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Chapter1 1

Uploaded by

hoanvaong
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Introduction to

Computer Science
Part I : Fundamentals of Information Technology

2
Part I : Fundamentals of Information Technology

• Unit 1. Basic Concepts


• Unit 2. Data Representation in a Computer
• Unit 3. Computer Systems
• Unit 4. Computer Network and Operating Systems
• Unit 5. Computer Software, Algorithms

3
Unit 1
Basic Concepts
Unit 1. Basic Concepts

• Information and Information Processing


• Data – Information – Knowledge
• Information Processing
• Computers and Classification of Computers
• History of Computers
• Classification of Computers
• Computer Science and Relevant Sciences

5
Information and Information Processing

• Data – Information – Knowledge


• Information Processing

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Data – Information – Knowledge

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Data

• Usually, data is static in nature.


• It can represent a set of discrete facts about events.
• Data is a prerequisite to information.
• An organization has to decide on the nature and volume
of data that is required for creating the necessary
information.

Data represents unorganized and unprocessed


facts.

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Information

• Information can be considered as an aggregation of


data (processed data) which makes decision making
easier.

• Information has usually got some meaning and


purpose.

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Data & Information

DATA INFORMATION

INFORMATION = DATA + CONTEXT + MEANING


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Knowledge

• Human understanding of a subject matter that has been


acquired through proper study and experience.
• Usually based on learning, thinking, and proper
understanding of the problem area.
• Understanding of information based on its perceived
importance or relevance to a problem area.
• Integration of human perceptive processes that helps
them to draw meaningful conclusions.

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Knowledge

• Through knowledge and experiences, the doctor


discover a rule of blood pressure increment ->
knowledge.
• Prescribe medicines, or other treatment to help the
patient to control blood pressure

12
Information Processing

The electronic capture, collection, storage, manipulation,


transmission, retrieval, and presentation of information
in the form of data, text, voice, or image and includes
telecommunications and office automation functions.

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Model of Information Processing

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

STORAGE

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Computers. Classification of Computers

• History of Computers
• Classification of Computers
• Computer Science and Relevant Sciences

15
History of Computers
• The abacus
• Blaise Pascal invents the first commercial calculator,
a hand powered adding machine
• In 1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard builds a loom that
weaves by reading punched holes stored on small
sheets of hardwood
• Charles Babbage : a programmable machine

Ada Lovelace used the machine


to mechanically translate a short
written work. She is generally
regarded as the first programmer

16
History of Computers (cont’d)

• George Boole wrote An Investigation


of the Laws of Thought(1854)
• In 1935, Konrad Zuse, built a
mechanical calculator to handle the
math involved in his profession.
• The Enigma, a complex mechanical
encoder was used by the Germans
• Alan Turing proposed a "Universal
Machine" capable of "computing"
any algorithm in 1937.

17
History of Computers (cont’d)

• In 1946, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And


Computer), completes.
• The first commercially successful computer is IBM 701
• 1969 UNIX operating system,
• Internet, ARPANet
• “Personal Computer"
• 1981:MS-DOS Operating System
• 1985 : MS Windows

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First generation of computing (1950-1959)

• Used vacuum tubes to store data and programs


• Memory: Magnetic drums
• Input device: Punched cards
• Each computer was multiple rooms in size
• Computers were not very reliable

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Second generation of computing (1959-1965)

• Replaced vacuum tubes by transistors and magnetic


cores
• Dramatic reduction in size
• Computer could fit into a single room
• Increase in reliability of computers
• Reduced costs of computers
• High-level programming languages
• (Fortran)

20
Third generation of computing (1965-1975)

• Used integrated circuits rather than individual electronic


components
• Further reduction in size and cost of computers
• Computers became desk-sized
• First minicomputer developed

• Software industry formed

21
Fourth generation of computing (1975-1985)

• Reduced to the size of a typewriter


• First microcomputer developed
• Desktop and personal computers common
• Appearance of
• Computer networks
• Electronic mail
• User-friendly systems (Graphical user interfaces)

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Fifth generation of computing (1985-now)

• Artificial Intelligence
• Massively parallel processors
• Handheld devices and other types of personal digital
assistants (PDAs)
• High-resolution graphics
• Powerful multimedia user interfaces incorporating sound,
voice recognition, touch, photography, video, and
television

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Fifth generation of computing (1985-now)(cont’d)

• Integrated global telecommunications incorporating data,


television, telephone, FAX, the Internet, and the World
Wide Web
• Wireless data communications
• Massive storage devices
• Ubiquitous computing
• Embedded systems
• Artificial Intelligence

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Classification of Computers

• Available in different shapes, sizes and weights

• Perform different sorts of jobs from one another.

• Mainframe Computers
• Supercomputers
• Minicomputers
• Microcomputers

25
26
Mini computer

PDP 11- the 1970’s

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Computer Science and Relevant Sciences

• Information Technology
• Information and Communication Technology

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Definitions of Computer Science

The study of computers, including both hardware


and software design. Computer science is composed
of many broad disciplines, including artificial
intelligence and software engineering.

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Information Technology

Includes all matters concerned with the furtherance of


computer science and technology and with the design,
development, installation, and implementation of
information systems and applications

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Information and Communication Technology

• Any communication device or application, encompassing:


• Radio
• Television
• Cellular phones
• Computers
• Network hardware and software,
• Satellite systems . . .
• The various services and applications associated with
them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning.

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