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Solved Problems

The document contains problems related to fluid kinematics and fluid dynamics. It includes calculation of speed, velocity, angles, stagnation points, streamlines, acceleration, control volume analysis, and application of continuity equation to problems involving flow rates and pipe sizes.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
9 views

Solved Problems

The document contains problems related to fluid kinematics and fluid dynamics. It includes calculation of speed, velocity, angles, stagnation points, streamlines, acceleration, control volume analysis, and application of continuity equation to problems involving flow rates and pipe sizes.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problems Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Problem 4.1


𝐕 = 3𝑦 + 2 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑥 − 8 𝐣Ƹ + 5𝑧 𝐤

𝑢 = 3𝑦 + 2 , 𝑣 = 𝑥−8 , 𝑤 = 5𝑧

a) Speed at origin (𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0)

𝐕= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + 𝑥−8 2 + 5𝑧 2 = 2 2 + −8 2 + 0 2 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟓 ft/s

b) Speed 𝒂𝒕(𝑥 = 𝑧 = 0)

𝐕= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + 𝑥−8 2 + 5𝑧 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + −8 2 + 0 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + 64 ft/s
Problem 4.3

20𝑦 20𝑥
𝐕= 𝐢Ƹ + 𝐣Ƹ
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

20𝑦 −20𝑥
𝑢= , 𝑣=
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

a) Speed along x-axis, y-axis


2 2
20𝑦 −20𝑥 400 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝐕= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 = + = = 400 = 200 ft/s
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
Problem 4.3

20𝑦 −20𝑥
𝑢= , 𝑣=
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

b) Angle at 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5,0 , 5,5 , (0,5)

𝑣 𝑥
tan 𝜽 = =−
𝑢 𝑦
𝑥
at 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5,0 ⇒ tan 𝜽 = − = −∞ ⇒ 𝜽 = −90°
𝑦
𝑥
at 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5,5 ⇒ tan 𝜽 = − = −1 ⇒ 𝜽 = −45°
𝑦
𝑥
at 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0,5 ⇒ tan 𝜽 = − = 0 ⇒ 𝜽 = 0°
𝑦
Problem 4.4

𝐕 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 8 𝐣Ƹ

𝑢 = x − y, 𝑣 = 𝑥2𝑦 − 8

At stagnation point 𝐕 = 𝟎, thus:

𝐕= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝑢 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 0

⟹ x − y = 0, ⟹ 𝑥 2𝑦 − 8 = 0

⟹ x = y, ⟹ 𝑥 3 = 8 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2

Stagnation point occurs at (x, y) = (2, 2)


Problem 4.5

Streamline equation is defined as:

𝑑𝑦 𝑣 9𝑥 2
= = = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 3

⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

⟹ න 𝑑𝑦 = න 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + const
Problem 4.15

Acceleration vector equation is defined as:

𝐷 𝐕 𝜕 𝐕
𝒂= = + 𝑽∙∇ 𝐕
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝒂 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝐤

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 Thus:
𝑎𝑥 = = + 𝑢+ 𝑣+ 𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 መ
𝒂 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝐤
𝑎𝑥 = 0 + 2𝑥 3 + 0 + 0 = 2𝑥 3

𝒂 = 2𝑥 3 𝐢Ƹ + 2𝑦𝑥 2 𝐣Ƹ + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦𝐤

𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = = + 𝑢+ 𝑣+ 𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑎𝑦 = 0 − 2𝑦𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑥 2 + 0 = 2𝑦𝑥 2

𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝜕𝑡
+ 𝜕𝑥
𝑢 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑣 + 𝜕𝑧
𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = 0 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 0 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
2
Problem 4.17

Acceleration vector equation is defined as:

𝐷 𝐕 𝜕 𝐕
𝒂= = + 𝑽∙∇ 𝐕
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝒂 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐢Ƹ + 0𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤መ

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = = + 𝑢
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢
= Local Acceleration
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑢1 ft 𝜕𝑢2
= 4 2, = 2 ft/s 2
𝜕𝑡 s 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝑢2 −𝑢1
= <0
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥

As u>0, therefore:

𝜕𝑢
𝑢<0
𝜕𝑥
Problem 4.18

Acceleration vector equation is defined as:

𝐷 𝐕 𝜕 𝐕
𝒂= = + 𝑽∙∇ 𝐕
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝒂 = 0𝐢Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤መ


𝐕 = 0𝐢Ƹ + 8/𝑡 + 5 𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤

𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = = + 𝑣= = −8𝑡 −2
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡

at 𝒕 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 = −8 1 −2 = −8 m/s2
at 𝒕 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 = −8 2 −2 = −2 m/s2
at 𝒕 = 10 ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 = −8 10 −2 = −0.08 m/s2
Problem 4.27

𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

at 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 10 = 0 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 10
at 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 25 = 𝑎 + 10 ⇒ 𝑎 = 15
⇒ 𝑢 = 15𝑥 + 10

As u is not function of time, the local acceleration:


Acceleration vector equation is defined as: 𝜕𝑢
=0
𝜕𝑡
𝐷 𝐕 𝜕 𝐕
𝒂= = + 𝑽∙∇ 𝐕 Acceleration at point 1:
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝒂 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐢Ƹ + 0𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤መ 𝜕𝑢
𝑎1 = 𝑢 = 15 15 0 + 10 = 150 m/s2
𝜕𝑥

𝐕 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝐢Ƹ + 0 𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤
Acceleration at point 2:
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑎2 = 𝑢 = 15 15 1 + 10 = 375 m/s2
𝑎𝑥 = + 𝑢 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
Problem 4.60

ሶ =
𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑡 න 𝜌𝑏 𝑉 ∙ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
out_CS

With b = 1
𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑉 cos 𝜃 න 𝑑𝐴
out_CS
1
𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 𝜌 𝑉 cos 𝜃 = 𝜌 𝑉𝐴
cos 𝜃
kg m kg
𝑉 𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑉𝐴 = 1000 2
× 3 × 1m = 3000
m3 s s
𝑛ො
With 𝐛 = 𝟏/𝝆
𝑉 ∙ 𝑛ො = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 m m 3
𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝐴 = 3 × 1m2 = 3
s s
Problems Chapter 5: Control volume analysis
Problem 5.6

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 = 𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 = 𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⟹ 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 =
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡

𝜋𝐷2
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 =
4

𝜋𝐷2 𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 4𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 4 8912 ft3 Τs


= ⟹𝐷= = = 19.45 ft
4 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝜋𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝜋 30 ftΤ𝑠
Problem 5.8

From the Continuity Equation:

Volume flow rate = constant

𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝑉2 𝐴2

The thickness at section 1 and 2 are the same

Therefore:

𝑉1 ℎ1 = 𝑉2 ℎ2

18 0.6 = 3.4ℎ

ℎ = 3.176 ft
Problem 5.10

The flow is steady and incompressible, therefore:

Volume flow rate = constant

𝑄3 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑉3 𝐴3 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2

𝑄1 = 250 galΤmin = 962.5 in3Τs


𝑄2 = 100 galΤmin = 385 in3Τs
𝐴3 = 𝜋𝑅2 = 16𝜋 = 50.27 in2

𝑄1 + 𝑄2 962.5 + 385
𝑉3 = ⟹ = 26.8 inΤs = 2.23 ftΤs
𝐴3 50.27
Problem 5.15

a) 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 = 𝜌𝑄 = 0.00238 × 10 = 0.0238 slugΤs


𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 = 0.0035 × 700 × 𝜋 0.05 2 = 0.019 slugΤs

𝑑𝑀
= 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.0238 − 0.019 = 0.00456 slugΤs
𝑑𝑡 sys

𝑑𝑀 𝑑 𝜌𝑉 𝑑 𝜌
b) = =𝑉
Recall: what is already there plus what comes in minus what 𝑑𝑡 sys 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
goes out equals what is there
𝑑 𝜌 𝑑 𝜌 0.00456 slug
Therefore, from the conservation of mass for steady flow: 𝑉 = 0.053 slugΤs ⟹ = = 0.000228 3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 20 ft ∙ s

𝑑𝑀
= ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡 sys
Problem 5.15

From mass conservation law:


𝜕
න 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝜌 𝑽 ∙ 𝒏ෝ 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝜕𝑡
CV CS
The water is incompressible ⟹ 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝜕
ෝ 𝑑𝐴 = 0
න 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝑽 ∙ 𝒏
𝜕𝑡
CV CS

𝑄 = 1. 0 literΤs
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉
+ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = − 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝑑𝑉
ℎ = 1.5 𝑚 − 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑉 𝑡
𝑑𝑉
𝐷 = 10 𝑚 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 ⟹ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ න 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 න 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 0 0
𝑉 = ℎ 𝜋𝑅 2 = 1.5 𝜋52 = 117.8 m3
𝑉 117.8 m3
𝑡= = = 117809.7 s = 32.7 hrs
𝑄𝑖𝑛 0.001 m3 Τs
Problem 5.45

The control volume of the momentum equation in the x-direction is given by:
𝜕
න 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝜌 𝑢 𝑽 ∙ 𝒏 ෝ 𝑑𝐴 = ෍ 𝐹x
𝜕𝑡
CV CS

𝑉 = 𝐴𝑙
𝜕
𝐴𝑙𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑢22 𝐴2 − 𝜌𝑢12 𝐴1 = 𝑝1 𝐴1 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 + 𝐹x
𝜕𝑡

𝑢1 = 𝑢2 at every second because it is only function of time not position, therefore:


𝜌𝑢22 𝐴2 = 𝜌𝑢12 𝐴1

𝐹x = 0 because we assume the only forces is the pressure forces, thus:

𝜕
𝐴𝑙𝜌𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
⟹ 𝑙𝜌 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝜕𝑡
𝑚
⟹ 𝑎×𝑙 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝑉
𝑚
⟹𝑎× = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝐴
Problem 5.45

Apply the momentum equation in the x-direction, we get:


Pout − Pin = ෍ 𝐹x = 0

𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝜌𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉2 𝜌𝑉2 𝐴2 = 0

Apply the momentum equation in the y−direction, we get:


Pout − Pin = ෍ 𝐹y = 0

𝑉 sin 𝜃 𝜌𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉1 𝜌𝑉1 𝐴1 = 0

We have 3 unknowns and 2 equations, we have to think of one more equation:

The other equation can be obtained from conservation of mass principle:

𝜌𝑉1 𝐴1 + 𝜌𝑉2 𝐴2 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴


Problems Chapter 6: Differential analysis of Fluid Flow
Problem 6.4

b) Rotational vector

1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑦
𝜔𝑧 = − = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = −
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 2

1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 1 𝑦
𝜔𝑥 = − = −𝑦 − 2𝑧 = − + 𝑧
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 2

1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 1 5𝑧
a) The volume deformation is equal to the divergence of the velocity vector, thus: 𝜔𝑦 = − = 3𝑧 − (−2𝑧) =
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
∇∙𝑉 = + + 𝝎 = 𝜔𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝜔𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝜔𝑧 𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝑦 5𝑧 𝑦
= 2𝑥, = 𝑥 + 𝑧, = −3𝑥 − 𝑧 𝝎=− + 𝑧 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + − 𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 2 2

∇ ∙ 𝑉 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑧 − 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0 ⟹ no deformation
𝝎 is not zero, therefore the flow is rotational
Problem 6.5

a) 𝜻 = 𝟐𝝎:

1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1 3
𝜔𝑧 = − = −3𝑥𝑦 2 = − 𝑥𝑦 2
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 2

1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 1
𝜔𝑥 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 1
𝜔𝑦 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2

𝝎 = 𝜔𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝜔𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝜔𝑧 𝑘෠

3
𝝎 = − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘෠
2
𝜻 = −3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘෠

𝝎 is not zero, therefore the flow is rotational


Problem 6.8
a) The volume deformation is equal to the divergence of the velocity vector, thus:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
∇∙𝑉 = + + = 0 (𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

b) 𝝎:
1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑈 𝑈
𝜔𝑧 = − = − =−
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑏 2𝑏

1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 1
𝜔𝑥 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 1
𝜔𝑦 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2

𝑈
𝝎=− 𝑘෠
2𝑏
𝑈
c) 𝜻 = 𝟐𝝎 = − 𝑏 𝑘෠

𝒅𝜶 𝒅𝜷 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖 𝑈
d) 𝜸ሶ = + 𝒅𝒕 = 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒚 =
𝒅𝒕 𝑏

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