TRANSFER FUNCTION REDUCTION :SIGNAL

FLOW GRAPH

CHAPTER 5
• Calculating the transfer function of a system is a fundamental step in the analysis and design of linear time-invariant
(LTI) systems, especially in the field of control theory and signal processing. The transfer function is a mathematical
representation that relates the input and output of a system in the frequency domain. Here are some reasons why
calculating the transfer function is important:
• System Analysis: The transfer function provides insights into the system's behavior, stability, and dynamics. By
analyzing the transfer function, engineers can understand how the system responds to different inputs and
disturbances.
• Frequency Response: The transfer function is particularly useful for analyzing the system's frequency response. It
allows engineers to evaluate how the system responds to sinusoidal inputs at different frequencies, helping to
identify resonant frequencies, bandwidth, and other frequency-dependent characteristics.
• Control System Design: In control theory, the transfer function is crucial for designing controllers that regulate and
stabilize the system. Engineers use techniques like root locus analysis and Bode plots, which rely on the transfer
function, to design controllers that meet desired performance specifications.
• Stability Analysis: The transfer function is essential for assessing the stability of a system. Engineers can use
methods like the Routh-Hurwitz criterion or Nyquist stability criterion, which are based on the transfer function, to
determine the stability of a system.
• System Simulation: When simulating the behavior of a system, especially in software tools or numerical
simulations, the transfer function is often used as a mathematical model. Simulations based on the transfer function
allow engineers to predict and understand the system's response to various inputs and disturbances.
• Filter Design: In signal processing, the transfer function is employed for designing filters that can selectively pass or
reject certain frequency components. Understanding the transfer function helps in designing filters that meet specific
frequency domain requirements.
• Modeling and Representation: The transfer function serves as a concise mathematical representation of the
system's input-output relationship. This makes it easier to analyze and communicate the system's characteristics and
behavior.
• In summary, calculating the transfer function is a key step in understanding, analyzing, and designing linear time-
invariant systems. It provides a powerful tool for engineers to manipulate and study the system's behavior in the
frequency domain, enabling better control, stability analysis, and overall system performance.
SOLVE FOR THE TRANSFER FUNCTION

R(S) + E
G1 C(s)

F
H

Solution:
C = G1E (1)
F = C(s)H (2)
E = R(s)-F (3)
E = R(s)- C(s)H (4)
C(s) = G1[R(s)- C(s)H] (5)
C(s) +C(s)HG1 = G1(R(s)
C(s)[1 + HG1] = G1(R(s)

𝐶(𝑠)/𝑅(𝑠) = 𝐺1/(1 + 𝐺1𝐻)

4
SOLVE FOR THE TRANSFER FUNCTION
G1 A

+ C(s)
R(S) + E G2 B +
_
F
H
Solution:
C(s) = A + B (1)
A = G1E (2)
B = G2E (3)
F = HB (4)
E = R(s)-F (5)

Substitute (2) and (3) into (1); C(s) = G1E + G 2E = (G1 + G 2 )E (6)
Substitute (5) into (6); C(s) = (G 1 + G 2 )[R(s) − F] (7)
Substitute (3) into (4); F = HG 2E (8)
Substitute (5) into (8); F = HG 2[R(s) − F] (9)
HG 2R(s)
Solve (9) for F; F = (10)
1 + G 2H
HG 2R(s)
Substitute (10) into (7); C(s) = (G1 +G 2 )[R(s) − ] (11)
1 + G 2H
1 + G 2H − HG 2
C(s) = (G1 + G 2 ) R(s)
1 + G 2H
C(s) (G1 + G 2 ) 5
T(s) = =
R(s) 1 + G 2H
ATTEMPT TO SOLVE FOR THE TRANSFER
FUNCTION
D

A B E F J
M

C K

6
 RULES
Rule 1 Rule 2

Rule 3 Rule 4
BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION RULES

The take-off point is a point from which the same input signal can be passed through more than one
branch. That means with the help of take-off point, we can apply the same input to one or more blocks,
summing points.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
TRANSFER FUNCTION WITH FEEDBACK

CONTROL SYSTEM WITH FEEDBACK

H(S) EQUIVALENT TRANSFER FUNCTION
EXAMPLE 1 - REDUCE BLOCK DIAGRAM

SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM

EXAMPLE 1 - REDUCE BLOCK DIAGRAM

THE THREE SUMMING JUNCTIONS AFTER COMBINING SUMMING

CAN BE COMBINED BLOCKS
EXAMPLE 1 - CONTINUED
AFTER SIMPLIFICATION
USING ONLY ONE SUMMING JUNCTION WITH
COMBINE G2 AND G3. COMBINE MINUS SIGN
H1, H2 AND H3
EXAMPLE 1 - CONTINUED
FINAL SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM
NOTICE THE MINUS SIGN IS NOW A PLUS
COMBINE G2 AND G3. COMBINE SIGN
H1, H2 AND H3
 EXAMPLE 2

SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING SYSTEM

 ATTEMPT TO SOLVE FOR THE TRANSFER FUNCTION

A B E F J
M

C K

As systems become more complex, we need an easier

method to solve. We revert to an alternative method
using SIGNAL FLOW GRAPHs

23
SFG
• Nodes: While construction an SFG, the junction points that are used to represent
variables are called as Nodes. (N=5)
• Branches: The nodes are connected together by lines called Branches. The signal travels
from one node to another node along these branches.
• Input Node (Source): The node which has only outgoing branches. (Source=1)
• Output Node (Sink): The node which has only incoming branches (Sink=1)
• Path: It is a traversal of connected branches in the direction of branch arrows such that
no node is traversed more than once.
• Forward Path: It is a path from input node to the output node (FP=3)
• Forward path gain: It is the product of branch gains encountered in traversing a forward
path.
• Loop: It is a path which originates and terminates at the same node. (3)
• Loop gain: Its is the product of the branch gains encountered in traversing a loop
• Self loop: Loop with only one branch is called as Self Loop
• Non-touching Loops: Loops are said to be Non-Touching if they do not possess any
common Node.
EQUIVALENT REPRESENTATION OF BLOCK
DIAGRAMS INTO SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH
EQUIVALENT REPRESENTATION OF BLOCK
DIAGRAMS INTO SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH
 EXAMPLE 2

SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING SYSTEM