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Storage Device

The document discusses different types of storage devices used in computers including magnetic storage devices like hard disks and optical storage devices like CD-ROM and DVD-ROM. It explains how these storage devices work and how operating systems organize data on storage devices.

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Abror md Fayiaz
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37 views21 pages

Storage Device

The document discusses different types of storage devices used in computers including magnetic storage devices like hard disks and optical storage devices like CD-ROM and DVD-ROM. It explains how these storage devices work and how operating systems organize data on storage devices.

Uploaded by

Abror md Fayiaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Inside the Ultimate

Machine
Storage device
• Computer needs a place to keep the data and program
files when they are not in use.

4/13/2022
• The hardware that writes data to or reads data from a
storage medium is called a
storage device.

• RAM is like a work table


and storage is like a file
cabinet.
2
• Users often confuse storage
with memory.
Storage device
Distinction between storage and memory:

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• There is more room in storage than there is in memory.

• Contents are retained in storage when the computer is


turned off, whereas the programs or data you put into
memory disappear when you shut down the computer.

• Storage is much slower compared to memory, but also 3


much cheaper than memory.
Storage device
The two primary storage technologies are magnetic and
optical.

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The primary types of magnetic storage are:

• Diskettes (floppy disks)


• Hard disks
• High-capacity floppy disks
• Magnetic tape 4
Storage device
The two primary storage technologies are magnetic and
optical.

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The primary types of optical storage are:

• Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)


• Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory (DVD-ROM)
• CD-Recordable (CD-R)
• CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) 5
Magnetic Storage Device
How Magnetic Storage Works
• A magnetic disk's medium contains iron particles, which
can be polarized—given a magnetic charge—in one of

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two directions.

• Each particle's direction represents a 1 (on) or 0 (off),


representing each bit of data that the CPU can
recognize.

• A disk drive uses read/write heads containing 6


electromagnets to create magnetic charges on the
medium.
How Magnetic Storage Works

7
4/13
/202
2
How Magnetic Storage Works

• When the direction of the flow of electric current or

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polarity is reversed, the magnetic field’s polarity also is
reversed. (1819 by Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted)

• As the polarity of the magnetic field changes, so does the


direction of the electric current’s flow. (Michael Faraday in
1831)

8
How Magnetic Storage Works

• When applied to magnetic storage devices, this two-way


operation of electromagnetism makes it possible to record

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data on a disk and read that data back later.

• When recording, the head changes electrical impulses to


magnetic fields, and when reading, the head changes
magnetic fields back into electrical impulses.

• Because electromagnetism works two ways, a motor can


9
become a generator, and vice versa.
Magnetic Storage Devices –
Formatting
• Before a magnetic disk can be used, it must be
formatted—a process that maps the disk's surface and

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determines how data will be stored.

• During formatting, the drive creates circular tracks


around the disk's surface, then divides each track into
sectors.

• The OS organizes sectors into groups, called clusters, 10


then tracks each file's location according to the clusters it
occupies.
Magnetic Storage Devices –
Formatting

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11
Magnetic Storage Devices - How
OS finds Data
When a disk is formatted, the OS creates four areas on its surface:

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• Boot sector – stores the master boot record, a small program that
runs when you first start (boot) the computer

• File allocation table (FAT) – a log that records each file's location
and each sector's status

• Root folder – enables the user to store data on the disk in a logical
way
12

• Data area – the portion of the disk that actually holds data
How OS finds Data

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13
Magnetic Storage Devices - Hard
Disks
• Hard disks use multiple platters, stacked on a

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spindle. Each platter has two read/write
heads, one for each side.

• Hard disks use higher-quality media and a


faster rotational speed than diskettes.

• Removable hard disks combine high


14
Capacity with the convenience of diskettes.
Magnetic Storage Devices - Hard
Disks
• A hard drive will often have an "access time" listed in it's
specifications.

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• This is the time between first command and when the
data can finally be sent back to the computer.
• Access time is broken down further into "seek time," and
"settling time."
• Seek time is how long it takes for the heads to arrive in
the general vicinity of the requested data.
• The settling time is how long it takes for the heads to be
15
still enough to read (or write) the data under the head.
Magnetic Storage Devices - Hard
Disks
To minimize settling time,

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• it requires careful computation of the momentum the
head/weight system will posses,
• as well as it's angular velocity,
• how much power will be required to bring it to a stop,
and
• when the application of that power should start.

16
Hard Disks

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17
Hard Disks

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18
Optical Storage Devices –
How Optical Storage Works
• An optical disk is a high-capacity storage medium. An optical

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drive uses reflected light to read data.

• To store data, the disk's metal surface is covered with tiny dents
(pits) and flat spots (lands), which cause light to be reflected
differently.

• When an optical drive shines light into a pit, the light cannot be
reflected back. This represents a bit value of 0 (off). A land reflects
light back to its source, representing a bit value of 1 (on). 19
Optical Storage Devices –
CD-ROM
• In PCs, the most commonly used optical storage technology is
called Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM).

4/13/2022
• A standard CD-ROM disk can store up to 650 MB of data, or
about 70 minutes of audio.

• Once data is written to a standard CD-ROM disk, the data


cannot be altered or overwritten.

20
Optical Storage Devices –
DVD-ROM
• A variation of CD-ROM is called Digital Video Disk Read-Only
Memory (DVD-ROM), and is being used in place of CD-ROM in

4/13/2022
many newer PCs.

• Standard DVD disks store up to 9.4 GB of data—enough to store


an entire movie. Dual-layer DVD disks can store up to 17 GB.

• DVD disks can store so much data because both sides of the disk
are used, along with sophisticated data compression technologies.
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