Solved Problems
Solved Problems
Problem 4.1
መ
𝐕 = 3𝑦 + 2 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑥 − 8 𝐣Ƹ + 5𝑧 𝐤
𝑢 = 3𝑦 + 2 , 𝑣 = 𝑥−8 , 𝑤 = 5𝑧
a) Speed at origin (𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0)
𝐕= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + 𝑥−8 2 + 5𝑧 2 = 2 2 + −8 2 + 0 2 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟓 ft/s
b) Speed 𝒂𝒕(𝑥 = 𝑧 = 0)
𝐕= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + 𝑥−8 2 + 5𝑧 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + −8 2 + 0 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + 64 ft/s
Problem 4.3
20𝑦 20𝑥
𝐕= 𝐢Ƹ + 𝐣Ƹ
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
20𝑦 −20𝑥
𝑢= , 𝑣=
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
20𝑦 −20𝑥
𝑢= , 𝑣=
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑣 𝑥
tan 𝜽 = =−
𝑢 𝑦
𝑥
at 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5,0 ⇒ tan 𝜽 = − = −∞ ⇒ 𝜽 = −90°
𝑦
𝑥
at 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5,5 ⇒ tan 𝜽 = − = −1 ⇒ 𝜽 = −45°
𝑦
𝑥
at 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0,5 ⇒ tan 𝜽 = − = 0 ⇒ 𝜽 = 0°
𝑦
Problem 4.4
𝐕 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 8 𝐣Ƹ
𝑢 = x − y, 𝑣 = 𝑥2𝑦 − 8
𝐕= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝑢 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 0
⟹ x − y = 0, ⟹ 𝑥 2𝑦 − 8 = 0
⟹ x = y, ⟹ 𝑥 3 = 8 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 9𝑥 2
= = = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 3
⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
⟹ න 𝑑𝑦 = න 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + const
Problem 4.15
𝐷 𝐕 𝜕 𝐕
𝒂= = + 𝑽∙∇ 𝐕
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
መ
𝒂 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝐤
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 Thus:
𝑎𝑥 = = + 𝑢+ 𝑣+ 𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 መ
𝒂 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝐤
𝑎𝑥 = 0 + 2𝑥 3 + 0 + 0 = 2𝑥 3
መ
𝒂 = 2𝑥 3 𝐢Ƹ + 2𝑦𝑥 2 𝐣Ƹ + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦𝐤
𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = = + 𝑢+ 𝑣+ 𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑎𝑦 = 0 − 2𝑦𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑥 2 + 0 = 2𝑦𝑥 2
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝜕𝑡
+ 𝜕𝑥
𝑢 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑣 + 𝜕𝑧
𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = 0 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 0 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
2
Problem 4.17
𝐷 𝐕 𝜕 𝐕
𝒂= = + 𝑽∙∇ 𝐕
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝒂 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐢Ƹ + 0𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤መ
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = = + 𝑢
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= Local Acceleration
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢1 ft 𝜕𝑢2
= 4 2, = 2 ft/s 2
𝜕𝑡 s 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝑢2 −𝑢1
= <0
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥
As u>0, therefore:
𝜕𝑢
𝑢<0
𝜕𝑥
Problem 4.18
𝐷 𝐕 𝜕 𝐕
𝒂= = + 𝑽∙∇ 𝐕
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝒂 = 0𝐢Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤መ
መ
𝐕 = 0𝐢Ƹ + 8/𝑡 + 5 𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤
𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = = + 𝑣= = −8𝑡 −2
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡
at 𝒕 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 = −8 1 −2 = −8 m/s2
at 𝒕 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 = −8 2 −2 = −2 m/s2
at 𝒕 = 10 ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 = −8 10 −2 = −0.08 m/s2
Problem 4.27
𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
at 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 10 = 0 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 10
at 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 25 = 𝑎 + 10 ⇒ 𝑎 = 15
⇒ 𝑢 = 15𝑥 + 10
ሶ =
𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑡 න 𝜌𝑏 𝑉 ∙ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
out_CS
With b = 1
𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑉 cos 𝜃 න 𝑑𝐴
out_CS
1
𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 𝜌 𝑉 cos 𝜃 = 𝜌 𝑉𝐴
cos 𝜃
kg m kg
𝑉 𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑉𝐴 = 1000 2
× 3 × 1m = 3000
m3 s s
𝑛ො
With 𝐛 = 𝟏/𝝆
𝑉 ∙ 𝑛ො = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 m m 3
𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝐴 = 3 × 1m2 = 3
s s
Problems Chapter 5: Control volume analysis
Problem 5.6
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 = 𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 = 𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⟹ 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 =
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝜋𝐷2
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 =
4
𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝑉2 𝐴2
Therefore:
𝑉1 ℎ1 = 𝑉2 ℎ2
18 0.6 = 3.4ℎ
ℎ = 3.176 ft
Problem 5.10
𝑄3 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑉3 𝐴3 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 962.5 + 385
𝑉3 = ⟹ = 26.8 inΤs = 2.23 ftΤs
𝐴3 50.27
Problem 5.15
𝑑𝑀
= 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.0238 − 0.019 = 0.00456 slugΤs
𝑑𝑡 sys
𝑑𝑀 𝑑 𝜌𝑉 𝑑 𝜌
b) = =𝑉
Recall: what is already there plus what comes in minus what 𝑑𝑡 sys 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
goes out equals what is there
𝑑 𝜌 𝑑 𝜌 0.00456 slug
Therefore, from the conservation of mass for steady flow: 𝑉 = 0.053 slugΤs ⟹ = = 0.000228 3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 20 ft ∙ s
𝑑𝑀
= 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡 sys
Problem 5.15
𝜕
ෝ 𝑑𝐴 = 0
න 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝑽 ∙ 𝒏
𝜕𝑡
CV CS
𝑄 = 1. 0 literΤs
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉
+ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = − 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑉
ℎ = 1.5 𝑚 − 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑉 𝑡
𝑑𝑉
𝐷 = 10 𝑚 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 ⟹ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ න 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 න 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 0 0
𝑉 = ℎ 𝜋𝑅 2 = 1.5 𝜋52 = 117.8 m3
𝑉 117.8 m3
𝑡= = = 117809.7 s = 32.7 hrs
𝑄𝑖𝑛 0.001 m3 Τs
Problem 5.45
The control volume of the momentum equation in the x-direction is given by:
𝜕
න 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝜌 𝑢 𝑽 ∙ 𝒏 ෝ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐹x
𝜕𝑡
CV CS
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑙
𝜕
𝐴𝑙𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑢22 𝐴2 − 𝜌𝑢12 𝐴1 = 𝑝1 𝐴1 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 + 𝐹x
𝜕𝑡
𝜕
𝐴𝑙𝜌𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
⟹ 𝑙𝜌 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝜕𝑡
𝑚
⟹ 𝑎×𝑙 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝑉
𝑚
⟹𝑎× = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝐴
Problem 5.45
b) Rotational vector
1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑦
𝜔𝑧 = − = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = −
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 2
1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 1 𝑦
𝜔𝑥 = − = −𝑦 − 2𝑧 = − + 𝑧
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 2
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 1 5𝑧
a) The volume deformation is equal to the divergence of the velocity vector, thus: 𝜔𝑦 = − = 3𝑧 − (−2𝑧) =
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
∇∙𝑉 = + + 𝝎 = 𝜔𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝜔𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝜔𝑧 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝑦 5𝑧 𝑦
= 2𝑥, = 𝑥 + 𝑧, = −3𝑥 − 𝑧 𝝎=− + 𝑧 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + − 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 2 2
∇ ∙ 𝑉 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑧 − 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0 ⟹ no deformation
𝝎 is not zero, therefore the flow is rotational
Problem 6.5
a) 𝜻 = 𝟐𝝎:
1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1 3
𝜔𝑧 = − = −3𝑥𝑦 2 = − 𝑥𝑦 2
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 2
1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 1
𝜔𝑥 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 1
𝜔𝑦 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2
𝝎 = 𝜔𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝜔𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝜔𝑧 𝑘
3
𝝎 = − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘
2
𝜻 = −3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
∇∙𝑉 = + + = 0 (𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
b) 𝝎:
1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑈 𝑈
𝜔𝑧 = − = − =−
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑏 2𝑏
1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 1
𝜔𝑥 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 1
𝜔𝑦 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑈
𝝎=− 𝑘
2𝑏
𝑈
c) 𝜻 = 𝟐𝝎 = − 𝑏 𝑘
𝒅𝜶 𝒅𝜷 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖 𝑈
d) 𝜸ሶ = + 𝒅𝒕 = 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒚 =
𝒅𝒕 𝑏