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Semiconductor

The document discusses semiconductors including their structure, energy bands, intrinsic and extrinsic types. It describes how doping a pure semiconductor with impurities can create an N-type or P-type semiconductor and how joining a P-type and N-type forms a P-N junction which is important in electronics.

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shresthabiraj296
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26 views24 pages

Semiconductor

The document discusses semiconductors including their structure, energy bands, intrinsic and extrinsic types. It describes how doping a pure semiconductor with impurities can create an N-type or P-type semiconductor and how joining a P-type and N-type forms a P-N junction which is important in electronics.

Uploaded by

shresthabiraj296
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Semiconductor

Structure of Solids
Energy bands in solids
Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors
P-N junction
Solids:
Matter having definite shape and volume.
1. Crystalline solids : crystalline solids are those solids
in which the atoms, molecules and ions, which
constitute the solids are in a definite pattern in
three dimensions throughout the solid. Examples:
Rock salt, calcite, sugar etc.
2. Amorphous solids : Amorphous solids are those
solids in which the atoms are not arranged in
regular geometrical pattern. Examples: Ordinary
glass, sulphur, plastics etc.
Energy bands in solids:
• The range of energy possessed by electron in a solid
is called energy band.
https://youtu.be/3npADYVtQOM
Energy band in solids
Most significant energy bands in solids:
1. Valence band: The loosely bound electrons in the outermost
shells are called valance electrons. The range of energies
possessed by valance electrons is known as valance band.

1. Conduction band: In some materials (such as metals),


electrons are responsible for the conduction of current in a
conductor and hence they are also called conduction
electrons. The range of energy occupied by these electrons
is called conduction band. This band can be empty or
partially filled.

2. Forbidden band (forbidden energy gap): The separation


between the conduction band and valance band is known as
forbidden energy gap or forbidden band.
Classification of solids according to
band theory:

1. Conductor:
2. Insulator:
3. Semiconductor:
Conductor
Insulator
Semiconductor
Semiconductors
A semiconductor is a material whose electrical
conductivity lies between those of conductors and
insulators. Because their electric properties are very
sensitive on adding small impurities, they are widely
used in electronic devices. Silicon and germanium are
examples of semiconductors.
https://youtu.be/2_FJ5VSkn3Q
Chemical bond in semiconductor:
• The conductivity or resistivity of a
semiconductor lies in between those of a
conductor and an insulator.
• Most suitable semiconducting substances are
silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge).
Hole:
• When an electron jumps from a covalent
bond, it leaves a vacancy there.
• The empty space which is a deficiency of an
electron is called a hole.
• It travels through a material and serves as
additional current carrier.
• No. of holes in VB is equal to no. of electrons
in CB.
• Holes move in opposite direction than that of
electrons when electric field is applied.
• Holes are considered to be positively charged.
• Drift velocity of hole is smaller than that of
electrons.
• Total current in semiconductor is due to both
electrons in CB and holes in VB.
I = Ie +Ih
Types of semiconductors:
1. Intrinsic semiconductor : An extremely pure
semiconductor is called intrinsic semiconductor. Pure
silicon and germanium crystals are examples of intrinsic
semiconductor.
2. Extrinsic semiconductor
The pure semiconductor doped with trivalent or pentavalent
impurities is called extrinsic semiconductor. Pure silicon and
germanium doped with arsenic or indium is an example of
extrinsic semiconductor
What is doping
The process of adding suitable impurities (atoms) to the
crystal of pure semiconductor to increase the number of
electrons or the number of holes is called doping. A doped
semiconductor is called extrinsic semi conductor. The amount
of impurity atoms added is in extremely small (about 1 part of
106 of intrinsic semi conductor). There are two types of
impurities:
i. Pentavalent (five valence electrons) e.g. arsenic, antimony,
phosphorous.
ii. Trivalent (three valance electron) e.g. aluminium, boron,
etc.
N-type semiconductor
If a pure semiconductor such as silicon is doped with a
pentavalent impurity such as antimony, phosphorous or arsenic
then such semiconductor is called N-type semiconductor.
N – type semiconductor:
P-type semiconductor
If a pure such as silicon is doped with a trivalent
impurity like gallium, indium or aluminium, then such
semiconductor is called P-type semiconductor.
P – type semiconductor:
P-N junction:
When a P-type semiconductor is suitably joined to an
N-type semiconductor, a junction is formed. This
junction is called P-N junction.

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