1.5.

INTEGRALS YIELDING NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

In this module, we will have some additional formulas that we can use for us to integrate
some other groups of functions, wherein we introduce here first the form of the integral which
will result to logarithmic functions.

From the basic differentiation formulas, recall that:

Dx (ln x ) =
1
x

1 1
That is, the derivative of ln x is . Therefore in reverse, the antiderivative of must be the
x x
form ln x + C , and in symbols:

1
 x dx = ln x + C
Note that the formula derived describes the form of the integrand so that the answer will be
in terms of the natural logarithm (ln). The absolute value symbol in the expression evaluated
by ln must not be omitted, since the answer for the natural logarithm of a negative number is
not a real number. This is to preserve that the expression operated by ln must be a positive
number.

Also, note that the formula derived completes the overall concept of evaluating integrals in
the form xn. Recall that from the power rule for antidifferentiation, the formula involved there is
not applicable if n is equal to -1. But for the above-mentioned formula, it gives us an idea for the
1
case of power rule if n is indeed, equal to -1 (Recall that = x −1 ) . Therefore, we can
x
summarize these concepts in terms of a piece-wise function as:

 x n +1
 +C if x  −1
  x n dx =  n + 1
ln x + C if x = −1


1
WARNING: The formula  x dx = ln x + C is ONLY APPLICABLE IF THE DENOMINATOR IS
STRICTLY x OR ANY VARIABLE WHOSE EXPONENT IS 1. Do not dare to apply this formula
if there are other functions associated with the variable of exponent 1.

dx dx dx
 sin x = ln sin x + C  ex = ln e x + C  x4 = ln x 4 + C

MATH 20053 (CALCULUS 2) | Prepared by: Prof Randy Cham T. Alignay (PUPSRC) 1
 x2
Example 1:  x 3 + 1 dx
Noting that the form of the derivative of x3 + 1 is in terms of x2, we can apply first the
concept of chain rule. Doing this, we have:

x2
 dx ; let: u = x 3 + 1 ; du = 3x 2dx
x3 +1

du
Solving for x2dx: = x 2 dx
3

du
x2 1 du du
 3 dx =  3 =  ; Recall:  = ln u + C
x +1 u 3 u u

1
= ln u + C ; But: u = x 3 + 1
3

x2
 dx = 31 ln x 3 + 1 + C
x +1
3

1
Example 2:  y ln y dy
In thinking of the possible way of integrating the given, note that we have the presence
1
of ln y and the occurrence of its derivative y at the same time in the integrand, we
proceed with the first step as follows:

1 1
 dy ; let: u = ln y ; du = dy
y ln y y

Re-arranging the factors in the integrand:

1 1 1  1
 dy =   dy  =  du = ln u + C ; But: u = ln y
y ln y ln y  y  u

1
 dy = ln ln y + C
y ln y

MATH 20053 (CALCULUS 2) | Prepared by: Prof Randy Cham T. Alignay (PUPSRC) 2
 x2 + 2
Example3:  x + 1 dx
To devise a way to integrate the given function, we note that the highest exponent in the
numerator is greater than that of the denominator. Therefore, we can divide first the
numerator by the denominator using long division. Thus:

x −1
x2 + 2 3
x +1 x + 2
2
 = x − 1+
x +1 x +1
x2 + x
−x+2 Note: We can ALWAYS apply long division in the given if the
− x −1 highest exponent in the numerator is greater than or equal
3 to the highest exponent in the denominator.

Substituting the quotient to the original integral, we have:

x2 + 2  3  1 x2 dx
 dx =   x − 1 + dx =  xdx −  dx + 3 dx = − x + 3
x +1  x + 1 x +1 2 x +1

The third term can be integrated using chain rule as follows:

dx
 ; let: u = x + 1 ; du = dx
x +1

dx du
 = = ln u + C ; But: u = x + 1
x +1 u

dx
 = ln x + 1 + C
x +1

Going Back:

x2 + 2
dx = x 2 − x + 3(ln x + 1 + C ) = x 2 − x + 3 ln x + 1 + 3C
1 1

x +1 2 2

x2 + 2
But: 3C  C ;  dx = 21 x 2 − x + 3 ln x + 1 + C
x +1
Alternative Solution: We can directly apply chain rule to the given integral, with the main aim of
replacing all x variables by u variables. Executing this solution, we have:

x2 + 2
 dx ; let: u = x + 1 ; du = dx
x +1
solving for x: x = u − 1

MATH 20053 (CALCULUS 2) | Prepared by: Prof Randy Cham T. Alignay (PUPSRC) 3
 
x2 + 2
dx = 
2
( )
(u − 1) + 2du = u 2 − 2u + 1 + 2du = u 2 − 2u + 3du
x +1 u  u  u
Dividing each term in the numerator by u:

x2 + 2  3 3 du
 dx =   u − 2 + du =  udu −  2du +  du =  udu − 2 u + 3
x +1  u u u
1
= u 2 − 2u + 3 ln u + C ; But: u = x + 1
2

x2 + 2
dx = (x + 1) − 2(x + 1) + 3 ln x + 1 + C
1

2

x +1 2
The resulting function after substitution of the expression for u is required to be
simplified, since doing it will have terms that can be combined. Thus:


x2 + 2
x +1
1
2
( )
dx = x 2 + 2x + 1 − 2(x + 1) + 3 ln x + 1 + C

1 1
=  x 2 + x +  + (− 2 x − 2) + 3 ln x + 1 + C = x 2 − x − + 3 ln x + 1 + C
1 3
2 2 2 2

3
Note that the constant can be added to C which is equivalent to an another constant C
2
3
( + C  C ), so the form of the final answer must be:
2

x2 + 2
 dx = 21 x 2 − x + 3 ln x + 1 + C
x +1

With our knowledge of the formula for the integral yielding a natural logarithmic function, we
are now in position to derive and enumerate some other formula for integrals of trigonometric
functions. These four (4) additional formulas will give us a total of ten (10) formulas for the
integrals of such functions.

a. For:  tan xdx ; Recall that we can write tan x in terms of its quotient identity, and use
chain rule as follows:

sin x
  tan x =  dx ; let: u = cos x ; du = − sin xdx
cos x

solving for sin xdx: sin xdx = −du

sin x − du du
  tan x =  dx =  = − = − ln u + C ; But: u = cos x
cos x u u

MATH 20053 (CALCULUS 2) | Prepared by: Prof Randy Cham T. Alignay (PUPSRC) 4
   tan x = − ln cos x + C

To simplify the formula that we will familiarize, we apply some properties of logarithms.
Recalling that b ln a = ln a b , we have:

  tan x = − ln cos x + C = ln (cos x )

−1 1
+ C = ln +C
cos x

1
But:
cos x
= sec x , ;  tan xdx = ln sec x + C
b. For:  cot xdx ; Same as the previous integral, we replace cot x in terms of a quotient
identity. Executing the solution, we have:

cos x
  cot x =  dx ; let: u = sin x ; du = cosxdx
sin x
cos x du
  cot x =  dx =  = ln u + C ; But: u = sin x
sin x u

Therefore,
 cot x = ln sin x + C

c. For:  sec xdx ; To obtain the formula for this integral, we first multiply the integrand by a
tan x + sec x
certain expression for us to apply chain rule:
tan x + sec x

tan x + sec x tan x sec x + sec 2 x

  sec xdx =  sec x  dx =  dx
tan x + sec x tan x + sec x

Note that the derivative of the denominator of the resulting integrand is exactly the
expression in the numerator. Applying chin rule as a next step, we have this derivation:

tan x sec x + sec 2 x

  sec xdx =  dx ; let: u = tan x + sec x
tan x + sec x
(
du = sec 2 x + tan x sec x dx )
tan x sec x + sec 2 x du
  sec xdx =  dx =  = ln u + C ; But: u = tan x + sec x
tan x + sec x u

Thus:  sec xdx = ln tan x + sec x + C

MATH 20053 (CALCULUS 2) | Prepared by: Prof Randy Cham T. Alignay (PUPSRC) 5
 d. For:  csc xdx ; Same concept as the integral of sec x, we multiply this time, the
cot x − csc x
integrand csc x by an expression , and executing chain rule, we have:
cot x − csc x

cot x − csc x cot x csc x − csc 2 x

  csc xdx =  csc x  dx =  dx
cot x − csc x cot x − csc x

let: u = cot x − csc x ; 

du = − csc 2 x − (− cot x csc x ) dx 
du = (− csc 2
)
x + cot x csc x dx

cot x csc x − csc 2 x du

  csc xdx =  dx =  = ln u + C ; But: u = cot x − csc x
cot x − csc x u

Therefore:  csc xdx = ln cot x − csc x + C

To recap the formulas for the integrals of trigonometric functions that we have so far, this will be
the summary:

1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

All these formulas for integration of trigonometric functions can be used in combination with
the concept of the power rule, chain rule and other formulas of integration. We must be
familiarized with these formulas so we can use them whenever they occur in certain integral
expressions.

dx
Example 4: 
sin 3 x

We can first write the integrand in terms of a reciprocal identity. Applying chain rule:

dx du

sin 3 x 
= csc 3 xdx ; let: u = 3 x ; du = 3dx  = dx
3

MATH 20053 (CALCULUS 2) | Prepared by: Prof Randy Cham T. Alignay (PUPSRC) 6
 =  csc 3 xdx =  (csc u )
dx du 1
 =  csc udu
sin 3 x 3 3

1
= ln cot u − csc u + C But: u = 3 x
3

dx
 = 31 ln cot 3 x − csc 3 x + C
sin 3 x

Example 5: 
tan ln x 2
dx
( )
x

As we proceed with examples and exercises in the modules that we finish so far, it is
somewhat expected that we must now have the skill of recognition on whether or not the
chain rulecan be applied. Note that in the integrand, we can let u to be the angle of the
tangent function. Proceeding with the solution:


(
tan ln x 2
dx
) ; let: u = ln x
2
; du =
1
( )
D x x 2 dx
x x2
du = 2 (2 x )dx = dx
1 2
x x

dx du dx
solving for : =
x 2 x


(
tan ln x 2 )
dx =  (tan u )
du 1 1
=  tan udu = ln sec u + C ; But: u = ln x 2
x 2 2 2


(
tan ln x 2 )
dx = 21 ln sec ln x 2 + C ( )
x

e 3v +5 tan e 3v +5 ( ) dv
Example 6:  sin e ( 3v + 5
)
To devise a first step in this example, note that we can first simplify the integrand by
using some trigonometric identities:

(
 sin e 3v +5 
e 3v + 5 
)

e 3v + 5
tan e ( 3v + 5
) dv =   ( 
cos e 3v +5  ) tan  =
sin  1
= sec 
(
sin e 3v +5 ) (
sin e 3v +5 ) ;
cos 
,
cos 

=  e 3v + 5 
( )
 sin e 3v +5   1 
(
 cos e )
3v + 5  
(
  sin e
3v + 5 
)dv

MATH 20053 (CALCULUS 2) | Prepared by: Prof Randy Cham T. Alignay (PUPSRC) 7
 
=  e 3v + 5 
1 
(
3v + 5 
dv =  e 3v + 5 sec e 3v +5 dv
) ( )
 cos e 

We can now apply chain rule as a next step:

du = e 3v +5 Dv (3v + 5)dv = 3e 3v +5 dv
du
let: u = e 3v +5 ;  = e 3v +5 dv
3


(
e 3v +5 tan e 3v +5 )
dv =  e 3v +5 sec e 3v +5 dv =  (sec u )
du 1
( )
3 3
=
sin e(3v +5
) sec udu

1
= ln tan u + sec u + C ; But: u = e 3v +5
3


(
e 3v +5 tan e 3v +5 )
dv = 31 ln tan e 3v +5 + sec e 3v +5 + C ( ) ( )
(
sin e 3v +5
)

2w 2 cot w 3 csc w 3 cos csc w 3 ( )

Example 7:  sin csc w 3 ( )
We simplify first the function by using a trigonometric identity. Thus:


2w 2 cot w 3 csc w 3 cos csc w 3 (
dw =  2w 2 cot w 3 csc w 3
) ( ) cos (csc w )dw
3

sin csc w 3
( )  sin(csc w ) 
3

(
=  2w 2 cot w 3 csc w 3 cot csc w 3 dw ) ( ) ;
cos 
sin
= cot 

let: u = csc w 3 ; ( ) (
du = − cot w 3 csc w 3 Dw w 3 dw = − cot w 3 csc w 3 3w 2 dw )( )
du
du = −3w 2 cot w 3 csc w 3 dw  − = w 2 cot w 3 csc w 3 dw
3


2w 2 cot w 3 csc w 3 cos csc w 3 ( ) (  du 
dw =  2w 2 cot w 3 csc w 3 cot csc w 3 dw =  2(cot u ) −  ) ( )
sin csc w 3
( )  3 
2 2
= −  cot udu = − ln sin u + C ; But: u = csc w 3
3 3


2w 2 cot w 3 csc w 3 cos csc w 3 (
dw = − 32 ln sin csc w 3 + C
) ( )
sin csc w 3
( )

MATH 20053 (CALCULUS 2) | Prepared by: Prof Randy Cham T. Alignay (PUPSRC) 8
EXERCISE 1.5: Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

x+2
1.  x 2 + 4 x + 3 dx (Ans: 1
2
ln x 2 + 4x + 3 + C )

dx
2.  x 1/ 3 (1 + x 2 / 3 ) (Ans: 3
2
ln 1 + x2/3 + C )

2s + 1 1
3.  (s + 2)4 (s − 1)4 ds (Ans: −
(
3 s2 + s − 2 )3
+C )

4. 
5q 3 sec 3q 4 tan 3q 4
cos sec 3q 4 ( dq
) (Ans: 5
12
( ) ( )
ln tan sec 3q 4 + sec sec 3q 4 + C )

(
y 2 cot sin −1 3 y 3 ) dy (sin )

−1
5. (Ans: 1
9
ln sin 3y 3 + C )
1 − 9y 6

5 − 4z 2
6.  3 + 2z dz

2 csc 3 t
7.  3
dt
t2

3
−5
x 2e 4x
8.  cot (e 4 x −5 ) dx
3

MATH 20053 (CALCULUS 2) | Prepared by: Prof Randy Cham T. Alignay (PUPSRC) 9