 7) = 7[(3a)2 – (4b)2]
= (z – 7)(1 – xy) = 7(3a + 4b)(3a – 4b)
[Taking (z – 7) common] [Q a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
(iii) 49x2 – 36 = (7x)2 – (6)2
EXERCISE : 14.2
= (7x – 6)(7x + 6)
1. Factorise the following expressions : [Q a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
(i) a2 + 8a + 16 (ii) p2 – 10p + 25 (iv) 16x – 144x = 16x3(x2 – 9)
5 3

(iii) 25m + 30m + 9 (iv) 49y2 + 84yz + 36z2

2
= 16x3 [(x)2 – (3)2]
(v) 4x2 – 8x + 4 (vi) 121b2 – 88bc + 16c2 = 16x3(x – 3)(x + 3)
(vii) (l + m)2 – 4lm (viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4 [Qa2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
Sol. (i) a + 8a + 16 = a + 2 × a × 4 + 42
2 2
(v) (l + m)2 – (l – m)2
= (a + 4)2 = [(l + m) + (l – m)] [(l + m) – (l – m)]
[Using : a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2] = (2l)(2m) = 4lm[Q a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
= (a + 4)(a + 4) (vi) 9x2y2 – 16 = (3xy)2 – (4)2
(ii) p – 10p + 25 = (p)2 – 2 × p × 5 + (5)2
2
= (3xy – 4)(3xy + 4)
= (p – 5)2 [Q(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2] [Q a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
(iii) 25m2 + 30m + 9 = (5m)2 + 2 × 5m × 3 + (3)2 (vii) (x – 2xy + y ) – z
2 2 2

= (5m + 3)2 [Using : a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2] = (x – y)2 – (z)2

= (5m + 3)(5m + 3) [Q(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
(iv) 49y2 + 84yz + 36z2 = (x – y – z)(x – y + z)
= (7y)2 + 2 × (7y) × (6z) + (6z)2 [Q a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
= (7y + 6z)2 [Q (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2] (viii) 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2
(v) 4x2 – 8x + 4 = 4(x2 – 2x + 1) = 25a2 – (4b2 – 28bc + 49c2)
= 4 (x2 – 2 × x × 1 + 12) = (5a)2 – [(2b)2 – 2 × 2b × 7c + (7c)2]
= 4 (x – 1)2 [Using : a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2] = (5a)2 – [(2b – 7c)2]
= 4 (x – 1)(x – 1) [Using identity (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
(vi) 121b2 – 88bc + 16c2 = [5a + (2b – 7c)] [5a – (2b – 7c)]
= (11b)2 – 2(11b)(4c) + (4c)2 [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
= (11b – 4c)2 [Q (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2] = (5a + 2b – 7c)(5a – 2b + 7c)
(vii) (l + m)2 – 4lm = l2 + 2lm + m2 – 4lm
3. Factorise the following expressions
= l2 – 2lm + m2
(i) ax2 + bx (ii) 7p2 + 21q2
= (l – m)2 = (l – m)(l – m)
(iii) 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2
(viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4 = (a2)2 + 2(a2)(b2) + (b2)2
= (a2 + b2)2 [Q (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2] (iv) am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2
2. Factorise (v) (lm + l) + m + 1
(i) 4p2 – 9q2 (ii) 63a2 – 112b2 (vi) y (y + z) + 9(y + z)
(iii) 49x – 36
2
(iv) 16x5 – 144x3 (vii) 5y2 – 20y – 8z + 2yz
(v) (l + m)2 – (l – m)2 (vi) 9x2y2 – 16 (viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2
(vii) (x2 – 2xy + y2) – z2 (ix) 6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x
(viii) 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2 Sol. (i) ax2 + bx = x (ax + b)
Sol. (i) 4p2 – 9q2 = (2p)2 – (3q)2 (ii) 7p2 + 21q2 = 7 × p × p + 3 × 7 × q × q
= (2p + 3q)(2p – 3q) = 7(p2 + 3q2)
[Using : a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)] (iii) 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2 = 2x (x2 + y2 + z2)

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(iv) am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2 5. Factorise the following expressions

= (am + bm ) + (bn + an )
2 2 2 2
(i) p2 + 6p + 8 (ii) q2 – 10q + 21
= (a + b) m2 + (b + a) n2 (iii) p2 + 6p – 16
= (a + b)(m2 + n2) Sol. (i) p2 + 6p + 8 = (p2 + 6p + 9) – 1
(v) (lm + l) + m + 1 = l(m + 1) + 1(m + 1) [Using : 8 = 9 – 1]
= (m + 1)(l + 1) = (p2 + 2 × p × 3 + 32) – 1
(vi) y(y + z) + 9(y + z) = (y + z)(y + 9) = (p + 3)2 – 12 = (p + 3 + 1)(p + 3 – 1)
(vii) 5y2 – 20y – 8z + 2yz = 5y2 – 20y + 2yz – 8z = (p + 4)(p + 2)
5y(y – 4) + 2z(y – 4) (ii) q2 – 10q + 21
(y – 4)(5y + 2z) It can be observed that, 21 = (–7) × (–3) and
(viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2 (–7) + (–3) = –10
= (10ab + 5b) + (4a + 2) \ q2 – 10q + 21 = q2 – 7q – 3q + 21
= 5b (2a + 1) + 2 (2a + 1) = q(q – 7) – 3(q – 7)
= (2a + 1)(5b + 2) = (q – 7)(q – 3)
(ix) 6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x = 6xy – 9x – 4y + 6 (iii) p2 + 6p – 16 = (p2 + 6p + 9) – 9 – 16
= 3x(2y – 3) –2(2y – 3) = (p + 3)2 – 52 = (p + 3 + 5)(p + 3 – 5)
= (2y – 3)(3x – 2) = (p + 8)(p – 2)
4. Factorise as far as you can :
EXERCISE : 14.3
(i) a4 – b4 (ii) p4 – 81
1. Carry out the following division
(iii) x4 – (y + z)4 (iv) x4 – (x – z)4
(i) 28x4 ¸ 56x (ii) – 36y3 ¸ 9y2
(v) a – 2a b + b
4 2 2 4
(iii) 66pq2r3 ¸ 11qr2 (iv) 34x3y3z3¸ 51xy2z3
Sol. (i) a4 – b4 = (a2)2 – (b2)2
(v) 12a8b8 ¸ (– 6a6b4)
= (a2 + b2)(a2 – b2)
Sol. (i) 28x4 ¸ 56x
= (a2 + b2)(a + b)(a – b)
(ii) p4 – 81 = (p2)2 – (9)2 28 ´ x ´ x ´ x ´ x x ´ x ´ x x3
= = =
= (p2 – 9)(p2 + 9) 28 ´ 2 ´ x 2 2
= [(p)2 – (3)2] (p2 + 9)
(ii) 36y3 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × y × y × y
= (p – 3)(p + 3)(p2 + 9)
9y2 = 3 × 3 × y × y
(iii) x4 – (y + z)4 = (x2)2 – [(y + z)2]2
= [x2 – (y + z)2] [x2 + (y + z)2] -2 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ y ´ y ´ y
–36y3 ÷ 9y2 = = –4y
= [x – (y + z)] [x + (y + z)] [x2 + (y + z)2] 3´3´ y ´ y
= (x – y – z)(x + y + z) [x2 + (y + z)2] 6 ´ 11 ´ p ´ q ´ q ´ r ´ r ´ r
(iv) x4 – (x – z)4 = (x2)2 – [(x – z)2]2 (iii) 66pq2r3 ¸ 11qr2 =
11 ´ q ´ r ´ r
= [x2 – (x – z)2] [x2 + (x – z)2] 6´p´q ´r
= = 6pqr
= [x – (x – z)] [x + (x – z)] [x2 + (x – z)2] 1
= z(2x – z)(x2 + x2 – 2xz + z2) (iv) 34x3y3z 3
= z(2x – z)(2x2 – 2xz + z2) = 2 × 17 × x × x × x × y × y × y × z × z × z

(v) a4 – 2a2b2 + b4 = (a2)2 – 2 × a2 × b2 + (b2)2 51 xy2z3 = 3 × 17 × x × y × y × z × z × z

= (a2 – b2)2 = [(a + b)(a – b)]2 34x3y3z3 ÷ 51xy2z3
= (a + b)2 (a – b)2 2 ´ 17 ´ x ´ x ´ x ´ y ´ y ´ y ´ z ´ z ´ z 2 2
= = x y
= (a + b)(a + b)(a – b)(a – b) 3 ´ 17 ´ x ´ y ´ y ´ z ´ z ´ z 3

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12a8b8 ¸ (– 6a6b4)
(v)
2´5´ x -5´5
6 ×2 ×a ×a ×a ×a ×a ×a ×a ×a ×b ×b (ii) (10x – 25) ÷ (2x – 5) =
(2x - 5)
´b ´ b´ b ´ b ´ b ´ b
= 5(2x - 5)
–1 ´ 6 ´ a ´ a ´ a ´ a ´ a ´ a ´ b ´ b ´ b ´ b
= =5
2´a´a´ b´b´ b´b 2x - 5
= = – 2a2b4
–1 10y(6y + 21)
2. Divide the given polynomial by the given monomial. (iii) 10y(6y + 21) ¸ 5(2y + 7) =
5(2y + 7)
(i) (5x2 – 6x) ¸ 3x
(ii) (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) ¸ y4 5 ´ 2 ´ y ´ 3 ´ (2y + 7) 2 ´ y ´ 3
(iii) 8 (x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) ¸ 4x2y2z2 = = = 6y
5 ´ (2y + 7) 1
(iv) (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ¸ 2x (v)(p3q6 – p6q3) ¸ p3q3
(iv) 9x2y2 (3z – 24) ÷ 27xy(z – 8)
5x2 – 6x 5x2 6x
Sol. (i) (5x2 – 6x) ¸ 3x = = – 9x2 y2 [3 ´ z - 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 3]
3x 3x 3x =
5 1 27xy(z - 8)
= x – 2 = (5x – 6)
3 3
xy ´ 3(z - 8)
(ii) 3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4 = y4 (3y4 – 4y2 + 5) = = xy
3(z - 8)
y 4 (3y 4 - 4y 2 + 5) (v) 96abc(3a – 12)(5b – 30) ¸ 144 (a – 4)(b – 6)
(3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) ÷ y4 =
y4 96abc(3a - 12)(5b - 30)
=
= 3y4 – 4y2 + 5 144(a – 4)(b – 6)
(iii) 8 (x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) ¸ 4x2y2z2 48 ´ 2 ´ abc ´ 3 ´ (a – 4) ´ 5 ´ (b – 6)
=
3 2 2 2 3 2
8(x y z + x y z + x y z ) 2 2 3
48 ´ 3 ´ (a – 4) ´ (b – 6)
=
4x 2 y 2 z 2 2 ´ abc ´ 5
= = 10abc
8 ´ x 2 y 2 z 2 (x + y + z) 1
= = 2 (x + y + z) 4. Divide as directed.
4x 2 y2 z 2
(iv) x3 + 2x2 + 3x = x(x2 + 2x + 3) (i) 5(2x + 1)(3x + 5) ¸ (2x + 1)
(ii) 26xy(x + 5)(y – 4) ¸ 13x (y – 4)
x(x2 + 2x + 3) (iii) 52pqr (p + q)(q + r)(r + p)
(x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ÷ 2x =
2x
¸ 104pq (q + r)(r + p)
1 2 (iv) 20 (y + 4)(y2 + 5y + 3) ¸ 5 (y + 4)
= (x + 2x + 3)
2 (v) x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) ¸ x(x + 1)
p3 q 6 - p6 q 3 Sol. (i) 5(2x + 1)(3x + 5) ¸ (2x + 1)
(v) (p3q6 – p6q3) ¸ p3q3 =
p3 q 3
p3 q 3 (q 3 – p3 ) 5(2x + 1)(3x + 5) 5(3x + 5)
= = q3 – p3 = = = 5(3x + 5)
p3 q 3 (2x + 1) 1
3. Work out of the following divisions (ii) 26xy(x + 5)(y – 4) ÷ 13x(y – 4)
(i) (10x – 25) ¸ 5 2 ´ 13 ´ xy(x + 5)(y - 4)
= = 2y(x + 5)
(ii) (10x – 25) ¸ (2x – 5) 13x(y - 4)
(iii) 10y(6y + 21) ¸ 5(2y + 7) (iii) 52pqr (p + q)(q + r)(r + p)
(iv) 9x y (3z – 24) ¸ 27xy (z – 8)
2 2 ¸ 104pq (q + r)(r + p)
(v) 96abc(3a – 12)(5b – 30) ¸ 144 (a – 4)(b – 6) 52 ´ p ´ q ´ r ´ (p + q) ´ (q + r) ´ (r + p)
=
10x – 25 5 ´ (2x – 5) 52 ´ 2 ´ p ´ q ´ (q + r) ´ (r + p)
Sol. (i) (10x – 25) ¸ 5 = =
5 5 1
= r(p + q)
= 2x – 5 2

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(iv) 20(y + 4)(y2 + 5y + 3) (iv) 4yz (z2 + 6z – 16) = 4yz (z2 + 8z – 2z – 16)
= 2 × 2 × 5 × (y + 4)(y2 + 5y + 3) = 4yz[z(z + 8) – 2(z + 8)
20(y + 4)(y2 + 5y + 3) ÷ 5(y + 4) = 4yz(z + 8)(z – 2) ...(1)
\ 4yz(z2 + 6z – 16) ¸ 2y(z + 8)
2 ´ 2 ´ 5 ´ (y + 4) ´ (y 2 + 5y + 3)
= 4yz(z 2 + 6z - 16) 4yz(z + 8)(z - 2)
5 ´ (y + 4) = =
2y(z + 8) 2y(z + 8)
= 4(y2 + 5y + 3) [Using (1)]
(v) x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) ¸ x(x + 1) 2z(z - 2)
= = 2z(z – 2)
x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) (x + 2)(x + 3) 1
= = (v) 5pq (p – q ) = 5pq (p – q)(p + q) ...(1)
2 2

x(x + 1) 1
5pq(p2 – q 2 )
= (x + 2)(x + 3) \ 5pq(p2 – q2) ¸ 2p(p + q) =
2p(p + q)
5. Factorise the expressions and divide them as
5 ´ p ´ q ´ (p – q) ´ (p + q)
directed. = [Using (1)]
2 ´ p ´ (p + q)
(i) (y2 + 7y + 10) ¸ (y + 5)
5
(ii) (m2 – 14m – 32) ¸ (m + 2) = q(p – q)
2
(iii) (5p2 – 25p + 20) ¸ (p – 1) (vi) 12xy(9x2 – 16y2) = 12xy[(3x)2 – (4y)2]
(iv) 4yz (z2 + 6z – 16) ¸ 2y (z + 8) = 12xy (3x – 4y)(3x + 4y)
(v) 5pq (p2 – q2) ¸ 2p (p + q) = 12xy(9x2 – 16y2) ÷ 4xy(3x + 4y)
(vi) 12xy (9x2 – 16y2) ¸ 4xy (3x + 4y)
2 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ x ´ y ´ (3x - 4y) ´ (3x + 4y)
(vii) 39y3 (50y2 – 98) ¸ 26y2 (5y + 7) =
2 ´ 2 ´ x ´ y ´ (3x + 4y)
Sol. (i) (y2 + 7y + 10) = y2 + 2y + 5y + 10
= y(y + 2) + 5(y + 2) = (y + 2)(y + 5) ...(1) = 3(3x – 4y)
(vii) 39y3 (50y2 – 98)
(y + 2)(y + 5)
\ (y2 + 7y + 10) ¸ (y + 5) = = 3 × 13 × y × y × y × 2 [(25y2 – 49)]
y+5
= 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y × [(5y)2 – (7)2]
[Using (1)]
= 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y × (5y – 7)(5y + 7)
=y+2
26y2(5y + 7) = 2 × 13 × y × y × (5y + 7)
(ii) m2 – 14m – 32 = m2 + 2m – 16m – 32
39y3(50y2 – 98) ÷ 26y2 (5y + 7) = 3y(5y–7)
= m(m + 2) – 16(m + 2)
= (m + 2)(m – 16) EXERCISE : 14.4
Now, (m2 – 14m – 32) ÷ (m + 2) 1. Find and correct the errors in the following
mathematical statements.
(m + 2)(m - 16)
= = m – 16 (i) 4(x – 5) = 4x – 5 (ii) x(3x + 2) = 3x2 + 2
(m + 2)
(iii) 2x + 3y = 5xy (iv) x + 2x + 3x = 5x
(iii) (5p2 – 25p + 20) = 5(p2 – 5p + 4) (v) 5y + 2y + y – 7y = 0
= 5(p2 – p – 4p + 4) (vi) 3x + 2x = 5x2
= 5[p(p – 1) – 4 (p – 1)] (vii) (2x)2 + 4(2x) + 7 = 2x2 + 8x + 7
= 5(p – 1)(p – 4) ...(1) (viii) (2x)2 + 5x = 4x + 5x = 9x
5p2 – 25p + 20 (ix) (3x + 2)2 = 3x2 + 6x + 4
\ (5p2 – 25p + 20) ¸ (p – 1) = (x) Substituting x = – 3 in
p -1
(a) x2 + 5x + 4 gives (– 3)2 + 5(–3) + 4
5(p – 1)(p – 4) = 9 + 2 + 4 = 15
= [Using (1)]
p -1 (b) x – 5x + 4 gives (– 3)2 – 5(–3) + 4
2

= 5(p – 4) = 9 – 15 + 4 = – 2

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 Class-VIII

(c) x2 + 5x gives (– 3)2 + 5(– 3) = – 9 – 15 = – 24. (vi) LHS = 3x + 2x = 5x ¹ RHS

(xi) (y – 3) = y – 9
2 2
The correct statement is 3x + 2x = 5x
(xii) (z + 5) = z + 25
2 2
(vii) LHS = (2x)2 + 4(2x) + 7
(xiii) (2a + 3b)(a – b) = 2a2 – 3b2 = 2x × 2x + 4 × 2x + 7
(xiv) (a + 4)(a + 2) = a + 8 2
= 4x2 + 8x + 7
(xv) (a – 4)(a – 2) = a2 – 8 Thus, (2x)2 + 4(2x) + 7 ¹ 2x2 + 8x + 7, but

3x2 3x2 + 1 (2x)2 + 4(2x) + 7 = 4x2 + 8x + 7 is the correct

(xvi) =0 (xvii) =1+1 = 2 statement.
3x2 3x2
(viii) (2x)2 + 5x = 4x + 5x = 9x
3x 1 3 1 LHS = (2x)2 + 5x = (2x)(2x) + 5x
(xviii) = (xix) =
3x + 2 2 4x + 3 4x
= 4x2 + 5x ¹ RHS

4x + 5 7x + 5 The correct statement is (2x)2 + 5x = 4x2 + 5x

(xx) =5 (xxi) = 7x
4x 5 (ix) LHS = (3x + 2)2 = (3x)2 + 2 × 3x × 2 + 22
Sol. (i) LHS = 4(x – 5) = 4 × x – 4 × 5 = 4x – 20 = 9x2 + 12x + 4
\ RHS should be 4x – 20. Thus, (3x + 2)2 ¹ 3x2 + 6x + 4, but (3x + 2)2
Hence, 4(x – 5) = 4x – 20 is the correct = 9x2 + 12x + 4 is the correct statement.
statement. (x) (a) For x = –3,
(ii) x(3x + 2) = 3x + 2 2
x2 + 5x + 4 = (–3)2 + 5 (–3) + 4 = 9 – 15 + 4
LHS = x(3x + 2) = 13 – 15 = –2

= 3x2 + 2x ¹ RHS. (b) For x = –3,

Hence, x(3x + 2) = 3x2 + 2x is the correct x2 – 5x + 4 = (–3)2 – 5 (–3) + 4 = 9 + 15 + 4
statement. = 28
(iii) The statement 2x + 3y = 5xy is incorrect. (c) For x = –3,
Only like-terms can be grouped together. x2 + 5x = (–3)2 + 5(–3) = 9 – 15 = –6
Therefore, 2x + 3y = 2x + 3y is the correct
(xi) LHS = (y – 3)2 = y2 – 2 × y × 3 + (–3)2
statement.
= y2 – 6y + 9
(iv) LHS = x + 2x + 3x = 1x + 2x + 3x
Thus,
= x(1 + 2 + 3) = 6x ¹ RHS
(y – 3)2 ¹ y2 – 9, but (y – 3)2 = y2 – 6y + 9
The correct statement is x + 2x + 3x = 6x
is the correct statement.
(v) By usin g th e distributive property of
multiplication over addition, we have (xii) LHS = (z + 5)2

5y + 2y + y – 7y = (5 + 2 + 1 – 7)y = (z)2 + 2(z)(5) + (5)2 [(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

= (8 – 7)y = y = z2 + 10z + 25 ¹ RHS

Th us, 5y + 2y + y – 7y ¹ 0, but The correct statement is (z + 5)2

5y + 2y + y – 7y = y is the correct statement. = z2 + 10z + 25

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(xiii) LHS = (2a + 3b)(a – b) 3x2 + 1

(xvii) Clearly, ¹ 1 +1 ¹ 2
= 2a(a – b) + 3b(a – b) 3x2

= 2a × a – 2a × b + 3b × a – 3b × b 3x2 + 1 3x2 1 1
But = 2 + 2 =1+ 2
= 2a2 – 2ab + 3ab – 3b2 3x2 3x 3x 3x

= 2a2 + ab – 3b2 is the correct statement.

Th us, (2a + 3b)(a – b) ¹ 2a 2 – 3b 2 , 3x

(xviii) LHS = ¹ RHS
3x + 2
but (2a + 3b)(a – b) = 2a2 + ab – 3b2 is the
correct statement. 3x 3x
The correct statement is =
3x + 2 3x + 2
(xiv) LHS = (a + 4)(a + 2) = (a)2 + (4 + 2)(a) + 4 × 2

= a2 + 6a + 8 ¹ RHS 3 1
(xix) ¹
4x + 3 4x
The correct statement is (a + 4)(a + 2)

= a2 + 6a + 8 3 3
But = is the correct statement.
4x + 3 4x + 3
(xv) LHS = (a – 4)(a – 2)

= a2 – (4 + 2)a + (– 4 × –2) 4x + 5 4x 5 5
(xx) LHS = = + = 1+ ¹ RHS
4x 4x 4x 4x
= a2 – 6a + 8
4x + 5 5
Thus, (a – 4)(a – 2) ¹ a2 – 8, but (a – 4)(a – 2) The correct statement is =1+
4x 4x
= a2 – 6a + 8 is the correct statement.
7x + 5
(xxi) Clearly, ¹ 7x
3x 2
3´ x ´ x 5
(xvi) LHS = = = 1 ¹ RHS
3x 2
3´ x ´ x
7x + 5 7x 5 7x
but = + = + 1 is the correct
5 5 5 5
3x2
The correct statement is =1
3x2 statement.

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 Class-VIII

EXERCISE # 1
Multiple choice questions 13. 16 m3y2 ¸ 4m2y is equal to
1 1 (1) 4my2 (2) 4m2y (3) 4m2y2 (4) None
1. If a – = 2, then a2 + 2 will be equal to
a a
14. What must be added to x3 + 3x – 8 to get 3x3 + x2 + 6?
(1) 6 (2) 0 (3) 4 (4) None
(1) 2x3 + x2 – 3x + 14 (2) 2x2 + x2 + 14
2. The expansion (6a + 3b)2 can be written as
(3) 2x3 + x2 – 6x – 14 (4) None of these
(1) 36a2 – 36ab + 9b2 (2) 36a2 + 36ab + 9b2
(3) 36a2 – 9b2 + 36ab (4) None of these 15. A factor of x3 – 1 is

1 (1) x – 1 (2) x2 + x + 1
3. The factors of a2 – 2 are
a (3) Either (1) or (2) (4) None of these

æ 1öæ 1ö æ 1öæ 1ö 16. If (x – 2) is one factor of x2 + ax – 6 = 0 and

(1) ç a + ÷ ç a + ÷ (2) ç a – ÷ ç a – ÷ x2 – 9x + b = 0, then a + b =____.
è a øè aø è a øè aø
æ 1öæ 1ö (1) 15 (2) 13 (3) 11 (4) 10
(3) ç a – ÷ ç a + ÷ (4) None of these
è a øè aø 17. The difference of the degrees of the polynomials
4. The value of 16.12 – 8.92 is 3x2y3 + 5xy7 – x6 and 3x5 – 4x3 + 2 is
(1) 160 (2) 180 (3) 170 (4) None (1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) None
5. The value of (x + 3y)2 + (x – 3y)2 is 18. If (3x – 4) (5x + 7) = 15x2 – ax – 28, then
(1) 2x2 + 18y2 (2) 2x2 – 18y2 a = _____.

(3) 2x2 + 18y2 – 2xy (4) None of these (1) 1 (2) – 1 (3) – 2 (4) None

6. 6x2yz is an algebraic expression. What is its index? 19. The product of two factors with unlike signs is ____.

(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 1 (4) 5 (1) Positive

7. If 6x2yz is divided by 3xy, then 3xy is known as (2) Negative
(1) Quotient (2) Dividend (3) Cannot be determined
(3) Remainder (4) Divisor (4) None of these
9x2 - 24xy + 16y2 20. The value of 25x2 + 16y2 + 40xy at x = 1 and
8. The value of is y = – 1 is
3x - 4y
(1) 3x + 4y (2) 3x – 4y (3) 4x – 3y (4) 4x + 3y (1) 81 (2) – 49 (3) 1 (4) None

x 2 + 7x + 12 1 1
9. The value of is 21. If x – = 2
6 , then x + x2 = ____
x+3 x

(1) x – 3 (2) x + 5 (3) x + 3 (4) x + 4 (1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 6 (4) 8

10. If p2 – 6p + 7 is divided by (p – 1), then remainder 1 1

22. If x2 + = 79, then x + =____
will be x2 x
(1) Positive (2) Zero (1) 75 (2) 9 (3) 79 (4) None
(3) Negative (4) None of these
23. If x – y = 4 and xy = 21, then x3 – y3 = ____
11. What should be subtracted from p2 – 6p + 7 so that
the remainder may be exactly divisible by (p – 1)? (1) 361 (2) 316 (3) – 188 (4) None

(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) – 2 (4) – 4 24. Factorise 9(p – q)2 – 4 (2p + q)2

12. 6x2yz ¸ 3xy is equal to (1) – (7p – q) (p + 5q) (2) (7p – q) (p + 5q)
(3) – (7p + q) (p + 5q) (4) (7p + q) (p – 5q)
(1) 2yz (2) 2zx (3) 2x2z (4) 2y2z

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25. Factorise x2 – xy + y – x
1 1
(1) (x – 1) (x + y) (2) (x + 1) (x + y) 36. If x + = a + b and x – = a – b, then
(3) (x – 1) (x – y) (4) None of these x x
26. Factorise a – b – a2 + b2 (1) ab = 1 (2) a = b
(1) (a – b) [1 – (a + b)] (2) (a + b) [1 – (a – b)] (3) ab = 2 (4) a + b = 0
(3) (a – b) [1 – (a – b)] (4) None of these
37. Factorise a2x – b2x
1 1
27. If 2a – = 3, then 16a4 + is? (1) (ax + bx) (ax – bx) (2) (ax – bx)2
2a 16a4
(1) 11 (2) 119 (3) 117 (4) 121 (3) (ax + bx) (a2 – b2) (4) (ax – bx) (a2 + b2)
28. 2 2 2
If a + b + c – ab – bc – ca = 0, then 38. 20a2 – 45 =
(1) a = b = c (2) a ¹ b ¹ c (1) 5(3 – 2a) (3 + 2a) (2) 5(2a + 3) (2a – 3)
(3) a = b ¹ c (4) None of these (3) 3(5 + 2a) (5 – 2a) (4) 3(2a + 5) (2a – 5)
1 1 39. The value of (a + b)3 + (a – b)3 + 6a(a2 – b2) is
29. If x + =7, then x + 4 is
4

x x (1) 6a3 (2) 8a3 (3) 10a3 (4) 12a3

(1) 2209 (2) 2207 (3) 49 (4) 47 40. x2 + (a + b + c) x + ab + bc =
30. The value of (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 is (1) (x + a) (x + b + c) (2) (x + a) (x + a + c)
(1) 4ab (2) –4ab
(3) (x + b) (x + a + c) (4) (x + b) (x + b + c)
(3) 2a + 2b
2 2 (4) 2a2 – 2b2
41. a3 + b3 + a + b =
31. Which of the following algebraic expressions is not
a polynomial? (1) (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab + 1)

17 (2) (a – b) (a2 + b2 – ab + 1)
(1) x2 + x – 3 (2) 7x 3 + 3x2/ 3 – 8 (3) (a + b) (a2 – b2 + ab – 1)
2
(3) 3 (4) 0 (4) (a + b) (a2 – b2 – ab – 1)
32. x – 8xy3 = 42. If x + y = 5 and x2 + y2 = 111, then value of
(1) x (1 – 2y) (1 + 2y + 4y2) x3 + y3 is
(2) x (1 + 2y) (1 + 2y + 4y2) (1) 770 (2) 227 (3) 555 (4) 115
(3) x (1 – 2y) (1 – 2y + 4y2) 43. 6x3 – 24xy2 – 3x2y + 12y3 =
(4) x (1 + 2y) (1 – 2y + 4y2) (1) 3(2x – y) (x + 2y) (x – 2y)
33. Factors of x4 – x2 – 12 are (2) 3(2x – y) (x + y) (x + 2y)
(1) (x + 2) (x – 2) (x2 + 3) (3) 3(2x – y) (x – 2y) (x + y)
(2) (x + 3) (x – 3) (x2 + 2) (4) 3(2x + y) (x – y) (x + 2y)
(3) (x + 2) (x – 2) (x2 – 3) 1
44. Factors of x2 – 3x + 4 are
(4) (x2 + 2) (x2 – 6) 2

34. Factors of x3 + x2 + x + 1 are æ1 ö æ1 ö

(1) çè x – 1÷ø (x – 2) (2) (x – 4) çè x – 1÷ø
(1) (x + 1) (x2– 1) (2) (x – 1) (x2
+ 1) 4 2
(3) (x – 1) (x – 1)
2 (4) (x + 1) (x + 1)
2 (3) (x – 4) (x – 2) (4) (x – 4) (x – 1)
35. y3 – 2y2 – y + 2 = 45. If x + y + z = 0, then x + y3 + z3 is
3

(1) (y – 2) (y – 1) (y + 1) (1) xyz (2) 2xyz (3) 3xyz (4) Zero

(2) (y + 2) (y – 1) (y + 1) 46. If x + 1/x = 15, then x2 + 1/x2 is equal to

(3) (y – 2) (y + 1)2 (1) 223 (2) 210

(4) (y + 1) (y – 1)2 (3) 225 (4) 225 + 1/225

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 Class-VIII

47. Factorise (3 – 4y – 7y2)2 – (4y + 1)2 5. In – 6xy, the coefficient of x is 6y.

(1) (4 – 7y2) (2 – 8y – 7y2) 6. Factors of x2 – 14xy + 49y2 will be (x – 7y) (x – 7y).
(2) (7y2 – 4) (2 – 8y – 7y2) 7. (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 will be equal to 2ab.
(3) (4 – 7y2) (7y2 + 8y – 2) 8. The polynomials in which the highest power of the
(4) (7y2 – 4) (7y2 – 8y – 2) variable in any term is one are known as linear
polynomials.
48. Factorise a2 + b2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
9. The degree of the remainder is always less than
(1) (a + b) (a + b + 2c) (2) (b + c) (c + a + 2b)
the degree of the divisor.
(3) (c + a) (a + b + 2c) (4) (b + a) (b + c + 2a)
10. Is 2x – 1 a factor of 6x2 + x – 1.
49. Factorise x2 – 1 – 2a – a2
Fill in the blanks
(1) (x – a – 1) (x + a – 1)
1. The process of writing a given algebraic expres-
(2) (x + a + 1) (x – a – 1)
sion as the product of two or more algebraic ex-
(3) (x + a + 1) (x – a + 1) pressions is called ______.
(4) (x – a + 1) (x + a – 1) 2. The number of algebraic expressions that may be
50. On dividing p(4p2 – 16) by 4p(p – 2), we get multiplied to obtain given algebraic expressions are
(1) 2p + 4 (2) 2p – 4 called ______ of the given algebraic expression.
(3) p + 2 (4) p – 2 3. (25x2 – 16y2) = (5x + ____) (______)
True or false 4. x2 – 12x + 35 will be equal to ______.
1. The terms having same literal factors are called 5. The polynomials in which the highest power of the
unlike terms. variable is two are known as ______ polynomials.
2. An expression which contains two terms is called 6. (a + b) (a – b) = ______.
binomial. 7. The coefficient of the term – 10xy2 is ______.
3. The coefficient of the product of two monomials is 8. 10a, 5b, 20c are ______ terms.
not equal to the product of their coefficient. 9. To multiply two binomials, we multiply each term
4. A term of the expression having no literal factors is of one ______ and add the products.
called a constant term. 10. The product of (x2 + y2) (x2 – y2) is ______.

EXERCISE # 1 ANSWER KEY

Multiple choice questions

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1ns. 1 2 3 2 1 2 4 2 4 1 1 2 4 1 3 1 2 2 2 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
1ns. 4 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 3
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
1ns. 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3

True or false
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F
Fill in the blanks
1. Factorization 2. Factors 3. (5x + 4y) (5x – 4y) 4. (x – 7) (x – 5) 5. Quadratic 6. a2 – b2 7. – 10
8. Unlike 9. Binomial by each term of the other 10. x – y
4 4

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EXERCISE # 2
Very short answer type questions 2
(i) 2 2q4 + 4 2q3 + q2 by (–2 2q )
1. Add
(j) x2 – 7x – 18 by x – 9
(a) 8ab, – 5ab, 3ab, – ab
(k) x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 1 by x – 1
(b) 3a – 4b + 4c, 2a + 3b – 8c, a – 6b + c (l) x4 + 3x2 – 10 by x2 + 5
(c) 5x – 8y + 2z, 3z – 4y – 2x, 6y – z – x Short answer type questions
and 3x – 2z – 3y. 8. Using long division method, divide the following
(d) 2x3 – 9x2 + 8, 3x2 – 6x – 5, 7x3 – 10 x + 1 polynomials
and 3 + 2x – 5x2 – 4x3 5
2. Subtract (a) 4p3 – 4p2 + 6p – by 2p – 1
2
(a) 3a2b from – 5a2b (b) 12z3 + 4z + 3z2 + 1 by 4z + 1
(b) – 6 p + q + 3r + 8 from p – 2q – 5r – 8 (c) 8x2 – 2 – 3x + 12x3 by 4x2 – 1
(c) 5y4 – 3y3 + 2y2 + y – 1 from (d) x4 – 16 ; x + 2
4y4 – 2y3 – 6y2 – y + 5 (e) z4 – z3 + 3z2 – 2z + 2 ; z2 + 2
3. What must be subtracted from 3a2 – 6ab – 3b2 – 1 (f) 4p3 – 12p2 – 37p – 15 ; 2p + 1
to get 4a2 –7ab – 4b2 + 1? (g) 20x2 – 32x – 16 ; 5x + 2
4. The two adjacent sides of a rectangle are 5x2 – 3y2 9. Find the quotient and the remainder when the first
and x2 +2xy. Find the perimeter. polynomial is divided by the second.
(a) 4p3 + 7 by – p + 3
5. The perimeter of a triangle is 6p2 – 4p + 9 and
two of its sides are p2 – 2p + 1 and 3p2 – 5p + 3. (b) –6x4 + 5x2 + 11x + 1 by 2x2 + 1
Find the third side of the triangle. (c) (6x2 – 31x + 47) by (2x – 5)
6. Find each of the following products : (d) (x3 + 1) by (x + 1)
(a) (3x2 + 5x – 9) × (3x – 5) (e) (x4 – 2x3 + 2x2 + x + 4) by (x2 + x + 1)
(f) (2x3 – 5x2 + 8x – 5) by (2x2 – 3x + 5)
(b) (x3 – 5x2 + 3x + 1) × (x2 – 3)
(g) (8x4 + 10x3 – 5x2 – 4x + 1) by (2x2 + x – 1)
(c) (x2 – 5x + 8) × (x2 +2x – 3)
10. Find out whether or not the first polynomial is a
(d) (3x+ 2y – 4) × (x – y + 2) factor of the second polynomial.
(e) (5x + 7) × (3x + 4) (a) 4a – 1, 12a2 – 7a – 2
(f) (x2 – a2) × (x – a) (b) x – 3, x3 + 4x2 – 3x + 5
(g) (x3 – 2x2 + 5) × (4x – 1) (c) x2 + 3, 4x4 + 7x2 – 15
11. Factorise
7. Divide:
(a) 12x + 15
(a) 24x2y3 by 3xy
(b) 16a2 – 24ab
(b) –72x2y2 z by – 12xyz
(c) 9x3 – 6x2 + 12x
(c) 8x2y2 – 6xy2 + 10x2y3 by 2xy
(d) 6a(a – 2b) + 5b(a – 2b)
(d) 4 2y 3 by 3 2y2 (e) 16(2p – 3q)2 – 4(2p – 3q)
(f) (x + y) (2x + 5) – (x + y) (x + 3)
3 2 4
(e) p by p2 (g) ab2 – bc2 – ab + c2
4 3
(h) ab2 + (a – 1) b – 1
(f) 6x – 24x3 + 15x2 + 9 by (– 3x2)
4
(i) x3 – 3x2 + x – 3
(g) – 3x2 + 3x by 3x
(j) x2 – 36
2 4 1 2 1 (k) 4x2 – 9y2
(h) z – z – 1 by z
3 3 3
(l) a2 – 2ab + b2 – c2

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12. Factorise : (e) (x – 4) (x – 14) (f) (x – 8) (x – 2)

(a) x2 – 2xy + y2 – z2 (b) (3x – 4y)2 – 25z2 (g) (x2 + 3) (x2 + 4) (h) (x3 + 5) (x3 + 2)
(c) x2 + 8x + 16 (d) x2 + 6ax + 9a2 1 1
2
(e) x – 10x + 25 (f) a2b2 – 6abc + 9c2 (i) (p2 – ) (p2 + )
4 8
13. Factorise : 23. Expand the following:
(a) x2 + x –132 (b) x2 – 22x + 117
2 (a) (x – 2y + 3z)2 (b) (3a – 5b – 7c)2
(c) x + 5x – 104 (d) x2 – 6x – 135
(e) x2 + 13x + 40 (f) y2 +7y –144 (c) (p + 5q + 2)2 (d) (6p – 5q – 4r)2
2
(g) y + y – 132 (h) x2 – 11x – 42 (e) (–2x + 6y + 4)2 (f) (5x + 3y)3
2
(i) p + p – 56 (j) p2 – 3pq + 2q2 3
Long answer type questions æ1 1 ö
(g) (– 2x + 5y)3 (h) ç p + q ÷
14. Factorise : è 2 3 ø
(a) 16x2 + 9y2 + 4z2 + 24xy + 12yz + 16zx
3
(b) 4a2 + b2 + 25c2 – 4ab – 10bc + 20ca æ 1ö
(i) ç 3a – ÷
b2 c 2 bc 2 è 3ø
(c) a2 + + – ab + – ca
4 9 3 3
24. Simplify :
(d) 3x2 + 2y2 + z2 + 2 6xy – 2 2yz – 2 3zx (a) (p – 2q + r)2 – (–p + 2q – r)2
b2 (b) (–a – b + c)2 – (a + b – c)2
(e) a2 + + 1 + ab + b + 2a (c) (3a – 5b)3 – (3a + 5b)3
4
(f) 8x3 – 27y3 – 36x2y + 54xy2 (d) (5 – 2x)3 – (5 + 2x)3
a 3 b3 a2 b ab2
(g) + + + æa 2 ö
3
æa 2 ö
3
8 27 4 6 (e) ç – b ÷ – ç + b ÷
(h) 8a3 + 125b3 + 60a2b + 150ab2 è2 3 ø è2 3 ø
27 2 9 1 25. Find the product by using suitable identity
(i) 27a3 – a + a–
5 25 125 (a) (109)2
1 3 3 2 3 1 (b) (95)2
(j) a – a + a–
8 16 32 64 (c) (127 × 127 – 73 × 73)
15. If 7a – 5b = 6 and ab = 9, then find the value
(d) (52)2
of 343a3 – 125b3.
16. If x + y – z = 4 and x2 + y2 + z2 = 50, then find the 4.73 ´ 4.73 – 2.23 ´ 2.23
value of xy – yz – zx. (e)
4.73 + 2.23
17. If x + 2p + 3q = 14 and 2xp + 6pq + 3qx = 4,
then find the value of x2 + 4p2 + 9q2. (f) 102 × 104
æ 1ö (g) (3.29)3 + (6.71)3
18. If ç x + ÷ = 4, then find the value of (h) (8.12)3 – (3.12)3
è xø
26. If a + b + c = 10 and ab + bc + ca = 25, then find
æ 2 1 ö æ 4 1 ö
(i) ç x + 2 ÷ (ii) ç x + 4 ÷ the value of a2 + b2 + c2.
è x ø è x ø
1 1
æ 1ö 27. If x – = 5, then find the value of x3 – 3
19. If ç x – ÷ = 5, then find the value of x x
è xø
28. Factorise :
æ 2 1 ö æ 4 1 ö (a) x3 + 125
(i) ç x + 2 ÷ (ii) ç x + 4 ÷
è x ø è x ø (b) 1 – 27a3
20. If x + y = 12 and xy = 14, then find the value of (x2 + y2) (c) 8x3 + y3 + 27z3 – 18 xyz
21. If x – y = 7 and xy = 9, then find the value of (x2 + y2)
29. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 60 and ab + bc + ca = 42, then
22. Find the product by using suitable identity
find the value of a + b + c.
(a) (x + 5)(x + 4) (b) (y – 4) (y + 4)
(c) (p – 5) (p – 4) (d) (x – 6) (x – 9) 30. If a + b = 7 and ab = 15, then find a3 + b3.

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EXERCISE # 2 ANSWER KEY

Very short answer type questions
1. (a) 5ab (b) 6a – 7b – 3c (c) 5x – 9y + 2z (d) 5x3 – 11x2 – 14x + 7
2. (a) – 8a2b (b) 7p – 3q – 8r – 16 4 3 2
(c) – y + y – 8y – 2y + 6
3. – a2 + ab + b2 – 2
4. 12x2 – 6y2 + 4xy
5. 2p2 + 3p + 5
6. (a) 9x3 – 52x + 45 (b) x5 – 5x4 + 16x2 – 9x – 3 (c) x4 – 3x3 – 5x2 + 31x – 24
(d) 3x2 – xy + 2x – 2y2 + 8y – 8 (e) 15x2 + 41x + 28 (f) x3 – ax2 – a2x + a3
(g) 4x4 – 9x3 + 2x2 + 20x – 5
4 9
7. (a) 8xy2 (b) 6xy (c) 4xy – 3y + 5xy2 (d) y (e)
3 16
3 3
(f) – 2x2 + 8x – 5 – (g) – 3x + 1 (h) 2z3 – z –
x2 z
1
(i) – q2 – 2q – (j) x + 2 (k) (x2 – 2x + 1) (l) x2 – 2
2 2
Short answer type questions
5
8. (a) 2p2 – p + (b) 3z2 + 1 (c) 3x + 2 (d) x3 – 2x2 + 4x – 8 (e) z2 – z + 1
2
(f) 2p2 – 7p – 15 (g) 4x – 8
9. (a) quotient = – 4p2 – 12p – 36, remainder = 115
(b) quotient = – 3x2 + 4, remainder = 11x – 3
(c) quotient = 3x – 8, remainder = 7
(d) quotient = x2 – x + 1, remainder = 0
(e) quotient = x2 – 3x + 4, remainder = 0
(f) quotient = x – 1, remainder = 0
(g) quotient = 4x2 + 3x – 2, remainder = x – 1
10. (a) No (b) No (c) Yes
11. (a) 3(4x + 5) (b) 8a (2a – 3b) (c) 3x (3x2 – 2x + 4) (d) (a – 2b) (6a + 5b)
(e) 4(2p – 3q) (8p – 12q – 1) (f) (x + y) (x + 2) (g) (b – 1) (ab – c2)
(h) (b + 1) (ab – 1) (i) (x2 + 1) (x – 3) (j) (x + 6) (x – 6) (k) (2x + 3y) (2x – 3y)
(l) (a – b + c) (a – b – c)
12. (a) (x – y + z) (x – y – z) (b) (3x – 4y + 5z) (3x – 4y – 5z)
(c) (x + 4)2 (d) (x + 3a)2
(e) (x – 5)2 (f) (ab – 3c)2
13. (a) (x + 12) (x – 11)
(b) (x – 13) (x – 9) (c) (x + 13) (x – 8) (d) (x – 15) (x + 9) (e) (x + 8) (x + 5)
(f) (y + 16) (y – 9) (g) (y + 12) (y – 11) (h) (x – 14) (x + 3) (i) (p + 8) (p – 7) (j) (p – 2q) (p – q)
Long answer type questions
æ b cö æ b cö
14. (a) (4x + 3y + 2z) (4x + 3y + 2z) (b) (2a – b + 5c) (2a – b + 5c) (c) ç a – – ÷ ça – 2 – 3 ÷
è 2 3ø è ø
æ b ö æ b ö
(d) ( 3x + 2y – z) ( 3x + 2y – z) (e) ç a + + 1 ÷ ç a + + 1 ÷ (f) (2x – 3y) (2x – 3y) (2x – 3y)
è 2 ø è 2 ø
æa bö æa bö æa bö
(g) ç + ÷ ç + ÷ ç + ÷ (h) (2a + 5b) (2a + 5b) (2a + 5b)
è2 3ø è2 3ø è2 3ø
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æa 1ö æa 1ö æa 1ö
(i) ç 3a – ÷ ç 3a – ÷ ç 3a – ÷ (j) ç – ÷ ç – ÷ ç – ÷
è 5ø è 5ø è 5ø è2 4ø è2 4ø è2 4ø

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 Class-VIII

15. 5886
16. – 17

17. 188
18. (i) 14, (ii) 194
19. (i) 27, (ii) 727

20. 116

21. 67
22. (a) x2 + 9x + 20 (b) y2 – 16 (c) p2 – 9p + 20 (d) x2 – 15x + 54 (e) x2 – 18x + 56

1 2 1
(f) x2 – 10x + 16 (g) x4 + 7x2 + 12 (h) x6 + 7x3 + 10 (i) p4 – p –
8 32
23. (a) x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 4xy – 12yz + 6zx (b) 9a2 + 25b2 + 49c2 – 30ab + 70bc – 42ca
(c) p2 + 25q2 + 10pq + 20q + 4p + 4 (d) 36p2 + 25q2 + 16r2 – 60pq + 40qr – 48rp

(e) 4x2 + 36y2 – 24xy –16x + 48y + 16 (f) 125x3 + 27y3 + 225x2y + 135 xy2
1 3 1 3 1 2 1
(g) – 8x3 + 125y3 + 60x2y – 150 xy2 (h) p + q + p q + pq 2
8 27 4 6
1
(i) 27a3 – 9a2 + a –
27
24. (a) 0
(b) 0

(c) –10b (27a2 + 25b2)

(d) –2x(8x2 + 150)

æ 16 2 ö
(e) - b ç b + a2 ÷
è 27 ø

25. (a) 11881 (b) 9025 (c) 10800 (d) 2704 (e) 2.5 (f) 10608 (g) 337.723

(h) 505.016
26. 50

27. 140
28. (a) (x + 5) (x2 – 5x + 25)

(b) (1 – 3a) (1 + 3a + 9a2)

(c) (2x + y + 3z) (4x2 + y2 + 9z2 – 2xy – 3yz – 6zx)

29. 12

30. 28

38 OVERSEAS www.allenoverseas.com
 Mathematics-2

CHAPTER 10 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY

D
68° "In geometry, construction
C means drawing of various
x°
shapes using only a compass
12
6° 6° and a straight edge or ruler. No
A 10 B
measurement of lengths or
angles is allowed. In this
A
a = 78.41° D chapter, you have been given
g = 101.59° the five measurements (angles
or length of sides) of
quadrilateral that will enable
90° 90°
you to construct the different
types of quadrilateral."
b = 78.41°
d = 101.59°
90° 90° B C
12 cm
A B
Five measurements can determine the quadrilateral uniquely.
8 cm 8 cm
Exploring the concept
D C
Take a pair of sticks of equal lengths, say 12 cm. Take another pair of 12 cm
sticks of equal length, say, 8 cm. Hinge them up suitably to get a rectangle Fig.1
of length 12 cm and breadth 8 cm. This rectangle has been created with
the 4 available measurements. [Fig.1]
A 12 cm B
Now just push along the breadth of the rectangle. Observe that the rectangle
has now become a parallelogram. 8 cm 8 cm
This shows that 4 measurements of a quadrilateral can not determine it
D 12 cm C
uniquely. [Fig.2]
Fig.2
We have constructed a rectangle with two sticks each of length 12 cm and
other two sticks each of length 8 cm. Now introduce another stick of length
equal to BD and tick it along BD.
Drawing conclusion
12cm
If you push the breadth now, does the shape change ? No ! It cannot, A B
without making the figure open. [Fig.3] 8cm 8cm
The introduction of the fifth stick has fixed the rectangle, uniquely i.e. there
is no other quadrilateral (with the given lengths of sides) possible now. D C
12cm
Thus, we observe that five measurements can determine a quadrilateral Fig.3
uniquely.

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 Class-VIII

1. Constructing a quadrilateral
A quadrilateral has 10 parts in all : Four sides, four angles and two diagonals.
To construct a unique quadrilateral, at least five of its elements must be given.
THE
SPOT P A quadrilateral can be constructed when any of the following five
measurements are given :
LIGHT
To draw a non-convex quadrilateral, 1. Four sides and one diagonal.
six indep endent elements are
required. 2. Three sides and two diagonals.

3. Two adjacent sides and three angles.

4. Three sides and two included angles.

5. In some other special cases.

2. To construct a quadrilateral when four sides and one

diagonal are given :

Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 5.4 cm, BC = 4 cm,

CD = 6.4 cm, DA = 3.8 cm and BD = 6.6 cm.

Explanation

First we draw a rough sketch of the quadrilateral ABCD and indicate the
C
given measurement on its five parts. We may divide the quadrilateral

6.
ABCD into two constructible triangles ABD and BCD. [Fig.4]
4
CM
M

Steps of Construction
4C

Step-I Draw BD = 6.6 cm.

6.6 CM
B D
5.4 Step-II With B as centre and radius BC = 4 cm, draw an arc.
CM CM
3.8
A Step-III With D as centre and radius CD = 6.4 cm, draw an arc to
C
intersect the arc drawn in step-II at C.
6.
4
CM Step-IV With B as centre and radius BA = 5.4 cm, draw an arc on the
M
4C

side of BD opposite to that of C.

B 6.6 CM
D
Step-V With D as centre and radius AD = 3.8 cm, draw another arc to
5. 4
CM CM intersect the arc drawn in step IV at A.
3.8
A
Step-VI Join BA, DA, BC and CD.
Fig.4
The quadrilateral ABCD so obtained is the required quadrilateral.

40 OVERSEAS www.allenoverseas.com
 Mathematics-2

3. To construct a quadrilateral when three sides and two D

diagonals are given

cm

6.
5
4 .4

cm
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 5.5 cm, AD = 4.4 cm,

7 .1
CD = 6.5 cm, AC = 6.5 cm and BD = 7.1 cm. [Fig.5] A 6.5 cm

cm
Explanation
5 .5 C
First we draw a rough sketch of quadrilateral ABCD. It is evident from the cm
rough sketch that we have sufficient data to draw triangles ADC and ABD.
B
Now, we follow the following steps to construct the required quadrilateral.
D
Steps of Construction
Step-I Draw AC = 6.5 cm.

cm
Step-II With A as centre and radius AD = 4.4 cm, draw an arc.

6.
5
4.4

cm
Step-III With C as centre and radius CD = 6.5 cm, draw an arc to

7 .1
intersect the arc drawn in step II at D. A 6.5 cm

cm
Step-IV With A as centre and radius AB = 5.5 cm, draw an arc on the
5 .5 C
side of AC opposite to that of D. cm
Step-V With D centre and radius BD = 7.1 cm, draw another arc to
intersect the arc drawn in step IV at B. B

Step-VI Join AD, CD, AB and CB to obtain the required quadrilateral. Fig.5

Construct a quadrilateral WXYZ with WX = 3.5 cm, XY = 4.5 cm, WZ

= 3.5 cm, XZ = 5 cm and WY = 5.3 cm.
C
120°
4. To construct a quadrilateral when two adjacent sides and
three angles are given

6. 5cm
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD, where AB = 3.5cm, BC = 6.5cm,
ÐA = 75°, ÐB = 105°, ÐC = 120°. [Fig.6] 75° 105°

Explanation A 3.5cm B

First we draw a rough sketch of the required quadrilateral and write down
X
the given data as shown in fig. Z
D
We now follow following steps to construct the required quadrilateral.
Y
Steps of Construction
C
Step-I Draw AB = 3.5 cm. 120°

Step-II Draw ÐXAB = 75° at A and ÐABY = 105°.

Step-III With B as centre and radius BC = 6.5cm, draw an arc to intersect
6.5cm

BY at C.
Step-IV At C draw ÐBCZ = 120° such that CZ meets AX at D.
75° 105°
Step-V Join AD, CD, AB and CB to obtain the required quadrilateral.
A 3.5cm B
The quadrilateral ABCD so obtained is the required quadrilateral. Fig.6

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 Class-VIII

5. To construct a quadrilateral when three sides and two

included angles are given.
D

C Construct a quadrilateral ABCD given AB = 5.1 cm, AD = 4 cm, BC = 3

m

cm, ÐA = 60° and ÐB = 85°. [Fig.7]

4c

3 cm
Explanation
60° 85° First we draw the rough sketch of quadrilateral ABCD and indicate the
A 5.1cm B data on it as shown in fig. So, we follow the following steps of construction.
X Steps of Construction
Step-I Draw AB = 5.1 cm.
D Y
Step-II Construct ÐXAB = 60° at A.
Step-III With A as centre and radius AD = 4 cm, cut off AD = 4 cm
C
along AX.
m
4c

Step-IV Construct ÐABY = 85° at B.

3 cm

Step-V With B as centre and radius BC = 3 cm, cut off BC = 3 cm

60° 85° along BY.
A
Step-VI Join CD.
5.1cm B
Fig.7 The quadrilateral ABCD so obtained is the required quadrilateral.

6. To construct a quadrilateral in some special cases

Construct a quadrilateral ABCD given AB = 5.6 cm, BC = 4.1 cm,

CD = 4.4 cm, AD = 3.3 cm and ÐA = 75°
C
m
4.4 c Explanation
D
We first draw a rough sketch of the required quadrilateral and write
4.1cm

down its dimensions along the sides. We can divide the construction of
m

required quadrilateral into two parts (i) Construction of DABD,

3.3c

(ii) Construction of DBCD. [Fig.8]

75°
Steps of Construction
A 5.6cm B
Step-I Draw AB = 5.6 cm.
X Step-II Construct ÐBAX = 75°
C
m
Step-III With A as centre and radius AD = 3.3 cm, cut off AD = 3.3 cm
4.4 c
D along AX.
Step-IV Join BD.
4.1cm
cm

Step-V With D as centre and radius DC = 4.4 cm, draw an arc.

3.3

75° Step-VI With B as centre and radius BC= 4.1 cm, draw an arc to cut the
A 5.6cm B arc drawn in step V at C.

Fig.8 Join BC, CD to obtain the required quadrilateral ABCD.

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 Mathematics-2

Construct a rectangle ABCD whose diagonal AC = 6 cm and the angle

between the diagonals is 30°. [Fig.9]
D C
Explanation
6cm
30°
We first draw a rough sketch of rectangle ABCD.
A B
Steps of Construction

Step-I Draw AC = 6 cm
D X
Step-II Bisect AC at O.

Step-III At O, draw XY making ÐXOC = 30°. A O 30°

6cm C
m
æ 1 ö 3c
Step-IV Cut off OD = OB = 3 cm çè = ´ AC÷ from XY..
ø
2 B
Y
Join A to B, B to C, C to D and A to D.

Then, ABCD is the required rectangle Fig.9

Construct a rectangle PQRS given that PQ = 5 cm and the diagonal

PR = 6.5 cm. [Fig.10]

Explanation

We first draw a rough sketch of the rectangle PQRS. S R

Steps of Construction cm
6. 5
Step-I Draw a line segment PQ = 5 cm. 90°

Step-II At Q, draw QX ^ PQ. With P as centre and radius equal to P 5 cm Q

6.5 cm, draw an arc cutting QX at R. Join PR. (i)

X
5 cm R
Step-III With R as centre and radius = 5 cm, draw an arc. S
cm
Step-IV With P as centre and radius equal to QR draw another arc cutting 5
6.
the first arc at S. 90°
P 5 cm Q
Join PS and RS.
(ii)
Then, PQRS is the required rectangle. Fig.10

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 Class-VIII

D C
m Construct a square whose one diagonal AC = 6.8 cm. [Fig.11]
8c

Explanation
6.

A B We first draw a rough sketch of the square ABCD as shown in fig.

(i)
P (We know that the diagonals of the square bisect each other at right angles
B and are equal)
3.4cm

Steps of Construction
3.4cm 3.4cm
A C
O Step-I Draw a line segment AC = 6.8 cm.
3.4cm

D Step-II Draw PQ its right bisector, meeting AC at O.

Q
(ii) Step-III Cut off OD and OB each equal to 3.4 cm.

Fig.11 1
i.e. of the diagonal AC. Join AD, DC, AB and BC.
2

Then, ABCD is the required square.

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 Mathematics-2

NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE : 4.1 6. With C as centre and radius 4 cm, draw another
1. Construct the following quadrilaterals : arc cutting the previous arc at D.
(i) Quadrilateral ABCD 7. Join AD and CD.
(ii) Quadrilateral JUMP Then, ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
AB = 4.5 cm JU = 3.5 cm (ii) First we draw a rough sketch of a quadrilateral
BC = 5.5 cm UM = 4 cm JUMP and write down its dimensions as shown.
CD = 4 cm MP = 5 cm M
AD = 6 cm PJ = 4.5 cm
5 cm 4 cm
AC = 7 cm PU = 6.5 cm
(iii) Parallelogram MORE
P U
(iv) Rhombus BEST 6.5 cm
4.5 cm 3.5 cm
OR = 6 cm BE = 4.5 cm
RE = 4.5 cm ET = 6 cm J
EO = 7.5 cm We may divide it into two conveniently
Sol. (i) First we draw a rough sketch of a quadrilateral constructible Ds PJU and PMU.
ABCD and write down its dimensions as shown. M
We may divide it into two conveniently
constructible Ds ABC and ACD. 5 cm 4 cm
D
P U
6cm 4cm 6.5 cm
4.5 cm 3.5 cm
7cm
A C
J
4.5cm Steps of construction :
5.5cm
1. Draw PU = 6.5 cm
B 2. With P as centre and radius 4.5 cm, draw an
Steps of construction : arc (below (PU)
1. Draw AC = 7 cm.
M
2. With A as centre and radius 4.5 cm, draw an
arc (below AC). 5 cm 4 cm
3. With C as centre and radius 5.5 cm, draw
another arc cutting the previous arc at B. P U
D 6.5 cm
4.5cm 3.5cm
6cm 4cm
J
A C 3. With U as centre and radius 3.5 cm, draw
7cm
another arc cutting the previous arc at J.
4.5cm 5.5cm 4. Join PJ and JU.
5. With P as centre and radius 5 cm, draw an arc
B
4. Join AB and BC. (above PU).
5. With A as centre and radius 6 cm, draw an arc 6. With U as centre and radius 4 cm, draw another
(above AC). arc cutting the previous arc at M.

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 Class-VIII

7. Join PM and UM. 6. Join BT, ES, ET and ST.

Then, JUMP is the required quadrilateral. Hence, BEST is the required rhombus.
(iii) We know that opposite sides of parallelogram
EXERCISE : 4.2
are equal and parallel to each other.
\ OR = ME and MO = ER. 1. Construct the following quadrilaterals :
Steps of Construction : (i) Quadrilateral LIFT
LI = 4 cm , IF = 3 cm
1. Draw OR = 6 cm
TL = 2.5 cm , LF = 4.5 cm
2. With R as centre and radius equal to 4.5 cm, IT = 4 cm
cut an arc. (ii) Quadrilateral GOLD
3. With O as centre and radius equal to 7.5 cm, OL = 7.5 cm, GL = 6 cm
cut another arc on the arc drawn in step-2 at GD = 6 cm, LD = 5 cm
point E. OD = 10 cm
4. With E as centre and radius equal to 6 cm, cut (iii) Rhombus BEND
an arc. BN = 5.6 cm, DE = 6.5 cm
5. With O as centre and radius equal to 4.5 cm, Sol. (i) Let us draw a rough sketch of the required
cut an arc on the arc drawn in step-4 at quadrilateral and write down the dimensions.
point M. Clearly, the two easily constructible triangles are
6. Join RE, OE, OM and ME. LIT and LIF.
Hence, MORE is the required parallelogram. F
M 6 cm E T
cm 4.5 cm
7. 5
cm

cm

3 cm
m
2.5c
4.5

O
4.5

4 cm

O 6 cm R
L I
(iv) We know that all four sides of a rhombus are 4 cm
equal. Steps of construction :
1. Draw LI = 4 cm
\ BE = ES = ST = BT = 4.5 cm.
2. With L as centre and radius 2.5 cm, draw an
Steps of Construction : arc.
1. Draw BE = 4.5 cm. 3. With I as centre and radius 4 cm draw another
2. With B as centre and radius equal to 4.5 cm, arc to cut the previous arc at T.
draw an arc. F
3. With E as centre and radius equal to 6 cm, draw
T
another arc, cutting the previous arc at point T. 4.5 cm
4. With E as centre and radius equal to 4.5 cm, 3 cm
m
2.5c

cut an arc. 4 cm
T 4.5 cm S
L 4 cm I

6 cm 4. Join TL and TI
4.5 cm 4.5 cm
5. With L as centre and radius 4.5 cm, draw an
arc.
6. With I as centre and radius 3 cm, draw another
B E
4.5 cm arc to cut the previously drawn arc at F.
5. With T as centre and radius equal to 4.5 cm, 7. Join FI, FL and TF.
cut another arc on the previous arc at point S. Then, LIFT is the required quadrilateral.

46 OVERSEAS www.allenoverseas.com
 Mathematics-2

(ii) Steps of construction : EXERCISE : 4.3

1. Draw OL = 7.5 cm. 1. Construct the following quadrilaterals :
2. With L as centre and radius equal to 5 cm cut (i) Quadrilateral MORE (ii) Quadrilateral PLAN
an arc. MO = 6 cm PL = 4 cm
3. With O as centre and radius equal to 10 cm, OR = 4.5 cm LA = 6.5 cm
cut another arc on the arc drawn in step-2 at ÐM = 60° ÐP = 90°
point D. ÐO = 105° ÐA = 110°
4. With L as centre and radius equal to 6 cm, cut ÐR = 105° ÐN = 85°
another arc. (iii) Parallelogram HEAR (iv) Rectangle OKAY
HE = 5 cm OK = 7 cm
5. With D as centre and radius equal to 6 cm cut
EA = 6 cm KA = 5 cm
an arc on arc drawn in step-4 at point G.
ÐR = 85°
G 6 cm D Sol.(i) Draw a rough sketch of the required quadrilateral and
write down its dimensions.

6 E
m cm
1 0c 5cm R
105°
O 7.5 cm L
4.5cm
6. Join LD, LG, OG, OD and DG.
Hence, GOLD is the required quadrilateral. 60° 105°
M 6cm O
X
Steps of construction :
D

Z
6.5 Y E
(iii) B N X
O 5.6 cm R
105°

E 4.5cm
Y
105°
60°
Steps of construction : 6 cm
O
M
1. Draw BN = 5.6 cm
2. Draw the right bisector XY of BN, meeting 1. Draw MO = 6 cm
BN at O. 2. Make ÐMOX = 105°
1 3. With O as a centre and radius 4.5 cm, cut off
3. From O set off OE = (6.5) cm = 3.25 cm OR = 4.5 cm along OX.
2
4. Make ÐORY = 105°
along OY and OD = 3.25 cm along OX.
5. Make ÐZMO = 60° such that arms RY and MZ
4. Join BN, EN, ND and DB.
intersect at E.
Thus, BEND is the required rhombus. Thus, MORE is the required quadrilateral.

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 Class-VIII

2. Draw ÐOKX = 90°

X
(ii) Y
3. With K as centre and radius 5 cm, draw an arc
Z N KX at A.
A 4. With A as centre and radius 7 cm, draw an arc.
110° X

Y 7 cm A Y 7 cm
6.5cm A
5 cm 5 cm 5 cm

O 7 cm K O 7 cm K
90° 75° 5. With O as centre and radius 5 cm, draw another
P 4cm L arc cutting the previous arc at Y.
6. Join AY and OY.
Steps of construction :
Then, OKAY is the required rectangle.
1. Draw PL = 4 cm
2. Make ÐXPL = 90° EXERCISE : 4.4
3. Make ÐYLP = 75° 1. Construct the following quadrilaterals :
(i) Quadrilateral DEAR (ii) Quadrilateral TRUE
4. With L as centre and radius 6.5 cm, cut off
DE = 4 cm TR = 3.5 cm
LA = 6.5 cm along LY.
ER = 5 cm RU = 3 cm
5. Make ÐZAL = 110° and let its arm AZ intersect AR = 4.5 cm UE = 4 cm
PX at N. ÐE = 60° ÐR = 75°
Thus, PLAN is the required quadrilateral. ÐA = 90° ÐU = 120°
(iii) Steps of construction : Sol.(i) Let us draw a rough sketch of the required quadrilateral
1. Draw HE = 5 cm and write down the given dimensions.
R
2. Make ÐHEX = 85°
3. With E as centre and radius 6 cm cut an arc D
which intersect HX at A. 4.5 cm
4. With A as centre and radius 5cm, draw an arc. 4 cm
5. With H as centre and radius 6cm, cut an arc
which intersect previous arc at R.. 60° 90°
E A
6. Join HR and AR. 5 cm
Thus, HEAR is the required parallelogram. Steps of construction :
1. Draw EA = 5 cm
X
5 cm 5 cm 2. Make ÐXEA = 60°
R A R A
85° 85° 3. With E as centre and radius 4 cm, cut off
ED = 4 cm along EX.
Y
6 cm 6 cm 6 cm 6 cm
X R

D
85° 85° 4.5 cm
H E H E 4 cm
5 cm 5 cm
(iv) Make a rough sketch of the required rectangle and write
60° 90°
down its dimensions.
Steps of construction : E 5 cm A
1. Draw OK = 7 cm

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 Mathematics-2

4. Make ÐEAY = 90°

X
5. With A as centre and radius 4.5 cm, draw an 5.1 cm
D A
arc to cut off AY at R.
6. Join DR. 5.1 cm
5.1 cm
Thus, DEAR is the required quadrilateral.

(ii) Steps of Construction : Y

R 5.1 cm E
1. Draw RU = 3 cm.
2. Draw RX ^ RE.
2. Make ÐURX = 75° and ÐRUY = 120°
3. With R as centre and radius 5.1 cm, draw an
uuur
3. Cut off RT = 3.5 cm on RX and UE =4cm on arc to cut RX at D.
uuur 4. With D as centre and radius 5.1 cm, draw an arc.
UY .
5. With E as centre and radius 5.1 cm, draw
4. Join TE. another arc cutting the previous arc at A.
Hence, TRUE is the required quadrilateral. 6. Join DA and EA.
X Thus, READ is the required square.
2. A rhombus whose diagonals are 5.2 cm and 6.4 cm
Y
long.
T E
Sol. Let diagonal AC = 5.2 cm an d diagon al
cm

BD = 6.4cm.
4 cm
3.5

X
75° 120°
R U
3 cm D
EXERCISE : 4.5
3.2 cm 3.2 cm

Draw the following :

O
A C
1. The square READ with RE = 5.1 cm. 5.2 cm

5.1 cm
D A B
Y
Steps of construction :
5.1 cm 5.1 cm
1. Draw AC = 5.2 cm.
2. Draw XY, the perpendicular bisector of AC
which cuts AC at O.
R E
5.1 cm 3. With O as centre, draw arcs of radii

æ BD 6.4 ö
Sol. Draw a rough sketch of the required square and ç= = cm = 3.2cm ÷
è 2 2 ø
write down its dimensions.
which cut OX at D and OY at B.
Steps of construction : 4. Join AB, BC, CD and DA.
1. Draw RE = 5.1 cm Thus, ABCD is the required rhombus.

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 Class-VIII

3. A rectangle with adjacent sides of length 5 cm and Hence, ABCD is the required rectangle.
4 cm.
X
Sol. In a rectangle, opposite sides are equal and each D 5 cm
C
of 4 angles is equal to 90°.

Let AB = DC = 5 and BC = 4 cm 4 cm 4 cm

\ AB = DC = 5 cm and BC = AD = 4 cm.
90°
Also, ÐA = ÐB = ÐC = ÐD = 90°. A B
5 cm
Steps of construction 4. A parallelogram OKAY where OK = 5.5 cm and
1. Draw AB = 5 cm. KA = 4.2 cm.

2. Draw ÐABX = 90°. Sol. In order to draw a quadrilateral, we need five

uuur measurements.
3. Cut off BC = 4 cm on BX .
But here to draw the parallelogram OKAY, we are
4. With A as centre and radius equal to 4 cm, cut given two consecutive sides, i.e., four sides (the
off an arc. opposite sides being equal). So, we need information
5. With C as centre and radius equal to 5 cm cut about one of its elements more. It may be the
off another arc on the arc drawn in step-4 at included angle between the sides or one of the
point D. diagonals to construct a unique quadrilateral.
So, the required parallelogram cannot be drawn.
6. Join AD and CD.

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 Mathematics-2

EXERCISE # 1
Multiple choice questions 5. At the time of constructing a rhombus, Suraj tells
Meena to take the length of diagonals PR and QS
1. If the length of a diagonal of a quadrilateral is given as 6 cm and 4.6 cm respectively. What will be the
then we can construct length of PQ.
(1) a parallelogram
(1) 2.79 (2) 3.78
(2) a rhombus
(3) a square (3) 3.72 (4) None
(4) None of these Fill in the blanks
2. If one angle and the length of two adjacent sides of
a parallelogram is given then can we construct a 1. The diagonals of a parallelogram are _________.
parallelogram.
2. The diagonals of a _________ are not equal.
(1) Yes (2) No
(3) Can't say (4) None 3. The diagonals of a _________ bisect each other.

3. A unique quadrilateral can not be constructed. If 4. In a _________ only one diagonal is bisected.
(1) Four sides and a diagonal are given.
5. The four sides of a _________ are equal.
(2) Three sides and two included angles are given
(3) Two adjacent sides and three angles are given 6. The _________ sides of a rectangle are equal.
(4) Four sides are given
7. The sum of the angles of a _________ is 360°
4. To construct a unique quadrilateral, we need to
know 8. The _________ is a regular quadrilateral.
(1) 3 specific measurements
9. If 4 measurements of a quadrilateral are given then
(2) 4 specific measurements can we construct it (say Yes or No) ________
(3) 5 specific measurements
10. All sides of a square are _________.
(4) None

EXERCISE # 1 ANSWER KEY

Multiple choice questions

Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. 3 1 4 3 2

Fill in the blanks

1. Not equal

2. Rhombus or kite or parallelogram

3. parallelogram or rectangle or square or rhombus

4. Kite

5. Square or Rhombus
6. Opposite 7. Quadrilateral 8. Square 9. No 10. equal

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 Class-VIII

EXERCISE # 2
Short answer type questions 13. Construct a parallelogram ABCD, given that
AB = 3.8 cm, BC = 5.7 cm and ÐB = 75°.
1. Construct a quadrilateral PQRS with the following
data : PQ = 5 cm, QR = 7.5 cm, RS = PS = 6.5 14. Construct a parallelogram PQRS in which
cm and PR = 10 cm. Measure the diagonal QS. PQ = 5. 5 cm, PS = 3.5 cm an d diagon al
QS = 6.6 cm.
2. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD, in which
AB = 3.5 cm, AD = 5.5 cm, BC = 4.5 cm, 15. Construct a rectangle PQRS in which PQ = 5.5 cm
CD = 4 cm and BD = 6 cm. and the diagonal PR = 7.2 cm.

3. Construct a quadrilateral PQR S in which Long answer type questions

QR = 7.5 cm, RP =PS = 6 cm, RS = 5 cm and
16. Construct a rhombus with one side of length 6 cm
QS = 10 cm. Measure the fourth side.
and one diagonal of length 8 cm. Measure the length
4. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD given that of other diagonal.
AB = 7.5 cm, B C = 9 cm, CD = 7. 5 cm,
17. Draw a rectangle whose adjacent sides are of
AD = 9. 5 cm and ÐB = 90°.
lengths 5 cm and 3.5 cm respectively.
5. Construct a quadrilateral PQRS having given that
18. Construct a rhombus with the side 4.6 cm and one
PQ = 4.5 cm, QR = 5 cm, ÐQ = 60°, PS = 4 cm and
of its angle 60°.
RS = 4 cm.
19. Construct a rhombus when its diagonals are
6. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = BC
7.6 cm and 4.4 cm respectively.
= 3 cm, AD = 5 cm, ÐA = 90° and ÐB = 105°.
20. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AC = 12
7. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 3.5 cm,
cm, AB = 8 cm, ÐB = 90° and CD = DA = AC.
BC = 5.6 cm, CD = 5 cm, ÐB = 125° and
ÐC = 80°. 21. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD having given
AB = AC = 6.5 cm, BC = CD = 4 cm and AD = 3.5
8. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD with the given data :
cm. Measure BD.
AB = 5.5cm, AD = 4.5 cm, BC = 5.5 cm,
ÐA = 135° and ÐD = 45°. 22. Is it possible to construct a quadrilateral in which
AB = 3 cm, BC = 4 cm, CD = 5.4 cm, DA = 5.9
9. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD with the data :
cm and diagonal AC = 8 cm? If not then why?
AB = 4 cm, BC = 5.5 cm, ÐA = ÐB = 90° and
ÐC = 120°. 23. Construct a quadrilateral PQR S in which
PQ = 5 cm, RS = 4 cm, PS = 8 cm, PR = 10 cm
10. Construct a quadrilateral PQRS, where PQ = 3.5 cm,
and QS = 7 cm. Measure the fourth side.
QR = 6.5 cm, ÐP = ÐR = 105° and ÐS = 75°.
24. Construct a quadrilateral PQRS in which RS = 6
11. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD given that
cm, QR = 5 cm, PQ = 5 cm, ÐQ = 135°, ÐR = 90°.
BC = 4.5 cm, CD = 4.5 cm, ÐB = 75°, ÐC =120°,
Measure PS.
ÐA = 60°.
25. Is it possible to construct a quadrilateral PQRS in
12. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD given that
which PQ = 4 cm, QR = 5 cm, ÐQ = 120°,
CD = 7 cm, AD = 5 cm, ÐA = 90°, ÐB = 105°
ÐP = 105° and ÐR = 135°? If not then why?
and ÐC = 100°.

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CHAPTER 11 VISUALISING SOLID SHAPES

"Net is a two dimensional

t oo l f o r represen t in g
polyhedra. The polyhedral
surface is continuously
connected and does not end
abruptl y or split off in
different directions. In this
chapter, you will learn about
the mapping space around
us and evaluate the number
of edges, faces and vertices
of polyhedrons and some
non polyhedrons."

1. Solid shapes
We live in a three-dimension world. Every object you can see or touch has
three dimensions that can be measured : length, width, and height.
The room you are sitting in can be described by these three dimensions.
The monitor you're looking at has these three dimensions. Even you can be
described by these three dimensions. In fact, the clothes you are wearing
were made specifically for a person with your dimensions.
In the world around us, there are many three-dimensional geometric shapes.
In these lessons, you'll learn about some of them.
Anything that occupies space and has three dimensions as length, breadth
and height (depth) is called a solid or a three-dimensional figure.
2. Parts of solid
(i) Faces – Each flat part of a solid is called its face.
(ii) Vertices – Each corner where three faces of a solid meet is called
its vertex.
(iii) Edges – The two faces of a solid meet in a line, called an edge.

Vertex
F = Number of faces = 6
Cube Face E = Number of edges = 12
V = Number of vertices = 8
Edge

Fig.1

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3. View of 3D shapes of solid

(i) Object : Cube
Top

Side
Front
Solid
made of three cubes

Side view Front view Top View

Fig.2
(ii) Object : A Car
Top

THE
SPOT P
LIGHT
Technically, when the sides are rec-
tangles, the shape is known as a right
Side
prism, indicating that the lateral faces Front
meet the sides of the base at right
angles. In this lesson, when we use
the term prism, we mean a right
prism. But there are other types of
prism too.

Front Side Top

Fig.3
right prism non-right prism
4. Visualisation of 3-D shapes or solid through nets
(i) If we join together six identical squares, edge to edge, we get a cube
or the outside of the cube.

Cube

Back Back
Top
Side
Front Side Base Side Top
Side
Base Front

Net of Cube
Fig.4

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 Mathematics-2

(ii) The net for a cylinder without a top and a bottom is shown the length
of the net is equal to the circumference of the cylinder.

Top
Height

Height
Base THE
SPOT P
Circumference Diameter Net of cylinder
LIGHT
of the base Spheres, cones and cylinders are not
Fig.5 polyhedra.

The polyhedrons are different from the non-polyhedron. The three other
types of common solids are

Base

Lateral Base
Lateral Base surface
Curved
surface
surface
Sphere Cone Cylinder
Curved Face (CF) = 1 Curved Face (CF) = 1 Curved Face (CF) = 1
V=0 Flat Face (FF) = 1 Flat Faces (FF) = 2
E=0 V=1 V=0
Curved Edge (CE) = 1 Curved Edges (CE) = 2

Fig.6

The three views are given for each solid. Identify the top view, side view
and front view.

(i) (a) (b) (c)

Fig.7

THE
SPOT P
LIGHT
Not all tetrahedrons are platonic sol-
ids.
(ii) (a) (b) (c)
Fig.8

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 Class-VIII

Explanation
(i) (a) Top view (b) Side view (c) Front view
(ii) (a) Front view (b) Side view (c) Top view

For each given solid, identify the top view, side view (from right) and front view.

(i) (a) (b) (c)

Fig.9

(i) (a) (b) (c)

Fig.10
Explanation
(i) (a) Front view (b) Side view (c) Top view
(ii) (a) Side view (b) Top view (c) Front view

1. For each of the given solids, the two views are given. Match for each solid
the corresponding top and front views.

(a) (i) (x)

Fig.12 Arjun's House

(b) (ii) (y)

(c) (iii) (z)

Fig.11

5. Mapping space around us

You have been studying about maps for a long time, mostly in Geography
and sometimes in History also. What are maps? [Fig.12,13]
Maps are diagrams showing the physical features such as roads, houses,
rivers, mountains etc. However, there is a basic difference between maps
Fig.13 Map
and pictures or paintings. Maps do not use perspective to depict objects.
So, irrespective of where the observer stands, he sees the same picture.

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 Mathematics-2

Maps show the locations of objects in relation to other objects.

Look at the map of Arjun's house shown below.
Here, it is seen that the picture of the house has been drawn with perspective,
while the map has not used it.

Look at the given map

THE
SPOT P
Fig.14
LIGHT
(i) How far is the grocery shop from Manu's house? The platonic solids are named after
plato, the ancient greek philosopher,
(ii) How far is Shruti's house from Ritu's house? who lived about 2500 years ago.
Plato wrote about them in the
(iii) What are the landmarks on the route from Ritu's house to Shruti's dialogue 'timaes', written in 360 BC.
house? He associated the 5 elements earth,
air, water, fire and what he called
(iv) Which school is farther from Manu's house, PK school or LC school? 'Aether' with one each of the 5
platonic solids.
Explanation

(i) The distance of manu's house to grocery shop is total distance covered
from Manu's house to LC school and LC school to grocery shop.

1 1 3 6 1 3 1
i.e., 1 km + km + km = + + = 2 km
5 4 4 5 4 4 5

(ii) The distance from Shruti's house to Ritu's house is total distance covered
from Shruti's house to garment shop, garment shop to Bangle shop,
Bangle shop to utensil's shop and utensil's shop to Ritu's house.

5 2 5 1 3 11
i.e, + + + + =2 km
9 5 9 2 5 18

(iii) Bangle shop, garment shop

(iv) PK school

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 Class-VIII

6. Euler’s formula
We have studied about faces, edges and vertices of different figures. We
have the relation among faces edges and vertices which is known as Euler’s
formula

F+V –E=2
Where F = Number of Faces
V = Number of Vertices
E = Number of Edges

7. Prism
A prism is a solid, whose side faces are parallelograms and whose ends
or bases are congruent, parallel, rectilinear figure.
Types of prism
Regular prism : A prism is called a regular prism if ends are regular
polygons.
Right prism : A prism is called a right prism if its lateral edges are
perpendicular to its ends (bases). Otherwise, it is said to be an oblique
prism.
Fig.15 Pentagonal prism
Triangular prism : A prism is called a triangular prism if its ends are
triangles.
Right triangular prism : A right prism is called a right triangular prism
if its ends are triangles.
Triangle, square and pentagonal [Fig.15], Hexagonal, heptagonal and octagonal
prisms are those prism whose uniform cross sections triangle, square,
pentagonal, hexagon, heptagon and octagon figure respectively

THE
SPOT P
LIGHT Solids
The oblique lines should be drawn Rectangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal
Prism(cuboid) Triangular
at correct angles e.g. parallel to each Prism(cube) Prism Prism
Prism
other in case of cube and cuboid.
Vertices 8 8 6 10 12
Edges 12 12 9 15 18
Faces 6 6 5 7 8
All rectangles All square 2 triangles 2 pentagons 2 hexagons
3 rectangles 5 rectangles 6rectangles

1. (a) ® (ii) ® (z) ; (b) ® (iii) ® (x) ; (c) ® (i) ® (y)

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 Mathematics-2

8. Pyramid
V
A pyramid is a polyhedron whose base is a polygon of any number of sides
and whose other faces are triangles with a common vertex.
Types of pyramid
Right pyramid : A pyramid is said to right pyramid if the perpendicular
dropped from the vertex on the base meets the base at its central point E D
i.e. the centre of the inscribed or circumscribed circle. In other words, the A O
vertex of the pyramid lies on the perpendicular to the base drawn through C
B
its centre. Otherwise, the pyramid is called an oblique prism.[Fig.16,17]
Fig.16 Oblique pyramid
Regular pyramid : A pyramid is said to be a regular pyramid if its base
V
is a regular fig. i.e. all sides of its base are equal.
Triangular pyramid : A pyramid is called a triangular pyramid if its base
is a triangle.
Triangle, square and pentagonal, Hexagonal, heptagonal and octagonal
pyramids are those pyramids whose bases are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 sides D
respectively E C
O

A B
Fig.17 Right pyramid

Solid
Rectangular Hexagonal
THE
Triangular pyramid pyramid
Pentagonal
pyramid
pyramid
SPOT P
Vertices 4 5 6 7 LIGHT
Edges 6 8 10 12 A polyhedron consists of just one
Faces 4 5 6 7 piece. For example, it cannot be
made up of two (or more) basically
All Triangles 4 Triangles 5 Triangles 6 Triangles separated parts joined by only an
1 Rectangle 1 Pentagon 1 Hexagon edge or a vertex. This means that
neither of the following object is a
9 Polyhedrons true polyhedron.

A polyhedron is a geometric solid with faces and straight edges. A polyhedron

may be classified according to the number of its faces, as shown below.

6 faces 8 faces 10 faces

Hexahedron Octahedron Decahedron
Fig.18

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 Class-VIII

Types of polyhedron
Convex polyhedron : If the line segment joining any two points on the
surface of a polyhedron entirely lies in side or on the polyhedron, then
it is said to be a convex polyhedron. Otherwise it is known as a concave
polyhedron [Fig.19]
Regular polyhedron or platonic solid : A polyhedron whose faces are
congruent regular polygons is called a regular polyhedron. There are five
Convex Concave types of regular polyhedron.
Polyhedron Polyhedron
Tetrahedron Hexahedron Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron
Fig.19

4 faces of 8 faces of 12 faces of 20 faces of

6 faces of Square
Equilateral Triangle Equilateral Triangle Regular pentagon Equilateral Triangle

Can a polyhedron has 5 faces, 10 edges and 8 vertices.

Solution
For any polyhedron, F + V – E = 2
F = 5, V = 8, E = 10
LHS = F + V – E = 5 + 8 – 10 = 3
LHS ¹ RHS.
Hence, this is not verified from Euler's formulae, so such polyhedron is
not possible.

A polyhedron has 10 faces and 15 vertices. Evaluate the number of edges

of polyhedron.
Solution
For any polyhedron, F + V – E = 2
F = 10, V = 15
F+ V–E=2
10 + 15 – E = 2
E = 23
Hence the number of edges are 23.

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NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE : 10.1 2. For each of the given solid, the three views are given.

1. For each of the given solid, the two views are given. Identify for each solid the corresponding top, front
Match for each solid the corresponding top and front and side views.
views. The first one is done for you.

Front

Front

Front

Front

Sol. Matching for each solid to its corresponding top and

front views is shown on next page : Sol.

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 Class-VIII

3. For each given solid, identify the top view, front view
and side view.
(a) Top

(i) (ii) (iii)

(e)
Top
Side
Front

Side

Front

(i) (ii) (iii)

Top

(i) (ii) (iii)

(b) Sol. For each given solid, the top view, front view and
Side
side view are identified as indicated under the
Front respective figures :

(a) Top

(i) (ii) (iii)

Side
(c) Front
Top

Side
Front
(i) (ii) (iii)
(i) Top (ii) Side/Front (iii) Front/Side

Top

(b) Side

Front

(i) (ii) (iii)

(d) Top

(i) (ii) (iii)

Side

(i) Side (ii) Front (iii) Top

Front

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 Mathematics-2

Top 4. Draw the front view, side view and top view of the
given objects.
(c) (a) A military tent (b) A table

Side Top
Side
Front Side

Front

Front

(c) A nut (d) A hexagonal block

Top Top

(i) (ii) (iii) Side

(i) Top (ii) Side (iii) Front

Side
Front
(d) Top Front

(e) A dice (f) A solid

Side
Top

Front
Top
Side
Side
Front Front

Sol. The different views of the given objects are drawn

(i) (ii) (iii) as under :

(i) Side (ii) Front (iii) Top

(e)
Top
(a)

Front view Side view Top view

Side

Front (b)

Front view Side view Top view

(c)
(i) (ii) (iii)

(i) Front/Side (ii) Top (iii) Side/Front Front view Side view Top view

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 Class-VIII

(d)

Front view Side view Top view

(e)

Front view Side view Top view

(f)

(d) City Park.

(c) Sr. Secondary- School.
Front view Side view Top view
2. Draw a map of your class room using proper scale
EXERCISE : 10.2 and symbols for different objects.
1. Look at the given map of a city. Sol. Map of class room is as under :

Black Board
Window Window
Chair
Table

Desks
and
Benches

Door ALMIRAHS Door

Answer the following: 3. Draw a map of your school compound using proper
(a) Colour the map as follows : Blue-Water, Red-Fire scale and symbols for various features like play
Station, Orange-Library, Yellow-Schools, Green-park, ground, main building, garden, etc.
Pink College, Purple-Hospital, Brown-Cemetery. Sol. Map of school compound showing various features
(b) Mark a green 'X' at the intersection of Road 'C' and like play ground, main building, garden, etc. is as
Nehru Road, Green 'Y' at the intersection of Gandhi under :
Road and Road A.
Play Ground
(c) In red, draw a short street route from Library to the
bus depot. Corridor
Canteen Laboratory Library Dispensary
(d) Which is further east, the city park or the market?
Corridor
(e) Which is further south, the primary school or the Hall
Garden
Corridor

Sr. Secondary School? Class

Corridor

Office
Sol. The map is coloured as desired to complete part Rooms
Class
(a) Green X and Y are marked at the desired place Rooms
to complete part (b). Fountain
Lawn
Short street route in red from Library to the bus
Reception
depot is drawn to complete part (c). Main gate

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 Mathematics-2

4. Draw a map giving instructions to your friend so that 2. Is it possible to have a polyhedron with, any given
she reaches your house without any difficulty. number of faces?
Sol. A map giving instructions to my friend so that she
reaches my house without any difficulty is as under: Sol. Yes, it is possible only if the number of faces are
greater than or equal to four.
House
3. Which are prisms among the following?
Fire
station

Sweet Primary Sol. (i) (ii)

Shop
School

Spencer's
store
A nail Unsharpened pencil
Library
Gandhi road

City
Park
(iii) (iv)
Instructions :
1. Start from city park on Gandhi road.
2. Go forward on the Gandhi road.
3. From the library, go opposite to it. A table weight A box
4. After moving a few steps again you will find a Sol. We know that a prism is a polyhedron, two of whose
Spencer's store on your right hand side. faces are congruent polygons in parallel planes and
5. Start moving again from the store. whose other faces are parallelograms.
6. After a few steps, turn right,
Therefore, (i) A nail is not a prism.
7. On the way, you will find a primary school, now go
opposite to it. (ii) An unsharpened pencil is a prism.
8. Move ahead and turn right after sweet shop.
(iii) A table weight is not a prism.
9. You will find a fire station.
10. When you go straight, you will find my house. (iv) A box is a prism.

EXERCISE : 10.3 4. (i) How are prisms and cylinders alike?

1. Can a polyhedron have for its faces (ii) How are pyramids and cones alike?
(i) 3 triangles? (ii) 4 triangles?
(iii) a square and four triangles? Sol. (i) A prism becomes a cylinder provided the
Sol. Since a polyhedron is a solid, Which is bounded by number of sides of its base becomes larger and
four or more polygonal faces in such a way that larger.
pairs of faces meet along edges and three or more
(ii) A pyramid becomes a cone provided the
edges meet in each vertex, therefore,
(i) A polyhedron cannot for its faces have three number of sides of its base becomes larger and
triangles. larger.
(ii) A polyhedron can for its faces have four
5. Is a square prism same as a cube? Explain.
triangles.
(iiii) A polyhedron can for its faces have a square Sol. Yes, it can be a cube. But it can be a cuboid also.
and four triangles.

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 Class-VIII

6. Verify Euler's formula for these solids. Sol.

Faces F 5 20
Vertices 6 V 12
Edges 12 9 E

(i) F + V – E = 2

(i) F = 2 – V + E
(ii)
= 2 – 6 + 12

Sol. (i) In this figure, = 14 – 6 = 8

F = 7, V = 10, E = 15 \ F = 8

(ii) F + V – E = 2
\ F + V = 7 + 10 = 17 and
V = 2 – F + E
E + 2 = 15 + 2 = 17

Þ F+V=E+2 = 2 – 5 + 9

Hence, Euler's formula is verified. V = 11 – 5 = 6

\ V = 6
(ii) In this figure,
(iii) F + V – E = 2
F = 9, V = 9, E = 16

F + V = 9 + 9 = 18 and F + V – 2 = E

\ E + 2 = 16 + 2 = 18 20 + 12 – 2 = E

32 – 2 = E, 30 = E
Þ F+V=E+2
\ E = 30
Hence, Euler's formula is verified.

7. Using Euler's formula find the unknown. 8. Can a polyhedron have 10 faces, 20 edges and 15
vertices?

Faces ? 5 20 Sol. Since F + V ¹ E + 2 (as 10 + 15 ¹ 20 + 2)

Vertices 6 ? 12 \ A polyhedron cannot have 10 faces, 20 edges
Edges 12 9 ? and 15 vertices.

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EXERCISE # 1
Multiple choice questions 13. A triangular pyramid in which all faces are
1. The common name of a square prism is equilateral triangle is called a
(1) Cuboid (2) Cube (1) Tetrahedron (2) Rectangular pyramid
(3) Pyramid (4) Polygon (3) Square pyramid (4) None of these
2. A rectangular pyramid has ..................faces. 14. How many faces a prism has, whose base is a
(1) 6 (2) 7 (3) 5 (4) 4 polygon of n sides?
3. A pentagonal prism has .................. vertices. (1) n (2) n + 1 (3) n + 2 (4) None
15. How many faces does a hexagonal pyramid has?
(1) 10 (2) 18 (3) 12 (4) 15
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) 7
4. A solid figure with only one vertex is a
Fill in the blanks
(1) Square pyramid (2) Tetrahedron
1. A solid is a ............ figure which has three
(3) Cone (4) Cylinder
dimensions like length, breadth and height and as
5. If the number of faces and vertices in a solid are such occupies space.
7 and 10 respectively, then number of edges are
2. Cube, cuboid, cones spheres are examples of
(1) 17 (2) 15 (3) 19 (4) 13 ............ objects.
6. Each flat part of a solid is called its 3. Square, rectangles, triangles are examples of
(1) edge (2) vertex (3) face (4) None ............ objects.
7. Two faces of a solid meet at line segments which 4. Combinations of solids are referred to as ............
are called 5. Euler’s formula is the relation among ............,
(1) edge (2) vertex (3) face (4) None ............ and ............ of a solid
8. The edges of three faces of solid meet at a point 6. ............ is a closed geometrical figure made up of
which is called a flat faces bounded by polygons.
(1) edge (2) vertex (3) face (4) None 7. The figures having only two dimensions are called
......... or ........
9. A polyhedron has 10 vertices and 7 faces. How
many edges does this polyhedron has? 8. A shoes box looks like a ...........
9. A ludo dice looks like a ...........
(1) 15 (2) 25 (3) 20 (4) 30
10. A solid whose surface is made up of polygon faces
10. How many vertices does a sphere has?
is called as ............
(1) 1 (2) 0 (3) 2 (4) None 11. A solid which has no vertex and no edge is ..........
11. How many triangles would you find in a net that 12. A rectangular prism is also known as .........
folds into a square pyramid? 13. In Euler's formula F + V is equal to ............
(1) 6 (2) 3 (3) 5 (4) 4 14. A polyhedron has 30 edges and 12 vertices. How
12. Rectangle prism is also called as many faces does this polyhedron have? .........
(1) Cuboid (2) Cube (3) Square (4) None 15. The top view of a one rupee coin is a ...........

EXERCISE # 1 ANSWER KEY

Multiple choice questions

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 3 4

Fill in the blanks

1. 3D 2. 3D 3. 2D 4. Nested Solids 5. Vertices, Edges, Faces
6. Polyhedron 7. Plane figure, 2D figures 8. Cuboid 9. Cube 10. Polyhedron
11. Sphere 12. Cuboid 13. E + 2 14. 20 15. Circle

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EXERCISE # 2
Very short answer type questions
7. For the following figures verify the Euler's formula
1. Look at the following figures and identify those
pictures which are not polyhedrons. (i) Cube

(ii) Triangular prism

(iii) Hexagonal pyramid

(i) (ii)
8. Name the solid that would be formed by each net:

(iii) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)

2. Is a square prism same as a cube ? 9. Name the polyhedron that will be formed if the net
3. A polyhedron has 10 faces and 16 vertices. is folded along the doted lines in the following cases.
Find the number of edges.

Short answer type questions

4. Write down the number of edges of the following (i) (ii)

figures

(i) Rectangular pyramid

(ii) Triangular prism

(iii) Cuboid

5. Write down the number of vertices of each of the

(iii) (iv)
following figures

(i) Cube

(ii) Pentagonal pyramid

(iii) Pentagonal prism 10. Name the solids that have :

6. For each solid, count the number of faces, vertices (i) 4 faces
and edges. Check if the Euler’s rule is true for each
(ii) 1 curved surface
one.
(iii) 6 congruent faces

(iv) 5 faces and 5 vertices

(i) (ii) (iii)
(v) 8 triangular faces

(vi) 6 rectangular faces and 2 hexagonal faces

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 Mathematics-2

11. How many faces, edges and vertices does a pyramid 14. Identify the top view, front view and side view of the
have with n sided polygon as its base? following.

12. Guess who am I? Try to identify it from the clues

given below.

(i) I am a polyhedron with least number of faces.

________

(ii) I am a prism whose all faces are square.

________
(i) (ii)
(iii) Looks like marbles but have no vertex. ________

(iv) I am a solid whose base is polygonal and other

faces are triangles. ______

13. Draw pentagonal prism, triangular pyramid, (iii)

hexagonal pyramid and rectangular prism.

15. Using Euler's formula, find the values of P, Q, R and

S respectively.

Faces 6 5 20 S
Vertices P Q 36 24
Edges 12 9 R 36

EXERCISE # 2 ANSWER KEY

Very short answer type questions
1. (ii) and (iii) 2. yes 3. 24
Short answer type questions
4. (i) 8 (ii) 9 (iii) 12
5. (i) 8 (ii) 6 (iii) 10
6. (i) V = 10, E = 15, F = 7 (ii) V = 6, E = 10, F = 6 (iii) V = 6, E = 12, F = 8
8. (i) Triangular pyramid (ii) Square pyramid (iii) Hexagonal pyramid
9. (i) Square pyramid (ii) Cuboid (iii) Triangular pyramid (iv) Hexagonal prism
10. (i) Triangular pyramid (ii) Sphere (iii) Cube
(iv) Rectangular pyramid (v) Octahedron (vi) Hexagonal prism
11. Faces = n + 1, Edges = 2n, Vertices = n + 1
12. (i) Triangular pyramid (ii) Square prism or Cube (iii) Sphere (iv) Pyramid
14. (i) side view (ii) front view (iii) top view
15. P = 8, Q = 6, R = 54, S = 14

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 Class-VIII

Important Notes

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CHAPTER 12 MENSURATION

"Calling into the coffee shop

for your morning fix will also
see y ou f ac ed wit h a
mensuration dilemma. The
size of cup you choose will
present you with a different
volume of liquid. This unit
concerned with measuring,
calculating and estimating
lengths, areas and volumes,
as well as the construction
of three-dimensional (3D)
objects."

STANDARD UNITS OF VOLUME

22
Value of p = or 3.14
7
1 dm = 10 cm
1 dm3 or litre = 1 dm × 1 dm × 1 dm = (10 × 10 × 10) cm3 = 1000 cm3
1 cm = 10 mm
1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 10 dm
1m3 = (100 × 100 × 100) cm3 = 1000000 cm3
1 m3 = 1000 × 1000 cm3 = 1000 litre
1 kilolitre = 1m3 = 1000 litre
(mm) millimetre, (cm) centimetre, (dm) decimetre, (m) metre

Mensuration

Plane Figure Solid Figure

Perimeter Area Surface Area Volume

Curved Surface Total Surface

Area Area
1. Plane figures
The geometrical figures which have only two dimensions are called as the Oil
plane figures.
Water
Take a glass partly filled with water and pour some oil in it. [Fig.1]
Observe : Do the surfaces of oil and water have any height ?
No, that is why that surface is called two-dimensional surface because it Fig.1
does not has height.

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 Class-VIII

A square with side of 1 cm has an area of 1 cm2. 1 cm

Find the area of the shaded shape. [Fig.2] 1 cm
Explanation
Fig.2 The shape covers 11 squares, so its area is 11 cm 2.

H
Find the area of the shaded triangle. [Fig.3]
F
H Explanation
F F The triangle covers 6 full squares marked F, and 4 half squares marked H.
H
Area = 6 + 2 = 8 cm2.
F F F H 1 cm
Triangle
1 cm
Fig.3 1 1
(i) Area of triangle = Base × Altitude or (b × h) [Fig.4]
2 2
C 3
(ii) Area of an equilateral triangle = (side)2
4
(iii) Area of an isosceles triangle (base = b, equal side = a)
h base b
= × 4(eq.side)2 – (base)2 or 4a2 – b2
4 4
A B
b
Find the area of each triangle below.

a a h
4.2 cm 5.5 cm
a
b (a) (b)
Fig.4
5 cm 6 cm

Solution

1 1
Use Area = × b × h or × base × height.
C 2 2

1 1
(a) Area = × 5 × 4.2 = 10.5 cm2 (b) Area = × 6 × 5.5 = 16.5 cm2
2 2
D
h1 Quadrilateral
h2 1
Area of quadrilateral ABCD = × AC × (h1 + h2)
2
A B
1
Fig.5 = (length of a diagonal) × (sum of the lengths of perpendiculars from
2
the remaining two vertices on it) [Fig.5]

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C
The diagonal of a quadrilateral is 20m in length and the perpendiculars to
it from the opposite vertices are 8.5 m and 11 m. Find the area of the D
L
quadrilateral. [Fig.6]
M
Solution B
A
In quadrilateral ABCD, we have AC = 20 m Fig.6
Let BL ^ AC and DM ^ AC such that BL = 8.5 m and DM = 11m
1
\ Area of quadrilateral ABCD = × AC × (BL + DM)
2
1
= × 20 × (8.5 + 11) = 10 × 19.5 = 195 m2
2 l

Rectangle
Length = l , Breadth = b b b
(i) Perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b)
(ii) Area of rectangle = l × b
l
Area Area D
(iii) Length = or Breadth = C
Breadth Length S R
(iv) Diagonal = l +b
2 2

Area of path (shaded region) = Area of outer rectangle – Area of inner

P Q
rectangle [Fig.7]
A B
Area of path (shaded region) = Ar. (ABCD) – Ar. (PQRS)
Fig.7
Square
Length of each side = a [Fig.8]
(i) Perimeter of square = 4a or 4 × side
1
(ii) Area of square = a2 or (side × side) or (Diagonal)2
2
(iii) Side of the square = Area
(iv) Diagonal of the square = 2a a
Fig.8

Find the area of the figure shaded in the diagram [Fig.9]

Explanation
We can see from the diagram that ABCD is a rectangle and PQRS is a 8 cm
D 2 cm C
square. S R
Area of rectangle ABCD = length × breadth
= 8 cm × 6 cm 2 cm 6 cm
= 48 cm2
Area of square PQRS = side × side
P Q
= 2 cm × 2 cm A B
= 4 cm2 Fig.9
Area of shaded figure = Area of rectangle ABCD – Area of square PQRS
= (48 – 4) cm2
= 44 cm2

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 Class-VIII

Find the perimeter and area of each shape below.

8 cm
8 cm 1 cm 2cm
2cm
(a) 6 cm 4 cm (b) 7cm

4 cm
6 cm

Rectangle Square
4 cm
4 cm 10cm
Solution
Fig.10 (a) The perimeter is found by adding the length of all the sides.
P = 6 + 8 + 1 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 1 + 8 = 36 cm
To find the area, consider the shape being split into a rectangle and a
square [Fig.10]
Area = Area of rectangle + Area of square
= (6 × 8) + 42 = 48 + 16 = 64 cm2.
(b) Adding the length of the sides gives
P = 10 + 7 + 8 + 2 + 2 + 5 = 34 cm
The area can be found by considering the shape to be a rectangle
with a square removed from it.
Area of shape = Area of rectangle – Area of square
= (7 × 10) – 22 = 70 – 4 = 66 cm2.
D C Trapezium
A trapezium is a quadrilateral whose two sides are parallel.
h
Base

A B Each of the two parallel sides of a trapezium is called base of the trapezium.
L
Fig.11 Height or altitude
The distance between the two bases (parallel sides) is called the height or
altitude of the trapezium. [Fig.11]
h is the height of the trapezium ABCD or CL = h
Join AC ; clearly AC divides the trapezium ABCD into two triangles ABC
and ACD.

THE Area of trapezium ABCD = Area of DABC + Area of DACD ............(i)

SPOT P 'h' is the altitude for both DABC & DACD.
LIGHT 1 1
The area of cyclic quadrilateral Area of DABC = × AB × h and Area of DACD = × DC × h
(quadrilaterals with all the 4
2 2
vertices lying on a circle) is Substituting these values in eqn. (i), we get
Area = (s – a)(s – b)(s – c)(s – d) . Area of trapezium ABCD
where a,b,c and d are the lengths of
æ1 ö æ1 ö
a+b +c+ d = ç × AB × h ÷ + ç × DC × h ÷
the four sides and s = è 2 ø è 2 ø
2
1
= (AB + DC) × h
2
1
= × (Sum of the parallel sides) × (Distance between parallel sides)
2

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D L C
The area of a trapezium shaped field is 480 m2, the height is 15m and one
of the parallel sides is 20m. Find the other side. [Fig.12] 15m
Solution
We have, A B
Area of trapezium ABCD = 480 m2 20m
1 Fig.12
Þ (AB + CD) × AL = 480
2
1
Þ (20 + CD) × 15 = 480
2
480 ´ 2
Þ 20 + CD =
15
Þ 20 + CD = 32 × 2
Þ 20 + CD = 64 D C
Þ CD = 64 – 20 = 44
Hence, the other side of the trapezium is 44m.
Parallelogram
A B
(i) Area of parallelogram = Base × Height or AB × DM [Fig. 13] M
Fig.13
(ii) Perimeter = 2 (sum of two adjacent sides) or 2(AB + AD)

The parallel sides of a trapezium are 20 cm and 10 cm. Its non-parallel

sides are both equal, each being 13cm. Find the area of the trapezium.
Explanation
Let ABCD be a trapezium such that [Fig.14]
AB = 20 cm, CD = 10 cm and AD = BC = 13 cm
Draw CL||AD and CM ^ AB.
Now, CL||AD and CD||AB.
\ ALCD is a parallelogram.
Þ AL = CD = 10 cm and CL = AD = 13 cm
In DCLB, we have CL = CB = 13 cm D 10cm C
\ DCLB is an isosceles triangle.
1 1
13
m
13c

LM = MB = BL = × 10 cm = 5 cm
cm

2 2
[Q BL = AB – AL = (20 – 10) cm = 10 cm]
A L M B
Applying pythagoras theorem in DCML, we have 20cm
CL2 = CM2 + LM2 Fig.14
132 = CM2 + 52
CM2 = 169 – 25 = 144
CM = 144 = 12 cm
1 1
Þ Area of DCLB = × BL × CM = × 10 × 12 = 60 cm2
2 2
Area of parallelogram ALCD = AL × CM = (10 × 12) = 120 cm2
Hence, Area of trapezium ABCD = Area of parallelogram ALCD + Area
of DCLB = (120 + 60)cm2 = 180 cm2

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 Class-VIII

The base of a parallelogram is thrice its height. If the area is 867 cm2, find
the base and the height of the parallelogram.
Solution
Let the height of the parallelogram be x cm.
Then, base = 3x cm
Area of the parallelogram = (x × 3x) cm2 = 3x2 cm2
But, area of the parallelogram is given as 867 cm2
\ 3x2 = 867
Þ x2 = 289
Þ x= 289 = 17
Height = 17 cm and base = (3 × 17) cm = 51 cm.
C Rhombus
D
If d1 and d2 are the lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus, then [Fig.15]
1
(i) Area = d d or base × height
d1 2 1 2
d2
(ii) Perimeter = 2 d12 + d22 or 4(side)
A B
1 2
Fig.15 (iii) Side of the rhombus = d1 + d 22
2

If the area of a rhombus be 24 cm2 and one of its diagonals be 4 cm, find
the perimeter of the rhombus. [Fig.16]
Explanation
Let ABCD be a rhombus such that its one diagonal AC = 4 cm. Suppose
the diagonals AC and BD intersect at O.
D C Area of rhombus ABCD = 24 cm2
1 1
Þ × AC × BD = 24 Þ × 4 × BD = 24
2 2
O Þ 2 × BD = 24 Þ BD = 12 cm
Thus, we have AC = 4 cm and BD = 12 cm
A B
1 1
Fig.16 \ OA = AC = 2cm and OB = BD = 6 cm
2 2
Since the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angle. Therefore,
DOAB is right triangle, right angled at O.
Using pythagoras theorem in DOAB, we have
AB2 = OA2 + OB2
AB2 = 22 + 62 = 40

AB = 40 = 2 10 cm
Hence, perimeter of rhombus ABCD

( )
= 4 ´ 2 10 cm = 8 10 cm

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D C
Find the area of rhombus (given). [Fig.17] 8c
m
Solution
O
1
Using formula A = d × d2

m
2 1

5c
A B
1 Fig.17
A = × 5 × 8 = 20 cm2.
2
2. Area of a polygon
Polygon
A simple closed plane figure made by three or more straight lines is called THE
a polygon.
Regular polygon
SPOT P
LIGHT
A polygon is said to be regular when its all sides and all angles are equal.
When we talk about the shortest
Types of polygon distance, it is the perpendicular
Number of sides Name of polygon distance from a point to a line or
between two lines.
4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon

3. Circles
(i) Circumference of circle = 2pr [Fig.18]
Circumference Area
(ii) Radius of circle = or
2p p
(iii) Area of circle = pr2 r

Fig.18
Draw a circle of any radius r. Divide it into 16 parts by paper
folding into 16 parts and join them as shown in the figure.
Exploring the concept

The figure looks like a rectangle. Length of this rectangle = length of arc of
1
a semicircle of radius r = × 2pr = pr and, Breadth of rectangle = radius
2
of circle = r.

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 Class-VIII

Drawing conclusion
\ area of circle = area of rectangle = pr × r = pr2.

Find the circumference and area of this circle. [Fig.19]

Solution
The circumference is found using C = 2pr, which in this case gives
4cm
O C = 2p × 4 = 25.1 cm (to one decimal place)
The area is found using A = pr2, which gives
Fig.19 A = p × 42 = 50.3 cm2 (to one decimal place)

Find the radius of a circle if ;

(a) its circumference is 32 cm, (b) its area is 14.3 cm2.
Solution

32
(a) Using C = 2pr gives 32 = 2pr and dividing by 2p gives =r
2p
so that r = 5.10 cm (to 2 decimal places)
(b) Using A = pr2 gives 14.3 = pr2

14.3 14.3
Þ = r 2 or r = = 2.13 cm
p p

Find the area of the pentagon ABCDE shown in figure if AD = 8 cm,

AH = 6 cm, AG = 4 cm, AF = 3cm, BF = 2cm, CH = 3cm and EG=2.5cm.
C Solution
B We have [Fig.20]
Area of pentagon ABCDE = Area of DAFB + Area of trapezium FBCH +
G Area of DCHD + Area of DADE
A D
F H
1 1 1 1
= (AF × BF) + (BF + CH) × FH + (DH × CH) + (AD × GE)
2 2 2 2
E
Fig.20 1 1
Þ (AF × BF) + (BF + CH) × (AH – AF)
2 2

1 1
+ {(AD – AH) × CH)} + (AD × GE)
2 2
1 1 1 1
Þ (3 × 2) + (2 + 3) × (6 – 3) + (8 – 6) × 3 + (8 × 2.5)
2 2 2 2
15
Þ3+ + 3 + 10
2
47
Þ = 23.5 cm2
2

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4. Solid figure
A figure which have three dimensions (as length, breadth and height) is not
a plane figure and we can not draw such figures on black board exactly.
These three dimensional figures are called solids.

Three dimensions or 3D are known as length, breadth and height.

i.e., Cube, Cuboid, Cylinder, Cone, Sphere, Prism, Pyramid etc.

Cuboid

A solid bounded by six rectangular plane regions is called a cuboid.

B Q

N h
P
O l
b A
C
l M
Cuboid
A cuboid has six faces OAQB, CMPN, OAMC, BQPN, PQAM and OCNB,
eight vertices A, B, C, O, P, Q, M and N, twelve edges : OA, BQ, NP, CM,
PM, CN, OB, AQ, BN, PQ, MA and OC and four diagonals OP, BM, CQ
and AN.

(i) Surface area of a cuboid = Consider a cuboid whose length is l cm, breadth
is b cm and height is h cm as shown in figure.

Area of face BNPQ = Area of face AOCM = l × b

Area of face BNCO = Area of face AQPM = b × h

Area of face CMPN = Area of face AQBO = l × h

\ Total surface area of the cuboid = sum of the areas of all its six faces
= 2(l × b) + 2(b × h) + 2(l × h)

= 2[lb + bh + lh]

(ii) Lateral surface area of a cuboid = Perimeter of the base × Height

= 2 × (Length + breadth) × Height

= 2(l + b) × h

(iii) Volume of cuboid = Area of a rectangular sheet × h

= Length × Breadth × Height

= (l × b) × h = lbh

(iv) Diagonal of a cuboid = l 2 + b2 + h 2

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 Class-VIII

The diagram shows a lorry.

2.
5m 4m
THE
SPOT P 2m
LIGHT
When the length of the edge of a cube
is doubled, its surface area becomes
Find the volume of the load-carrying part of the lorry.
four times.
Explanation
The load-carrying part of the lorry is represented by a cuboid, so its volume
is given by
V = 2 × 2.5 × 4 = 20 m3.
Cube
l A cuboid whose length, breadth and height are all equal is called a cube.
(i) Surface area of a cube = Since all the faces of a cube are squares of
l l the same size i.e. for a cube we have l = b = h. Thus, if l cm is the
length of the edge of side of a cube, then [Fig21]
l Total Surface area of the cube = 2(l × l + l × l + l × l)
Fig.21 = 2 × 3l2 = 6l2 = 6(Edge)2
(ii) Lateral surface area of the cube = 2(l × l + l × l)
= 2(l2 + l2) = 4l2 = 4(Edge)2
(iii) Volume of a cube = l × l × l = l3

If the volume of a cube is 729 cm3, find its side.

Solution
Volume of cube = (side)3
729 = (side)3 Þ 3
729 = side
Þ 93 = side
3 Þ 9 = side
Hence, side of cube = 9 cm
Right circular cylinder
A solid generated by the revolution of a rectangle about one of its side is
THE called a right circular cylinder.
SPOT P r
pr
2
Top
LIGHT A
Axis
D C

The earliest method of recording and

reproducing sound was on Circular
Cylinder h
Height

phonograph cylinders. These cylinders base h

had an audio recording engraved on
the outer surface which could be
A'
reproduced by playing the cylinder A B
Radius 2p r
on a mechanical phonograph. These
pr
2
cylinders were commonly called Base
'records' and were very popular in Radius of right circular cylinder is r and height is h
the years 1888 to 1915.
Area of the lateral surface of the cylinder = Area of the paper strip ABCD
= 2pr × h

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 Mathematics-2

(i) Lateral (curved) surface area of cylinder = 2prh = (Base perimeter × h)

(ii) Each base surface area of cylinder = pr2
(iii) Total surface area of cylinder = Area of the curved surface + 2 × Area
of base = 2prh + 2pr2 = 2pr(h + r)
(iv) Thus volume of right circular cylinder = Area of the base × height = pr2h
r
Hollow cylinder R h
Thickness of cylinder = (R – r) [Fig.22]
Area of cross-section = pR2 – pr2 = p(R2 – r2)
Curved surface area = Ext. CSA + Int. CSA = 2pRh + 2prh = 2ph(R + r)
Total surface area = curved surface area + 2(area of base)
= 2ph(R + r) + 2p(R2 – r2) Fig.22
Volume of material = ph(R2 – r2)
Volume of hollow region = pr2h

1.5 m
A milk tank is in the form of cylinder whose radius is 1.5 m and length 7 m.
Find the quantity of milk in litres that can be stored in the tank. [Fig.23]
Solution
Radius (r) = 1.5 m, Height (h) = 7 m. Volume of cylinder = pr2h

7m
22
=( × 1.5 × 1.5 × 7) m3 = 49.5 m3
7
Q 1 m3 = 1000 litres Fig.23
\ 49.5 m3 =1000 × 49.5 litres = 49500 litres
Hence, the required quantity of milk in litres in tank = 49500 litres.

Find the total surface of a hollow cylinder open at ends, if the length is
12 cm, the external diameter 10 cm and thickness 2 cm. [Fig.24]
Explanation
The outer radius (R) = 5 cm, Thickness = 2 cm
\ Inner radius (r) = 5 cm – 2 cm = 3 cm
Outer curved surface of the cylinder
2
= 2pRh = 2× p × 5 × 12 = 120 p cm2 12 cm 3

Inner curved surface of the cylinder 5

= 2prh = 2 × p × 3 × 12 = 72 p cm2.
Both ends of the cylinder will be of the shape, as shown in figure (ii). (i) (ii)
\ Area of base of the cylinder = pR2 – pr2 Fig.24
= p × 52 – p × 32 = 25p – 9p = 16p cm2.
Area of both bases = (2 × 16p) cm2 = 32 p cm2
\ Total surface area of the cylinder = External curved surface area +
Internal curved surface area + 2 (Area of the base)
22
120p + 72p + 32p = 224p cm2 = 224 × cm2 = 704 cm2.
7
Remark : It is advisable to put the value of p in the end in such calculations.

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 Class-VIII

Circular cone
There are many objects around us which are conical in shape like an
ice-cream cone, a conical tent, a birthday cap etc. These objects are of
the shape of a right circular cone.

A 2p r A

ht
eig

height
A

th

h
l
l

n
l

Sla C B C C
B O B O
P r
radius
of cone

DAOC is right angled at O.

By Pythagoras theorem,
AC2 = AO2 + OC2
i.e. l2 = h2 + r2
or l (Slant height) = h2 + r 2
(i) Area of shaded region
pl2 × r
A= = prl sq. units.
l
(ii) Total surface area of cone = Curved surface area of cone + Area of
the circular base
= prl + pr2
= pr (r + l) sq. units.
1 2
(iii) Volume of a cone = pr h (where 'r' is the radius and 'h' is the height
3
of cone).
Sphere and hemisphere
A
· Sphere : The set of all the points in space which are equidistant from a
fixed point is called a sphere. [Fig.25]
r
O (i) Total surface area of sphere = 4pr2

Curved 1 2 4
(ii) Volume of the sphere = 4 × pr × r = pr 3
Surface 3 3
Sphere
· Hemisphere : A plane through the centre of a sphere divides the sphere
r into two equal parts and each part is called a hemisphere.
O
(i) Curved surface area of hemisphere = 2pr2
Curved
(ii) Total surface area of hemisphere = 2pr2 + pr2 = 3pr2
Surface
Hemisphere 1 1æ4 3ö 2 3
(iii) Volume of hemisphere = (volume of sphere) = 2 ç 3 pr ÷ = 3 pr
Fig.25 2 è ø

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If radius of the base of a cone is 140 dm and its slant height is 9 m. Find the

(i) curved surface area (ii) total surface area

Explanation

Radius of the base of the cone (r) = 140 dm = 14 m

Slant height (l) = 9 m

22
(i) Curved surface area of the cone = prl = × 14 × 9 = 396 m2
7
(ii) Total surface area of cone = prl + pr2
22
Þ 396 + × 14 × 14 = 396 + 616 = 1012 m2
7

The surface area of a sphere is 2464 dm2. Find its diameter.

Solution

Surface area of a sphere = 2464 dm2

Therefore, 4pr2 = 2464

22 2 2464 ´ 7
4× × r = 2464 Þ r2 = = 7 × 4 ×7
7 4 ´ 22
Þr= 7 ´ 7 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 14 dm
Diameter of the given sphere = 2 × 14 = 28 dm.

The dome of a building is in the form of a hemisphere of radius 63 dm.

Find the cost if it is to be painted at the rate of ` 5 per m2.

Explanation

Radius of the hemisphere = 63 dm

Curved Surface area of hemisphere = 2pr2

22
= 2× × 63 × 63
7
= 2 × 22 × 9 × 63 = 24948 dm2

24948 2
= m = 249.48 m2
100
Cost of painting = 249. 48 m2 × 5 `/m2 = ` 1247.4

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 Class-VIII

The earth taken out while digging a pit, is evenly spread over a rectangular
field of length 90 m, width 60 m. If the volume of the earth dug is
3078 m3, find the height of the field raised.

Explanation

3078 m3 = 90 m × 60 m × h

3078
h= = 0.57 m
90 ´ 60

\ Height of field raised = 0.57 m

The ratio of volume of hemisphere and cylinder is 2 : 3.

Exploring the concept

Take a cone, a cylinder and a hemisphere of radius r and height r. Fill the
cone with sand and pour the sand into the hemisphere. Repeat this process
twice. Hemispherical bowl is filled completely. Now, fill the cone with sand
and pour the sand into the cylindrical vessel. Repeat this process three times.

Drawing conclusion

Cylindrical vessel is filled completely. We observe that volume of cone : volume

of hemisphere : volume of cylinder = 1 : 2 : 3.

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POINT TO REMEMBER

Name Figure Lateral/curved Total surface Volume

surface area area

Cuboid b l
h 2(l + b) × h 2(l × b + b × h + h × l) l × b ×h
l

Cube l 4l 6l l
2 2 3

l l

C B
2prh 2pr(h + r) pr h
2

Right circular
cylinder h
h

D A

O
t

1 2
igh

prl pr(l + r) pr h
He

Right circular Vertical 3

nt

cone Height
Sla

A C Base B
Radius

r 4 3
4pr 4pr
2 2
Sphere O pr
3
Curved
Surface

r r
C
A · B 2 3
Base 2pr
2
3pr
2
Hemisphere pr
3

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NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE : 11.1
1. A square and a rectangular field with measurements 7m
as given in the following figure have the same
perimeter. Which field has a larger area? 20m
Sol. Total area of the garden
= Area of the rectangular portion
+ The sum of the areas of the pair of semi circles
æ 1 22 ö
60m 80m = (13 × 7) m2 + ç 2 ´ ´ ´ 3.5 ´ 3.5 ÷ m2
è 2 7 ø
(a) (b)
= (91 + 38.5) m = 129.5 m
2 2

Sol. Let x be the breadth of the rectangle. It is given that Perimeter of the garden
the perimeter of a rectangle = perimeter of the = 2 × length of rectangular portion
square. + circumference of circle
\ 2(80 + x) = 4 × 60 22
æ ö
Þ 80 + x = 120 = ç 2 ´ 13 + 2 ´ ´ 3.5 ÷ m
è 7 ø
Þ x = 120 – 80 = 40
i.e. breadth of the rectangle = 40 m = (26 + 22) m = 48 m
Now, Area of the square = (60 × 60) m2 4. A flooring tile has the shape of a parallelogram
= 3600 m2 whose base is 24 cm and the corresponding height
is 10 cm. How many such tiles are required to cover
and the area of the rectangle = (40 × 80) m2
a floor of area 1080 m2?
= 3200 m2
Sol. Area of one tile = base × height
Hence, the square field has a larger area. = (24 × 10) cm2
2. Mrs. Kaush ik h as a square plo t with t he = 240 cm2
measurement as shown in the figure. She wants to Number of tiles required to cover the floor
construct a house in the middle of the plot. A garden
is developed around the house. Find the total cost Area of the floor
=
of developing a garden around the house at the rate Area of one tile
of ` 55 per m2. 1080×100×100
25m = [Q 1m2 = 100 × 100 cm2]
240
20m
= 45000
5. An ant is moving around a few food pieces of
different shapes scattered on the floor. For which
15m
25m

House
food piece would the ant have to take a longer
round? Remember, circumference of a circle can
Garden be obtained by using the expression C = 2pr, where
r is the radius of the circle.
Sol. Area of the garden = Area of the outer square 2.8cm
D C
– Area of the inner rectangle
1.5 cm

= 25 × 25 m2 – 20 × 15 m2 A B

= (625 – 300) m = 325 m

2 2
A B
m
2c

A B
2c
m

Cost of developing a garden @ ` 55 per sq. meter 2.8cm 2.8cm

C
= ` (55 × 325) = Rs. 17875 (a) (b) (c)
3. The shape of a garden is rectangular in the middle Sol. Let us mark points A, B, C and D in the given figures
and semi circular at the ends as shown in the as shown. Let A be the point in each figure from
diagram. Find the area and the perimeter of this where the ant start moving on the food pieces. She
garden [Length of rectangle is 20 – (3.5 + 3.5) is to reach the initial point after moving around the
metres]. boundary of each food piece.

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 Mathematics-2

For food piece (a) 2. The area of a trapezium is 34 cm2 and the length
Distance moved = Arc AB + BA of one of the parallel sides is 10 cm and its height
1 is 4 cm. Find the length of other parallel side.
= × 2pr + 2.8 cm, Sol. Let the required side be x cm.
2
where r = 1.4 cm Then, area of the trapezium

22 é1 ù
= ê ´ (10 + x) ´ 4 ú cm2 = 2 (10 + x) cm2
= × 1.4 cm = 2.8 cm ë2 û
7
= 4.4 cm + 2.8 cm = 7.2 cm But, the area of the trapezium = 34 cm2 (given)
For food piece (b) \ 2 (10 + x) = 34
Distance moved = Arc AB + BC + CD + DA Þ 10 + x = 17
1 Þ x = 17 – 10 = 7
= × 2pr + 1.5 cm + 2.8 cm + 1.5 cm, Hence, the outer side = 7 cm
2
where r = 1.4 cm 3. Length of the fence of a trapezium shaped field
ABCD is 120 m. If BC = 48 m, CD = 17 m and
22 AD = 40 m, find the area of this field. Side AB is
= × 1.4 cm + 5.8 cm
7 perpendicular to the parallel sides AD and BC.
= 4.4 cm + 5.8 cm = 10.2 cm
A D
For food piece (c)
Distance moved = Arc AB + BC + CA
1 B C
= × 2pr + 2 cm + 2 cm Sol. Let ABCD be th e given trapezium in wh ich
2
where r = 1.4 cm BC = 48 m, CD = 17 m and AD = 40 m
22 A
40m D
= × 1.4 cm + 4 cm
7 17m
= 4.4 cm + 4 cm = 8.4 cm
Clearly, the ant have to take a longer round in case B L C
of food piece (b). 48m

EXERCISE : 11.2 Through D, draw DL ^ BC.

Now, BL = AD = 40 m
1. The shape of the top surface of a table is trapezium. and LC = BC – BL = (48 – 40) m = 8 m
Find its area if its parallel sides are 1m and 1.2 m Applying pythagoras theorem in right DDLC, we
and perpendicular distance between then is 0.8 m. have
DL2 = DC2 – LC2 = 172 – 82 = 289 – 64 = 225
1m
Þ DL = 225 = 15 m
0.8m Now, area of the trapezium ABCD
1 1
= ´ (BC + AD) ´ DL = × (48 + 40) × 15m2
1.2m 2 2
= (44 ×15) m2 = 660 m2.
Sol. Area of top surface of a table 4. The diagonal of a quadrilateral shaped field is
= Area of the trapezium 24 m and the perpendiculars dropped on it from
1 the remaining opposite vertices are 8 m and 13 m.
= × (sum of parallel sides) Find the area of the field.
2
D
× (distance between them)
é1 ù 2
= ê ´ (1 + 1.2) ´ 0.8 ú m 13m
ë2 û
24m E
A C
æ1 ö F
= ç ´ 2.2 ´ 0.8 ÷ m2 8m
è 2 ø
= (1.1 ×0.8) m2 = 0.88 m2 B

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 Class-VIII

Sol. Let ABCD be the given quadrilateral in which Sol. Area of the floor = 3000 × Area of one tile
BE ^ AC and DF ^ AC.
It is given that 1
= 3000 × × 45 × 30 cm2
AC = 24 m, BE = 8m and DF = 13 m. 2
D
= 1500 × 45 × 30 cm2

1500 ´ 45 ´ 30 2
= m = 202.5 m2
100 ´ 100
E C
A
F Cost of polishing the floor @ ` 4 per m2
= ` (4 × 202.5) = ` 810
B 8. Mohan wants to buy a trapezium shaped field. It's
Now, area of quad. ABCD side along the river is parallel to and twice the side
= area of DABC + area of DACD along the road. If the area of this field is 10500 m 2
and the perpendicular distance between the two
1 1 parallel sides is 100 m, find the length of the side
= × AC × BE + × AC × DF
2 2 along the river.
= (12 × 8 + 12 × 13) m2
= (96 + 156) m2 = 252 m2 Road

5. The diagonals of a rhombus are 7.5 cm and 12 cm.

Find its area. 100m

Sol. Area of a rhombus =

1
× (product of diagonals) ~~~~~ ~~~~~
2 ~
~~~~
~~~~
~~~~
~~~~
~~~
æ1 ö
~~~~~ ~~~~~
= ç ´ 7.5 ´ 12 ÷ cm2 = 45 cm2 Sol. Let the parallel sides of the trapezium shaped field
è2 ø be x m and 2x m. Then, its area.
6. Find the area of a rhombus whose side is 6cm and
whose altitude is 4 cm. if one of its diagonals is 8 1
= (x + 2x) × 100 m2
cm long, find the length of the other diagonal. 2
Sol. Let ABCD be a rhombus of side 6 cm and whose = 50 × 3x m2 = 150 x m2
altitude DE = 4 cm. Also, one of its diagonals, But, it is given that the area of the field is
BD = 8 cm.
10500 m2.
Area of the rhombus ABCD
\ 150x = 10500
1
= 2 × Area (DABD) = 2 × × AB × DE
2 10500
Þ x= = 70
= (6 × 4) cm2 = 24 cm2 150
Also, area of the rhombus ABCD
\ The length of the side along the river is 2 × 70,
1 i.e., 140 metres.
= × AC × BD
2 D C
9. Top surface of a raised platform is in the shape of
1 a regular octagon as shown in the figure. Find the
Þ × AC × 8 = 24
2 area of the octagonal surface.
A E B
Þ AC = 6 cm
Hence, the other diagonal is 6 cm. 4m
7. The floor of a building consists of 3000 tiles which 11m 5m
are rhombus shaped and each of its diagonals are
45 cm and 30 cm in length. Find the total cost of
polishing the floor, if the cost per m2 is ` 4.

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Sol. Area of the octagonal surface ABCDEFGH 11. Diagram of the adjacent picture frame has outer
= Area (trap. ABCH) + Area (rect. HCDG) dimensions = 24 cm × 28 cm and inner dimensions
+ Area (trap. GDEF) 16 cm × 20 cm. Find the area of each section of
E F the frame, if the width of each section is same.
4m
D G
11m 5m
C H

28cm
20cm
B A
16cm
é1 1 ù 2
= ê (5 + 11) ´ 4 + 11 ´ 5 + (11 + 5) ´ 4 ú m
ë2 2 û
24cm
= (32 + 55 + 32) m2 = 119 m2
10. There is a pentagonal shaped park as shown in the D C
Sol.
figure. For finding its area Jyoti and Kavita divided
it in two different ways. S R

20 cm

28 cm
30m
P 16 cm Q
15m

15m Jyoti's Kavita's A B

24 cm
diagram diagram
Find the area of this park using both ways. Can you Width of each section = 4 cm.
suggest some other way of finding its area? Area of trapezium ABQP =
Sol. Taking Jyoti's diagram : 1
Area of the pentagonal shaped park Area of trapezium RCDS = × 4 × (16 +24) cm
E
2
= 2 × Area of trapezium ABEF
= 80 cm2
1 15 2
= 2 × × (15 + 30) × m Area of trapezium BQRC = Area of trapezium APSD
2 2 F D
30m

æ 15 ö 15m 15m
1
= ç 45 ´ ÷ m2 = 337.5 m2 = × 4× (28 +20) cm2 = 96 cm2
è 2ø 2
A B C
Taking Kavita's diagram : 15m EXERCISE : 11.3
Area of the pentagonal shaped park
= Area (square ABCE) + Area (DDEF) 1. There are two cuboidal boxes as shown in the figure
1 below. Which box requires the lesser amount of
= 15 × 15 + × 15 × 15
2 material to make?
225
= 225 + = 225 + 112.5 = 337.5 m2
2
50cm

50cm

15cm
15cm
cm

cm
40

50

15m 15m
60cm 50cm
(a) (b)
15m

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 Class-VIII

Sol. Total surface area of first box Sol. Here l = 2m, b = 1m and h = 1.5 m
= 2(lb + bh + lh) Area to be painted
= 2(60 × 40 + 40 × 50 + 60 × 50) cm2
= 2bh + 2lh + lb
= 200(24 + 20 + 30) cm2
= 200 × 74 cm2 = 14800 cm2 = (2 × 1 × 1.5 + 2 × 2 × 1.5 + 2 × 1)m2
Total surface area of second box = (3 + 6 + 2) m2 = 11 m2
= 6 (Edge)2 = 6 × 50 × 50 cm2 5. Deniel is painting the walls and ceiling of a cuboidal
= 15000 cm2 hall with length, breadth and height of 15 m,
Since the total surface area of first box is less than 10 m and 7 m respectively. From each can of paint
that of the second, therefore the first box i.e.,
100 m2 of area is painted.
(a) requires the least amount of material to make.
2. A suitcase of measures 80 cm × 48 cm × 24 cm is How many cans of paint will she need to paint the
to be covered with a tarpaulin cloth. How many room?
metres of tarpaulin of width 96 cm is required to Sol. Here l = 15m, b = 10 m and h = 7 m
cover 100 such suitcases?
Area to be painted
Sol. Total surface area of suitcase
= 2[(80) (48) + (48) (24) + (24) (80)] = 2bh + 2lh + lb
= 2[3840 + 1152 + 1920] = (2 × 10 × 7 + 2 × 15 × 7 + 15 × 10)m2
= 13824 cm2 = (140 + 210 + 150) m2 = 500 m2
Total surface area of 100 suitcase Since each can of paint covers 100 m2, therefore
= (13824 × 100) cm2 = 1382400 cm2 500
Required tarpaulin = Length × Breadth number of cans required = = 5.
100
1382400 cm2 = Length × 96 cm 6. Describe how the two figures at the right are alike
æ 1382400 ö and how they are different. Which box has larger
Length = ç ÷ cm = 14400 cm = 144 m lateral surface area.
è 96 ø
Thus, 144 m of tarpaulin is required to cover
100 suitcases. 7cm
3. Find the side of a cube whose surface area is
600 cm2. 7cm
Sol. Let a be the side of the cube having surface area
m
7c

600 cm2.
7cm 7cm
\ 6a2 = 600 Þ a2 = 100 Þ a = 10
Hence, the side of the cube = 10 cm. Sol. Similarity between the figures is that both have the
4. Rukhsar painted the outside of the cabinet of same heights.
measure 1 m ×2m ×1.5 m. How much surface area
The difference between the two figures is that one
did she cover if she painted all except the bottom
is a cylinder and the other is a cube.
of the cabinet.
Lateral surface area of cube = 4(7)2 = 196cm2

22 7
Lateral surface area of cube = 2 ´ ´ ´7
7 2
1.5m
= 154cm2
Hence, the cube has larger lateral surface area.
1m

2m

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7. A closed cylindrical tank of radius 7 m and height In 750 revolutions, area of the road covered
3 m is made from a sheet of metal. How much sheet
æ 264 ö 2
of metal is required ? = ç 750 ´ ÷ m = 1980 m2
è 100 ø
Sol. Here, r = 7m and h = 3 m.
10. A company packages its milk powder in cylindrical
Sheet of metal required to make a closed cylinder container whose base has a diameter of 14 cm and
= Total surface area of the cylinder. height 20 cm. Company places a label around the
= (2prh + 2pr2) sq. units. surface of the container (as shown in the figure). if
the label is placed 2 cm from top and bottom, what
æ 22 22 ö is the surface area of the label.
= ç2 ´ ´7´3 + 2´ ´ 7 ´ 7 ÷ m2
è 7 7 ø
2cm
= (132 + 308) m2 = 440m2

20cm
Powdered
8. The lateral surface area of a hollow cylinder is milk
4224 cm2. It is cut along its height and formed a 2cm
rectangular sheet of width 33 cm. Find the 14cm
perimeter of rectangular sheet.
Sol. Since the company places a label around the surface
Sol. A hollow cylinder is cut along its height to form a
of the cylindrical container of radius 7 cm and height
rectangular sheet.
20 cm such that it is placed 2 cm from top and bottom.
Area of cylinder = Area of rectangular sheet \ We have to find the curved surface of a
4224 cm2 = 33 cm × Length cylinder of radius 7 cm and height (20 – 4)
4224 cm2 cm i.e., 16 cm.
Length = = 128 cm 22
33 cm æ ö
This curved surface area = ç 2 ´ ´ 7 ´ 16 ÷ cm 2
è 7 ø
Thus, the length of the rectangular sheet is 128 cm.
= 704 cm2
Perimeter of the rectangular sheet
= 2 (Length + Width) EXERCISE : 11.4
= [2(128 + 33)] cm 1. Given a cylindrical tank, in which situation will you
= (2 × 161) cm find surface area and in which situation volume.
= 322 cm (a) To find how much it can hold.
(b) Number of cement bags required to plaster it.
9. A road roller takes 750 complete revolutions to
(c) To find the number of smaller tanks that can
move once over to level a road. Find the area of be filled with water from it.
the road if the diameter of a road roller is 84 cm Sol. (a) Volume (b) Surface area (c) Volume
and length is 1 m. 2. Diameter of cylinder A is 7 cm, and the height is
14 cm. Diameter of cylinder B is 14 cm and height
is 7 cm. Without doing any calculations can you
suggest whose volume is greater? Verify by finding
the volume of both the cylinders. Check whether the
cylinder with greater volume also has greater surface
area?
Sol. In one revolution, the roller will cover an area equal
to its lateral surface area. Thus, in 1 revolution,
area of the road covered = 2prh
14cm

22
7cm

=2× × 42 cm × 1m
7
22 42 264 2
=2× × m × 1m = m
7 100 100 7cm 14cm

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 Class-VIII

Sol. The heights and diameters of these cylinders A and 3. Find the height of a cuboid whose base area is
B are interchanged. 180 cm2 and volume is 900 cm3?
We know that, Sol. Volume of the cuboid = 900 cm3
Volume of cylinder = pr2h Þ (Area of the base) × Height = 900 cm3
If measures of r and h are same, then the cylinder Þ 180 × Height = 900
with greater radius will have greater area.
900
Þ Height = =5
7 180
Radius of cylinder A = cm
2 Hence, the height of the cuboid is 5 cm.
4. A cuboid is of dimensions 60 cm × 54cm × 30 cm.
æ 14 ö
Radius of cylinder B ç ÷ cm = 7cm How many small cubes with side 6 cm can be placed
è 2 ø
in the given cuboid?
As the radius of cylinder B is greater, therefore, the
Sol. Volume of cuboid = (60 × 54 × 30)cm3
volume of cylinder B will be greater.
Let us verify it by calculating the volume of both the = 97200 cm3
cylinders. Volume of cube = (6 × 6 × 6) cm3
Volume of cylinder A = pr h 2
= 216 cm3
æ 22 7 7 ö
= ç ´ ´ ´ 14 ÷ cm3 = 539 cm3 Volume of cuboid
è 7 2 2 ø No. of cubes =
Volume of cube
Volume of cylinder B = pr2h

æ 22 ö 97200
= ç ´ 7 ´ 7 ´ 7 ÷ cm3 = 1078 cm3 = = 450 cubes
è 7 ø 216

Volume of cylinder B is greater. 5. Find the height of the cylinder whose volume is
= Surface area of cylinder A = 2pr(r + h) 1.54 m3 and diameter of the base is 140 cm?

Sol. Let the h be the height of cylinder whose radius,

é 22 7 æ 7 öù
= ê2 ´ ´ ç + 14 ÷ ú cm2
ë 7 2è2 øû
140 70
r= cm = 70 cm = m = 0.7 m
2 100
é æ 7 + 28 ö ù æ 35 ö 2
= ê22 ´ ç ÷ ú cm2 = ç 22 ´ ÷ cm
ë è 2 øû è 2 ø and volume = 1.54 m3.

= 385 cm2 Now, volume = 1.54 cm3

Surface area of cylinder B = 2pr(r + h) Þ pr2h = 1.54

é 22 ù 22
= ê2 ´ ´ 7 ´ (7 + 7) ú cm2 Þ × 0.7 × 0.7 × h = 1.54
ë 7 û 7
= (44 × 14) cm2
= 616 cm2 1.54 ´ 7
Þ h= =1
22 ´ 0.7 ´ 0.7
Thus, the surface area of cylinder B is also greater
than the surface area of cylinder A. Hence, the height of cylinder is 1 metre.

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6. A milk tank is in the form of cylinder whose radius 8. Water is pouring into a cuboidal reservoir at the rate
is 1.5 m and length is 7 m. find the quantity of milk
of 60 litres per minute. If the volume of reservoir
in litres that can be stored in the tank?
is 108 m3, find the number of hours it will take to
fill the reservoir.

Sol. Quantity of milk that can be stored in the tank

= Volume of the tank
= pr2h, where r = 1.5 and h = 7 m
Sol. Volume of the reservoir = 108 m3
æ 22 ö
= ç ´ 1.5 ´ 1.5 ´ 7 ÷ m3 = 49.5 m3
è 7 ø = 108 × 1000 litres

= (49.5 × 1000) litres [Q 1 m3 = 1000 ltr.] = 108000 litres

= 49500 litres.
Since water is pouring into reservoir @ 60 litres per
7. If each edge of a cube is doubled,
minute.
(i) How many times will its surface area increase?
(ii) How many times will its volume increase? \ Time taken to fill the reservoir
Sol. Let x units be the edge of the cube.Then, its surface
area = 6x2 and its volume = x3. 108000
= hours = 30 hours
When its edge is doubled, 60 ´ 60
(i) Its surface area = 6 (2x)2 = 6 × 4x2 = 24x2
Þ The surface area of the new cube will be 4 times
that of the original cube.
(ii) Its volume = (2x)3 = 8x3
Þ The volume of the new cube will be 8 times that
of the original cube.

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 Class-VIII

EXERCISE # 1

Multiple choice questions 5. The area of a trapezium is 720 cm2 the ratio of the
parallel sides is 2 : 1 if the distance between the parallel
1. Find the area of the fields shown in Fig. sides 20 cm find the length of the parallel sides.
(All measurements are in metres.)
(1) 20, 30 cm (2) 24, 48 cm
(3) 42, 46 cm (4) None of these
6. The area of an isosceles trapezium is 168 sq metres.
28 28
If the length of the parallel sides are 36 m and 20 m
10 8 25 10 20 respectively. find the length of the non-parallel sides.
(1) 10m, 10 m (2) 20m, 20 m
20 20
(3) 20m, 10m (4) None of these
7. A cubical tank with edge 2 m is filled with water.
(1) 2572 m2 (2) 25070 m2 How many buckets of capacity 10 litre can be filled
from the tank?
(3) 2472 m2 (4) 2470 m2
(1) 800 (2) 200 (3) 700 (4) 400
2. Find t he area of the following figures:
(All measurements are in cm.) 8. A roll of paper 35 cm by 22 cm was cut and
25 cubes with edge 2 cm were made from it. Find
the area of the paper left.
(1) 120 cm2 (2) 170 cm2
14 14
(3) 180 cm2 (4) 200 cm2
12 12 6 15
9. Four cubes with edge 6 cm and three cubes with
edge 8 cm were filled with a liquid. Find the total
16
volume of the liquid in Iitres.
(1) 1.2 lit. (2) 2.4 lit. (3) 2.6 lit (4) 4.8 lit.

(1) 800 cm2 (2) 801 cm2 10. Find the height of a cylinder with radius of base
3.5 cm and lateral surface area 440 cm2.
(3) 803 cm2 (4) 804 cm2
(1) 40 cm (2) 10 cm (3) 20 cm (4) None
3. The length of the diagonal of a quadrilateral is 40 cm
and the perpendicular drawn to it from the opposite 11. The liquid filled in a cuboidal tin 60 cm × 15 cm ×
vertices are 12 cm and 7.5 cm. Find the area of 12 cm is poured into a cylinder with area of base
the quadrilateral. 540 cm2. Find the height of the liquid in the cylinder.

(1) 380 cm2 (2) 382 cm2 (1) 10 cm (2) 40 cm (3) 200 cm (4) 20 cm

(3) 390 cm2 (4) 392 cm2 12. A housing society consisting of 5500 people needs
100 litres of water per perso n per day.
4. A figure is in the form of a quadrilateral ABCD its
The cylindrical supply tank is 7 m high and has a
area is 165 cm2. Find the length of the perpendicular
diameter 10 m. For how many days will the water
drawn from D on AC if AC = 15 cm and length of
perpendicular from B on AC is 12 cm. in the tank last for the society members?

(1) 10 cm (2) 20 cm (1) 1 day (2) 2 days

(3) 30 cm (4) 40 cm (3) 3 days (4) 4 days

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 Mathematics-2

13. The area of the base of a right circular cone is 17. Diameter of a football is 28 cm. It is made up of
28.26 sq. m. If its height be 4 m, find its curved small hexagons each of area 112 cm2. Find the
surface.(Take p = 3.14) number of small hexagons used in football.

(1) 47.1 m2 (2) 42 m2 (3) 48.5 m2 (4) None (1) 21 (2) 27 (3) 23 (4) 22
14. The radius and the height of a cone are in the ratio 18. A hemispherical tank has inner radius of 1.05 m.
4 : 3. The area of the base is 154 cm2. Find the Find its capacity in litres.
area of the curved surface.
(1) 2425.51 (2) 2657.15
(1) 140.5 cm2 (2) 141 cm2
(3) 1236.5 (4) None of these
(3) 142.5 cm2 (4) 192.5 cm2
19. A solid sphere of radius 6 cm is melted and recast
15. The circumference of the base of a 10 m high
into small spherical balls each of diameter 1.2 cm.
conical tent is 44 m. Calculate the length of the
Find the number of balls, thus obtained.
canvas used in making the tent if the width of the
canvas is 2 m. (1) 100 (2) 1000
(1) 137.5 m (2) 134.2 m (3) 2000 (4) None of these
(3) 130 m (4) 119 m
20. 1 hectare = ______ m2
16. If the radius of a sphere is halved, what will be the
(1) 1000 (2) 100
change in its surface area?

(1) 1/4th (2) 1/3th (3) 1/6th (4) 1/9th (3) 10000 (4) None of these

EXERCISE # 1 ANSWER KEY

Multiple choice questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 4 2
Que. 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 4 1 2 3

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 Class-VIII

EXERCISE # 2
Very short answer type questions : 11. Find the curved surface area and total surface area
1. Find the area of a right triangle with hypotenuse of a cone whose :
10 cm and base 6 cm. (i) Base diameter = 28 cm, slant height = 50 cm
2. DPQR is a right triangle with PR as the hypotenuse. (ii) Base diameter = 70 cm, height = 8.4 dm
If PQ = 4 m, Q R = 3 m and QS ^ PR, find the area 12. Find the slant height of a cone whose,
of the triangle PQR. Also, find the length of QS. (i) Base radius = 14 cm, height = 0.48 m
(ii) Base diameter = 70 cm, curved surface area
P = 4070 cm2
13. Diameter of a sphere is 21 dm. Find its surface area.
S 14. The area of the curved surface of a sphere is
4m
5544 m2. Find the radius of the sphere.
Short answer type questions :
Q R
3m 15. In DABC, AN ^ BC and BM ^ AC if AC = 10 cm and
BC = 7.5 cm, find the length of BM if AN = 8.0 cm.
3. The area of a trapezium with height 14 cm is A
504 cm2. If the parallel sides are in the ratio 4 : 5,
find their lengths.
M
4. Find the perimeter of a rhombus with diagonals 30
cm and 40 cm long.
5. The perimeter of a rhombus is 40 cm and the length B C
N
of one diagonals is 16 cm. Find the length of the 16. The perimeter of a rhombus with one diagonal
other diagonal. 24 cm long is the same as the perimeter of an
6. The area of a rhombus is 360 cm2. If its height is equilateral triangle with side 20 cm. Find the length
16 cm, find the perimeter. of the other diagonal.

7. Find the surface area of the following cubes with 17. Find the area of the following quadrilaterals:
(All measures are in cm).
length of edge:
(i) 4 cm (ii) 3.2 cm
8. Find the volume of a cube with length : 11 16
22
(i) 3 cm (ii) 6.2 cm 9
(iii) 8 cm (iv) 9.1 cm 16
12
9. Find the length of edge of a cube with following
(i) (ii)
surface area:
(i) 1944 cm2 (ii) 2646 cm2
12
10. Find the length of edge of a cube with following 10
27
volume:
(i) 343 cm3 (ii) 8000 cm3 (iii)

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18. A circle with radius 7 cm is drawn inside a rhombus 31. A right circular cone is 5.8 cm high and radius of its base
with diagonals 21 cm and 32 cm. Find the area of is 3.4 cm. It is melted and recast into a right circular
the shaded region. cone with radius of its base 1.7 cm. Find its height.
32. Find the weight of a solid cone whose base is of
diameter 42 cm and vertical height 20 cm,
supposing that the material of which it is made
weights 5 grams per cubic centimetre.
33. Find the volume of a sphere of radius 2.1 cm.
19. The area of a square is 576 cm2. Find the length of 34. Find the volume of a hemisphere of diameter 7 dm.
its side and diagonal. [If 2 = 1.41 ] 35. Curved surface area of a solid hemisphere is
20. A cubical box with edge 18 cm is filled with smaller 2772 sq.cm.Find the total surface area.
cubes of edge 3 cm. How many small cubes are Long answer type questions :
there in the box? 36. ABCD is a square field of side 80 m. If EF is
21. 20 cubical tin boxes each with edge 12 cm are to perpendicular to DC, find the area of DEDC. Also,
be made. Find the cost of the tin sheet required at find the area of the shaded portion.
the rate of ` 130 per m2. A E B
22. A cuboid has a length of 17.6 cm and breadth of
12.8 cm. If its volume is 2365.44 cm3, find the height.

80 m
23. Eight cuboidal metal boxes with dimensions
60 cm × 45 cm × 30 cm are to be painted. If the
rate of painting is ` 200 per m2, find the total cost D F C
of painting. 37. Fig. shows two concentric circles with diameter
24. A cuboidal water tank can hold 60,000 litres of 100 cm and 80 cm. Find the area of the shaded
water. If the length and breadth of the tank are region. (Use p = 3.14)
10 m and 4 m, find its height.
25. A cylindrical tin with diameter of base 20 cm and
height 25 cm is open at the top. Find the cost of
painting the tin at ` 300 per m2. ( Use p = 3.14)
38. A circular floor with radius 28 cm is tiled with
26. Find the area covered by a road roller of width
30 square tiles of side 8 cm as shown in Fig. Find
80 cm and diameter 140 cm in 40 revolutions.
the area of the shaded region.
27. Which has greater volume-a cylinder of height
22 cm and diameter of base 20 cm or a cube with
length of edge 19 cm and by how much?
(Use p = 3.14)
28. How many metres of plastic sheet, 5 m wide, will 39. Two tables with top faces as two congruent trapeziums
be required to make a conical tent, the radius of are joined as shown. The lengths of the parallel
whose base is 7 m and height is 24 m? sides are 100 cm and 80 cm and the height is
45 cm. Find the combined table top area and the
29. A conical cup has a circular base with diameter
cost of polishing it at the rate of ` 350 per m2.
21 cm and height 1.8 dm. How much oil can it
contain?
30. The volume of a cone is 18480 cm3. If the height
of the cone is 40 cm, find the radius of its base.

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 Class-VIII

40. Which has greater area-a rectangle with sides

16.8 cm and 14.4 cm or a rhombus with diagonals 1 2
30 cm and 42 cm and by how much?
3 4
41. The figure shows a rhombus and two trapeziums.
Find the total area of the figure. (All measurements
46. A bag is filled with tin cubic boxes, each with edge
shown are in cm.)
3.2 cm. If there are 50 cubic boxes and the weight
of 1 cm3 of tin is 8 g, find the weight in the bag.
16
8 47. The four walls and ceiling of a room are to be
10
repaired. The length and breadth of the room are
20
8 m and 4 m and its height 3 m. Find the cost of
6
repair at ` 30 per m2.
16 48. From a cuboidal cardboard box of dimensions
42. The figure shows a trapezium ABCD with two circles 80 cm × 40 cm × 15 cm, 6 circles of radius 7 cm
of equal diameter drawn in it. If ON = 56 cm and were cut out from the front face. Find the surface
PM ^ BC: PM = 42 cm, AD = 30 cm and BC = 64 cm. area of the remaining box.
Find the area of the shaded region.
A N B

P M 49. A metal cylinder with height 10 cm and diameter

D of base 70 cm is melted to make a number of small
O discs with radius 1 cm and thickness 0.5 cm. How
C
many such discs could be made from the cylinder?
43. From a metal sheet in the shape of trapezium with
50. Two solid cylinders are 12 cm and 18 cm in height.
parallel sides 64 cm and 100 cm and height
Their diameters are 12 cm and 16 cm respectively.
56 cm, 28 circle of radius 7 cm are cut out. Find
the area of the metal sheet that is left. Both the cylinders are melted and the material is

44. In the fig, the outer trapezium ABCD has area 320 moulded into a solid right circular cone of height
cm2. The area of the shaded region is 140 cm2. 33 cm. Find its diameter.
Find the area of the inner trapezium EFGH. If the 51. A metallic solid cone is melted and cast into a
length of the parallel sides of the inner trapezium cylinder of the same base as that of the cone. if the
are 16 cm and 20 cm, find height h.
height of the cylinder is 7 cm, what was the height
A B
H E of the cone?
52. A solid sphere of radius 6 cm is melted and recast
h
into small spherical balls each of diameter 1.2 cm.
G F
D C Find the number of balls, thus obtained.
45. Four cubic blocks with edge 4 cm were kept two on
53. A spherical iron ball of radius 9 cm is melted and recast
top of two and fused together into a block as shown.
into three spherical balls. If the radius of two balls be
Find the total surface area of the block and the cost
of painting it at ` 32 per cm2. 1 cm and 8 cm, find the radius of the third ball.

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EXERCISE # 2 ANSWER KEY

Very short answer type questions

1. 24 cm2 2. 6 m2, 2.4 m 3. 32 cm, 40 cm 4. 100 cm 5. 12 cm

6. 90 cm 7. (i) 96 cm2, (ii) 61.44 cm2

8. (i) 27 cm3 , (ii) 238.328 cm3, (iii) 512 cm3, (iv) 753.571 cm3 9. (i) 18 cm, (ii) 21 cm

10. (i) 7 cm, (ii) 20 cm 11. (i) 2200 cm2, 2816 cm2, (ii) 10010 cm2, 13860 cm2

12. (i) 50 cm, (ii) 37 cm 13. 1386 dm2 14. 21 m

Short answer type questions

15. 6 cm 16. 18 cm 17. (i) 297 cm2, (ii) 174 cm2, (iii) 297 cm2

18. 182 cm2 19. 24 cm, 33.84 cm 20. 216 cubes 21. ` 224.64 22. 10.5 cm

23. ` 1872 24. 1.5 m 25. ` 56.52 26. 140.8 m2

27. The cylinder by 49 cm3 28. 110 m 29. 2079 ml 30. 21 cm

31. 23.2 cm 32. 46.2 kg 33. 38.8 cm3 34. 89.83 dm3 35. 4158 sq.cm.

Long answer type questions

36. 3200 m2, 3200 m2 37. 2826 cm2 38. 544 cm2

39. 8100 cm2, ` 283.5 40. Rhombus, 388.08 cm2 41. 294 cm2 42. 742 cm2

43. 280 cm2 44. 180 cm2, h = 10 cm 45. 256 cm2, Rs.8192

46. 13.11 kg 47. ` 3120 48. 9076 cm2 49. 24500 discs

50. 24 cm 51. 21 cm 52. 1000 53. 6 cm

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Important Notes

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DIRECT AND
CHAPTER 13 INVERSE PROPORTIONS

"Have you ever imagined

that when you and your
friend play on a sea-saw, you
a nd y ou r f rien d a re in
inverse proportion to each
other. When you go up, your
friend comes down & vice-
versa. It implies that you &
your friend are going up and
down alternately, and the
sea-saw is still balanced."

Mohan prepares tea for himself and his sister. He uses 300 ml of water, 2
spoons of sugar, 1 spoon of tea leaves and 50 ml of milk. How much
quantity of each item will he need, if he has to make tea for five persons?
So how do we find out the quantity of each item needed by Mohan?
To answer such questions, we now study some concept of Proportion.
1. Ratio & proportion
Ratio : The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction
a
and we write it as a : b. In the ratio a : b, we call 'a' as the first term or
b
the antecedent and 'b' as the second term or the consequent.
Proportion : The equality of two ratios is called proportion.
If a : b = c : d, we write, a : b : : c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in
proportion. Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called
mean terms.
a:b :: c:d
Þ Product of means = Product of extremes
(b × c) = (a × d).

2, 3, 4 and 6 are in proportion or not.

Explanation

If 2:3=4:6
Product of extremes = 2 × 6 = 12
Product of means = 3 × 4 = 12
So, 2, 3, 4, 6 are in proportion.

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2. Variation
The word vary means change and the word rate means how a quantity
THE (variable) changes with another quantity (variable).
SPOT P If the values of two quantities depend on each other in such a way that a
change in one results in a corresponding change in the other, then the two
LIGHT quantities are said to be in variation.
"A proportion is an equation stating There are two types of variations :
that the two ratios are equivalent."
(a) Direct variation (b) Inverse (indirect) variation
(a) Direct variation
Two quantities are said to vary directly if the increase (or decrease) in one
quantity leads to a corresponding increase (or decrease) in the other quantity.
We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for same constant k and
x
we write, x µ y Þ x = ky , = k (constant)
y
Rule : If two quantities x and y vary directly and y 1, y2 are two values of y
x1 x2
corresponding to the values x1 and x2 of x, then = .
y1 y2

Given x µ y and when x = 15, y = 3, find (i) y when x = 35 and

(ii) x when y = 4
Explanation

x
If x µ y means = k, where k is the constant of variation.
y
x = ky
(i) when x = 15, and y = 3. This mean 15 = k × 3 or k = 5
using this value of k, we have x = 5y
so when x = 35, 35 = 5y or y = 7
(ii) When y = 4, x = ky
x = 5 × 4, x = 20

Find the cost of 8 books if 6 books cost Rs.480.

Solution
We can use unitary method

THE Q Cost of 6 books = Rs.480

SPOT P 480
LIGHT \ Cost of 1 book =
6
Length, height and thickness of the
wall are directly proportional to the 480 ´ 8
number of days required for its \ Cost of 8 books = Rs. = Rs.640
6
construction.

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Alternate method
We know the cost of books increases when the number of books increase.
Let Rs x be the cost of 8 books.
\ 6 : 8 = 480 : x No. of books 6 8
or 6 × x = 480 × 8 Cost (in Rs) 480 x
480 ´ 8
or x = = 640
6
Hence cost of books = Rs.640

A car travels 432 km on 48 litres of petrol. How far would it travel on

20 litres of petrol?
Explanation
Suppose the car travels x km on 20 litres of petrol. Then, the above THE
information can be put in the following tabular form: SPOT P
LIGHT
Petrol (in litres) 48 20
The circumference of a circle is
Distance (in km) 432 x proportional to its diameter with the
constant of proportionality equals
We observe that the lesser the petrol consumed, the smaller the number to p
of Kilometres travelled. So, it is a case of direct variation.
Ratio of petrol consumed = Ratio of distance travelled
Þ 48 : 20 = 432 : x

48 432
Þ =
20 x

Þ 48 × x = 20 × 432 [By cross-multiplication]

20 ´ 432
Þ x= = 180
48

Hence, the car would travel 180 km on 20 litres of petrol.

If x and y vary directly, find the missing entries in the following tables.

x 2.5 .... .... 21

(i)
y 5 8 24 ....

x .... 9 15 ....
(ii)
y 3 4.5 7.5 13.25

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 Class-VIII

Solution
(i) It is given that x and y are in direct variation. Therefore, the ratio of
the corresponding values of x and y remain constant.
2.5 1
We have, =
5 2
So, x and y are in direct variation with the constant of variation equals
1
to . This means that x is half of y or y is twice of x. Thus, the
2
8 24
required entries are , and 21 × 2 i.e., 4, 12 and 42.
2 2
9 15
(ii) We have, = =2
4.5 7.5
So, x and y are in direct variation such that x is twice of y.
Thus, the missing entries are 3 x 2 = 6 and 13.25 x 2 = 26.5.

A train is moving at a uniform speed of 75 km/hour.

(i) How far will it travel in 20 minutes?
(ii) Find the time required to cover a distance of 250 km.
Explanation
THE
SPOT P Let the distance travelled (in km) in 20 minutes be x and time taken
(in minutes) to cover 250 km be y.
LIGHT
Distance travelled (in km) 75 x 250
Number of persons employed to do
the work is directly proportional to Time taken (in minutes) 60 20 y
the amount of work done and the
number of days is also directly Since the speed is uniform, therefore, the distance covered would be
proportional to the work done. directly proportional to time.
(i) We have 75 : x = 60 : 20
75 x
Þ =
60 20
75
or × 20 = x
60
or x = 25
So, the train will cover a distance of 25 km in 20 minutes.
(ii) Also, 75 : 250 :: 60 : y
75 250 250 ´ 60
Þ = or y = = 200 minutes or 3 hours 20 minutes.
60 y 75
Therefore, 3 hours 20 minutes will be required to cover a distance of
250 kilometres.
Alternately, when x is known, then one can determine y from the relation
x 250
= =
20 y

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(b) Inverse variation

Two quantities are said to vary inversely if the increase (or decrease) in
THE
one quantity causes a corresponding decrease (or increase) in the other
quantity. SPOT P
If x1 and x2 are two different values of x and y1 and y2 be the corresponding LIGHT
values of y then x1y1 = x2y2 When the pyramids were being built
x1 y 2 it in ancient Egypt, the huge blocks of
Þ =
x2 y1 stone needed for these had to be
x1 y 2 dragged up along the ramps. In the
This result is useful in solving inverse variation problems x = y case of the great pyramid at Giza,
2 1
the mass of the lamp is in inverse
or x1 : x2 = y2 : y1 proportion to the mass of the building
We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant material it had to convey?

1
k and we write, x µ
y

120 men had food provision for 200 days. After 5 days, 30 men died due
to an epidemic. How long will the remaining food last?
Explanation
Since 30 men died after 5 days. Therefore, the remaining food is sufficient
for 120 men for 195 days. THE
Suppose the remaining food lasts for x days for the remaining 90 men. SPOT P
Thus, we have the following table: LIGHT
Number of men 120 90 When two quantities vary inversely
their product is constant.
Number of days 195 x
We note that more men will consume the food in less number of days and
less number of men will consume the food in more number of days. So, it
is a case of inverse variation.
\ Ratio of number of men = Inverse ratio of number of days
Þ 120 : 90 = x : 195
120 x 120 ´ 195
Þ = Þ x= = 260
90 195 90
Hence, the remaining men will consume the food in 260 days.

Ruchi has enough money to send 14 parcels each weighing 500 grams.
Find the weight of each parcel if she can send 20 parcels for the same money.
Also, find the constant of variation.
Solution
Suppose the weight of each parcel is x grams.

No. of parcels 14 20
Weight (in g) 500 x
Obviously, it is a case of inverse variation.
14 ´ 500
\ 20 × x = 14 x 500 or x= = 350
20
\ Weight of each parcel is 350 grams.
Constant of variation = x × y = 14 × 500 = 7000

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 Class-VIII

10 men dig a trench in 6 hours. How many men will dig the same trench
in 12 hours ? (Assume that all men work at the same rate.)
Explanation
In 6 hours the trench is dug by 10 men.
THE
SPOT P In 1 hour the trench is dug by 10 × 6 men.

In 12 hours the trench is dug

10 ´ 6
or 5 men.
LIGHT 12
Men and da ys are inversely \ 5 men will dig the trench.
proportional to each other. Alternate method
Let x men are required to dug the trench in 12 hours.
Ratio of hours = Inverse ratio of men
or 6 : 12 = x : 10. Hours 6 12
or 12 × x = 6 × 10
Men 10 x
10 ´ 6
or x= =5
12
\ 5 men will dig the trench.

3. Time and work

1
If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work =
n
1
If A's 1 day's work = , then A can finish the work in n days.
n

If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then :

Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1.

Ratio of time taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3.

Worker A takes 8 hours to do a job. Worker B takes 10 hours to do the

same job. How long would both A and B, working together take to do the
same job?

Explanation

1 1
A's 1 hour's work = , B's 1 hour's work =
8 10

æ1 1 ö 9
(A + B)'s 1 hour's work = ç + ÷=
è 8 10 ø 40

40 4
Both A and B will finish the work in = 4 hrs.
9 9

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 Mathematics-2

35 Men could do a certain piece of work in 40 days. If after 4 days, 7 of

the men suddenly left, in how many days will the remaining work be
completed?
Solution
35 men needed 40 days to complete the work. Since 4 days work is done,
the remaining work would have needed 35 men and 36 days to complete.
Now there are 35 – 7 = 28 men.
Let the number of days needed be x.
This is a case of inverse variation.
So, 35 × 36 = 28 × x
or x = 45.
The remaining work will be completed in 45 days.

1 1
Manoj can complete of a work in 5 days and Pinto can complete of
4 5
the same work in 6 days. How long would both of them take to complete
that work, if they work together?
Explanation
1
Manoj does of work in = 5 days
4
Manoj completes the full work in = 5 × 4 or 20 days
1
\ Work done by Manoj in 1 day = ...(i)
20
1
Pinto does of work in 6 days
5
Pinto completes the full work in = 6 × 5 or 30 days.
1
\ Work done by Pinto in 1 day = ...(ii)
30
From (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 3+2 5 1
Work done by both of them in 1 day = + = = =
20 30 60 60 12
\ Both of them complete the work in = 12 days.

THE
A train 100 m long is running at a speed of 30 km/hr. Find the time taken SPOT P
by it to cross a man standing near the railway line. LIGHT
Explanation If two persons (or vehicles or trains)
start at the same time from two points
æ 5 ö æ 25 ö
Speed of the train = ç 30 ´ ÷ m/sec = ç ÷ m/sec. A and B towards each other and after
è 18 ø è 3 ø crossing, they take x and y hours in
Distance moved in passing the standing man = 100 m. reaching B and A respectively, then

Speed of first y
Required time taken = 100 = æç100 ´ 3 ö÷ sec = 12 sec =
æ 25 ö è 25 ø Speed of second x
ç 3 ÷
è ø

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 Class-VIII

Two trains 50m and 110m long are going at 34 km/hr and 30 km per
hour respectively in opposite directions. How long would it take them to
cross each other ?
Explanation
When two trains go in opposite directions, we add their speeds to get relative
speed per hour. The distance covered is the sum of their lengths.
Now in this case
64 ´ 5 160
Relative speed = 34 + 30 = 64 km/hr = m/s = m/s
18 9
Distance covered = 50 + 110 = 160 m
\ Time taken to pass each other
160 160
= = × 9 = 9 seconds
æ 160 ö 160
ç ÷
è 9 ø

Two goods trains 150 m and 160 m long are going in the same direction
at 73 km/hr and 42 km/hr respectively. How long would it take to pass
each other if the faster train is behind the slower train?

Solution

Here the speed will be taken as the difference of their speeds and the
distance covered will be the sum of the lengths of the trains.

Now in this case

31 ´ 5 155
Relative speed = 73 – 42 = 31 km/hr = m/s = m/s
18 18

Distance covered = 150 + 160 = 310 m

distance 310 310

\ Time taken to pass each other = = = ´ 18
speed æ 155 ö 155
ç ÷
è 18 ø
= 36 seconds

Note : The speed found out above is called relative speed.

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NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

3. In question 2 above, if 1 part of a red pigment
EXERCISE : 13.1
requires 75 mL of base, how much red pigment
1. Followings are the car parking charges near a should we mix with 1800 mL of base.
railway station upto Sol. Let the parts of red pigment required to mix with
4 hours ` 60 1800 mL of base be x.
The given information in the form of a table is as
8 hours ` 100
follows.
12 hours ` 140
Parts of red pigment 1 x
24 hours ` 180 Parts of base (in mL) 75 1800
Check if the parking charges are in direct The parts of red pigment and the parts of base are
proportion to the parking time. in direct proportion. Therefore, we obtain

4 8 12 24 1 x 1 ´ 1800
¹ ¹ ¹ = Þ x= Þ x = 24
Sol. Since 75 1800 75
60 100 140 180
Thus, 24 parts of red pigment should be mixed with
\ The parking charges are not in direct 1800 mL of base.
proportion to the parking time. 4. A machine in a soft drink factory fills 840 bottles
2. A mixture of paint is prepared by mixing 1 part of in six hours. How many bottles will it fill in five hours?
red pigment with 8 parts of base. In the following Sol. Let the number of bottles filled by the machine in
table, find the parts of base that need to be added. five hours be x.
The given information in the form of a table is as
Parts of red pigment 1 4 7 12 20 follows.
Parts of base 8 ... ... ... ... Number of bottles 840 x
Time taken (in hours) 6 5
Sol. It is given that parts of red pigment, say x and parts
of base, say y are in direct proportion. Therefore, The number of bottles and the time taken to fill these
the ratio of the corresponding values of x and y bottles are in direct proportion.
remains constant. Therefore, we obtain

840 x
1 1 =
We have, = . 6 5
8 8
840 ´ 5
So, x and y are in direct variation with the constant x= = 700
6
1 1
of variation equals to . This means that x is Thus, 700 bottles will be filled in 5 hours.
8 8
5. A photograph of a bacteria enlarged 50,000 times
of y and y is eight times of x. Thus, the required
attains a length of 5 cm as shown in the diagram.
4 7 12 20 What is the actual length of the bacteria? If the
entries are , , , .
32 56 96 160 photograph is enlarged 20,000 times only, what
would be its enlarged length?
Thus, table becomes Pili

Parts of red pigment 1 4 7 12 20

Parts of base 8 32 56 96 160
Flagella Nucleoid

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 Class-VIII

5
Sol. Actual length of the bacteria = cm 9 ´ 106 x 5 ´ 9 ´ 106
50000 (i) = Þ x=
2 5 2
1 1
= cm = cm = 10–4 cm
10000 104 9 ´ 10 ´ 106 9
Suppose x be the enlarged length of the bacteria Þ x= = × 107 = 2.25 × 107
4 4
when its photograph is enlarged 20000 times. Then
the information can be put in the following tabular Hence, 5kg of sugar contains 2.25 × 107 crystals.
form :
9 ´ 106 y 1.2 ´ 9 ´ 106
Enlarged length (in cm) 5 x (ii) = Þy=
2 1.2 2
Enlarged photograph 50000 20000
Clearly, it is a case of direct variation. Þ y = 0.6 × 9 × 106 = 5.4 × 106
5 x Hence 1.2 kg of sugar contains 5.4 × 106 crystals.
\ =
50000 20000 8. Rashmi has a road map with a scale of 1cm
5 representing 18km. She drives on a road for 72km.
Þ x= × 20000 = 2 What would be her distance covered in the map.
50000
Hence, its enlarged length is 2 cm. Sol. Let the distance represented on the map be x cm.
6. In a model of a ship, the mast is 9 cm high, while The given information in the form of a table is as
the mast of the actual ship is 12 m high. If the length
follows.
of the ship is 28 m, how long is the model ship?
Sol. Let the length of the mast of the model ship be x
cm. The given information in the form of a table is Distance covered on road (in km) 18 72
as follows : Distance represented on map (in cm) 1 x

Height of mast Length of ship The distances covered on road and represented on
Model ship 9 cm x map are directly proportional to each other.
Actual ship 12 m 28 m Therefore, we obtain
We know that the dimensions of the actual ship and 18 72 72
the model ship are directly proportional to each = Þ x= =4
1 x 18
other.
Hence, the distance represented on the map is
12 28 4 cm.
Therefore, we obtain : =
9 x 9. A 5m 60cm high vertical pole casts a shadow 3m
20cm long. Find at the same time (i) the length of
28 ´ 9
x= = 21 the shadow cast by another pole 10m 50cm high
12
(ii) the height of a pole which casts a shadow 5m
Thus, the length of the model ship is 21 cm. long.
7. Suppose 2 kg of sugar contains 9 × 106 crystals. Sol. Let x m be the length of the pole whose shadow
How many sugar crystals are there in (i) 5 kg of sugar is of length 10m 50cm. Let y m be the length of
(ii) 1.2 kg of sugar the pole whose shadow is 5m long.
Then, the given information can be exhibited in the
Sol. Let x and y crystals are in 5kg of sugar and 1.2 kg
following tabular form :
of sugar. Then, the given information can be
exhibited in the following tabular form : Length of p ole
5.60 10.50 y
(in m)
6
No. of crystals 9 × 10 x y length of its
3.20 x 5
Sugar (in kg) 2 5 1.2 shadow (in m)
Clearly, it is a case of direct variation.
Clearly, it is a case of direct variation.

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Sol. (i) We know that, more is the number of workers

5.60 10.50 to do a job, less is the time taken to finish the
(i) =
3.20 x job.
So, it is a case of inverse proportion.
3.20 (ii) Clearly, more the time taken, more is the
Þ x = 10.50 × =6
5.60 distance covered. So, it is a case of direct
variation.
Hence, the length of the shadow in 6m.
(iii) Clearly, more is the area of cultivated land, more
5.60 y 5.60 is the crop harvested. So, it is a case of direct
(ii) = Þy=5× = 8.75 proportion.
3.20 5 3.20
(iv) Clearly, more the time taken less is the speed
Hence, the length of the pole is 8.75 metres. of vehicle. So, it is a case of inverse variation.
10. A loaded truck travels 14km in 25 minutes. If the (v) Clearly, more is the population, less is the area
speed remains the same, how far can it travel in of land per person in a country.
5 hours? So, it is a case of inverse proportion.
Sol. Let the distance travelled by the truck in 5 hours 2. In a television game show, the prize money of
be x km. ` 1,00,000 is to be divided equally amongst the
We know, 1 hour = 60 minutes winners. Complete the following table and find
whether the prize money given to an individual
\ 5 hours = (5 × 60) minutes = 300 minutes
winner is directly or inversely proportional to the
The given information in the form of a table is as number of winners?
follows.
Number of Prize for each winner
Distance travelled (in km) 14 x winners (in `)
1 1,00,000
Time (in min) 25 300
2 50,000
The distance travelled by the truck and the time 4 ----
taken by the truck are directly proportional to each 5 ----
other. Therefore, 8 ----
14 x 10 ----
=
25 300 20 ----

14 ´ 300 Sol. Clearly, more the number of winners, less is the prize
x= = 168 for each winner. So, it is a case of inverse proportion.
25
Hence, the distance travelled by the truck is \ 4 × x = 1 × 100000
168 km. 100000
Þ x= = 25000
4
EXERCISE : 13.2 Thus, for 4 it is ` 25000
1. Which of the following are in inverse proportion? 5 × y = 1 × 100000
(i) The number of workers on a job and the time to
complete the job. 100000
Þ y= = 20000
(ii) The time taken for a journey and the distance 5
travelled in a uniform speed. Thus, for 5 it is ` 20000.
(iii) Area of cultivated land and the crop harvested.
8 × z = 1 × 100000
(iv) The time taken for a fixed journey and the speed
of the vehicle. 100000
Þ z= = 12500
(v) The population of a country and the area of land 8
per person. Thus, for 8 it is ` 12500.
10 × t = 1 × 100000

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 Class-VIII

100000 Thus, the following table is obtained.

Þ t= = 10000
10 Number of spokes 4 6 8 10 12
Thus, for 10 it is ` 10000. Angle between a pair 90° 60° 45° 36° 30°
20 × w = 1 × 100000 of consecutive spokes
100000 (i) Yes, the number of spokes and the angles
Þ w= = 5000
20 formed between the pairs of consecutive
Thus, for 20 it is ` 5000. spokes are in inverse proportion.
3. Rehman is making a wheel using spokes. He wants
(ii) Let the angle between a pair of consecutive
to fix equal spokes in such a way that the angles
spokes on a wheel with 15 spokes be x.
between any pair of consecutive spokes are equal.
Therefore, 4 × 90° = 15 × x
Help him by completing the following table.
4 ´ 90°
x= = 24°
15

Hence, the angle between a pair of consecutive

spokes of a wheel, which has 15 spokes in it,
Number of spokes 4 6 8 10 12 is 24°.
Angle between a (iii) Let the number of spokes in a wheel, which has
pair of consecutive 90° 60° ... ... ... 40° angles between a pair of consecutive
spokes
spokes, be y. Therefore,
(i) Are the number of spokes and the angles formed 4 × 90° = y × 40°
between the pair of consecutive spokes in inverse
4 ´ 90°
proportion? y= =9
40
(ii) Calculate the angle between a pair of consecutive
spokes on a wheel with 15 spokes. Hence, the number of spokes in such a wheel
(iii) How many spokes would be needed, if the angle is 9.
between a pair of consecutive spokes is 40°? 4. If a box of sweets is divided among 24 children, they
Sol. A table of the given information is as follows. will get 5 sweets each. How many would each get,
if the number of the children is reduced by 4?
Number of spokes 4 6 8 10 12 Sol. Number of remaining children = 24 – 4 = 20
Angle between a pair of 90° 60° x 1 x 2 x 3 Let the number of sweets which each of the
consecutive spokes 20 students will get, be x.
From the given table, we obtain The following table is obtained.
4 × 90° = 360° = 6 × 60°
Number of students 24 20
Thus, the number of spokes and the angle between
Number of sweets 5 x
a pair of consecutive spokes are inversely
proportional to each other. Therefore, If the number of students is lesser, then each student
4 × 90° = x1 × 8 will get more number of sweets.
4 ´ 90° Since this is a case of inverse proportion,
x1 = = 45° 24 × 5 = 20 × x
8
4 ´ 90° 24 ´ 5
Similarly, x2 = = 36° and x= =6
10 20
4 ´ 90° Hence, each student will get 6 sweets.
x3 = = 30°
12

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5. A farmer has enough food to feed 20 animals in his So, it is a case of inverse proportion.
cattle for 6 days. How long would the food last if
25 ´ 12
there were 10 more animals in his cattle? \ 25 × 12 = x × 20 Þ x = = 15
20
Sol. Let the food will now last for x days. Then,
Hence, the boxes needed for packing is 15.
Number of animals 20 30
Number of days 6 x 8. A factory requires 42 machines to produce a given
number of articles in 63 days. How many machines
Clearly, more is the number of animals, less will be
would be required to produce the same number of
the number of days for food to last.
articles in 54 days?
So, it is a case inverse proportion.
20 ´ 6 Sol. Let the number of machines to produce the articles
\ 20 × 6 = 30 × x Þ x = =4 in 54 days = x
30
Hence, the food will now last for 4 days. According to question
6. A contractor estimates that 3 persons could rewire
Jasminder's house in 4 days. If, he uses 4 persons Number of days 63 54
instead of three, how long should they take to Number of persons 42 x
complete the job?
Sol. Let the number of days = x Since number of days are decreasing, number of
According to question machines must be increasing.
Number of days 4 x \ The problem is in inverse proportion
Number of persons 3 4
Since the given problem is in inverse proportion. 63 ´ 42
i.e., x = Þ x = 49
\ 4 ×3 = x × 4 54
4´3
Þ =x Þ x=3 Thus, number of machines required to produce the
4
same number of articles in 54 days = 49.
\ 4 persons will take 3 days to complete the job.
7. A batch of bottles were packed in 25 boxes with 9. A car takes 2 hours to reach a destination by travelling
12 bottles in each box. If the same batch is packed at the speed of 60 km/h. How long will it take when
using 20 bottles in each box, how many boxes would the car travels at the speed of 80 km/h?
be filled?
Sol. Let the car takes x hours to reach a destination by
travelling at the speed of 80 km/h. Then,

Speed (in km/hr) 60 80

Time (in hours) 2 x

Clearly, more the speed, less will be the time taken.

So, it is a case of inverse proportion.

Sol. Let x boxes be needed when 20 bottles are packed
in each box. Then,
60 ´ 2 3
\ 60 × 2 = 80 × x Þ x = =
Number of boxes 25 x 80 2
Number of bottles per box 12 20
Clearly, more is the number of bottles, less will be 1
the number of boxes needed for packing. Hence, the time taken will be 1 hours.
2

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10. Two persons could fit new windows in a house in Lesser the number of days, more will be the number
3 days. of person required to fit all the windows. Hence, this
is a case of inverse proportion.
(i) One of the persons fell ill before the work
started. How long would the job take now? Therefore, 2 × 3 = y × 1

(ii) How many persons would be needed to fit the y=6

windows in one day?
Hence, 6 person are required to fit all the windows
Sol. (i) Let the number of days required by 1 man to in one day.
fit all the windows be x. The following table is
11. A school has 8 periods a day each of 45 minutes
obtained.
duration. How long would each period be if the
Number of persons 2 1 school has 9 periods a day, assuming the number
Number of days 3 x of school hours to be the same?

Lesser the number of persons, more will be the Sol. Let x minutes be the duration of period when the
number of days required to fit all the windows. school has 9 periods a day. Then
Hence, this is a case of inverse proportion.
Therefore, Number of periods 8 9
Duration of periods (in minutes) 45 x
2 ×3 = 1 × x
Clearly, more the periods, less will be the duration
x=6
of the period.
Hence, the number of days taken by 1 man to fit
So, it is a case of inverse proportion.
all the windows is 6.
\ 8 × 45 = 9 × x
(ii) Let the number of persons required to fit all
the windows in one day be y. The following table
8 ´ 45
is formed. Þ x= = 40
9
Number of persons 2 Y
Number of days 3 1 Hence, the duration of period is 40 minutes.

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EXERCISE # 1
Multiple choice questions 12. What least number must be subtracted from each
1. If a : b = 3 : 4 and b : c = 5 : 9, then a : b : c is of the numbers 14, 17, 34 and 42 so that the
(1) 15 : 20 : 36 (2) 20 : 36 : 15 remainders may be proportional?
(3) 3 : 20 : 9 (4) None of these (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 7
2. If a : b = 8 : 9, b : c = 18 : 40, then a : c is 13. The ratio of third proportional to 12 and 30 and
(1) 1 : 5 (2) 5 : 2 (3) 2 : 5 (4) None the mean proportional between 9 and 25 is
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 5 : 1 (3) 7 : 15 (4) 9 : 14
3. What number shall be added to each of the numbers
4, 7, 14, 22 to form the terms in a proportion? 14. The average age of three boys is 25 years and their
ages are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 7. The age of the youngest
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
boy is
4. What is the correct order in which 4, 12, 15, 5 be
(1) 21 years (2) 18 years
written so as to form the terms in proportion?
(3) 15 years (4) 9 years
(1) 4, 15, 12, 5 (2) 4, 15, 5, 12
15. Three containers have their volumes in the ratio
(3) 15, 5, 4, 12 (4) 15, 12, 5, 4
3 : 4 : 5. They are full of mixtures of milk and
5. If the cost of 48 bags of paddy is ` 16800, then water. The mixtures contain milk and water in the
cost of 36 bags of paddy is ratio of (4 : 1), (3 : 1) and (5 : 2) respectively.
(1) ` 12000 (2) ` 12600 The ratio of milk and water in the fourth container
contains all the above three mixtures is
(3) ` 16200 (4) None of these
(1) 4 : 1 (2) 151 : 48
6. If A : B = 5 : 7 and B : C = 6 : 11, then A : B : C is
(3) 157 : 53 (4) 5 : 2
(1) 55 : 77 : 66 (2) 30 : 42 : 77
(3) 35 : 49 : 42 (4) None of these 16. x varies inversely as square of y. Given that y = 2 for
x = 1. The value of x for y = 6 will be equal to
A B C
7. If A : B : C = 2 : 3 : 4, then : : is equal to
B C A 1 1
(1) 3 (2) 9 (3) (4)
(1) 4 : 9 : 16 (2) 8 : 9 : 12 3 9
(3) 8 : 9 : 16 (4) 8 : 9 : 24 17. If the cost of "x" metres of wire is "d" rupees, then
what is the cost of "y" metres of wire at the same
1 3 1 5 5 3
8. If A : B = : , B : C = : and C : D = : , rate?
2 8 3 9 6 4
æ xy ö
then the ratio A : B : C : D is (1) ` çè ÷ø (2) ` (xy)
d
(1) 4 : 6 : 8 : 10 (2) 6 : 4 : 8 : 10
æ yd ö
(3) 6 : 8 : 9 : 10 (4) 8 : 6 : 10 : 9 (3) ` (yd) (4) ` ç ÷
è x ø
1 1 1 1 18. If the price of 6 toys is ` 264.37, what will be the
9. If : = : , then the value of x is
5 x x 1.25 approximate price of 5 toys?

(1) 1.5 (2) 2 (3) 2.5 (4) 3.5 (1) ` 140 (2) ` 100
(3) ` 200 (4) ` 220
10. If 0.75 : x : : 5 : 8, then x is equal to
19. The price of 357 mangoes is ` 1517.25. What will
(1) 1.12 (2) 1.20 (3) 1.25 (4) 1.30
be the approximate price of 49 dozens of such
11. If 76 is divided into four parts proportional to 7, 5, mangoes?
3, 4, then the smallest part is
(1) ` 3000 (2) ` 3500
(1) 12 (2) 15 (3) 16 (4) 19
(3) ` 4000 (4) ` 2500

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20. If a quarter kg of green chillies cost 60 paise, how 25. A rope makes 70 rounds of the circumference of a
many paise will 200 g cost? cylinder whose radius of the base is 14 cm. How
many times can it go round a cylinder of radius
(1) 48 paise (2) 54 paise
20 cm?
(3) 56 paise (4) 72 paise (1) 40 (2) 49
(3) 100 (4) None of these
21. If 11.25 m of a uniform iron rod weighs 42.75 kg,
26. Indicate in which of the following equations, y is
what will be the weight of 6 m of the same rod?
neither directly nor inversely proportional to x
(1) 22.8 kg (2) 25.6 kg (1) 3x + y = 10 (2) x = 5y
(3) x ¸ y = 10 (4) 3xy = 10
(3) 28 kg (4) 26.5 kg
27. Given two quantities x and y. If an increase in x
22. On a scale of map, 0.6 cm represents 6.6 km. If cause a proportionate decrease in y (and vice-verse)
the distance between the points on the map is 80.5 such that their product remains constant then x and
cm, the actual distance between these points is y are said to be
(1) Independent (2) Directly related
(1) 9 km (2) 72.5 km (3) Inversely related (4) None of these
(3) 190.75 km (4) 885.5 km 28. If 3 : 5 = 30 : x, then x is
(1) 16 (2) 50
23. A flagstaff 17.5 m high casts a shadow of length (3) 2 (4) 25
40.25m. The height of the building which casts a 29. A can do a piece of work in 8 days and B can do it
shadow of length 28.75 m under similar conditions in 4 days. Both of them working together will finish
will be it in
(1) 12 days (2) 4 days
(1) 10 m (2) 12.5 m
2
(3) 17.5 m (4) 21.25 m (3) 2 days (4) 2 days
3
30. If 45 students can consume a stock of food in
24. 36 men can complete a piece of work in 18 days.
2 months, then for how many days the same stock
In how many days will 27 men complete the same
of food will last for 27 students?
work?
(1) 100 days (2) 144 days
(1) 12 (2) 18 (3) 22 (4) 24 (3) 160 days (4) 180 days

EXERCISE # 1 ANSWER KEY

Multiple choice questions

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 3 2 4 2 2 4 4 3 2 1 3 2 3 3
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 2 4 2 1 3 2 4 1

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EXERCISE # 2
Very short answer type questions 12. A garrison of 300 men had food for 20 days.
1. Find the ratio in the simplest form However, 50 men leave. How many days the food
(a) 5 minutes to 15 minutes will last now?

(b) 16 years to 18 years 13. Tinku pours 105 granules of sand per second in a
(c) 8 months to 2 years bottle and it takes him 320 seconds to fill it. How
much time will he take to fill that bottle, if he pours
2. If one score oranges cost ` 45, how many oranges
can be bought for ` 72? 106 granules per second?

3. If a car covers 82.5 kms in 5.5 litres of petrol, how 14. Meena, Neena and Raveena can knit a shawl in
much distance will it cover in 13.2 litres of petrol? 6, 4 and 8 hours respectively. What portion of the
4. If 5 men or 7 women can earn ` 875 per day, how shawl will they knit in 1 hour if they work together?
much would 10 men and 5 women earn per day? 15. If 72 men can do a certain piece of work in
5. Simplify the following ratios. 25 days, in how many days will 30 men do it.
1 7 1 3 16. A and B together can do a piece of work in
(i) 10 :1 (ii) 6.5 : 5.2 (iii) 16 : 6
5 10 2 2 15 days, while B alone can finish it 20 days. In how
2 1 many days can A alone finish the work?
(iv) 100 : 4 (v) 4 : 4 (vi) 3.75 : 1.25
7 2
17. Two taps A and B fill an overhead water tank in
Short answer type questions
12 hours and 8 hours respectively. If both of them
6. A shopkeeper sells 60 pastries, 45 sandwiches and
80 chocolate cakes. Write down each of the are opened together, how long would they take to
following ratios in the simplest form : fill the tank completely?
(i) Number of sandwiches to the number of Long answer type questions
chocolate cakes.
18. 1000 soldiers in a fort had enough food for
(ii) Number of pastries t o the number of
20 days. But some soldiers were transferred to
sandwiches.
another fort and the food lasted for 25 days.
(iii) Number of chocolate cakes to the number of
How many soldiers were transferred?
pastries.
7. If 52 men can do a piece of work in 35 days, in 19. A consignment of fodder feeds 1260 cattle for
how many days 28 men will do it? 50 days. Given that each cattle eats the fodder at a
8. If 15 workers can build a wall in 48 hours, how constant rate, find.
many workers will be required to do the same work
(i) The number of days the same consignment of
in 30 hours?
fodder can feed 1575 cattle.
9. 12 persons can dig 324 cubic metres earth in a day.
How many persons will be required to dig 270 cubic (ii) The number of cattle that can be fed for 75 days.
metres earth?
20. A cistern can be filled by two taps A and B in
10. The daily consumption of rice in a hostel with 240 12 hours and 16 hours respectively. The full cistern
students is 12 kg. Find the consumption of rice if
can be emptied by a third tap C in 8 hours. If all
the number of students is reduced to 170.
the taps are turned on at the same time, in how
11. A building 15 m high, casts a shadow 1.8 m long.
What would the height of a pole be, if at the same much time will the empty cistern be filled
time, its shadow is 60 cm? completely?

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21. A train leaves Kanyakumari for Warangal on 23. A train running at the speed of 60 km/hr. It crosses
a certain pole that is in the way in 9 seconds. What
Tuesday at 10:30 am. If Warangal is 1586 km from
is the length of the train?
Kanyakumari, when will it reach there if its speed
24. Two trains 163 m and 187 m long are running on
is 39 km/hr? parallel tracks in the opposite directions with a
22. Shalu cycles to her school at an average of 12 km/hr. speed of 47 km/hr and 43 km/hr in. How long will
It takes her 20 minutes to reach the school. If she it take to cross each other?
wants to reach her school in 15 minutes, what should 25. Two trains 130 m and 140 m long are running on
parallel tracks in the same direction with a speed
be her average speed?
of 68 km/hr and 50 km/hr. How long will it take
to clear off each other from the moment they meet?

EXERCISE # 2 ANSWER KEY

Very short answer type questions
1. (a) 1 : 3, (b) 8 : 9 (c) 1 : 3
2. 32
3. 198 kms
4. ` 2375
5. (i) 6 : 1 (ii) 5 : 4 (iii) 11 : 5 (iv) 25 : 1 (v) 20 : 21 (vi) 3 : 1
Short answer type questions
6. (i) 9 : 16 (ii) 4 : 3 (iii) 4 : 3
7. 65 days
8. 24 workers
9. 10 persons
10. 8.5 kg
11. 5 m
12. 24 days
13. 32 sec.
13
14.
24
15. 60 days
16. 60 days
4
17. 4 hours
5
Long answer type questions
18. 200
19. (i) 40 days (ii) 840 cattle
20. 48 hrs
21. Thursday, 3 : 10 am
22. 16 km/hr
23. 150 metres
24. 14 seconds
25. 5 m/sec

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CHAPTER 14 COMPARING QUANTITIES

"We are already familiar with

ratio and percentage.In a
simple case the profit or loss
equals the increase or
decrease in the company's
assets. In order to understand
how various type of
transaction works, this chapter
helps to have a complete
understanding of simpleinterest
and compound interest."

1. Percentage
The word percent is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase / word 'per centum'
which means per hundred or hundredths.
Thus, the word 'percentage' literally means 'per hundred or every hundred'.
Therefore, whenever we calculate something as a part of 100 that part is
numerically termed as 'percentage'.
Symbol : In short 'percentage' is written as P.C. and symbolically it is denoted
as %.
Conversion of percentage into fraction
a
To express a% as a fraction, divide ‘a’ by 100 i.e., a% =
100
35
Ex. We have, 35% =
100
Thus, a fraction with its denominator 100 is equal to that percent as is the
numerator.
8 12 60 3
So, 8% = , 12% = , 60% = = =3:5
100 100 100 5
Conversion of a fraction into percentage
To convert a fraction into a percent, we multiply the fraction by 100 and
put the percent sign %.
4 æ4 ö 9 æ 9 ö
Ex. Thus = ´ 100 ÷ % = 80%, =ç ´ 100 ÷ % = 45%
5 çè 5 ø 20 è 20 ø
Conversion of a percentage into decimal form
To convert a given percent in decimal form, we express it as a fraction with
denominator as 100 and then the fraction is written in decimal form.
65 7.4
Ex. 65% = = 0.65, 7.4% = = 0.074
100 100

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Conversion of a decimal fraction into percentage

In order to convert a given decimal into a percent, we move the decimal
point on the right side by two digits and put the percent sign %.
Ex. 0.122 = 12.2%, 0.275 = 27.5%, 0.037 = 3.7%.
T o find the value of a certain percent of any quantity
To find the value of a certain percent of a given quantity, we first convert the
percent into a fraction and then multiply the result with the given quantity.

P
i.e. P% of x = ×x
100

(i) Find 12% of `1200. (ii) What is 45% of 500?

Explanation
12
(i) 12% of `1200 = ` × 1200 = `144
100

45
(ii) 45% of 500 = 500 × = 225
100

1
In a school out of 600 students, 12 % were absent. Find the number
2
of students absent.
Explanation
\ Total number of students = 600
1 25
\ Absent students 12 % i.e., %
2 2

1
\ Number of absent students = 600 × 12 %
2

25 1
\ = 600 × × = 75
2 100

Malvika gets 98 marks in her exams. This amounts to 56% of the total
marks. What are the maximum marks.
Solution
Let the maximum marks be x. Then, 56% of x = 98

56 100
Þ × x = 98 Þ x = 98 × Þ x = 175
100 56

Hence, the maximum marks are 175.

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(i) 15% of which number is 45. (ii) What percentage of 364 is 273?
(iii) What percentage of 75 is 125?
Explanation
(i) Suppose the number is x.
15% of x is 45
15 100
or x × = 45 or x = 45 × = 300
100 15
\ The required number is 300.
273
(ii) Percentage = ´ 100 = 75%
364

125
(iii) Percentage = ´ 100 = 166.66%
75

A football team won 10 games from the total they played. This was 40%
of the total. How many games were played in all?
Solution
Let total games played be x.
40 10 ´ 100
So, 40% of x = 10 or x × = 10 or x= = 25
100 40
Thus, total games were 25.

The price of a scooter which was `34000 last year increased by 20% this
year. What is the price now?
Solution
Let the original price be `100, Increased in price = `20
\ Increased price = `100 + `20 = `120
If original price is `100, increased price = `120
If original price is `34000, increased price
120
=` ´ 34000 = `40800.
100

The population of a town increases by 6% every year. If the present

population is 15900, find its population a year ago.
Solution
Let the population of the town be 100, a year ago. Then,
Increases in population = 6% of 100 = 6
\ Present population = 106
If present population is 106, population a year ago = 100

100
If present population is 1, population a year ago =
106

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If present population is 15900, population a year ago

100
= × 15900 = 15000
106

Hence, the population of the town a year ago was 15000.

Remark : If length & breadth of a rectangle is changed by a% & b%
ì a × bü
respectively, then % change in area will be = ía ± b ± ý
î 100 þ
2. Profit and loss
(i) Cost price (C.P.) : The price at which an article is purchased is
called its cost price (C.P.)
(ii) Selling price (S.P.) : The price at which an article is sold is known
as its selling price.
(iii) Gain or profit : When S.P. > C.P. then there is a gain.

Gain or profit = S.P. - C.P.

(iv) Loss : When S.P. < C.P. then there is a loss.

Loss = C.P. - S.P.

Remark : The gain (profit) or loss is always reckoned on the cost price.
Some important formulae

æ Gain ö C.P.× Gain%

(a) Gain % = ç ×100÷ % or Gain =
è C.P. ø 100

æ Loss ö C.P.× Loss%

(b) Loss % = ç × 100÷ % or Loss =
è C.P. ø 100

(c) To find C.P. when S.P. and gain% or loss% are given.

100 100
(i) C.P. = × S.P. (ii) C.P. = × S.P.
100 + Gain% 100 – Loss%

(d) To find S.P. when C.P. and gain% or loss% are given.

100 + Gain% 100 – Loss%

(i) S.P. = × C.P. (ii) S.P. = × C.P.
100 100

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If the C.P. of 25 chairs is equal to the S.P. of 30 chairs, find the loss percent.
Explanation
Let the C.P. of each chair be Re.1. Then,
C.P. of 30 chairs = ` 30
THE
It is given that, SPOT P
S.P. of 30 chairs = C.P. of 25 chairs LIGHT
Þ S.P. of 30 chairs = ` 25 Increase %
æ Increase ö
Clearly, S.P. < C.P. So, there is loss given by = çç × 100 ÷÷ %
è Original value ø
Loss = C.P. – S.P. = Rs (30 – 25) = `5 Decrease %
æ Decrease ö
= ç × 100 ÷ %
æ Loss ö æ 5 ö 2 Original value
Now, Loss % = ç C.P. × 100 ÷ % = ç ´ 100 ÷ % = 16 % è ø
è ø è 30 ø 3

2
Hence, Loss% = 16 %
3

A man purchases two fans for `2160. By selling one fan at a profit of 15%
and the other at a loss of 9%, he neither gains nor losses in the whole
transaction. Find the cost price of each fan.
Solution
Let the cost price of first fan be ` x. Then,
Cost price of second fan = ` (2160 – x)
It is given that
In the whole transaction, the man neither gains nor losses.
\ Gain on the sale of first fan = Loss in the sale of second fan
Þ 15% of ` x = 9% of ` (2160 – x)

15 9
Þ ´x = × (2160 – x) Þ 15x = 9 (2160 – x)
100 100

Þ 5x = 3 (2160 – x) Þ 5x = 6480 – 3x

6480
Þ 5x + 3x = 6480 Þ 8x = 6480 Þ x = Þ x = 810
8

\ C.P. of first fan = ` 810

C.P. of second fan = ` (2160 – x) = ` (2160 – 810) = ` 1350.

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 Class-VIII

Neera sold a sewing machine to Meera at 16% profit. Meera sold it to

Madhu at a loss of 10%. If Madhu paid `1670.40 for the machine, find
the cost price of machine for Neera.
Explanation
Cost price for Madhu = Selling price for Meera = `1670.40
ì If C.P. is 100
Meera suffered a loss = 10% means í
î then S.P. is90
Q The S.P. for Meera is `90 then the C.P. is ` 100
100
\ The S.P. for Meera is `1670.40 then the C.P. is ´ 1670.40
90
= `1856.
\ The selling price of sewing machine for Neera is `1856
ì If C.P. is 100
Neera earned a profit = 16% means í
î then S.P. is 116
Q The S.P. for Neera is `116 then the C.P. is `100.
100
\ The S.P. for Neera is `1856 then the C.P. is ´ 1856 = Rs.1600
116
\ The cost price of sewing machine for Neera is `1600.

Mohan purchased an article for `125 and sold it to Sohan at 12% profit.
Sohan then sold it to Rohan at 10% loss. Find the price paid by Rohan.
Solution
For Mohan, cost price of the article is ` 125.

ì If C.P. is 100
Profit = 12% means í
î then S.P. is 112

Q When the C.P. is ` 100 then the S.P. will be ` 112

112
\ When the C.P. is ` 125 then the S.P. will be ´ 125 = Rs.140
100
\ C.P. for Sohan = ` 140
ì If C.P. is 100
The loss = 10% means í
î then S.P. is90
Q For Sohan when C.P. is ` 100 then the S.P. is ` 90
90
\ For Sohan when C.P. is ` 140 then the S.P. is ` ´ 140 = Rs.126
100
\ For Rohan the cost price is ` 126
Hence, Rohan had to pay ` 126 for the article.

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 Mathematics-2

On selling 20 articles a shopkeeper gains the cost price of 4 articles.

Find his gain percent.
Solution
S.P. of 20 articles = C.P. of 20 articles + C.P. of 4 articles = C.P. of
24 articles.
Let C.P. of one article be Re. 1
\ C.P. of 20 articles = ` 20
S.P. of 20 articles = C.P. of 24 articles = Rs 24

24 6
\ S.P. of one article = ` = Rs.
20 5

6 6–5 1
\ Gain = –1 = =`
5 5 5

1
Total gain 1
\ Gain% = ´ 100 = 5 ´ 100 = ´ 100 = 20%
C.P. 1 5

3. Discount
Marked Price (M.P.) or List Price (L.P.) : The price written on the article
or tagged with the articles is called the Marked Price (M.P.) or List Price
(L.P.)
Discount : The deduction made on the marked price is called discount.
Discount is generally given as a certain percent of the marked price. It is
always calculated on the marked price or list price.
Selling Price/Net Price : The difference between the marked price and
the discount is called the selling price or net price of the article.
Note : Discount is given on the marked price only.
S.P. = M.P. – Discount
Discount = Marked price (M.P) – Selling price (S.P.)

M.P × Discount%
Discount % = Discount ×100 or Discount =
M.P. 100
S.P.×100 M.P.× (100 – Discount%)
M.P. = or S.P. =
100 – Discount% 100
M.P. – S.P.
Discount % = ×100
M.P.
Successive discounts : Two successive discounts of x% and y% allowed
æ xy ö
on an item are equivalent to a single discount of çè x + y – ÷%
100 ø
Note : This discount is always less than the sum of individual discounts.

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 Class-VIII

A dealer buys an article for ` 380. At what price must he mark it so that
after allowing a discount of 5%, he still makes a profit of 25%?
Explanation
We have, C.P. of the article = ` 380, Gain = 25%
æ 100 + Gain% ö
\ S.P. of the article = ç ´ C.P. ÷
è 100 ø
Þ S.P. of the article
æ 100 + 25 ö æ 125 ö
=` ç ´ 380 ÷ = ` ç ´ 380 ÷ = ` 475
è 100 ø è 100 ø
Now, suppose the dealer marks ` 100 as the price of the article.
He allows 5% discount on it.

M.P × Discount% 100

Discount = = ´5
100 100
\ Discount = ` 5
\ S.P. = M.P. – Discount = ` 100 – 5 = 95
Thus, If S.P. is ` 95, then M.P. = ` 100
100
If S.P. is Re.1, then M.P. = `
95
100
If S.P. is `475, then M.P. = ` × 475 = ` 500
95

Jasmine allows 4% discount on the marked price of her goods and still earns
a profit of 20%. What is the cost price of a shirt, marked at ` 850?
Solution
M.P. of shirt = ` 850
Rate of discount = 4%
4
\ Discount allowed = ` × 850 = ` 34
100
Thus, S.P. of shirt = ` 850 – ` 34 = ` 816
Now, profit% of jasmine = 20
Therefore, C.P.
100 ´ S.P. 100 ´ 816 100 ´ 816
= = Rs. =` = ` 680
(100 + profit%) (100 + 20) 120
Thus, C.P. of shirt = ` 680.
4. Value added tax (VAT) / sales tax (S.T.)
Sales tax (S.T.) is a tax which is paid by us when we buy items.
Remark : S.T. is charged by the government on the sale of an item. It is
collected by the shopkeeper from the customer and given to the
government. So, S.T. is always calculated on selling price of an item and is
added to the value of the bill. So, the prices include the tax known as value
added tax (VAT).

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 Mathematics-2

Rate of sales tax

Calculation of sales tax : Sales tax = Selling price ×
100
Sales tax
Rate of sales tax = ´ 100
S.P.
Price including sales tax = Selling price + Sales tax.

David purchased a pair of shoes for ` 441 including value added tax. If
the marked price of the shoes is ` 420, find the rate of value added tax.
Explanation
Let the rate of value added tax be x%, then,
Value added tax = x% of ` 420

æ x ö 21
= ` ç ´ 420 ÷ = Rs. x
è 100 ø 5
\ Selling price of shoes

æ 21x ö
= ` ç 420 +
è 5 ÷ø
But, selling price of shoes is ` 441

21x 21x
\ 420 + = 441 Þ = 21 Þ x = 5
5 5
Hence, the rate of value added tax is 5%

Samir bought a shirt for ` 336, including 12% VAT and a neck-tie for
` 110, including 10% VAT. Find the printed price (without VAT) of shirt
and necktie together.
Solution
Let the printed price of the shirt be ` x and that of neck-tie be Rs y. Then,
12x 3x
VAT on shirt = 12% of ` x = Rs =`
100 25
10 y y
VAT on neck-tie = 10% of ` y = Rs =`
100 10

æ 3x ö 28x
\ Selling price of shirt = ` ç x + = ` and Selling price of
è 25 ÷ø 25

æ y ö 11 y
neck-tie = ` ç y + ÷= `
è 10 ø 10
But, selling prices of shirt and neck-tie are ` 336 and ` 110 respectively.
28x 11 y 336 ´ 25 110 ´ 10
\ = 336 and = 110 Þ x = and y =
25 10 28 11
Þ x = 300 and y = 100
Hence, the total printed price of the shirt and neck-tie = ` (300 + 100)
= ` 400

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 Class-VIII

5. Simple interest and compound interest

(a) Simple interest (S.I.) : The interest charged on the initial principal is
called simple interest. If P is the principal, R is the rate of interest per
annum and T is the time in years, then the simple interest is given by

P ×R× T
S.I. = where P = Principal, R = Rate, T = Time, SI = Simple
100
interest

Find the principal at the rate of 10%, the simple interest on it for 3 years
is ` 150.
Explanation
Given : Rate = 10%, Time = 3 years, Interest = 150
To find : Principal (P)
From the formula

PRT
Simple interest =
100

10
or 150 = P × ×3
100

150 ´ 100
or P= = 500
3 ´ 10
Hence, the required principal is ` 500.
(b) Compound interest (C.I.) : The interest charged every year on the amount
of last year is called compound interest. When the interest is not paid in
the specified period and the interest is accrued to the principal for the
calculation of future interest, such an interest is known as compound interest.

Compound interest = Amount of the last time period – principal of the first
time period
CI = A – P.
n
é R ù
Where, A = P ê1 + ú
ë 100 û
Where P = Principal, R = Rate of interest, n = Time.

\ Compound interest (C.I.) = A – P

C.I. at the end of a certain specified period is equal to the difference
between the amount at the end of the period and the original principal.

éæ R ö
n
ù
Hence, C.I. = P êç1 + ÷ – 1ú
è 100 ø
ëê úû
Type-I : Finding the compound interest and the amount when interest
is compounded annually.

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 Mathematics-2

Find the compound interest on `10,000 for 2 years at rate of 8% per

annum.

Explanation

P = 10, 000, R = 8%, T = 2 years

n 2
æ R ö æ 8 ö 108 108
A = P ç1 + ÷ = 10000 ç 1 + ÷ = 10000 × × = 11664
è 100 ø è 100 ø 100 100

C.I. = A – P = 11664 – 10000 = ` 1664

Type-II : Computation of compound interest when interest is

compounded annually but time being a fraction.

1
Find the compound interest on ` 1500 for 2 years at 10% per annum,
2
when the interest is payable annually.

Solution

1
P = ` 1500, T = 2 years, R = 10%
2

Interest is paid annually.

n
æ R ö
A = P ç1 + ÷
è 100 ø

2
æ 10 ö æ 10 ö
= 1500 ç 1 + ÷ ç 1 + 200 ÷
è 100 ø è ø

110 110 105

1500 × × × = ` 1905.75
100 100 100

[Q Rate of interest is 10% annually, hence on ` 100 only ` 5 will be

charged]

Compound interest = Amount – Principal = 1905.75 – 1500 = ` 405.75

Type-III : Computation of compound interest when the interest is

compounded half yearly.

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 Class-VIII

Kapil deposited ` 1600 in a bank on 1st January, 2005. Find the amount
in his bank account on 1st January, 2006, if the bank pays interest at
THE 8% per annum and the interest is calculated every year on 30th June and
SPOT P 31st December.
LIGHT Solution
Growth and depreciation P = 1600, T = 1 year, Rate = 8%
Growth Rate : The growth rate for a
certain period is the ratio of the Interest is calculated every year on 30th June and 31st December, the
change in that period and the interest is payable half yearly.
magnitude just before this period,
which is expressed as percent. Time = 1 year = 2 half years
P = Final value after n years.
Rate = 8% per annum = 4% half yearly
Then rate of growth
Final value – Initial value 2
= × 100% æ 4 ö
Initial value Amount = 1600 × ç 1 + ÷
è 100 ø
P – P0
or R = × 100%
P0
104 104
= 1600 × ×
100 100

= ` 1730.56
Amount in Kapil's account on 1st Jan. 2006 = ` 1730.56

How much would a sum of ` 16000 amounts to in 2 years time at

10% per annum compound interest, interest being payable half-yearly?
Solution
Here, P = ` 16000, R = 10% per annum and n = 2 years.
Interest being payable half yearly, Time = 2 years = 4 half years,
Rate = 10% per annum = 5% half yearly
2n
æ R ö
\ Amount after 2 years = P ç 1 + ÷
è 200 ø

2´2
æ 10 ö
= ` 16000 × ç 1 + ÷
è 200 ø

4
æ 1 ö
= ` 16000 × ç 1 + ÷
è 20 ø

21 21 21 21
= ` 16000 × × × ×
20 20 20 20
= ` 19448.10
Hence, a sum of ` 16000 amounts to ` 19448.10 in 2 years.

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 Mathematics-2

Find the principal, if the compound interest at the rate of 5% p.a. for
3 years is ` 1261.
Explanation THE
Suppose the principal is ` 100 SPOT P
Rate = 5% per annum, Time (n) = 3 years LIGHT
3 3 3
æ 5 ö æ 1 ö æ 21 ö Results on population
\ Amount = ` 100 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 100 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 100 ç ÷ Let the present population of town be
è 100 ø è 20 ø è 20 ø
P0 and let there be an increase or
21 21 21 9261 decrease of R% per annum, then
= ` 100 × × × =` population after n years = P0
20 20 20 80
n
9261 9261 – 8000 æ R ö
\ Compound interest = ` – `100 = ` ç 1± ÷
80 80 è 100 ø
n
1261 æ R ö
=` Increase ; P = P0 × ç 1 + ÷
80 è 100 ø
n
1261 æ R ö
If the C.I. is ` , then the sum = ` 100 Decrease ; P = P0 × ç 1– ÷
80 è
100 ø
P0 = Original value, R = Rate of
80 increase or decrease, n = Period,
If the C.I. is Re 1, then the sum = ` 100 × P = Final value. (+) ® increase,
1261
(–) ® decrease
If the C.I. is ` 1261, then the sum
80
= ` 100 × × 1261 = ` 8000
1261

The value of a flat worth ` 500000 is depreciating at the rate of 10%

per annum. In how many years will its value be reduced to ` 364500?
Explanation
We have,
THE
Present value = ` 500000, Depreciated value = ` 364500
Rate of depreciation = 10% per annum. SPOT P
Let the depreciation period be of n years. Then, LIGHT
n
æ 10 ö Depreciation :
364500 = 500000 ç 1 - ÷ The relative decrease in the value of
è 100 ø a machine over a period of time is
n called its depreciation.
3645 æ 9 ö If P0 is the value of an article at a
Þ =ç ÷
5000 è 10 ø certain time and R% per annum is the
rate of depreciation, then the value
n
729 æ 9 ö Pn at the end of n years is given by
Þ =ç ÷
1000 è 10 ø n
æ R ö
Pn = P0 ç 1– ÷
æ 9 ö
3
æ 9 ö
n
è 100 ø
Þ ç ÷ =ç ÷
è 10 ø è 10 ø
Þ n=3
Hence, in 3 years the value of the flat will be reduced to ` 364500

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 Class-VIII

NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE : 8.1 5. If Chameli has ` 600 left after spending 75% of her
money, how much did she have in the beginning?
1. Find the ratio of the following :
Sol. We know, money left with Chameli = ` 600
(i) Speed of a cycle is 15 km per hour to the speed
of scooter 30 km per hour. % of money she spent = 75%
(ii) 5 m to 10 km (iii) 50 paise to ` 5 \ % of money left = 100% – 75% = 25%
Sol. (i) Speed of cycle which is 15 km/hr to the speed Let total money in the beginning be x
of scooter which is 30 km/hr = 15 km : 30 km \ 25% of x = ` 600
= 1 : 2. 25
(ii) The ratio is 5 m : 10 km or, × x = ` 600 or, x = ` 2400
100
or 5m : 10 × 103 m {Q 1km = 103 m} 6. If 60% people in a city like cricket, 30% like football
or 1 : 2000. and the remaining like other games, then what per
cent of the people like the other games? If the total
(iii) The ratio is 50 paise : ` 5 number of people are 50 lakh, find the exact
or, 50 paise : 500 paise {Q 1` = 100 paise} number of people separately for each type of game.
Sol. We have,
or, 1 : 10.
People who like cricket = 60%
2. Convert the following ratios to percentages :
People who like football = 30%
(i) 3 : 4 (ii) 2 : 3 \ People who like other games = (100 – 60 – 30)%
3 100 3 25 75 = 10%
Sol. (i) 3:4= ´ = ´ = = 75% Total number of people = 5000000
4 100 1 100 100
(ii) Ratio = 2 : 3 \ People who like cricket
60
2 2 = × 5000000 = 3000000 = 30 lakh
and percentage = × 100 = 66 % 100
3 3
People who like football
3. 72% of 25 students are good in mathematics.
How many are not good in mathematics? 30
= × 5000000 = 1500000 = 15 lakh
Sol. 72% of students are good in Mathematics. 100
\ Percentage of students not good in Mathematics and, the people who like other games
= 100% – 72% = 28% 10
= × 5000000 = 500000 = 5 lakh
Also, total number of students = 25 100

Hence, number of students not good in EXERCISE : 8.2

28 1. A man got a 10% increase in his salary. If his new
Mathematics = × 25 = 7 students
100 salary is ` 1,54,000, find his original salary.
4. A football team won 10 matches out of the total Sol. Let the salary before increment be ` 100. Then,
number of matches they played. If their winning increase in salary = ` 10
percentage was 40, then how many matches did \ Increased salary = ` (100 + 10) = ` 110
they play in all? If increased salary is ` 110, original salary
Sol. Let x games be played in all. = ` 100
Since 40% of the total games is given as 10, If increased salary is ` 154000, original salary
\ 40% of x = 10 æ 100 ö
= `ç ´ 154000 ÷ = ` 140000
40 100 è 110 ø
Þ × x = 10 Þ x = × 10 = 25
100 40 Hence, the salary of the man before increment was
Hence, the total games played were 25. ` 140000.

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 Mathematics-2

2. On Sunday 845 people went to the Zoo. On 5. A VCR and a TV were bought for ` 8,000 each.
Monday only 169 people went. What is the percent The shopkeeper incurred a loss of 4% on the VCR
decrease in the people visiting the Zoo on Monday? and earned a profit of 8% on the TV. Find the gain
Sol. People went to zoo on Sunday = 845 or loss percent on the whole transaction.
People went to zoo on Monday = 169 Sol. For VCR, we have

Decrease in people = 845 – 169 = 676 C.P. = ` 8000 and loss = 4%

æ 100 – Loss% ö
\ S.P. = ç ÷ ´ C.P.
676 è 100 ø
\ % decrease = × 100 = 80%
845
æ 100 – 4 ö
=` ç ´ 8000 ÷
3. A shopkeper buys 80 articles for ` 2400 and sells è 100 ø
them for a profit of 16%. Find the selling price of = ` (96 × 80) = ` 7680
one article. For TV, we have
Sol. C.P. of 80 articles = ` 2400 C.P. = ` 8000 and profit = 8%
Profit = 16% æ 100 + Gain% ö
\ S.P. = ç ÷ ´ C.P.
è 100 ø
æ 100 + Profit% ö
S.P. of 80 articles = ç
è 100 ÷ø ´ CP æ 100 + 8 ö
´ 8000 ÷
=` ç
è 100 ø
= ` (108 × 80) = ` 8640
æ 100 + 16 ö
=` ç ´ 2400 ÷ \ Total S.P. = ` (7680 + 8640) = ` 16320
è 100 ø
Total C.P. = ` (8000 + 8000) = ` 16000
= ` (116 × 24) = ` 2784 Q S.P. > C.P.
So, there is profit.
æ 2784 ö \ Total profit = S.P. – C.P.
\ S.P. of one article = ` ç ÷ = ` 34.80
è 80 ø = ` (16320 – 16000) = ` 320
Hence, profit percent
4. The cost of an article is ` 15,500, ` 450 were spent
on its repairs. If it is sold for a profit of 15%, find Profit æ 320 ö
= æç ö
´ 100 ÷ % = ç 16000 ´ 100 ÷ % = 2%
the selling price of the article. è CP ø è ø

Sol. Cost of article = ` 15500 6. During a sale, a shop offered a discount of 10% on

Repairs = ` 450 the marked prices of all the items. What would a
customer have to pay for a pair of jeans marked
\ Total cost = Cost + Repairs = ` 15950
at ` 1450 and two shirts marked at ` 850 each?
Profit = 15%
Sol. We have,
15950(100 + 15) Cost of pair of jeans = ` 1450
\ Selling price =
100 Cost of two shirts = 2 × 850 = ` 1700
\ Total cost = 1450 + 1700 = ` 3150
æ 15 ö
= 15950 ç 1 + ÷ Discount = 10 %
è 100 ø
æ 10 ö
= ` 18342.50 Hence, selling price = 3150 ç 1 - ÷ = ` 2835
è 100 ø

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 Class-VIII

7. A milkman sold two of his buffaloes for ` 20,000 9. Arun bought a pair of skates in a sale where the
each. On one he made a gain of 5% and on the discount given was 20%. If the amount he paid was
other a loss of 10%. Find his overall gain or loss.
` 1600, find the marked price.
Sol. For the first buffalo, we have
S.P. = ` 20000 and gain = 5% Sol. Let the marked price of a pair of skates be ` 100.
100 Discount = 20% of M.P.
\ C.P. = ´ SP
100 + Gain % = 20% of ` 100 = ` 20
\ S.P. = M.P. – Discount = ` (100 – 20) = ` 80
æ 100 ö
Þ C.P. = ` ç ´ 20000 ÷ Now, when S.P. is ` 80, M.P. = ` 100
è 100 +5 ø
æ 100 ö 2000000 100
= ç ´ 20000 ÷ = ` When S.P. is Re 1,M.P. = Rs
è 105 ø 105 80
= ` 19047.62 When S.P. is ` 1600,
For the second buffalo, we have
S.P. = ` 20000 and loss = 10% æ 100 ö
M.P. = Rs ç ´ 1600 ÷ = ` 2000
è 80 ø
100
\ C.P. = ´ SP Hence, the marked price of the pair of skates is
100 – Loss %
` 2000.
æ 100 ö
=` ç ´ 20000 ÷ 10. I purchased a hair dryer for ` 5400 including
è 100 – 10 ø 8% VAT. Find the price before VAT was added.
æ 100 ö Sol. Cost price = ` 5400
=` ç ´ 20000 ÷
è 90 ø VAT = 8%
2000000 100
= = ` 22222.22 Original price = ´ C.P.
90 100 + Tax%
\ Total cost paid in buying the two buffaloes
100
æ 2000000 2000000 ö = ´ 5400
=` ç + 100 + 8
÷
è 105 90 ø
100
90 + 105 = ´ 5400 = ` 5000
= ` 2000000 × 108
90 ´ 105
EXERCISE : 8.3
æ 195 ö
= ç 2000000 ´ = ` 41269.84
è 9450 ÷ø 1. Calculate the amount and compound interest on
Total S.P. = ` (20000 + 20000) = ` 40000 1
\ S.P. < C.P. (i) ` 10,800 for 3 years at 12 % per annum
2
So, there is a loss. compounded annually.
\ Total loss = C.P. – S.P.
1
= ` (41269.84 – 40000) = ` 1269.84 (ii) ` 18,000 for 2 years at 10% per annum
2
8. The price of a TV is `13000. The sales tax charged compounded annually.
on it is at the rate of 12%. find the amount that Vinod 1
will have to pay if he buys it. (iii) ` 62,500 for 1 years at 8% per annum
2
Sol. Cost price of TV = ` 13000 compounded half yearly.
Sales tax = 12% (iv) ` 8,000 fo r 1 year at 9% per ann um
compounded half yearly.
æ 12 ö (You could use the year by year calculation using
\ Amount = C.P. ç 1 + ÷
è 100 ø S.I. formula to verify).
æ 12 ö (v) ` 10,000 for 1 year at 8% per annum
= 13000 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 14560 compounded half yearly.
è 100 ø

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 Mathematics-2

Sol. (i) We have, P = ` 10,800 (iv) We have, P = ` 8000

1 æ 25 ö R = 9 % per annum = 4.5 % per half year

R = 12% p.a. = ç ÷ % per annum and
2 è 2 ø n = 1 year = 2 half years
n = 3 years. n
\ Amount after 3 years æ R ö
So, amount A = P ç 1 + ÷
è 100 ø
é æ 25 ö ù
3

=` ê 10800 ´ ç 1 + ú
2 ´ 100 ÷ø ûú
2
è æ 4.5 ö
ëê = 8000 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 8736.20
è 100 ø
æ 9 9 9ö
= ` ç 10800 ´ ´ ´ ÷ Hence, compound interest = A – P = ` 736.20
è 8 8 8ø
(v) We have, P = ` 10000
= ` 15377.34
\ Compound interest = ` (15377.34 – 10800) R = 8% per annum = 4% per half year
= ` 4577.34 n = 1 year = 2 half years.
(ii) We have, P = ` 18,000
n
R = 10% per annum æ R ö
Thus, amount A = P ç 1 + ÷
1 è 100 ø
n = 2.5 years or 2 years
2 2
æ 4 ö
æ R ö
n = 10000 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 10816
\ Amount A = P ç 1 + è 100 ø
÷
è 100 ø
\ Compound interest = A – P = ` 816
At the end of 2 years,
2 2. Kamla borrowed ` 26400 from a Bank to buy a
æ 10 ö scooter at a rate of 15% p.a. compounded yearly.
A = 18000 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 21780
è 100 ø What amount will she pay at the end of 2 years and
Now, we calculate S.I. on this amount for 4 months to clear the loan?
1 Sol. We have,
year at 10% per annum. .
2 P = ` 26400
\ Amount after 2.5 years
R = 15% per annum
æ 1ö
ç 10 ´ ÷ n = 2 years 4 months
= 21780 ç 1 + 2 = ` 22869
÷
è 100 ø At the end of 2 years,
\ Compound interest = A – P = 22869 – 18000 n
= ` 4869 æ R ö
A = P ç1 + ÷
(iii) Here, Principal = ` 62,500 è 100 ø
Rate = 8% per annum = 4% per half year, 2
æ 15 ö
A = 26400 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 34914
Time = 1 1 years = 3 half years è 100 ø
2 Now, P = ` 34914
é æ 4 ö
3
ù R = 15% per annum
\ Amount = ` ê62500 ´ ç 1 + ú
êë è 100 ÷ø úû
1
n = 4 months = years
æ 104 104 104 ö 3
= ç 62500 ´ ´ ´
è 100 100 100 ÷ø
At the end of 2 years, 4 months
= ` 70304
\ Compound interest = ` (70304 – 62500) æ 15 ´ 1 ö
A = ç1 + ÷ 34914 = ` 36659.70
= ` 7804 è 100 ´ 3 ø

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 Class-VIII

3. Fabina borrows ` 12500 at 12% per annum for 5. Vasudevan invested ` 60,000 at an interest rate of
3 years at simple interest and Radha borrows the 12% per annum compounded half-yearly. What
same amount for the same time period at 10% per amount would he get
annum, compounded annually. Who pays more (i) After 6 months (ii) After 1 year.
interest and by how much? Sol. Here, Principal = ` 60000, Rate = 12% per
Sol. In case of Fabina : annum = 6% per half year.
P = Rs 12500, R = 12% per annum and T = 3 (i) Time = 6 months = 1 half-year
years. Then,
\ Amount after 6 months
P´R´ T æ 12500 ´ 12 ´ 3 ö
S.I. = =` ç ÷ = Amount after 1 half-year
100 è 100 ø
= ` 4500 é æ 6 ö ù
1

=` ê 60000 ´ ç 1 + ú
In case of Radha :
ëê è 100 ÷ø ûú
é æ 10 ö ù
3

Amount = ` ê 12500 ´ ç 1 + ú
ëê è 100 ÷ø ûú æ 106 ö
= ` ç 60000 ´ = ` 63600
è 100 ÷ø
æ 110 110 110 ö
= ` ç 12500 ´ ´ ´ (ii) Time = 1 year = 2 half-years
è 100 100 100 ÷ø
\ Amount after 1 year
= ` 16637.50
\ Compound interest = ` (16637.50 – 12500) é æ 6 ö ù
2

= ` ê60000 ´ ç 1 + ú
= ` 4137.50
ëê è 100 ÷ø ûú
Hence, Fabina pays 362.50 more as interest
` (4500 – 4137.50), i.e., ` 362.50 more as æ 106 106 ö
interest. = ` ç 60000 ´ ´ = ` 67416
è 100 100 ÷ø
4. I borrowed ` 12000 from Jamshed at 6% per
annum simple interest for 2 years. Had I borrowed 6. Arif took a loan of ` 80,000 from a bank. If the
this sum at 6% per annum compound interest, what rate of interest is 10% per annum, find the
extra amount would I have to pay? 1
difference in amounts he would be paying after 1
Sol. We have, P = ` 12000 2
R = 6% per annum years if the interest is -
(i) Compounded annually
n = 2 years
(ii) Compounded half yearly
P´R´ T Sol. We have,
For simple interest, I1 =
100 P = ` 80000
12000 ´ 6 ´ 2 R = 10% per annum = 5% per half year
= = ` 1440
100 (i) If interest is compounded annually
P´R´ T 1 1
For simple interest, I1 = n= 1 years = 1 years + year
100 2 2
12000 ´ 6 ´ 2 Amount after 1 year
= = ` 1440
100
æ 10 ö
éæ R ö
n ù A = 80000 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 88000
For compound interest, I2 = P êç 1 + è 100 ø
÷ - 1ú
ëè 100 ø û
1
éæ 6 ö
2 ù Amount after 1 years
= 12000 êç 1 + ÷ - 1ú = ` 1483.20 2
ëè 100 ø û
So, he would have to pay 1483.20 – 1440 æ 10 ´ 1 ö
A = 88000 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 92400
è 100 ´ 2 ø
= ` 43.20

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 Mathematics-2

(ii) If interest is compounded half-yearly Sol. We have,

P = ` 10000
1
n=1 years = 3 half years R = 10 % per annum = 5% per half year
2
1
n n= 1 year = 3 half years
æ R ö 2
\ Amount A = P ç 1 + ÷
è 100 ø (i) If interest is compounded half yearly

3 3
æ 5 ö æ 5 ö
= 80000 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 92610 A = 10000 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 11576.25
è 100 ø è 100 ø

\ Difference in amounts = 92610 – 92400 Interest = 11576.25 – 10000 = ` 1576.25

= ` 210 (ii) If interest is compounded annually.
7. Maria invested ` 8,000 in a business. She would Amount after 1 year,
be paid interest at 5% per annum compounded
æ 10 ö
annually. Find A = 10000 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 11000
è 100 ø
(i) the amount credited against her name at the
end of the second year. 1
Amount after 1 year
(ii) the interest for the 3rd year. 2
Sol. (i) Here, P = ` 8000, R = 5% per annum and
n = 2 years. æ 10 ´ 1 ö
A = 11000 ç 1 + ÷ = ` 11550
è 100 ´ 2 ø
n
æ R ö
\ Amount after 2 years = P ç 1 + ÷ Interest = 11550 – 10000 = `1550
è 100 ø
Thus, more interest would be generated
if interest is calculated half yearly.
é æ 5 ö ù
2

= ` ê8000 ´ ç 1 + ú 9. Find the amount which Ram will get on ` 4096,

ëê è 100 ÷ø ûú
1
if he gave it for 18 months at 12 % per annum,
æ 105 105 ö 2
= ` ç 8000 ´ ´ = ` 8820
è 100 100 ÷ø interest being compounded half yearly.

(ii) Principal for the 3rd year = ` 8820 Sol. Here, Principal = ` 4096,
Time = 18 months = 3 half years
æ 8820 ´ 5 ´ 1 ö
Interest for the 3rd year = ç ÷ æ 25 ö
è 100 ø 1
Rate = 12 % per annum = ç ÷ % per half year..
2 è 4 ø
= ` 441
8. Find the amount and compound interest on é 25 ö ù
3
æ
\ Amount = ` ê 4096 ´ ç 1 + ú
1 êë è 4 ´ 100 ÷ø úû
` 10000 for 1 years at 10% per annum,
2
compounded half yearly. Would this interest be more æ 17 17 17 ö
= ` ç 4096 ´ ´ ´
than the interest he would get if it was compounded è 16 16 16 ÷ø
annually?
= ` 4913

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 Class-VIII

10. The population of a place increased to 54000 in 11. In a Laboratory, the count of bacteria in a certain
2003 at a rate of 5% per annum experiment was increasing at the rate of 2.5% per
hour. Find the bacteria at the end of 2 hours if the
(i) Find the population in 2001.
count was initially 5,06,000.
(ii) What would be its population in 2005 Sol. We have, P = Original count of bacteria = 506000,
Sol. (i) Let P be the population in 2001, i.e., 2 years Rate of increase = R = 2.5% per hour,
ago Time = 2 hours.
\ Bacteria count after 2 hours
2
æ 5 ö
Then, Present population = P × ç 1 +
100 ÷ø
2
è æ 2.5 ö
= 506000 × ç 1 + ÷
è 100 ø

105 105
Þ 54000 = P × × 102.5 102.5
100 100 = 506000 × ×
100 100
= 531616.25 = 531616 (approx.)
54000 ´ 100 ´ 100
Þ P= = 48979.59 12. A scooter was bought at ` 42000. Its value
105 ´ 105
depreciated at the rate of 8% per annum. find its
Hence, the population in the year 2001 is value after one year.
48980 (approx). Sol. We have, V0 = Initial value = ` 42000
(ii) Let P = Initial population = 54000, i.e., in the R = Rate of depreciation = 8% p.a.
year 2003. æ R ö
\ Value after 1 year = V0 ç 1 -
\ Population after 2 years, i.e., in 2005 è 100 ÷ø

n 2
æ R ö æ 5 ö é æ 8 öù
= P ç1 + ÷ = 54000 × ç 1 + ÷ = ` ê 42000 ´ ç 1 - ú
è 100 ø è 100 ø ë è 100 ÷ø û

105 105 æ 92 ö
= ` ç 42000 ´ = ` 38640
= 54000 ×
100
×
100
= 59535 è 100 ÷ø

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EXERCISE # 1
1. The fraction representing 30% is 10. 20% of ` 500 will be equal to

3 3 10 3 (1) 30% of 700 (2) 10% of 500

(1) % (2) (3) (4)
10 10 3 100 (3) 40% of 250 (4) 50% of 400
1 11. Shirish purchased a watch at 20% discount on its
2. % means M.P. but sold it at the M.P. find the gain% of shirish
8
in the transaction.
1 100 8 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) 25% (2) 10% (3) 5% (4) 15%
8 8 100 800
12. A motorcycle was sold at 20% profit for `40,000.
1
3. A person spends 33% of his total income on food. Its cost price was
3
Amount spend on food will be what part of his
100 120
income (1) ` 40000 × (2) ` 40000 ×
120 100
1 1 1 1
(1) 33 (2) 3 (3) (4)
3 33 3 33 80 100
(3) ` 40000 × (4) ` 40000 ×
100 80
2
4. of total students in a class have opted Maths.
5 13. If C.P. is ` 1750, S.P. is ` 1925, then profit percent
Find the percentage of students opting Maths is
2 5
(1) × 100 (2) × 100 1
5 2 (1) 9 (2) 10 (3) 25 (4) 110
10
2 1 5 1
(3) ´ (4) ´ 14. On sale of a blanket for ` 380, there was a loss of
5 100 2 100 ` 20, its loss percent would be
3
5. means 20 20
4 (1) × 100 (2) × 100
380 400
400 400
(1) 75 (2) 75% (3) (4) % 400 380
3 3 (3) × 100 (4) × 100
380 400
6. What percent of ` 150 is ` 30
15. Mechanic Raj purchased a motorcycle for ` 20,000
(1) 5% (2) 20% (3) 30% (4) 45% and sold it at 5% loss. Its selling price is
7. Income of a person is ` 50,000. He pays income tax
5 95
at the rate of 15%. Find the amount of income tax (1) ` × 20,000 (2) ` × 20,000
100 100

(1) 750 Rupees (2) 7500 Rupees 105 100

(3) ` × 20,000 (4) ` × 20,000
100 95
(3) 1500 Rupees (4) 75 Rupees
16. An old cycle was purchased for ` 600 , ` 200 was
8. 85% of total 500 students of a school are boys. spent on its repair. It was sold for ` 500. Its loss percent
The number of girls will be
2 2
(1) 75 (2) 15 (1) 16 (2) 33
3 3
(3) 425 (4) 415 1
(3) 37 (4) 40
9. In a garden 10% of the trees were uprooted due to 2
decay. 180 trees are left there, the total no. of 17. A dealer marks the price of an article by 40% more
trees were than C.P. He allows 10% discount, his profit percent
(1) 170 (2) 190 is
(3) 200 (4) 210 (1) 26 (2) 30 (3) 36 (4) 40

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 Class-VIII

18. A dealer sells watches for ` 510 after allowing 15% 25. Adam borrowed money at rate of 6% for the
commission on their marked prices. The marked 1st two years, at the rate of 9% for the next three
price of watch is years, and at the rate of 14% for the period beyond
100 100 5 years. If he pays a total interest of ` 11400 at
(1) × 510 (2) × 510
85 115 the end of 9 years, how much money did he borrow?
115 100 (1) 15000 (2) 11000
(3) × 510 (4) × 510
100 95 (3) 12000 (4) 10000
19. An article costing `100 is sold for ` x. The loss 26. A bookseller sold a book for ` 100 and thereby
percent is gains ` 20. Find his gain percent

100 - x x - 100 (1) 20% (2) 25%

(1) × 100 (2) × 100
100 100 (3) 40% (4) None of these
27. The compound interest on ` 800 for 2 years at 5%
100 - x x - 100 per annum is
(3) × 100 (4) × 100
x x
(1) ` 80 (2) ` 82
20. The CP of 21 articles is equal to SP of 18 articles. (3) ` 81 (4) ` 41
Find the gain or loss percent
28. The amount of ` 7500 for 2 years at the rate of
1 1 4% per annum compound interest is
(1) 12 % gain (2) 12 % loss
2 2
(1) ` 7800 (2) ` 8100
2 2
(3) 16 % gain (4) 16 % loss (3) ` 8112 (4) ` 8082
3 3
21. If by selling 110 mangoes, the CP of 120 mangoes 29. Compound interest at 5% per annum is charged
is realised, the gain percent is on ` 1000. The principal for the second year is
1 1 (1) ` 1025 (2) ` 1050
(1) 9 % (2) 9 %
11 9 (3) ` 1075 (4) ` 1102
10 1 30. If the interest is payable half yearly and ` 2000
(3) 10 % (4) 11 %
11 9 1
22. A vendor loses the selling price of 4 oranges on amounts to ` 2662 after 1 years, the annual
2
selling 36 oranges. His loss percent is rate of interest is
1 (1) 5% (2) 10% (3) 15% (4) 20%
(1) 10% (2) 11 %
9 31. What will the ratio of simple interest earned by
1 certain amount at the same rate of interest for
(3) 12 % (4) None of these
2 6 years and that for 9 years?
23. A tradesman sold an article at a loss of 20%. Had (1) 1 : 2 (2) 2 : 1 (3) 2 : 2 (4) 2 : 3
he sold it for ` 100 more, he should have gained
32. A certain sum amounts to ` 5107.60 in 2 years at
5%. The cost price of the article was
the rate of 13% per annum CI the sum is
(1) ` 360 (2) ` 400
(1) ` 4107 (2) ` 3107.60
(3) ` 425 (4) ` 450
(3) ` 4000 (4) ` 4110
24. At what percentage above the cost price must an
33. The present population of a town is 35,000. If the
article be marked so as to gain 33% after allowing
population becomes 35,700 next year, the rate of
a customer a discount of 5%?
growth is
(1) 35% (2) 38%
(1) 2% (2) 20% (3) 700% (4) 7%
(3) 40% (4) 42%

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34. The present population of a town is 5000. If the 40. A sum ` 500 was lent out at the rate of 4% for
population decreases at the rate of 10% per year, 2 years. The amount returned after 2 years SI is
the population after 2 years will be
(1) ` 540 (2) ` 558
(1) 4820 (2) 4050 (3) 4980 (4) 4500
(3) ` 542 (4) ` 530
35. The population of a town increases from 10000 to
41. Interest on ` 600 at the rate of 5% is ` 240.
10400. The growth rate is
The time for which the interest charged is
(1) 4% (2) 40% (3) 2% (4) 20%
(1) 16 years (2) 12 years
36. Simple interest on ` 2000 for 4 years is ` 400.
Percent rate of interest is (3) 8 years (4) 4 years

2000 ´ 100 400 ´ 4 42. The correct formula is

(1) (2)
400 ´ 4 2000 ´ 100 T T
æ R ö æ R ö
400 ´ 100 (1) P = A ç 1 + ÷ (2) A = P ç 1 + ÷
(3) (4) None of these è 100 ø è 100 ø
2000 ´ 4 T
æ R ö
37. ` 300 amounts to ` 360 in 4 years. If the rate of (3) C.I. = P ç 1 + ÷ (4) None of these
è 100 ø
interest is increased by 1% SI then in the same
time the amount will be 43. The buying price of 5 kg of flour at ` 15 per kg
when 5% sales tax is added, will be
(1) ` 304 (2) ` 372
(1) ` 68.75 (2) ` 78.75
(3) ` 312 (4) ` 364
38. Simple interest on ` 500 at the rate of 5% is ` (3) ` 88.75 (4) None of these
100. The time is 44. The S.I. and C.I. for one year on an article are
(1) 1 years (2) 4 years (1) Equal (2) S.I. > C.I.
(3) 10 years (4) 20 years (3) C.I. > S.I. (4) None of these
39. At a simple rate of interest of 4 %, a sum of ` 600
45. The correct relationship is
in 5 years amounts to
(1) A + C.I. = P (2) C.I. – P = A
(1) ` 720 (2) ` 624
(3) C.I. = A – P (4) None of these
(3) ` 620 (4) ` 630

EXERCISE # 1 ANSWER KEY

Multiple choice questions

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 4 3 1 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 4 4 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 1
Que. 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. 3 2 2 1 3

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 Class-VIII

EXERCISE # 2
Very short answer type questions 12. A dealer sells a table at 20% profit. Had he
1 purchased it for 6% lesser cost and sold for ` 50
1. Express : (i) 35% as fraction (ii) 4 as percent less he would have earned a profit of 25%.
8
Find the cost of table.
1
(iii) 17 % as decimal (iv) 9.5 as percent 13. Find discount in percent when
2
(v) 18% as ratio (vi) 5 : 8 as percent (i) M.P. = ` 900 and S.P. = ` 873
(ii) M.P. = ` 500 and S.P. = ` 425
7
2. Evaluate : (i) 10% of 5 litres (ii) 3 % of 500 kg Short answer type questions
8
1 3 14. A person spends 30% of his total money for
(iii) 12 % of 480 cm (iv) % of ` 1200 purchase of land. 40% of the balance is spent on
2 4
3. Vikram got an increase of 10% in his salary. If the repairs of the house. He distributes the remaining
amount equally among his two daughters and his
salary after increment was ` 36355, find his salary
wife. Each of his daughter and wife gets ` 22400.
before increase. Find the amount spent on purchase of land.
4. A's income is 20% less than that of B's. How much 15. Ramdeen gives 40% of his total property to his
percent is B's income more than A's? son. He gives 60% of the balance to his daughter
5. In an election, there were only two candidates for and the remaining sum to his wife. If the wife gets
` 1920 less than his daughter, find the value of his
the post of president. The winning candidate got
property.
53% of the total votes. His opponent got 31000
16. The current year population of a town is 10% more
votes which represented 31% of the total votes. than that of last year. If the current year population
Find (i) the number of votes and (ii) the winning is 9900, find the last year's population of the town.
margin. 17. Find the single discount which is equivalent to two
6. The value of a car depreciates 20% every year. successive discounts of 20% and 5%.
If after two years the price of a car is ` 208000, 18. A batsman scored 120 runs which included
3 boundaries and 8 sixes. What percent of his total
find the original price of the car.
score did he make by running between the wickets.
7. A secondary school had 450 students in a certain 19. The population of a village declines by 5% every
year. 10% of the students were given fresh year. If the present population of the village is 1444,
admissions next year. Find the number of new find the population of the village 2 years back.
students in the next year. 20. A shopkeeper allows his customers 10% off on the
marked price of goods and still gets a profit of 25%.
8. Monthly income of Suresh is ` 20240. He spends
What is the actual cost to him of an article marked
12·5% of his monthly income on education. Find ` 250?
the amount he spent on education. 21. The cost of furniture inclusive of VAT is ` 7150.
9. Rahim deposited ` 180 in his saving account If the rate of VAT is 10%, find the original cost of
maintained by the school Id, he withdrew ` 27 from the furniture.
his account. Find what percent of his money did he 22. A colour TV is available for ` 13440 inclusive of
withdraw. VAT. If the original cost of TV is ` 12000, find the
rate of VAT.
10. Cost price ` 280, Selling price ` 337.50, other 23. Anubhav purchased a computer set for ` 16800.
expenses ` 20. Find the profit or loss percentage. He had to spend ` 1200 on its repair and sold it for
11. 5 quintal of grains was purchased for ` 2000 and ` 19200. Find his gain percent.
sold at 25% profit. Find the selling price of grains 24. On selling two houses for ` 246400 each, a man
gained 12% on one house and lost 12% on the
per kg.
other. Find his total gain or loss.

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25. A shopkeeper bought wheat for ` 35000. Due to Long answer type questions
1
leakage in the godown, of the total wheat was 31. What is the difference between the compound
7
spoiled. He sold the good wheat at a gain of 10% 1
and the spoiled wheat at a loss of 25%. Find his interests on `5000 for 1 years at 4% per annum
2
total gain or loss percent.
26. A shopkeeper marks his goods 20% above cost compounded yearly and half-yearly?
price and allows a discount of 15%. What percent 32. In how many years will a sum of `800 at 10% per
does he gain or lose? annum compounded semi annually became
27. Rajesh purchased a scooter for ` 15000. He sold `926.10?
the scooter to Gopal at 5% profit. Gopal sold the
scooter to Mohan at a loss of 5%. Find the amount 33. Neha borrowed ` 5000 from Parul for 3 years at
paid by Mohan to purchase the scooter. 10% per annum compound interest. Calculate the
28. Sam deposited a sum of ` 6250 in the ICICI Bank C.I.
for 1 year, compounded half-yearly at 8% per 34. Rahim, an unemployed youth, received ` 4000 as
annum. Find the compound interest he gets. loan at a loan mela organised by State Bank of
1 1
29. Find the compound interest on ` 500 for 1 years
2 India at a nominal rate of 2 % per annum. Find out
at 12% per annum. 2
the compound interest that Rahim pays after 2 years.
30. Find the difference of the compound interest and
the simple interest on ` 3000 for 2 years at 35. The difference between C.I. and S.I. for 2 years at
5% per annum. 5% per annum is ` 2.50. Find the sum.

EXERCISE # 2 ANSWER KEY

Very short answer type questions

7
1. (i) (ii) 412.5% (iii) 0.175 (iv) 950% (v) 9 : 50 (vi) 62.5%
20
2. (i) 500 mL (ii) 19.375 kg (iii) 60 cm (iv) ` 9

3. ` 33050

4. 25%

5. (i) 100000, (ii) 22000 6. 325000 7.45 8. ` 2530 9. 15%

1
10. Profit 12 % 11. ` 5 12. ` 2000 13. (i) 3%, (ii) 15%
2
Short answer type questions

14. ` 48000 15. ` 16000 16. 9000 17. 24% 18. 50%
2
19. 1600 20. ` 180 21. ` 6500 22. 12% 23. 6 % gain
3
24. ` 7200 loss 25. 5% gain 26. 2% gain 27. ` 14962.50 28. `510

29. ` 93.60 30. ` 7.5

Long answer type questions

1
31. `2.04 32. 1 years 33. ` 1655 34. ` 202.50 35. ` 1000
2

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Important Notes

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Important Notes

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