BA1

FRACTION – Latin word “fractio” meaning to break into parts

Perform the indicated operations.

1. 7  3  5  70  18  25  113  1 53
6 10 12 60 60 60 60 60

1 4 1 15 48 20
2. 4  2 1  4  2 1
4 5 3 60 60 60
35 48 95 48 47
5 2  4 2  2
60 60 60 60 60

49 2 15 7 1 5 7
3. x x  x x 
10 3 77 5 1 11 11

3 1 27 9 27 4 3 1
4. 3 2      1
8 4 8 4 8 9 2 2

 3 5  2  27 20  2 7 24 31
5.          
 4 9  3  36 36  3 36 36 36

EXERCISES:
4 1
1. Subtract 3 from the quotient of 9 and 2 .
5 3

5 7 15 2
2. Subtract the sum  of from , then multiply by .
7 8 8 3

3
3. Christopher wants to engrave his name on an I.D. bracelet. There is 1
4
1
cm of space on the bracelet. He can choose from three sizes of letters: cm
8
1
wide, or cm wide. Which size or sizes of lettering could he use for his
2
name?
 BA2

RATIO – a pair of numbers that makes a comparison; the numbers in a

ratio are of the same unit of measurement.

a
The ratio of a to a number b (b is not equal to 0) can be expressed as or
b
a:b. a is called the antecedent and b is called the consequent.

e.g. ratio of vowels to consonants in the English alphabet = 5:21 or

5/21

Rate is a ratio that compares 2 different quantities and has a denominator

equal to 1.

e.g. Price/unit is sometimes called the unit price.

If 2 apples sell for P18.00, the unit price is 18/2 or P9 per apple.

Speed is an important rate. It is a ratio of distance to time.

e.g. A swimmer swam 60 m in 45 seconds. What is his speed?

4m
60:45 = 4:3 = = 1.33m/s
3s

PROPORTION – a statement of equality between 2 ratios. It can be

written in the form a:b = c:d or a  c . The outer numbers a and d are called
b d
the extremes and the inner numbers b and c are called the means.

NOTE: product of the extremes = product of the means

 BA3

e.g. The ratio of blue balls to red balls to green balls is 1:2:3. If there
are red balls, how many balls are there in all?

total number of balls = x

2:6 = 6:x (1 + 2 + 3 = 6)
2x = 36
x = 18
There are 18 balls.

EXERCISES

1. Diane works per day at P 40.00 per hour at a fast food restaurant.
How much does she earn in 5 days?

2. Anne bought 4 tires for her car at a total cost of P 26, 400. How much
would 5 tires cost at the same rate?

3. If ten carpenters can build a house in 30 days, how long will it take
twelve carpenters to the same work, provided it can be done as
efficiently by 12 as by 10?
 BA4

PERCENT – a ratio of a given number to 100

 To change decimal to percent, move the decimal point 2 places to the

right then affix the percent sign (%).
e.g. 0.30 = 30%

 To change percent to decimal, move the decimal point 2 places to the

left.
e.g. a25% = 1.25

Important Formulas Used in Percent Problems

 Sale price = Original price – Discount

 Discount = rate X original price

 Markup = markup rate X cost

 Selling price = cost + markup

 Commission = sales X commission rate

 Simple interest = principal X rate X time or I = P x r x t

Equations for Percent Problems

A. What number is 45% of 600?

600 x 0.45 = n
270 = n

B. 120 is what percent of 600?

120 = p x 600
120
p
600
p = 0.2 = 20%
 BA5

C. 75% of what number is 30?

0.75 x n = 30
30
n
0.75
n = 40

new  old
D. % of change =  100%
old
no. of old members = 50
no. of new members = 150
% of change = 150  50  100%  200%
50

EXERCISES
1. Complete the table below.
Fraction Decimal Percent Ratio
1
12 %
2
0.15
6:5
1
12
2. If you were charged P 151 tax on P 3,020, what percent tax were you
charged?

3. During a 20%-off sale, an item is marked P 520. What is the regular

price?

4. Levin weighed 45 kg last month. This month he weights 42 kg. By what

percent did his weight decrease?

5. Each month Francis receives 6% commission on all his sales of barber

supplies up to P 150,000. He receives 8% commission on the portion of his
sales that are above P 150,000. His commission for March was P 12,600.
How much were his sales?
 BA6

SERIES OF OPERATIONS ON SIGNED NUMBERS

P – Parenthesis or grouping symbols

E – Exponential expressions
M – Multiplication
D – Division
A – Addition
S – Subtraction

NOTE: Multiplication and division are done as they occur from left to
right. The same thing is true for addition and subtraction.

1. Simplify: 25 – 9(4–6)2  3
25 – 9(4-6)2  3 = 25 – 9(-2)2  3
= 25 – 36  3
= 25 – 12 = 13

6  10
2. Simplify:  1 5  7
48
6  10 16
 1 5  7    4  7  4  4  7  1
48 4

3. Simplify: 18  7  1  3  33
18  7  1  3  33  18  9  27  2  27  29

EXERCISES
Simplify using the PEMDAS.

1. 72  58  3  2 3. 16  2  42   32

16  4  10   2
2. 6 2 4.  2  22
22  2 6  30
2
 BA7

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS – expressions containing 1 or more

variables

A numerical expression is a name for a number.

e.g. 1 + 5 = 6

A constant is a symbol that does not change its value.

e.g. 1, 5, 6

A variable is a symbol or letter used to represent one or more numbers.

e.g. 100 x n (n is a variable)

EVALUATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION – the process of

finding the value of an algebraic expression

1. Evaluate 3m + 2n, when m = 2 and n = 3.

3m + 2n = 3(2) + 2(3) = 12

a  3b 2
2. Evaluate when a = 2 and b = -1
ab
a  3b2 (2)  3(1)2 2  3 5
   5
ab 2  (1) 2 1 1

EXERCISES
Evaluate the following algebraic expressions when a = -1, b = 2, and c = 5.

1. -bc  a 3. [a + 2c]2

2. a2 + 2b – c 4. (a2 + b2)2 – (-c)

 BA8

TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH SENTENCES TO

MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

Translate each phrase into an algebraic expression. Use x to represent the

unknown.

PHRASE ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

The sum of a number and 8 x+8
6 less than a number x-6
6 less a number 6–x
A number increased by –9 x + (-9)
Twice the sum of a number and 5 2(x + 5)
4 more than thrice a number 3x + 4
Twice a number divided by the 2x
square of –5 (5)2

Write an algebraic expression for each phrase.

1. fifteen more than the product of a number k and eleven

2. forty-one times the difference when six is subtracted from a number r

3. the product of eighteen less than x and the sum of twenty-two mote than
twice the square of a number y

4. if L the amount of money Len earned and Glen earned twice as much
as Len – write an expression for the amount Glen earned
 BA9

LAWS OF EXPONENT

 x0 = 1

 xa • xb = xa+b

 (xa)b = xab

 (xy)a = xaya

xa a b
 b x
x
a
 x xa
  y   y a
 
 BA10

POLYNOMIAL

A. Degree of a Polynomial
 The degree of polynomial in one variable is the highest exponent
which appears in the variable.
e.g. x4 + 8x10 (degree = 10)

 The degree of polynomial in more than one variable is equal to the

highest sum of the exponents on the variables in any of the terms.
e.g. xy – 3x4y + 54xy2z (degree = 5)

B. Leading Coefficient – the numerical coefficient of the variable or

term having the highest degree
e.g. xy + 3xyz6 + 5z4 (leading coefficient = 3)

C. Operations on Polynomials
 Addition: Combine similar terms.

 Subtraction: Change the sign of the subtrahend and add the result
to the minuend.

 Multiplication: Multiply the numerical coefficients and then add the

exponents of the same bases and include whatever remaining
variables are given.

 Binomial by a Binomial: Use the FOIL

(F – First terms; O – Outer terms; I –Inner terms;
L – Last terms) method.
(2x + 3) (5x – 4) = (2x)(5x) + (2x)(-4) + (3)(5x) + (3)(-4)
= 10x2 – 8x + 15x –12
= 10x2 + 7x – 12
 BA11

 Special Products
o Difference of 2 Squares (D2S)
(x – y) (x + y) = x2 – y2

o Perfect Square Trinomials (PST)

 (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
 (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2

o Sum of 2 Cubes
(x – y)(x2 + xy + y2) = x3 – y3

 Pascal’s Triangle
(x + y)0 1
1
(x + y) 1 1
2
(x + y) 1 2 1
3
(x + y) 1 3 3 1
4
(x + y) 1 4 6 4 1
5
(x + y) 1 5 10 10 5 1
6
(x + y) 1 6 15 20 15 6 1

 Division

10 y 2  6 y 10 y 2 6 y
e.g. (1)    5y  3
2y 2y 2y

(2) Divide (3x2 + 5x – 4)  (x – 4)

 BA12

3x + 17
 4 3x 2  5x  4

- (3x2 –12x)
17x – 4
- (17x – 68)
64

64
ANSWER: 3x + 17 +
 4

Using Synthetic Division:

4
3 15 -4
12 68
3 17 64
 BA13

FACTORING

 x2 + 2xy + y2 = (x + y)2

 x2 + 2xy + y2 = (x - y)2

 x2 – y2 = (x + y) (x – y)

 x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)

 x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)

 x2 + y2 +z2 +2xy + 2 yz + 2xc = (x + y + z)2

 Factoring a Trinomial
e.g. 9x2 + 6x – 8 = (3x – 2) (3x + 4)
9 • 8 = 72
Factors of 72: 72 & 1, 9 & 8, 36 & 2, 4 & 18, 24 & 3
12 & 6
9x2 + 12x – 6x – 8 = 3x(3x + 4) – 2(3x + 4)
= (3x – 2) (3x + 4)

EXERCISES

Factors the following completely.

1. xy + x + y2 + 2y 5. 8a2 + 17a + 9

2. x2 – 5x + xy – 5y 6. 15a2 + 16ab2 + 4b4

3. a20 – 196b14 7. 8a2 – 14a – 9

4. 100a6 – 25b4 8. 12a4 + 5a2b6 – 2b12

 BA14

Supply the missing term to make each of the following a perfect square
trinomial.

1. x4 + __________ + 36y4z14
2. 196y4 + ________ + 4
3. 121a6 - ________ + 9
4. 225b4 - _________ + 16c4
5. 49z4 - __________ + 225
 BA15

RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS (RAE) – a fraction in which

the numerator and denominator are polynomials

5 2 11  2
Simplifying RAE: Simplify
 2

5 2 11 2 (5  1)(  2)
  5  1
 2  2

OPERATIONS ON RAE

Perform the indicated operations.

5  10 8 5(  2) 4  2 5
   
1. 12 4  8 12 4(  2) 6

(m  n)2 m2  mn (m  n)2 m mn

2. m  n    
m m  n m(m  n) m  n

9 y y9
 
3. y  9 y  9 y  9
1

8 y 16 8 y  16 8( y  2)
 
4. y  2 y  2 y  2
 8
y2
 BA16

 8  1  8 (  1)
5. 2 5  6  2  
 4  5 (  6)(  1) (  5)(  1)

(  8)(  5) (  1)(  6)
 
(  6)(  1)(  5) (  6)(  1)(  5)
(2  3  40)  (2  5  6) 2 2 2  46
 
(  6)(  1)(  5) (  6)(  1)(  5)

EXERCISES
Simplify.

4a 2b 2  8a 3b 2 (  2)(2  7  10)
1. 2.
4 a 2b 2 2 3  10

Perform the indicated operations.

4 1 1 1
1.  2. 
a6 a 2 4  4 2 4

  4a3bc 2 15a5c3 abc 6

3. 2 4   (  4) 2 4.  
25ab 4 28b3c 35a 2b
 BA17

COMPLEX RAE – rational whose numerator or denominator contains one

or more fractions

ax + ab
x2 – b2
EXAMPLE: Simplify: x + b
x–b

a   ab a(  b) a
 2 b 2 (  b)(  b) (  b)  b
  
a
 
a
 b   b  b (  b)  b  b
 b  b  b

EXERCISES

3 2 3
5 
a  y
1. 1 2. 1
2 2
a y
 BA18

SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH ONE UNKNOWN

Reminder
The first thing to do in solving equations is to isolate the variable on 1 side
of the equation. When solving equations always remember that whatever
operation you do to the left side of the equation, you must do the same
thing with the right side.
Ex. x – 15 = 10
x – 15 = 10 + 15 (isolate x by “getting rid” of –15 at the left side)
x = 25

Worded Problems with One Unknown

A. Number and Digit Problems
 Consecutive integers/numbers: x = 1st number
x + 1 = 2nd number
x + 2 = 3rd number
 Consecutive even/odd integers:
x = 1st odd/even number
x + 2 = 2nd odd/even number
x + 2 = 3rd odd/even number

 Digit numbers: u = units digit & t = tens digit

10t + u = the number
10u + t = the number if reversed
EXAMPLES:
a. Find the 1st integer of the consecutive integers whose sum is 24.
Let x = the 1st integer
x + 1 = the 2nd integer
x + 2 = the 3rd integer
x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 24
3x + 3 = 24
x=7
 BA19

b. The sum of 3 consecutive odd integers is 21. Find the 2nd integer.
Let x = the 1st odd integer
x + 2 = the 2nd odd integer
x + 4 = the 3rd odd integer
x + x + 2 + x + 4 = 21
3x + 6 = 21
x=5
x + 2 = 5 + 2 = 7 = 2nd odd integer

c. Find a two-digit number whose tens digit is more than the units digit.
The sum of the two digits is seven.
Let u = units digit
u + 3 = ten is digit
u+u+3=7
2u + 3 = 7
u=2
t=2+3=5
52 = two-digit number

B. Age Problem
Let x = present age

EXAMPLE:
A mother is nine times as old as her son. In three years, she will only be 5
times as old as her son. Find her present age.

Present Age After 3 years

Son x x+3
Mother 9x 9x + 3
 BA20

9x + 3 = 5(x + 3)
9x + 3 = 5x + 15
4x = 12
x=3
son = 3 years old
mother = 27 years old

C. Word Problem
1 1 1 1
   sum of unit work = total unit of work
A B C T

EXAMPLE:
A can finish a job in 8 days. Together with B, they can finish the same job
in 5 days. How many days will B finish the job doing it alone?
Let B = the number of days that B can finish the job alone

1 1 1
 
8 B 5
1 1  1
40 B     40 B
8 B  5

5B + 40 = 8B
40 = 3B
13.33 days = B

D. Uniform Motion Problem

D = rt where D = distance, r = rate, t = time

EXAMPLE:
Anne leaves the city traveling in her car at a rate of 45 kph. One hour later,
his sister leaves from the same place, along the same road at 54 kph. In
how many hours will her sister overtake her?
 BA21

Rate Time Distance

Anne 45 kph x+1 45(x + 1)
Anne’s Sister 54 kph x 54x

Let x = the number of hours it will Anne’s Sister to overtake her

45(x + 1) = 54x
45x + 45 = 54x
45 = 9x
x = 5 hours

E. Mixture Problem
A chemist has 20 mL of 80% sulfuric acid solution. How many liters of
pure sulfuric acid should he add to make a 90% solution?

Let x = volume of pure sulfuric acid to be added

20 mL 20 mL 20 + x

80% + 100% = 90%

0.8 1 0.9

20(0.8) + x = (20 + x) 0.9

16 + x = 18 + 0.9x
x – 0.9x = 2
x = 20 mL of pure sulfuric acid
 BA24

INEQUALITIES

Mathematical symbols such as a > b, B < C, a ≠ d, e ≥ g, or 36m ≤ - 1 are

called inequalities. The properties of inequalities are:
 Addition Property: For every a, b  R and any number c, if a > b
then a + c > b + c

 Multiplication Property: For every a, b  R and any number c, if

a > b then ac > bc if c > 0; ac < BC if c < 0.

x > 0 x ≤ -1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -3 -2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Solve.
1. x + 15 < 22 3. 6x – 5 > 2x - 8
x < 22 – 15 6x – 2x >-8 + 5
x <7 4x > -3
3

4

1 2
2. – 9x ≥ 45 4. (3  1)  (2  11)
2 5
 9  45 1  2 
 10 (3  1)  10 (2  11)
9 9 2  5 

x ≤ -5 5(3x – 1) ≤ 4(2x + 11)

15x – 5 ≤ 8x + 44
7x ≤ 49
x≤7
 BA25

EQUATION OF A LINE

Analytical Geometry is a branch of mathematics which deals with the

study of the properties, behaviors, and solutions of points, lines, curves,
angles, surfaces, and solids by means of algebraic methods in relation to a
coordinate system.

Cartesian or Rectangular Coordinate System is a system that consists of

two perpendicular lines which intersect at a common point.

y-axis

II (-,+) (+,+) I
x-axis

III (-,-) (+,-) IV

DAB = ( X1  X 2 )  (Y1  Y2 )
2 2
Distance Formula

Point A (X1, Y1) and Point B (X2, Y2)

  2 y1  y2
Midpoint Formula Xm  1 Ym 
2 2

rise y1  y2
m 
Slope of a line: run 1  2
 BA26

SLOPE OF A LINE

 Vertical line m= 

 Horizontal line m=

 Line towards to 1st & 3rd quadrant m=+

 Line towards to 2nd & 4th quadrant m=-

 Line 1 parallel to line 2 L1║L2 m1 = m2

1
 Line 1 perpendicular to line 2 L1  L2 m1= m
2

FORMS OF EQUATION OF A LINE

 Slope – Intercept Form: y = mx + b (b is the y-intercept)

y1  y2
 Point – Slope form: m  1  2
y  y1 y1  y2
 Two-point form: 
  1 1  2
 y
 Intercept form:  1
a b

 General form: Ax + By + C = 0 where A, B, C are integers

A C C
m= b= a=
B B A

A C B C
y=  x= y
B B A A
 BA27

EXERCISES

1. Find the slope of the line containing the points (2,5) and (-3, 7).

2. Find the slope of the second line that satisfies the given condition:
a. perpendicular to the line y = -9x – 6
b. parallel to the line passing through (-7,-5) and –-2,-6).

3. Find the equation of a line passing through (4,6) and (-8,1)

4. Find the equation of the line that passes through the given point and
has the given slope:

9  12  3
a. (0, 4) m=  b.  ,9  m= 
7  5  2
 BA22

F. Measurement Problem
Perimeter/Area/Kinds of Triangle/Angles
EXAMPLE:
A rectangle has a perimeter of 15m and length exceeds the width by 3m.
What is the width of the rectangle?
Let w = width of the rectangle
w + 3 = length of the rectangle

2w + 2(w + 3) = 15
4w + 6 = 15
w = 2.25m

EXERCISES
1. A bank teller has P2, 000 in P20 and P10 bills. If the total number of
bills is 122, how many of each type does she have?

2. How much pure alcohol must a nurse add to 10 cc of a 60% alcohol

solution to strengthen it to a 90% solution?

3. A farmer wants to mix milk containing 8% butterfat with cream

containing 30% butterfat to obtain 900 galloons of milk which is 8%
butterfat. How much of each must he use?

4. A chemist needs a solution of tannic acid 70% pure. How much distilled
water he add to 5 gallons of acid which was 90% pure to obtain the 70%
solution?

5. Bob can dig a ditch in 4 hours. John can dig the same ditch in 3 hours.
How long would it take them dig it together?

5. A freight train starts from Los Angeles and heads for Chicago at 40
mph. Two hours later a passenger train leaves the same station for
Chicago traveling 60 mph. How long before the passenger train
overtakes the freight train?
 BA23

7. Two planes leave New York at 10 AM, one heading for Europe at 600
mph and one heading in the opposite direction at 150 mph. At what time
will they be 900 miles apart? How far has each traveled?

8. Find two consecutives even integers such that five times the first is
equal to four times the second.

9. Marvin is three more than twice the age of Anthony. In 10 years, the
sum of their ages will be 47. How old are they now?