EE 3006

Electromechanical Energy
Conversion Capsule
1.1 – Basic Electric Circuits

Instructor
Burak Tekgun, Ph.D.
Updated 28/2/2023
 Review of Basic Electric Circuits

• Review of Basic Electric Circuits

• Convention and Symbols
• Use of Phasors
• Power, Reactive Power, Power Factor
• Inductive and Capacitive Loads
• Three-Phase Circuits
• Per-Phase Analysis
• Wye-Delta Transformation
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 Conventions
• MKS (SI) Units
• lower case v and i for instantaneous quantities
• upper case V and I for average and rms
• voltage and current subscripts
vab
a + − b
+ i +
va vb
− −

• voltage polarities and current directions

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Phasor Domain Representation for Sinusoidal
Steady State AC


Imaginary positive
angles

v
i
V = Vˆ 0 Real
t =0 t
−

I = Iˆ  − 

v(t ) = Vˆ cos( t )  V = Vˆ 0
i (t ) = Iˆ cos( t −  )  I = Iˆ  − 

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Time-Domain Analysis
i( t )

+ L
v( t )
=V̂ cos(  t )
− R

di(t ) 1
Ri(t ) + L +  i(t )  dt = Vˆ cos( t )
dt C

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 Phasor Domain Analysis
I

Im
j L = j X L − jX c
jX L
+
V =Vˆ 0
− R
Z
 1 
− j  = − j XC R Re
  C  0

Z = R + j X L − j X C = Z 
 1 
   L − 
C  
2
 1  −1 
Z = R2 +  L −  ;  = tan  
 C   R 
 

Vˆ V Vˆ
i (t ) = cos( t −  )  I = =  −
Z Z Z
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 Instantaneous Power
+
v(t ) =Vˆ cos( t + v )
Subcircuit 1 v(t ) Subcircuit 2

− i(t ) = Iˆ cos( t + i )
p(t ) = v(t ) i(t )
p(t ) average  / average
power v(t ) p(t ) power

t
t
v(t )
i(t ) i(t )

• v and i in phase (v = i ) • v and i out of phase (v  i )

• power flows in one direction • power flow reverses periodically
• maximum average power • average power lower than
for given V and I maximum possible
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 Real Power, Reactive Power and
Power factor
 Complex Power I
 +
S=V I (S is a complex number)
= V I ( v − i ) = V I  Subcircuit 1 V Subcircuit 2

S = P + jQ = S  −

 Real Power (average power) S = P + jQ

V = Vˆ v
P = V I cos  W  Im

 Reactive Power
v − i Re
Q = V I sin VAR I = Iˆ i
 Apparent Power
Im
S Q
S = P + Q = VI
2 2
VA
 = v − i
Power Factor P P Re
PF = = = cos  P
S VI
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 Inductive Load

• The impedance is Z = Z  , where  is positive

• The current lags the voltage by the impedance angle 
• Corresponds to a lagging power factor of operation
• In the power triangle, the same angle  relates P,Q and S
• An inductive load draws positive reactive power (VARs)
• Most loads are inductive, particularly motors and transformers

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 Three Phase Circuits
(Transmission and Distribution)
One-line diagram of power systems
Step up
Transformer

Generator
Transmission 13.8 kV
line

Feeder

Load
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 Three Phase Circuits
Wye-connection Ia a

Van = V̂s 0 o +
V an − ZL

Vbn = V̂s  − 120 o V cn − n − V bn N

+ +
c
Vcn = V̂s  − 240 o
Ic
Ib b

Van +Vbn +Vcn = 0

van (t ) vbn (t ) vcn (t ) a −b −c
V cn positive
van ( t ) + vbn ( t ) + vcn ( t ) = 0 sequence
120
0
t 120 V an
120
V bn
2 2
3 3
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 Per phase Analysis of
Balanced Three phase Circuits
Van Vˆs Ia
Ia = =  − a
ZL ZL
+
Vbn Vˆs 2 V an ZL
Ib = = − − − In
ZL ZL 3 V cn − n − V bn N
+ +
Vcn Vˆs 4 c Ib b
Ic = = − − Ic
ZL ZL 3

I n = ( I a + I a + Ic ) = 0  in ( t ) = ia ( t ) + ib ( t ) + ic ( t ) = 0

V cn
Ia Ic
a a
+ V an
V an 
− Ib
Ia
n
(Hypothetical) N V bn

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 Line-to-Line Voltages
Vc
Ia a −Vb
+ Vca Vab
+ +
V an − Va 30 o
V ab
−
Va
− n − V bn ZL −
V cn N Vb
+ + +
c −
Ib b Vb
Ic

Vbc
Vab =Va − Vb = 3Vˆs 30 o

Vbc =Vb − Vc = 3Vˆs  − 90 o

VLL = 3V ph30o
Vca =Vc − Va = 3Vˆs  − 210 o

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 Delta Connection
Phase Currents in Delta Load
Ia a
Ica
I a = I ab − I ca
V an + Z
−
I b = I bc − I ab Z

I c = I ca − I bc V cn − n − V bn
Ibc Z  I ab
+ +
Ib c b

Ic Ic

1 Ica
I = Il 30 o
3 I ab
30o " I ca "

Ib
Ibc Ia

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 Δ – Y Transformation
• Allows per phase analysis
Ia
Ia a
equivalent
to external a
circuit Z

Z
Ica
I ab
Z Z
c Ibc b c
b

Delta connected load Wye connected load

These circuits are indistinguishable to the external circuit,

when
Z
Z =
3
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End of the Session

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