opetrahon
Procedure
Hebert Gchildte—_" Teach Yourself ©
ScHADM SERIES
E . 0809-2619
ak Computes:- A device that perf hems calculation.
a reo —
LL input | [ processing | [output |
Y v
Command Foisow-up 40 cornmand
given execute executed -
command
GF > Processor:
3 An electronic device That solves all Kinds 6f' problems
> Works with the help of! othee parts cthad
=> Monitos:-
certain space os place Where many informahon can be
kept
> can be Used te Tesehve various programs.
—> When any program is inihated, it 1s loaded in the
memohy, Then, the processor @divks with the loaded
program
S Ik is also called vandom access memosy (RAM),> input /OurPUE Device 4
=> Secondary Memowy ‘-
<3 Progteamming 2anguage =
> computer language 9° expressed in banatry system.
Using and
Log: and () ame catled
> Assembly language “se
Cessemblen vosed fo convert
ten in. assembly Lang.
assembler.
binary sole
vairions imposte
—s mechine tangs)
nt words
pox mal, aNSe
Ls progtameione wor it and
converted to machine language ving 20
=> Computer and interpreter:
<> computes, and aptespreter issvsed) fo convent
source code into machine language.
compucte s
erated .
machine code
intes pee ter
Soutrce code> eympu ter converts Souiece code jnto obgeck code and
file 4
add some helping ev needed, ty give tresutl
as advantage of the code is thal jb cans be used direct ly
without any helping Tile next fime
<> Interpreter executes The instructions one ne af tes
one line and never converts The whole prrogtram
altogether. >! ‘
compiler is faster than ointes preter: 7
D> Working phase ¢f a compiler
Source code
bb ‘
elechricalsnprt analyser Csepeirote te
1 , > ale
Syntax! Analyser Ehack ntaw) Cibtingsq ie Reefer
v . |
Sementic Symmetizic analyser ¢ : |
Y ’ 4
intermediate code genetator
1 ,
code ophmiser | ¢liminots
v
object code.p fortran c =
READ gatechanc) |
ger)
|| sean C ) |
WRITE | Print ()
PRINT | Putchan ( )
| putcy
It#navaniees of c~|
> C ie called medium level language. It has gor the
advantages of high level language and it is atso
Similan to assembly language,
PC is a stiuehtired language. 1k can divide large
Progkams’ ‘ints small pairts.
In every email pants
different data Can
stores
be declaiced
Peperrately and every in every panty
Seperate imstkuetons ean be given.
> In Case of c, while, do Bhileete, can be vsed~
PF Caan work with different operating systems,+ ¢ is a combination of high level and lewd level
+ Opeteati ons
+Vanious loops
|
|
|
1 Siw Pregey some
|
|
|
| + Sting '
+ Poonter
fae V'Siridetute ® *" ;
|
| 1 i
|"
uso F/Row
— =
Binany A Ase Ase tT y
a bit in binamy
=5/0’ and ‘I’ > these hoe are called
system
= 8 bits ave used ft make a new unit Which is catied
byte
= 1 byte may have £76" and § ‘I’ on thei Combination, -
Se 1 byte con be represented in 2° oy aoe ways.
ASCLI
D> ASH stands for Ametrican Standard code for
information intere hange
ASCII
D> In ASEH thee is a fixed number for every
alphabet ox character of ch computer
> When ony button is Pressel, computes gets the
ASCll Code of +he characters.integers (continued)
42) = Integer value is limited fp the vange
=32968 bo 32769
> Signet Signed integer uses one bit for’ sign and
18 bits’ for magnitude
32 dit integer vanges from 2147483646 to
RINT 46 B49,
Snteaers can be Classified
© short Integer
a) Signtatesea Noma}
(3) Long Integex
into 3 types:-
Integer.
> shont Integer Requitees half the
amount of storage
aS 8 Reguiai number integer Requivees,
Saned CS tpg)
Integers
“*MSigned (94 Drange varied
Extra Range can be vanieg by COPventng signed to
Gnsigned vatue
Viow modi fier /qualifiermagnitude.
=> for unsigned,
range is!-
Fo te 65,505 (unsigned ints)
+> \nterchanging unsigned integer ali bie ate for!
|19/09/2019
Date Types [continued |
(@) Foat Point -
> Flocting numbes ahe stored in 32 BI with
€ digits of precision (highest 6 digits efiey decimal)
=> Among the 32 bite, let 23 bits for Man tisse,
ext & bits for exponent and | bib for Sign.
>> After decimal, highest 6 digits can be stored,
S Any number betaeen S4x10°® ond 34x 19%
(3) Double Types: (range 4, precision 1)
D uses C4 bits With preeision of IF digits.
D> fitst 52 bils used fox Mantssa,next 1 bike for
Mantissa and last bit for sign,
3208 308
SRange: (pax i) ty gx lo )
extiea [voia is aleo a tupe of date tyre]G) Character Type:
aS single characters can he used
Dstenred in @_ bils
> 1 bit for sign, 7 bit for data
SS if the sign bib is “O—> positiw.
If the Sign bit is '1' > negative
= range Gias fo 7) [rer mas sange]
for unsigned (o-a5s)
WONT
& Data type:- That change
Cintonne
& Nu mere’
ees Numeric chateacter
constant
a Spteqer tonstant
% types of integeies
~y decimal (0-9 digits)
—docta) (0-9 digits) (0 at first)
> hexadecimal, #9
eReal constant extreas-[mumbers Containing freactianal pars |
4
0-65e 1asee-a .. oO be +5 31e3
aren oineté
no void
space .How Jo convVERT @ fo
os nocl] value.
ascll
OF
value
| Chateaeter constant
A Dngle character constants
sp containing a single thatracter enclosed TOR WIT hin
& par of Single quotation mare.
Ho Siteing constants.
“PA sequence of chatacters encieced in douste quotes,
% Characters may be letters, aumbers
special charac teres
and blank spaces,
> A single chanacten Constant is pop equivalent 4
Single character sting constant.
extra Mus} always be Mone than one
for ctring constant «
chatracte rEXTRA
we Data type
Vatiable
- which can change
Dany/character/ name can be used. Gut the first letters
Cannot be @ Dumber,
=> Any special character (M, @, &, +,~), punctuation
charaeters (%) ean nok be used other than. underscore
and dollar sign, $
Var, van-2_(no hyphen)
Vv x
=) Blank Gpace cannot be used sin w variable ,
=} Key Words cannot be used as Variable name.
=) Any number
integer) Value
“Ae-> Floating point} incase if exponenhar
form is used
ED 8 "
Wuis . ”
"2 0-> octal string
l<
“ZS NUL tenmina ted chareae tery,
%U> unsigned integen
‘AX S hexadecimal ehin tegen
~XD> « be single quataton
wei, 7 means char
print ("“%d", a); pein fen Zeek)
% 4printé ("format specifier”; veriable name)
Sif there is moe than one satdoble formal specifier,
then assignment of Value fp vatdable etre stae ts
from the raghk Yateiable and finishes at the tess.
aay, bb
print¥("a2%b, b> 4a", ab)
aa, b=6
a=12 a=% geading slants
from teight to lef
“rt 4
print? (“Zd, 74, 44", a, a2 015,0)
Deculti- RIT
print OC" %-d, “a, And”
Lo then reading is from left to teight
cy how Tony spaced after decimal
aprrepe_L pat printt C'%82 6", a)
v
& denotes
fetal no.
f digils= H-$8909, be 4I-LIDEY, C= 400.9994
print # ("xz gap% @aF 4636", a,b,c)
Loan aed
prinig CJ BFA 83F" abe)
B88 fom «o>
. loa
CBN ON BN") Qtaing
taseseet-address operator
23/04/2019
* iS an ad
bean? i address
operatey food
sean ("Ad " 00);
7
Y.§ Floahng point furction
=) & is an address operator.
feequiked pret 8 ecanf only,
= addiress operator
noi scant
ww ingide double quotation 16 sheing!
—— :
[Symbolic constant | (ats most be in capital lettev aways)
# define symbelicname value of Gendtant og
names
> symbolic veteres end are sometimes Called constant
stentities identifiers
names
Tureen we have the same form asivatiable! names—
athe blank space between # and define
=> 4 must be the finst character,
= a blonk space hequined between define and symbolic
nameAdvontage of G> Many opera tore can, be.
used
Opera tors:- 2907/2019
I
=A symbol that felis the computer fo perform centain
mathematical 9% logical manipulators
used to manipulate data and vatiable and fotrm o pairt
of the mathematical operation.
extra) In C-3 modulus 9 gives Temainder gf divioyons.
% > cannad be used With Fioating point dete
~> used with integer only.
iW
sS4e both the opeivands jn oof ahithmahe operate
. integers
expression ate -beteoeen then the expression Is (called ovr
A : she
integen expression and operation is Called integer
atithmatc,
=A Integen atithmaHe always yields the integed value
=) During integer division, if both the opehands ate, oF
Jhe same sign then the mesulb wil be. trun ketted
fowaivds 2010, If one of them le negative, trenkatien
may be eitheo ways.
he) Durting madulos divsion, Sign oF the respi is alway’
the sign of the operate. o fitest operandan i
aie
tzat b
+
airithmatic integer.
@ This means.9-t4'e 3 = -2
1477.73 =a
fran kation means eliminating oomething.
operands
=> An atithmatc expression involving freal operations is
called veal anithmabe.
=> A heal operands may assume values in decimal of
in exponenhal form notation.
not
=> Modulos opeiahons can be done with veal operands,fipat dala has mone ™
by tes.
float has prriorerty.
Cc
se _pezintegen 4 floc a
Swhen one of the apeland is veal and the other
is Integex, the expression is catled an arith matic
expfression
> Af either operand is of veal type, then only the
| Teal opePahon is performed.
Foe manipvlation of :—
chat. & ink, => int
Shot} int. # int-=> ink
ine double > ddvble
float int — float
fe, ‘
Float dovble-> dovble. 4
< cast type > operand —9 data casting opeirater.
1 X= Link>a
if a= 7-5, a will be assigned as Din x,
ine us Lintd a /Lind b>
PB A es,
ce be float
ib i nod asvig ned
a and b wil) be
Convested to integer.29/04/2019
Relational Opeixatoy Caused for comparisons)
(Decision making opetator )
D> The expression containing a velational opeiratey 19
called relational expression
S The vetet value of relational expression eis either
Zero oF one.
¥ 4
fatse fue
<, >, 45, >=
FoRMaT oF RELATIONAL
el frelatonal operator ae 2
OPERATOR,
ae arithmetic expression
4.5 Le io (True) —value Will be t
4.6 S-t0 (F390
~35 >= 0-40
AD LISS 1
ath > de
<> >=
S=ols
JS nok operator
changes tyve of false of velationa) opetrator.
1 (ay b)-> depicts a is not greater than b.
14)
1 (a>b)— adeeb
VCagb)— apy=ab
1 (nlsy)> x=
!(a=zy)> al=y
x
xAogical opercator
Riga oa al
ar6,b=3
ttt0 f=10
Gyatbci 314
4 4
(start freom left)
tyatbei
(iva) + Gai) = 1tte2
v
plus makes this
entre thing an axithmahe expression:
Or else, the value of elahonal expression
ig always Limited te © ov.
¥ Logical opeiralor
(Cs used When Making comparisons),
> An expression containing hoo oF more velatonel
expressions is Called a Logical exprescion ov compound
welational ex pression.cal operators! —
logical AND
JH logical OR
— logical NOT
'@eb uaeza)
Los! Cnot zero).
!R> 1130
INS et (asct no- value) =o
1o-g
= ogee
G d-ge t-1a=4)
| LEGS =! Clotigy = Ware lot
Logical spercators. (ans) 8 &
=> In case of legical and, if and only if both the
Operates ane tue, then the value
operands
of the expression |
is Hreue (0) or else it is false (4).