PART 4:

ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY

1
Outline
• Lines
• Area of a Polygon by Coordinates
• Conics Sections
Lines
• Two-Dimensional Cartesian Coordinate System
• Distance Between Two Points
• Angle Between Two Lines
• Distance Between a Point and a Line
• Distance Between Two Parallel Lines
• Midpoint of a Line Segment
• Partition of a Line Segment
Two-Dimensional Cartesian
Coordinate System
Two-Dimensional Cartesian
Coordinate System
Distance Between Two Points
• Given two points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), recall that their
horizontal distance from one another is Δ𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 and
their vertical distance from one another is Δ𝑦 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 .
• The actual (positive) distance from one point to the other
is the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs
|Δ𝑥| and |Δ𝑦|, as shown in the figure.
• The Pythagorean theorem then says that the distance
between the two points is the square root of the sum of
the squares of the horizontal and vertical sides:
𝑑 = Δ𝑥 2 + Δ𝑦 2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
Distance Between Two Points
• Example: Find the distance between the
following pairs of points:
1. 3,2 , (5,7)
2. 1,4 , (4,0)
3. −3,2 , (2, −3)
Angle Between Two Lines
• Inclination of a Line (𝛼) – the positive angle to
the right of the line and above the 𝑥-axis, when a
straight line crosses the 𝑥-axis.
• If the coordinates of two points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) in a line are given
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
tan 𝛼 = =𝑚
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝛼 = tan−1 𝑚
• If 0° < 𝛼 < 90°: 𝑚 is positive
• If 90° < 𝛼 < 180°: 𝑚 is negative
• If 𝛼 = 0°: 𝑚 = 0 and the line is parallel to the 𝑥-axis (horizontal)
• If 𝛼 = 90°: 𝑚 is undefined and the line is parallel to the 𝑦-axis (vertical)
 Angle Between Two Lines
𝜃 • Angle Between Two Lines (𝜃, 𝜙) – the positive
𝜙 angle formed by the intersection of two lines. By
default, we usually take the smaller one among
𝛼2 𝛼1
the angles (𝜃).
𝜃 = |𝛼1 − 𝛼2 |
𝑚2 − 𝑚1
tan 𝜃 =
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
−1
𝑚2 − 𝑚1
𝜃 = tan
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝜙 = 180° − 𝜃
 Angle Between Two Lines
𝜃 • Example: Find the angle between the lines with
𝜙 the following pairs of points:
1. Line 1: 3,2 , (5,7); Line 2: 1,4 , (4,0)
𝛼2 𝛼1 2. Line 1: 1,4 , (4,0); Line 2: −3,2 , (2, −3)
3. Line 1: −3,2 , (2, −3); Line 2: 3,2 , (5,7)
 Angle Between Two Lines
𝜃 • Example: Find the angle between the lines with
𝜙 the following pairs of points:
1. Line 1: 3,2 , (5,7); Line 2: 1,4 , (4,0)
𝛼2 𝛼1 2. Line 1: 1,4 , (4,0); Line 2: −3,2 , (2, −3)
3. Line 1: −3,2 , (2, −3); Line 2: 3,2 , (5,7)
Distance Between a Point and
a Line
• The distance between a point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) and a line
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is
|𝑎𝑥0 + 𝑏𝑦0 + 𝑐|
𝑑=
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Distance Between Two Parallel
Lines
• To calculate the distance between two parallel
lines, pick a point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) on one of the lines and
use the equation of the other line then apply the
formula for the distance between a point and a
line.
• The distance between a point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) and a line
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is
|𝑎𝑥0 + 𝑏𝑦0 + 𝑐|
𝑑=
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Distance Between Two Parallel
Lines
• Example: Find the distance between a point and
a line or two parallel lines:
1. Point: 3,2 ; Line: 1,4 , (4,0)
2. Line 1: 1,4 , (4,0); Line 2: −3,2 , (−6,6)
Distance Between Two Parallel
Lines
• Example: Find the distance between a point and
a line or two parallel lines:
1. Point: 3,2 ; Line: 1,4 , (4,0)
2. Line 1: 1,4 , (4,0); Line 2: −3,2 , (−6,6)
Midpoint of a Line Segment
• The midpoint of a line segment is a point in the line
segment that is of equal distance from the endpoints.
• The midpoint divides a line segment into two segments of
equal lengths or 1: 1 ratio.
• The midpoint of the line segment with endpoints (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
,
2 2
Midpoint of a Line Segment
• Example: Find the midpoint of the following pairs
of points:
1. 3,2 , (5,7)
2. 1,4 , (4,0)
3. −3,2 , (2, −3)
 Partition of a Line Segment
• A line segment can be divided into unequal sections, as
opposed to how a midpoint divides a line segment into
𝑏 equal sections.
• We can divide the line segment, say with an 𝑎: 𝑏 ratio
(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) starting from point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ).
𝑎
• The coordinates for point (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) is:

𝑏𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑥2 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑎𝑦2

𝑥3 , 𝑦3 = ,
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
 Partition of a Line Segment
• Example:
𝑏 1. Find the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) that divides the line
segment with endpoints 𝐴(−3,1) and 𝐵(3, −5)
(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) with a ratio of 1: 2 and point 𝑃 is closer to point
𝑎 𝐴.
2. Find the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) that divides the line
segment with endpoints 𝐴(−3,1) and 𝐵(3, −5)
with a ratio of 1: 2 and point 𝑃 is closer to point
𝐵.
Outline
• Lines
• Area of a Polygon by Coordinates
• Conics Sections
Area of a Polygon by
Coordinates
• The area of a polygon can be calculated given the
coordinates of its vertices with the following steps:
1. Plot the vertices on a coordinate plane.
2. Label the points from 1 to 𝑛 in either a clockwise or
counter-clockwise direction starting at any vertex.
3. Compute the area using the following formula:
𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑛 𝑥1
𝐴=
2
Area of a Polygon by
Coordinates
• Example:
1. Find the area of the triangle with the following
vertices:
4,20 , 6,9 , (−5,6)
2. Find the area of the pentagon with the
following vertices:
10,4 , 6,6 , 10,16 , 16,8 , (4,12)
2. Find the area of the pentagon with the
following vertices:
10,4 , 6,6 , 10,16 , 16,8 , (4,12)
Outline
• Lines
• Area of a Polygon by Coordinates
• Conics Sections
Conic Sections
• Conic Sections: Overview
• Circle
• Parabola
• Ellipse
• Hyperbola
Conic Sections
• Conic Sections – plane figures formed by the
intersection of a right-circular (double) cone and
a plane.
• Technically speaking, a conic section is defined as
the locus of a point which moves so that its
distance from a fixed point, known as focus, is in
constant ratio 𝒆, known as eccentricity, to its
distance from a fixed straight line, known as
directrix.
Conic Sections
• The general equation of a conic section is given
by

𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎

• If the axes are parallel to the 𝑥- and 𝑦-axes

respectively, then 𝐵 = 0, and the above equation
can be simplified into

𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
Conic Sections
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎

• There are 4 types of conic sections:

1. Parabola if either 𝐴 or 𝐶 is zero.

2. Circle if 𝐴 = 𝐶.
3. Ellipse if 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶, but of the same sign.
4. Hyperbola if 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶, but have opposite signs.
Conic Sections
• There are 4 types of conic sections:

1. Parabola – points are equal distance from the fixed

point, focus, and fixed line, directrix.
2. Circle – points are equal distance (radius) from the
fixed point, center.
3. Ellipse – points whose distance from two fixed
points, foci (focus if singular), sum up to a constant.
4. Hyperbola – points whose distance from two fixed
points, foci, have a constant difference.
Parabola
• The equation of a parabola opening upwards or downwards
can be expressed using the standard form:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
• or the vertex form:
1
𝑦= (𝑥 − ℎ)2 +𝑘
4𝑝
• where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑝, ℎ, 𝑘 are real numbers and (ℎ, 𝑘) denotes the
coordinates for the vertex.
• If 𝒂 > 𝟎 or 𝒑 > 𝟎, the parabola opens upwards.
• If 𝒂 < 𝟎 or 𝒑 < 𝟎, the parabola opens downwards.
• If 𝒂 = 𝟎, it reduces to a linear equation.
Parabola
• Vertex form:
1
𝑦= (𝑥 − ℎ)2 +𝑘
4𝑝
• Vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘)
• Focus: (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑝)
• Directrix: 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑝
• Eccentricity: 𝑒 = 1
Parabola
• The equation of a parabola opening to the right or left can be
expressed using the standard form:
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
• or the vertex form:
1
𝑥= (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 +ℎ
4𝑝
• where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, ℎ, 𝑘 are real numbers and (ℎ, 𝑘) denotes the
coordinates for the vertex.
• If 𝒂 > 𝟎 or 𝒑 > 𝟎, the parabola opens to the right.
• If 𝒂 < 𝟎 or 𝒑 < 𝟎, the parabola opens to the left.
• If 𝒂 = 𝟎, it reduces to a linear equation.
Parabola
• Vertex form:
1
𝑦= (𝑥 − ℎ)2 +𝑘
4𝑝
• Vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘)
• Focus: (ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘)
• Directrix: 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑝
• Eccentricity: 𝑒 = 1
Parabola
• Example: Transform the following parabola
equations to vertex form and find the vertex,
focus, and directrix:
1. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
2. 𝑦 = −4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2
Parabola
• Example: Transform the following parabola
equations to vertex form and find the vertex,
focus, and directrix:
1. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
2. 𝑦 = −4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2
Circle
• The equation of a circle can be expressed using the general form:
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
• where 𝐴, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 are real numbers and 𝐴 = 𝐶.
• We can simplify this to:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑓 = 0
• where 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓 are real numbers.
• We can also use the center-radius form:
2 2
𝑥−ℎ + 𝑦−𝑘 = 𝑟2
• where ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑟 are real numbers, (ℎ, 𝑘) denotes the coordinates for
the center, and 𝑟 is the radius.
• Eccentricity: 𝑒 = 0
Circle
• Example: Transform the following circle
equations to center-radius form and find the
center and radius:
1. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 32𝑦 + 28 = 0
2. 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 0
Circle
• Example: Transform the following circle
equations to center-radius form and find the
center and radius:
1. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 32𝑦 + 28 = 0
2. 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 0
Ellipse
• The equation of an ellipse circle can be expressed using the
general form:
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
• where 𝐴, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 are real numbers and 𝐴 and 𝐶 are either both
positive or both negative.
Ellipse
• The equation of an ellipse with horizontal major axis can be
expressed using the standard form:
𝑥−ℎ 2 𝑦−𝑘 2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
• where ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑎, 𝑏 are real numbers.
• Center: (ℎ, 𝑘)
• Length of major axis: 2𝑎
• Length of minor axis: 2𝑏
• Foci: (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘) where 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 .
𝑎2
• Directrices: 𝑥 = ℎ ± 𝑐
𝑐
• Eccentricity: 𝑒 = 𝑎; 0 < 𝑒 < 1
Ellipse
• The equation of an ellipse with vertical major axis can be
expressed using the standard form:
𝑥−ℎ 2 𝑦−𝑘 2
+ =1
𝑏2 𝑎2
• where ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑎, 𝑏 are real numbers.
• Center: (ℎ, 𝑘)
• Length of major axis: 2𝑎
• Length of minor axis: 2𝑏
• Foci: (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐) where 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 .
𝑎2
• Directrices: 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 𝑐
𝑐
• Eccentricity: 𝑒 = 𝑎; 0 < 𝑒 < 1
Ellipse
• Example: Transform the following ellipse
equations to standard form and find the center,
length of major axis, length of minor axis, foci,
directrices , and eccentricity :
1. 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 36 = 0
2. 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 18𝑥 − 64𝑦 − 71 = 0
Ellipse
• Example: Transform the following ellipse
equations to standard form and find the center,
length of major axis, length of minor axis, foci,
directrices , and eccentricity :
1. 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 36 = 0
2. 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 18𝑥 − 64𝑦 − 71 = 0
Hyperbola
• The equation of an ellipse circle can be expressed using the
general form:
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
• where 𝐴, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 are real numbers and 𝐴 and 𝐶 have opposite
signs.
Hyperbola
• The equation of a hyperbola with horizontal major or transverse axis
can be expressed using the standard form:
𝑥−ℎ 2 𝑦−𝑘 2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
• where ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑎, 𝑏 are real numbers.
• Center: (ℎ, 𝑘)
• Foci: (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘) where 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 .
𝑏
• Asymptotes: 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ)
𝑎2
• Directrices: 𝑥 = ℎ ± 𝑐
𝑐
• Eccentricity: 𝑒 = 𝑎; 𝑒 > 1
Hyperbola
• The equation of a hyperbola with vertical major or transverse
axis can be expressed using the standard form:
𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑥−ℎ 2
2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏
• where ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑎, 𝑏 are real numbers.
• Center: (ℎ, 𝑘)
• Foci: (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐) where 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 .
𝑎
• Asymptotes: 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 𝑏 (𝑥 − ℎ)
𝑎2
• Directrices: 𝑦 = 𝑘 ±
𝑐
𝑐
• Eccentricity: 𝑒 = 𝑎; 𝑒 > 1
Hyperbola
• Example: Transform the following hyperbola
equations to standard form and find the center,
foci, asymptotes, directrices, and eccentricity:
1. 9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 + 36𝑥 + 32𝑦 − 124 = 0
2. 4𝑦 2 − 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 + 18𝑥 − 29 = 0
Hyperbola
• Example: Transform the following hyperbola
equations to standard form and find the center,
foci, asymptotes, directrices, and eccentricity:
1. 9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 + 36𝑥 + 32𝑦 − 124 = 0
2. 4𝑦 2 − 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 + 18𝑥 − 29 = 0