P6 Chemical Equilibirua Le Chatelier's Principle and KC

P6: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA, LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE AND
Kc
Equilibria 1: Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier's Principle
1. Many chemical reactions are reversible.
2. In a reversible reaction at equilibrium:
• forward and reverse reactions proceed at equal rates
• the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.
3. Le Chatelier’s principle.
4. Le Chatelier's principle can be used to predict the effects of changes in temperature, pressure and concentration on
the position of equilibrium in homogeneous reactions.
5. A catalyst does not affect the position of equilibrium.
6. Students should be able to:
• use Le Chatelier’s principle to predict qualitatively the effect of changes in temperature, pressure and
concentration on the position of equilibrium
• explain why, for a reversible reaction used in an industrial process, a compromise temperature and pressure may
be used.
Equilibria 2: Equilibrium Constant Kc for Homogeneous Systems

1. The equilibrium constant Kc is deduced from the equation for a reversible reaction.
2. The concentration, in mol dm–3, of a species X involved in the expression for Kc is represented by [X]
3. The value of the equilibrium constant is not affected either by changes in concentration or addition of a catalyst.
4. Students should be able to:
• construct an expression for Kc for a homogeneous system in equilibrium
• calculate a value for Kc from the equilibrium concentrations for a homogeneous system at constant temperature
• perform calculations involving Kc
• predict the qualitative effects of changes of temperature on the value of Kc
Q1. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are used in the manufacture of methanol. An equilibrium is established according to the
following equation.
Cu catalyst
CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) ∆H = –91 kJ mol–1
Q1(a) Give two features of a reaction at equilibrium.
Feature 1...................................................................................................................................................................................
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Feature 2...................................................................................................................................................................................
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Q1(b) Explain why an increase in temperature causes a decrease in the equilibrium yield of methanol.
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Q1(ci) State what is meant by the term catalyst.
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Q1(cii) State the effect, if any, of the copper catalyst on the position of this equilibrium at a fixed temperature.
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Q1(d) Two methods are used to produce carbon monoxide from natural gas. Equations for these two methods are shown below.
Method 1 CH4 + H2O → 2CO + 3H2
Method 2 CH4 + CO2 → 2CO + 2H2
The manufacture of methanol from these sources of carbon monoxide has been described as carbon neutral.
Q1(di) State what is meant by the term carbon neutral.
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Q1(dii) Show how combining the equations from these two methods can lead to the 1:2 mol ratio of carbon monoxide to
hydrogen required for this synthesis of methanol.
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(Total 8 marks)
Q2. Hydrogen gas is used in the chemical industry.

Q2(a) Tungsten is extracted by passing hydrogen over heated tungsten oxide (WO3).
Q2(ai) State the role of the hydrogen in this reaction.
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Q2(aii) Write an equation for this reaction.
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Q2(aiii) State one risk of using hydrogen gas in metal extractions.
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Q2(b) Hydrogen is used to convert oleic acid into stearic acid as shown by the following equation.
+ H2 CH3(CH2)16COOH
oleic acid stearic acid
Q2(bi) Use your knowledge of the chemistry of alkenes to deduce the type of reaction that has occurred in this
conversion.
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Q2(bii) State the type of stereoisomerism shown by oleic acid.
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Q2(c) Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen in the Haber Process. The equation for the equilibrium that is established is shown below.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
Q2(ci) State Le Chatelier’s principle.
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Q2(cii) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain why an increase in the total pressure of this equilibrium results in an increase in the
equilibrium yield of ammonia.
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Q2(d) Hydrogen reacts with oxygen in an exothermic reaction as shown by the following equation.
1
H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(g) ∆H = –242 kJ mol–1
2
Use the information in the equation and the data in the following table to calculate a value for the bond enthalpy of the
H–H bond.
O–H O=O
Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1 + 463 + 496
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(Total 11 marks)
Q3. A mixture was prepared using 1.00 mol of propanoic acid, 2.00 mol of ethanol and 5.00 mol of water. At a given
temperature, the mixture was left to reach equilibrium according to the following equation.
CH3CH2COOH + CH3CH2OH ⇌ CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 + H2O ∆Hθ = –22 kJ mol–1
The equilibrium mixture contained 0.54 mol of the ester ethyl propanoate.
Q3(ai) Calculate the amounts, in moles, of propanoic acid, of ethanol and of water in this equilibrium mixture.
Moles of propanoic acid............................................................................................................................................................
Moles of ethanol........................................................................................................................................................................
Moles of water........................................................................................................................................................................... (3)

Q3(aii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this equilibrium.
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Q3(aiii) Calculate a value for Kc for this equilibrium at this temperature. Explain why this Kc value has no units.
Calculation................................................................................................................................................................................
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Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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Q3(b) For this equilibrium, predict the effect of an increase in temperature on each of the following.
Q3(bi) the amount, in moles, of ester at equilibrium
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Q3(bii) the time taken to reach equilibrium
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Q3(biii) the value of Kc
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(Total 10 marks)
Q4. Sulfuric acid is made from SO3 which can be manufactured in a series of stages from iron(II) disulfide (FeS2), found in the
mineral iron pyrites.
Q4(a) In the first stage, FeS2 is roasted in air to form iron(III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.
Q4(ai) Balance the following equation for this reaction.
..........FeS2 + ..........O2 → ..........Fe2O3 + ..........SO2 (1)
Q4(aii) Deduce the oxidation state of sulfur in each of the following compounds.
SO2............................................................................................................................................................................................
FeS2........................................................................................................................................................................................... (1)
Q4(b) In the second stage of the manufacture of sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen. The equation for the equilibrium
that is established is shown below.
1
SO2(g) +
2
O2(g) ⇌ SO3(g) ΔH = –98 kJ mol–1
State and explain the effect of an increase in temperature on the equilibrium yield of SO3
Effect of an increase in temperature on yield............................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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Q4(c) In the extraction of iron, carbon monoxide reacts with iron(III) oxide. Write an equation for this reaction and state the
role of the carbon monoxide.
Equation....................................................................................................................................................................................
Role of the carbon monoxide.................................................................................................................................................... (2)

(Total 8 marks)
Q5. The reaction of methane with steam produces hydrogen for use in many industrial processes. Under certain conditions
the following reaction occurs.
CH4(g) + 2H2O(g) ⇌ CO2(g) + 4H2(g) ∆Hθ = +165 kJ mol–1
Q5(a) Initially, 1.0 mol of methane and 2.0 mol of steam were placed in a flask and heated with a catalyst until equilibrium was
established. The equilibrium mixture contained 0.25 mol of carbon dioxide.
Q5(ai) Calculate the amounts, in moles, of methane, steam and hydrogen in the equilibrium mixture.
Moles of methane......................................................................................................................................................................
Moles of steam..........................................................................................................................................................................
Moles of hydrogen..................................................................................................................................................................... (3)

Q5(aii) The volume of the flask was 5.0 dm3. Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of methane in the equilibrium mixture.
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Q5(b) The table below shows the equilibrium concentration of each gas in a different equilibrium mixture in the same flask and
at temperature T.
gas CH4(g) H2O(g) CO2(g) H2(g)

concentration / mol dm–3 0.10 0.48 0.15 0.25
Q5(bi) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction.
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Q5(bii) Calculate a value for Kc at temperature T and give its units.
Calculation................................................................................................................................................................................
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Units of Kc.................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)

Q5(c) The mixture in part (b) was placed in a flask of volume greater than 5.0 dm3 and allowed to reach equilibrium at
temperature T.
State and explain the effect on the amount of hydrogen.
Effect on amount of hydrogen…...............................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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Q5(d) Explain why the amount of hydrogen decreases when the mixture in part (b) reaches equilibrium at a lower temperature.
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(Total 13 marks)
Q6. The method of extraction of zinc has changed as different ores containing the element have been discovered and as
technology has improved.
Extraction process 1
In the earliest process, calamine (impure zinc carbonate) was heated with charcoal in earthenware pots. This two-stage
process gave a low yield of zinc.
ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)

Deposits of calamine were being used up and a new two-stage process was developed using zinc sulfide ores. All of
the waste gases from this process were released into the atmosphere.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO (g) 2
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)

The modern process uses the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of very pure zinc sulfate. The first step in this process
is the same as the first step in Extraction process 2. The second step uses sulfuric acid made from the SO2 collected in
the first step. The third step involves the electrolysis of zinc sulfate solution to form pure zinc.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO (g) 2
ZnO(s) + H SO (aq) → ZnSO (aq) + H O(l)

2 4 4 2
ZnSO4(aq) Zn(s)
Q6(a) In the first stage of Extraction process 1 the following equilibrium is established when zinc carbonate is heated in a
closed container.
ZnCO3(s) ⇌ ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
Use Le Chatelier’s principle to suggest and explain the effect on the yield of zinc oxide of allowing the carbon dioxide to
escape from the container.
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Q6(b) State and explain one environmental reason why Extraction process 3 is an improvement over Extraction process 2.
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Q6(c) Identify one reaction from the three extraction processes that is not a redox reaction and state the type of reaction that
it is. In terms of redox, state what happens to the carbon in Extraction process 2.
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Q6(d) Zinc and magnesium both react with steam in a similar way. Write an equation for the reaction of zinc with steam and
name the products of this reaction.
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(Total 11 marks)
Q7. Synthesis gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Methanol can be manufactured from synthesis gas
in a reversible reaction as shown by the following equation.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) ΔHθ = –91 kJ mol–1
Q7(a) A sample of synthesis gas containing 0.240 mol of carbon monoxide and 0.380 mol of hydrogen was sealed together
with a catalyst in a container of volume 1.50 dm3.
When equilibrium was established at temperature T1 the equilibrium mixture contained 0.170 mol of carbon monoxide.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of methanol and the amount, in moles, of hydrogen in the equilibrium mixture.
Methanol....................................................................................................................................................................................
Hydrgen..................................................................................................................................................................................... (2)
Q7(b) A different sample of synthesis gas was allowed to reach equilibrium in a similar container of volume 1.50 dm3 at
temperature T1
At equilibrium, the mixture contained 0.210 mol of carbon monoxide, 0.275 mol of hydrogen and 0.0820 mol of methanol.
Q7(bi) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant Kc for this reaction.
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Q7(bii) Calculate a value for Kc for the reaction at temperature T1 and state its units.
Calculation................................................................................................................................................................................
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Units..........................................................................................................................................................................................
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Q7(biii) State the effect, if any, on the value of Kc of adding more hydrogen to the equilibrium mixture.
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Q7(c) The temperature of the mixture in part (b) was changed to T2 and the mixture was left to reach a new equilibrium
position. At this new temperature the equilibrium concentration of methanol had increased.
Deduce which of T1 or T2 is the higher temperature and explain your answer.
Higher temperature...................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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Q7(d) The following reaction has been suggested as an alternative method for the production of methanol.
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)
The hydrogen used in this method is obtained from the electrolysis of water.
Suggest one possible environmental disadvantage of the production of hydrogen by electrolysis.
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Q7(e) One industrial use of methanol is in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils such as
Give the formula of one compound in biodiesel that is formed by the reaction of methanol with the vegetable oil
shown above.
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(Total 13 marks)
Q8. Oxygen and ozone (O3) both occur as gases in the upper atmosphere.
Chlorine atoms catalyse the decomposition of ozone and contribute to the formation of a hole in the ozone layer.
These chlorine atoms are formed from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as CF3Cl
Q8(ai) Give the IUPAC name of CF3Cl
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Q8(aii) Complete the following equation that shows the formation of a chlorine atom from a molecule of CF3Cl
(1)
Q8(aiii) State what the • represents in Cl•
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Q8(b) Write two equations that show how chlorine atoms catalyse the decomposition of ozone into oxygen.
Equation 1.................................................................................................................................................................................
Equation 2................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)

Q8(c) An equilibrium is established between oxygen and ozone molecules as shown below.
3O2(g) ⇌ 2O3(g) ΔH = +284 kJ mol–1
Q8(ci) State Le Chatelier’s principle.
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Q8(cii) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain how an increase in temperature causes an increase in the equilibrium yield of
ozone.
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Q8(d) Chemists supported the legislation to ban the use of CFCs. Modern refrigerators use pentane rather than CFCs as
refrigerants. With reference to its formula, state why pentane is a more environmentally acceptable refrigerant.
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(Total 9 marks)
Q9. The following dynamic equilibrium was established at temperature T in a closed container.
P(g) + 2Q(g) ⇌ 2R(g) ΔHθ = –50 kJ mol–1
The value of Kc for the reaction was 68.0 mol–1 dm3 when the equilibrium mixture contained 3.82 mol of P and 5.24
mol of R.
Q9(a) Give the meaning of the term dynamic equilibrium.
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Q9(b) Write an expression for Kc for this reaction.
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Q9(c) The volume of the container was 10.0 dm3.
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of Q in the equilibrium mixture.
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Q9(d) State the effect, if any, on the equilibrium amount of P of increasing the temperature.
All other factors are unchanged.
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Q9(e) State the effect, if any, on the equilibrium amount of P of using a container of larger volume. All other factors are
unchanged.
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Q9(f) State the effect, if any, on the value of Kc of increasing the temperature.
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Q9(g) State the effect, if any, on the value of Kc of using a container of larger volume.
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Q9(h) Deduce the value of the equilibrium constant, at temperature T, for the reaction
2R(g) ⇌ P(g) + 2Q(g)
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(Total 12 marks)
Q10. A sample of nitrogen dioxide gas (NO2) was prepared by the reaction of copper with concentrated nitric acid.
Q10(ai) Balance the equation for the reaction of copper with concentrated nitric acid.
Cu + .......... HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + .......... NO2 + …....... H2O (1)
Q10(aii) Give the oxidation state of nitrogen in each of the following compounds.
HNO3........................................................................................................................................................................................
NO2........................................................................................................................................................................................... (2)
Q10(aiii) Deduce the half-equation for the conversion of HNO3 into NO2 in this reaction.
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Q10(b) The following equilibrium is established between colourless dinitrogen tetraoxide gas (N2O4) and dark brown nitrogen
dioxide gas.
N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) ΔH = 58 kJ mol–1
Q10(bi) Give two features of a reaction at equilibrium.
Feature 1...................................................................................................................................................................................
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Feature 2...................................................................................................................................................................................
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Q10(bii) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain why the mixture of gases becomes darker in colour when the mixture is heated at
constant pressure.
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Q10(biii) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain why the amount of NO2 decreases when the pressure is increased at constant
temperature.
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(Total 10 marks)
Q11. At high temperatures and in the presence of a catalyst, sulfur trioxide decomposes according to the following equation.
2SO3(g) ⇌ 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ∆Hθ = +196 kJ mol–1
Q11(a) In an experiment, 8.0mol of sulfur trioxide were placed in a container of volume 12.0 dm3 and allowed to come to
equilibrium. At temperature T1 there were 1.4 mol of oxygen in the equilibrium mixture.
Q11(ai) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sulfur trioxide and of sulfur dioxide in the equilibrium mixture.
Amount of sulfur trioxide...........................................................................................................................................................
Amount of sulfur dioxide........................................................................................................................................................... (2)

Q11(aii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this equilibrium.
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Q11(aiii) Deduce the units of Kc for this equilibrium.
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Q11(aiv) Calculate a value of Kc for this equilibrium at temperature T1
(If you were unable to complete the calculations in part (ai) you should assume that the amount of sulfur trioxide in the
equilibrium mixture was 5.8 mol and the amount of sulfur dioxide was 2.1 mol. These are not the correct values.)
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Q11(b) The experiment was repeated at the same temperature using the same amount of sulfur trioxide but in a larger
container.
State the effect, if any, of this change on:
Q11(bi) the amount, in moles, of oxygen in the new equilibrium mixture
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Q11(bii) the value of Kc
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Q11(c) The experiment was repeated in the original container but at temperature T2
The value of Kc was smaller than the value at temperature T1
State which is the higher temperature, T1 or T2. Explain your answer.
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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(Total 12 marks)
Q12. Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process in which the following equilibrium is established.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
Q12(a) Give two features of a reaction at equilibrium.
Feature 1...................................................................................................................................................................................
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Feature 2...................................................................................................................................................................................
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Q12(b) Explain why a catalyst has no effect on the position of an equilibrium.
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Q12(c) The diagram shows how the equilibrium yield of ammonia varies with changes in pressure and temperature.
Q12(ci) Use the diagram to state the effect of an increase in pressure at constant temperature on the yield of ammonia.
Use Le Chatelier's principle to explain this effect.
Effect on yield...........................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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Q12(cii) Use the diagram to state the effect of an increase in temperature at constant pressure on the yield of ammonia.
Use Le Chatelier's principle to explain this effect.
Effect on yield...........................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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Q12(d) At equilibrium, with a pressure of 35 MPa and a temperature of 600 K, the yield of ammonia is 65%.
Q12(di) State why industry uses a temperature higher than 600 K.
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Q12(dii) State why industry uses a pressure lower than 35 MPa. Do not include references to safety.
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(Total 12 marks)
Q13(a) A mixture of 1.50 mol of hydrogen and 1.20 mol of gaseous iodine was sealed in a container of volume V dm3. The
mixture was left to reach equilibrium as shown by the following equation.
H2(g) + l2(g) ⇌ 2Hl(g)
At a given temperature, the equilibrium mixture contained 2.06 mol of hydrogen iodide.
Q13(ai) Calculate the amounts, in moles, of hydrogen and of iodine in the equilibrium mixture.
Moles of hydrogen.....................................................................................................................................................................
Moles of iodine.......................................................................................................................................................................... (2)

Q13(aii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) for this equilibrium.
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Q13(aiii) Kc for this equilibrium has no units. State why the units cancel in the expression for Kc
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Q13(aiv) A different mixture of hydrogen, iodine and hydrogen iodide was left to reach equilibrium at the same temperature in
a container of the same volume.
This second equilibrium mixture contained 0.38 mol of hydrogen, 0.19 mol of iodine and 1.94 mol of hydrogen iodide.
Calculate a value for Kc for this equilibrium at this temperature.
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Q13(b) This question concerns changes made to the four equilibria shown in parts (bi) to (biv).
In each case, use the information in the table to help you choose from the letters A to E the best description of what
happens as a result of the change described. Write your answer in the box.
Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Position of equilibrium Value of equilibrium constant, Kc

A remains the same same
B moves to the right same
C moves to the left same
D moves to the right different
E moves to the left different
Q13(bi) Change: increase the temperature of the equilibrium mixture at constant pressure.
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2Hl(g) ∆Hθ = +52 kJ mol–1 (1)
Q13(bii) Change: increase the total pressure of the equilibrium mixture at constant temperature.
3H2(g) + N2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) ∆Hθ = -92 kJ mol–1 (1)
Q13(biii) Change: add a catalyst to the equilibrium mixture at constant temperature.
CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2(g) ∆Hθ = -41 kJ mol–1 (1)
Q13(biv) Change: add chlorine to the equilibrium mixture at constant temperature.
PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ∆Hθ = +93 kJ mol–1 (1)

(Total 10 marks)
Q14. Methanol (CH3OH) is an important fuel that can be synthesised from carbon dioxide.
Q14(a) The table shows some standard enthalpies of formation.
CO2(g) H2(g) CH3OH(g) H2O(g)
∆HfƟ / kJ mol–1 – 394 0 – 201 – 242
Q14(ai) Use these standard enthalpies of formation to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change of this synthesis.
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)
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Q14(aii) State why the standard enthalpy of formation for hydrogen gas is zero.
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Q14(b) State and explain what happens to the yield of methanol when the total pressure is increased in this synthesis.
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)
Effect on yield...........................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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Q14(c) The hydrogen required for this synthesis is formed from methane and steam in a reversible reaction. The equation
for this reaction is shown below.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3H2(g) ∆H = +206 kJ mol–1
State and explain what happens to the yield of hydrogen in this reaction when the temperature is increased.
Effect on yield...........................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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Q14(d) The methanol produced by this synthesis has been described as a carbon-neutral fuel.
Q14(di) State the meaning of the term carbon-neutral.
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Q14(dii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of methanol.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q14(diii) The equation for the synthesis of methanol is shown below.
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)
Use this equation and your answer to part (dii) to deduce an equation to represent the overall chemical change
that occurs when methanol behaves as a carbon-neutral fuel.
Equation.................................................................................................................................................................................... (1)
Q14(e) A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change when a sample of methanol was burned.
The student found that the temperature of 140 g of water increased by 7.5 °C when 0.011 mol of methanol was
burned in air and the heat produced was used to warm the water.
Use the student’s results to calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy change when one mole of methanol was
burned. (The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1).
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(Total 16 marks)
Q15. Esters are produced by the reaction of alcohols with other esters and by the reaction of alcohols with carboxylic acids.
Q15(a) The esters which make up biodiesel are produced industrially from the esters in vegetable oils.
Q15(ai) Complete the equation for this formation of biodiesel.
(2)
Q15(aii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of C17H35COOCH3.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q15(b) The ester commonly known as diethyl malonate (DEM) occurs in strawberries and grapes. It can be prepared from acid
A according to the following equilibrium.
Q15(bi) A mixture of 2.50 mol of A and 10.0 mol of ethanol was left to reach equilibrium in an inert solvent in the presence of a
small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid.
The equilibrium mixture formed contained 1.80 mol of DEM in a total volume, V dm3, of solution.
Calculate the amount (in moles) of A, of ethanol and of water in this equilibrium mixture.
Moles of A..................................................................................................................................................................................
Moles of ethanol.........................................................................................................................................................................
Moles of water............................................................................................................................................................................ (3)

Q15(bii) The total volume of the mixture in part (bi) was doubled by the addition of more of the inert solvent.
State and explain the effect of this addition on the equilibrium yield of DEM.
Effect.........................................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q15(biii) Using A to represent the acid and DEM to represent the ester, write an expression for the equilibrium constant Kc for
the reaction.
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Q15(biv) In a second experiment, the equilibrium mixture was found to contain 0.85 mol of A, 7.2 mol of ethanol, 2.1 mol of DEM
and 3.4 mol of water.
Calculate a value of Kc for the reaction and deduce its units.
Calculation................................................................................................................................................................................
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(Total 13 marks)
Q16. A student investigated the chemistry of the halogens and the halide ions.
Q16(a) In the first two tests, the student made the following observations.
Test Observation
1. Add chlorine water to aqueous potassium iodide solution. The colourless solution turned a brown colour.
2. Add silver nitrate solution to aqueous potassium chloride
The colourless solution produced a white precipitate.
solution.
Q16(ai) Identify the species responsible for the brown colour in Test 1.
Write the simplest ionic equation for the reaction that has taken place in Test 1.
State the type of reaction that has taken place in Test 1.
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Q16(aii) Name the species responsible for the white precipitate in Test 2.
Write the simplest ionic equation for the reaction that has taken place in Test 2.
State what would be observed when an excess of dilute ammonia solution is added to the white precipitate
obtained in Test 2.
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Q16(b) In two further tests, the student made the following observations.
Test Observation
The white solid produced misty white fumes which turned
3. Add concentrated sulfuric acid to solid potassium chloride.
blue litmus paper to red.
The white solid turned black. A gas was released that
4. Add concentrated sulfuric acid to solid potassium iodide.
smelled of rotten eggs. A yellow solid was formed.
Q16(bi) Write the simplest ionic equation for the reaction that has taken place in Test 3.
Identify the species responsible for the misty white fumes produced in Test 3.
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Q16(bii) The student had read in a textbook that the equation for one of the reactions in Test 4 is as follows.
8H+ + 8I– + H2SO4 → 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O
Write the two half-equations for this reaction.
State the role of the sulfuric acid and identify the yellow solid that is also observed in Test 4.
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Q16(biii) The student knew that bromine can be used for killing microorganisms in swimming pool water.
The following equilibrium is established when bromine is added to cold water.
Br2(I) + H2O(I) ⇌ HBrO(aq) + H+(aq) + Br–(aq)
Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain why this equilibrium moves to the right when sodium hydroxide solution is
added to a solution containing dissolved bromine.
Deduce why bromine can be used for killing microorganisms in swimming pool water, even though bromine is toxic.
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(Total 15 marks)
Q17. When heated above 100 °C, nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) partly decomposes to form nitrogen monoxide and chlorine as
shown in the equation.
2NOCl(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) + Cl (g) 2
Q17(a) A 2.50 mol sample of NOCl was heated in a sealed container and equilibrium was established at a given
temperature. The equilibrium mixture formed contained 0.80 mol of NO.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of Cl2 and of NOCl in this equilibrium mixture.
Moles of Cl2..............................................................................................................................................................................
Moles of NOCl.......................................................................................................................................................................... (2)

Q17(b) A different mixture of NOCl, NO and Cl2 reached equilibrium in a sealed container of volume 15.0 dm3. The
equilibrium mixture formed contained 1.90 mol of NOCl and 0.86 mol of NO at temperature T.
The value of Kc for the equilibrium at temperature T was 7.4 × 10−3 mol dm−3.
Q17(bi) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant Kc
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Q17(bii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of Cl2 in this equilibrium mixture.
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Q17(biii) Consider this alternative equation for the equilibrium at temperature T.
1
NOCl(g) ⇌ NO(g) + 2 Cl (g) 2
Calculate a value for the different equilibrium constant Kc for the equilibrium as shown in this alternative equation.
Deduce the units of this Kc
Calculation................................................................................................................................................................................
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(Total 9 marks)
Q18. A study of equilibrium is important for understanding chemical reactions.
Q18(a) State le Chatelier’s principle.
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Q18(b) Catalysts play an important role in many reactions.
Q18(bi) State the meaning of the term catalyst.
Explain, in general terms, how catalysts work.
Meaning of the term catalyst.....................................................................................................................................................
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How catalysts work...................................................................................................................................................................
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Q18(bii) State the effect, if any, of a catalyst on the time taken to reach equilibrium.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q18(biii) State the effect, if any, of a catalyst on the position of an equilibrium.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q18(c) Consider the following equilibrium reactions.
ΔHθ / kJ mol−1
P H2(g) + l2(g) ⇌ 2Hl(g) −10
Q CO2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) + H2O(g) −49
R N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) +58
S N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) −92
T C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CH3CH2OH(g) −42
In each of parts (ci) to (cv), you should record in the box one of the letters, P, Q, R, S or T, that corresponds to the
equilibrium that best fits the information provided.
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all.
Q18(ci) A decrease in temperature at constant pressure shifts the position of this equilibrium from right to left.
(1)
Q18(cii) This equilibrium uses concentrated phosphoric acid as a catalyst in a hydration reaction.
(1)
Q18(ciii) A decrease in pressure at constant temperature shifts the position of this equilibrium from left to right.
(1)
Q18(civ) There is no change in the position of this equilibrium when the pressure is increased at constant
temperature.
(1)
Q18(cv) An increase in the concentration of steam at constant temperature and constant pressure shifts
the position of this equilibrium from right to left.
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Q19. This question is about the gaseous equilibrium between compounds E, F and G as shown in the equation.
E (g) + 2F(g) ⇌ 2G(g) ΔH = –50 kJ mol–1
Q19(a) A 2.0 mol sample of E was heated in a sealed container with a 1.0 mol sample of F.
Equilibrium was established at a given temperature and the equilibrium mixture formed contained 0.80 mol of G.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of E and of F in this equilibrium mixture.
Moles of E.................................................................................................................................................................................
Moles of F................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)

Q19(b) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant Kc for this equilibrium. State the units of Kc
Expression................................................................................................................................................................................
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Units..........................................................................................................................................................................................
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Q19(c) A different mixture of E and F reached equilibrium at temperature T1 in a container ofvolume 1.50 dm3. This
equilibrium mixture contained 2.50 mol of E, 1.20 mol of F and 0.85 mol of G.
Calculate a value of Kc for the equilibrium at temperature T1
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Q19(d) The mixture in part (c) was allowed to reach equilibrium at temperature T1 in a different container of volume 3.00 dm3.
State whether the amount of G in the equilibrium mixture will increase, decrease or stay the same. Explain your answer.
Effect on the amount of G.........................................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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Q19(e) The mixture in part (c) was allowed to reach equilibrium at temperature T2 in the original container of volume 1.50 dm3.
The value of Kc for the equilibrium was found to have increased.
State and explain which of T1 or T2 is the higher temperature.
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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(Total 12 marks)
Q20. Sulfuric acid is manufactured by the Contact Process.

Q20(a) In this process, sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen. The equation for the equilibrium that is established is
1
SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ SO3(g) ΔH = −98 kJ mol−1
2
Q20(ai) State and explain the effect of a decrease in temperature on the equilibrium yield of SO3.
Effect of a decrease in temperature on yield............................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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Q20(aii) Give two features of a reaction at equilibrium.
Feature 1..................................................................................................................................................................................
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Feature 2..................................................................................................................................................................................
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Q20(b) Write an equation for the reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid with potassium bromide to form potassium
hydrogensulfate and hydrogen bromide.
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Q20(c) Bromine is one of the products formed when concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with hydrogen bromide.
Write an equation for this reaction.
State the role of sulfuric acid in this reaction.
Equation
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Role of sulfuric acid................................................................................................................................................................... (3)

Q20(d) Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in a two-stage process to convert 2-methylpropene into 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
Stage 1 (CH3)2C=CH2 + H2SO4 → (CH3)2C(OSO2OH)CH3
Stage 2 (CH3)2C(OSO2OH)CH3 + H2O → (CH3)2C(OH)CH3 + H2SO4

Q20(di) Name and outline a mechanism for Stage 1 of this conversion.
Name of mechanism..................................................................................................................................................................
Mechanism
(5)
Q20(dii) Deduce the type of reaction in Stage 2 of this conversion.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q20(diii) State the overall role of sulfuric acid in this conversion.
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(Total 16 marks)
Q21. Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide according to the equation
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)
Q21(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction and deduce its units.
Kc..............................................................................................................................................................................................
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Units..........................................................................................................................................................................................
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Q21(b) Samples of sulfur dioxide, oxygen and sulfur trioxide were added to a flask of volume 1.40 dm3 and allowed to reach
equilibrium at a given temperature.
The flask contained 0.0550 mol of sulfur dioxide and 0.0720 mol of sulfur trioxide at equilibrium.
Kc has the numerical value of 27.9 under these conditions.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of oxygen gas in this equilibrium mixture.
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Q21(c) The experiment in (b) was repeated with the same amounts of sulfur dioxide, oxygen and sulfur trioxide at the
same temperature but in a smaller flask.
The mixture was allowed to reach equilibrium.
Q21(ci) State the effect, if any, of using a smaller flask on the value of Kc
.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q21(cii) State the effect, if any, of using a smaller flask on the amount of sulfur trioxide at equilibrium. Explain your answer.
Effect.........................................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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(Total 9 marks)
Q22. Ethanol is an important industrial compound.

Q22(a) Ethanol can be produced by the hydration of ethene.
The equation for the equilibrium that is established is
H2C=CH2(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CH3CH2OH(g) ΔH = −42 kJ mol−1
The operating conditions for the process are a temperature of 300 oC and a pressure of 7 MPa.
Under these conditions, the conversion of ethene into ethanol is 5%.
Q22(ai) Identify the catalyst used in this process.
Deduce how an overall yield of 95% is achieved in this process without changing the operating conditions.
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Q22(aii) Use your knowledge of equilibrium reactions to explain why a manufacturer might consider using an excess of steam in
this process, under the same operating conditions.
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Q22(aiii) At pressures higher than 7 MPa, some of the ethene reacts to form a solid with a relative molecular mass greater
than 5000.
Deduce the identity of this solid.
Give one other reason for not operating this process at pressures higher than 7 MPa. Do not include safety reasons.
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Q22(b) Write an equation for the reaction that has an enthalpy change that is the standard enthalpy of formation of ethanol.
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Q22(c) When ethanol is used as a fuel, it undergoes combustion.
Q22(ci) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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Q22(cii) Consider these bond enthalpy data.
C–H C–C C–O O=O C=O O–H

Bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 412 348 360 496 805 463
Use these data and the equation to calculate a value for the enthalpy of combustion of gaseous ethanol.
CH3CH2OH(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
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Q22(d) Gaseous ethanol can be used to convert hot copper(II) oxide into copper.
Q22(di) Deduce the role of ethanol in this reaction.
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Q22(dii) Draw the structure of the organic compound with Mr = 60 that is produced in this reaction.
(1)
(Total 17 marks)
Q23. Hemiacetals and acetals are compounds formed by the reaction of aldehydes with alcohols, such as the reaction of
ethanal with ethanol.
Q23(ai) Use your knowledge of carbonyl mechanisms to suggest the name of the mechanism of this reaction.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q23(aii) Outline how an ethanol molecule reacts with an ethanal molecule in the first step of this mechanism. Include two
curly arrows to show the movement of electron pairs.
(2)
Q23(b) The reaction produces a racemic mixture of chiral molecules.
Q23(bi) Explain the meaning of the term racemic mixture.
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Q23(bii) State the relationship between two chiral molecules with the same structural formula.
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Q23(c) In the presence of an acid catalyst such as dry hydrogen chloride, ethanal reacts with an excess of ethanol to form an
acetal.
The overall reaction of ethanal with an excess of ethanol forms an equilibrium mixture as shown. All reactants and
products are liquids.
A mixture of 0.75 mol of ethanal and 5.00 mol of ethanol was left to reach equilibrium in the presence of dry
hydrogen chloride at a given temperature. The equilibrium mixture contained 0.42 mol of the acetal.
Q23(ci) Calculate the amount, in moles, of ethanal and of ethanol in this equilibrium mixture.
Amount of ethanal.................................................................................................... mol
Amount of ethanol.................................................................................................... mol
Space for working ....................................................................................................................................................................
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Q23(cii) In a different experiment using the same reaction as in part (c), an equilibrium mixture was established at a given
temperature.
This mixture contained 0.58 mol of ethanal, 3.76 mol of ethanol, 0.37 mol of the acetal and 0.65 mol of water in a
total volume of 310 cm3.
Write an expression for the equilibrium constant Kc for this reaction.
Calculate a value for Kc at this temperature. Give units with your answer.
Kc...............................................................................................................................................................................................
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Calculation.................................................................................................................................................................................
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Q23(d) Draw the structure of the acetal (C4H8O2) formed by the reaction of ethanal with ethane-1,2-diol.
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
Q24. A dynamic equilibrium is established when gas A is mixed with gas B at a given temperature.
A(g) + B(g) ⇌ C(g) + D(g)
The figure below shows how the concentrations of reactants and products change with time.
Q24(ai) On the appropriate axis of the figure, place an X to show the time when equilibrium is first established. (1)
Q24(aii) State how the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the reverse reaction are related to each other at equilibrium.
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Q24(b) Give the meaning of the term dynamic in the context of a dynamic equilibrium.
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Q24(c) The total pressure on the system is increased at constant temperature.
Q24(ci) State and explain the effect, if any, of this change on the position of this equilibrium.
Effect........................................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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Q24(cii) State and explain the effect, if any, of this change on the time taken to reach this equilibrium.
Effect........................................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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(Total 8 marks)
Q25. Hydrogen is produced in industry from methane and steam in a two-stage process.
Q25(a) In the first stage, carbon monoxide and hydrogen are formed. The equation for this reaction is
CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH = +206 kJ mol−1
Q25(ai) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to state whether a high or low temperature should be used to obtain the highest possible
equilibrium yield of hydrogen from this first stage. Explain your answer.
Temperature..............................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation................................................................................................................................................................................
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Q25(aii) Le Chatelier’s principle suggests that a high pressure will produce a low yield of hydrogen in this first stage.
Explain, in terms of the behaviour of particles, why a high operating pressure is used in industry.
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Q25(aiii) A nickel catalyst is used in the first stage.
Explain why the catalyst is more effective when coated onto an unreactive honeycomb.
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Q25(b) The second stage is carried out in a separate reactor. Carbon monoxide is converted into carbon dioxide and more
hydrogen is formed. The equation for this reaction is
CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2(g) ΔH = −41 kJ mol−1
Use Le Chatelier’s principle to state the effect, if any, of a decrease in the total pressure on the yield of hydrogen in this
second stage. Explain your answer.
Effect.........................................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
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(Total 9 marks)
Q26. Methanol, for use as a fuel, can be produced by the reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) ΔH = –90 kJ mol–1
The reaction is typically carried out at 300 °C and 3 × 107 Pa, in the presence of a catalyst.
Q26(a) The graph shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at 300 °C.
Q26(ai) Sketch a second curve on the graph to show the distribution of molecular energies in this mixture at a higher
temperature. (1)
Q26(aii) Explain with reference to both curves on the graph how a small change in temperature leads to a large change in the
rate of reaction.
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Q26(b) Both the rate of production and equilibrium yield of methanol are considered when choosing the most appropriate
conditions for the operation of this process on an industrial scale.
Q26(bi) State and explain the effect of a higher pressure on the equilibrium yield of methanol.
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Q26(bii) By considering both rate and yield, state why the reaction is carried out at a temperature of 300 °C rather than at a
higher temperature.
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(Total 8 marks)
P6: Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier’s Principle

and Kc Mark Schemes
Q1.
(a) M1 Concentrations of reactants and products remain constant
NOT “equal concentrations”
NOT “amount”
1
M2 Forward rate = Reverse / backward rate

Credit the use of [ ] for concentration
Ignore dynamic, ignore closed system
1
(b) M1 The (forward) reaction / to the right is exothermic or

releases heat OR converse for reverse reaction.
1
M2 The equilibrium responds by absorbing heat / lowering temperature

OR
Promotes the endothermic reaction by absorbing heat /
lowering temperature
OR
Temperature increase is opposed (by shift to the left)
OR
Change is opposed by absorbing heat / lowering temperature.
1
(c) (i) A substance that speeds up / alters the rate but is unchanged at the end / not used up.
Both ideas needed
Ignore references to activation energy and alternative route.
1
(ii) None OR no change OR no effect OR nothing OR Does not affect it / the position (of
equilibrium) OR (The position is) the same or unchanged.
1
(d) (i) An activity which has no net / overall (annual) carbon emissions
to the atmosphere
OR
An activity which has no net / overall (annual) greenhouse gas
emissions to the atmosphere.
OR
There is no change in the total amount of carbon dioxide /
carbon /greenhouse gas present in the atmosphere.
The idea that the carbon / CO2 given out equals the carbon / CO2 that
was taken in
Ignore carbon monoxide
1
(ii) A method which shows (see below) OR states in words that two
times the first equation + the second equation gives the correct ratio.
2 (CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2)
CH4 + CO2 → 2CO + 2H2
3CH4 + 2H2O + CO2 → 4CO + 8H2
Ratio = 1 : 2
1
[8]
Q2.
(a) (i) Reducing agent
OR
Reduce(s) (WO3/tungsten oxide)
OR
electron donor
OR
to remove oxygen (from WO3/tungsten oxide or to form water);

1
(ii) WO3 + 3H2 → W + 3H2O

Or multiples
1
(iii) One from
H2 is
• explosive
• flammable or inflammable
• easily ignited
Ignore reference to pressure or temperature
1
(b) (i) Addition

Ignore “electrophilic”
Penalise “nucleophilic addition”
OR
(catalytic) hydrogenation
OR
Reduction
1
(ii) Geometric(al)
OR
cis/trans OR E Z OR E/Z
1
(c) (i) (If any factor is changed which affects an equilibrium), the
position of equilibrium will shift/move/change/respond/act
so as to oppose the change.
OR
(When a system/reaction in equilibrium is disturbed), the

equilibrium shifts/moves in a direction which tends to
reduce the disturbance
A variety of wording will be seen here and the key part is the last
phrase and must refer to movement of the equilibrium.
QoL
1
(ii) M1 – Statement of number of moles/molecules

There are more moles/molecules (of gas) on the left/of reactants
OR
fewer moles/molecules (of gas) on the right./products
OR
there are 4 moles/molecules (of gas) on the left and 2 moles/

molecules on the right.
Ignore “volumes” for M1
Mark independently
M2 – Explanation of response/movement in terms of pressure

Increase in pressure is opposed (or words to that effect)
OR
pressure is lowered by a shift in the equilibrium (from left) to

right/favours forward reaction.
2
(d) ΣB(reactants) – ΣB(products) = ΔH (M1)
OR
Sum of bonds broken – Sum of bonds formed = ΔH (M1)
B(H–H) + ½B(O=O) – 2B(O–H) = – 242 (M1)
B(H–H) = – 242 – ½(+496) + 2(+463) (this scores M1 and M2)
B(H–H) = (+)436 (kJ mol–1) (M3)
Award 1 mark for – 436
Candidates may use a cycle and gain full marks.

M1 could stand alone
Award full marks for correct answer.
Ignore units.
Two marks can score with an arithmetic error in the working.
3
[11]
Q3.
(a) (i) acid 0.46
1
alcohol 1.46
1
water 5.54
1
(ii) Kc =
penalise ( )
allow molecular formulae or minor slip in formulae
1
(iii)
Allow without V
Conseq on values in (a)(i)
If values used wrongly
or wrong values inserted
or wrong K c no marks for calc
1
4.45 or 4.5
Part (a)(iii) for info 0.46 × 1.46 = 0.6716
1
cancel (as equal no of moles on each side of equation)

1
Possible wrong answers
acid gives
0.46
alcohol 1.46 K c = 3.59
water
4.46
acid gives
0.46
alcohol 1.46 K c = 0.434
water
0.54
(b) (i) decrease or be reduced or fewer

1
(ii) decrease or be reduced or less time or faster or quicker

1
(iii) decrease or be reduced

1
[10]
Q4.
(a) (i) 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
2 5½ (1) 4
Or multiples of this equation
1
(ii) M1 (+) 4
M2 –1
Ignore working
M1, credit (+) IV
M2, credit – I
2
(b) M1 Lower/smaller/decreases/reduced yield

OR equilibrium shifts (right) to left
M2 (Forward) reaction is exothermic OR reverse reaction is endothermic
M3 (By Le Chatelier’s principle) equilibrium responds/shifts/moves

(R to L)
to lower the temperature
OR to absorb the heat
OR to cool the reaction
If M1 is blank, mark on and credit M1 in the text.
If M1 is incorrect, only credit correct M2
Mark M2 independently – it may be above the arrow in the equation
For M3, not simply “to oppose the change/temperature”
3
(c) M1 Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

Or multiples
Ignore state symbols
M2 Reducing agent
OR Reduce(s) (Fe2O3/iron(III) oxide)
OR Electron donor
OR to remove the oxygen (from iron(III) oxide to form CO2)
OR reductant
For M2, credit “reduction”
2
[8]
Q5.
(a) (i) mol CH4 = 0.75
1
mol H2O = 1.5

1
mol H2 = 1(.0)
1
(ii) 0.15 (mol dm–3)

conseq = (mol CH4)/5
1
(b) (i)
not just numbers

do not penalise ( )
If wrong Kc no marks for calc but allow units conseq to their Kc
1
(ii)
No marks for calc if concs used wrongly or wrong values inserted
1
0.025(4)
1
mol2 dm–6
allow 1 here for correct units from wrong Kc
1
(c) increase
if wrong, no further marks in (c)
1
M1 lower P
1
M2 eqm shifts to side with more moles (Le Chatelier)

not “greater volume” for M1 but allow “moves to form a greater
volume” for M2
1
(d) (forward reaction is) endothermic or backward reaction is exothermic

1
eqm shifts in exothermic direction or to oppose reduction

of or change in temp
This mark must have reference to temp change or exothermic
reaction
1
[13]
Q6.
(a) M1 The yield of zinc oxide increases/greater
If M1 is given as “decrease” OR “no effect” then CE= 0
M2 Removal of the carbon dioxide results in the equilibrium

Either
Shifting/moving/goes to the right
shifting/moving/goes L to R
favours the forward reaction/towards the products
M3 (By Le Chatelier’s principle) the reaction/equilibrium will

respond so as to replace the CO2/lost product
OR to make more CO2
OR to increase concentration of CO2
For M3, not simply “to oppose the change/to oppose the loss of
CO2/to oppose the removal of carbon dioxide.”
3
(b) M1 Process 2 produces/releases SO2

OR Process 2 produces/releases CO
M2 It/Process 3 avoids the release of SO2 OR CO

OR It/Process 3 (captures and) converts SO2 to H2SO4
M3 SO2 causes acid rain OR is toxic/poisonous

OR CO is toxic/poisonous
3
Ignore “global warming” and “greenhouse gases” and “the ozone
layer”
If both CO and SO2 claimed to form acid rain, treat as contradiction
(c) M1 The reaction of ZnO with sulfuric acid

OR the second reaction in Extraction process 3
M2 neutralisation or acid-base
OR alternatively
M1 The reaction of zinc carbonate in Extraction process 1

M1 could be the equation written out in both cases
M2 (thermal) decomposition
M2 depends on correct M1
M3 It/carbon is oxidised/gains oxygen/changes oxidation state/number

from 0 to +2/increase in oxidation state/number in Process 2
Do not forget to award this mark
Ignore reference to electron loss but penalise electron gain
Ignore “carbon is a reducing agent”
3
(d) M1 Zn + H2O ZnO + H2
M2 Zinc oxide and hydrogen
OR as an alternative
M1 Zn + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + H2
M2 Zinc hydroxide and hydrogen

Mark independently
If ZnO2 is given for zinc oxide in the equation, penalise M1 and mark
on
If ZnOH is given for zinc hydroxide in the equation, penalise M1 and
mark on
Credit multiples of the equation
If M1 is blank, either of the M2 answers could score
To gain both marks, the names must match the correct equation
given.
2
[11]
Q7.
(a) mol CH3OH = 0.07(0)
1
mol H2 = 0.24(0)
1
(b) (i)
or
allow ( ) but expression using formulae must have brackets
alternative expression using numbers must include volumes
1
(ii) M1 divides by vol

Mark independently from (b)(i)
any AE is –1
if volume missed, can score only M3 and M4
1
M2
mark is for correct insertion of correct numbers in correct Kc
expression in b(ii)
If Kc expression wrong, can only score M1 & M4
If numbers rounded, allow M2 but check range for M3
1
M3 11.6 or 11.7
mark for answer
above 11.7 up to 12.2 scores 2 for M1 and M2
if vol missed, can score M3 for 5.16 (allow range 4.88 to 5.21)
1
M4 mol–2 dm6
Units conseq to their Kc in (b)(ii)
1
(iii) no effect or no change or none

1
(c) M1 T1
if wrong - no further marks
1
M2 (forward) reaction is exothermic OR gives out heat
backward reaction is endothermic

only award M3 if M2 is correct
1
M3 shifts to RHS to replace lost heat
OR to increase the temperature
OR to oppose fall in temp
backward reaction takes in heat

OR to lower the temperature
not just to oppose the change
1
(d) fossil fuels used

OR
CO2 H2O produced/given off/formed which are greenhouse gases
OR
SO2 produced/given off/formed which causes acid rain
OR
Carbon produced/given off/formed causes global dimming
not allow electricity is expensive
ignore just global warming
ignore energy or hazard discussion
1
(e) C17H35COOCH3 or C17H31COOCH3 or C17H29COOCH3
OR
CH3OOCC17H35 or CH3OOCC17H31 or CH3OOCC17H29

1
[13]
Q8.
(a) (i) chlorotrifluoromethane
Spelling must be correct but do not penalise “flouro”
Ignore use of 1–
1
(ii) CF3•
May be drawn out with dot on C
OR if as shown dot may be anywhere
1
(iii) An unpaired/non-bonded/unbonded/free/a single/one/lone

electron
NOT “bonded electron” and NOT “paired electron”
NOT “pair of electrons”
NOT “electrons”
Ignore “(free) radical”
1
(b) M1 Cl• + O3 → ClO• + O2
M2 ClO• + O3 → 2O2 + Cl•

Mark independently
Equations could gain credit in either position
The dot can be anywhere on either radical
Penalise the absence of a dot on the first occasion that it is seen and
then mark on. Do not make the same penalty in the next equation,
but penalise the absence of a dot on the other radical.
Apply the list principle for additional equations
2
(c) (i) (If any factor is changed which affects an equilibrium),

the (position of) equilibrium will shift/move so as to oppose
the change.
OR
(When a system/reaction in equilibrium is disturbed),

the equilibrium shifts/moves in a direction which tends to
reduce the disturbance
Must refer to equilibrium
Ignore reference to “system” alone
phrase.
An alternative to shift/move would be the idea of changing/altering
the position of equilibrium
1
(ii) M1 The (forward) reaction/to the right is endothermic or

takes in heat
OR The reverse reaction/to the left is exothermic or gives out heat
M2 The equilibrium moves/shifts to oppose the increase in

temperature
M2 depends on a correct statement for M1
For M2 accept
The equilibrium moves/shifts
• to take in heat/lower the temperature
• to promote the endothermic reaction and take in heat/ lower the
temperature
• to oppose the change and take in heat/lower the
temperature
(leading to the formation of more ozone)
2
(d) Any one of
• Pentane does not contain chlorine OR C–Cl (bond)
• Pentane is chlorine-free
• Pentane does not release chlorine (atoms/radicals)

Ignore reference to F OR C–F OR halogen
Ignore “Pentane is not a CFC”
Ignore “Pentane is a hydrocarbon”
Ignore “Pentane only contains C and H”
Ignore “Pentane is C5H12”
1
[9]
Q9.
(a) Forward and backward reactions proceeding at equal rate
1
Amount (Conc or moles or proportion) of reactants and

products remain constant
Not “reactants and products have equal conc”
1
(b) M1
Allow ( ) but must have all brackets
If Kc wrong can only score M3 (process mark)
for dividing both R and P by volume)
1
(c) M2 [Q]2 =
Rearrangement of correct Kc expression
If wrong Kc used can only score M3 for correct use of vol
If wrong rearrangement can only score max 2 for M3 and M5 for
correct √
1
M3 [Q]2 =
Process mark for dividing both R and P by volume even in incorrect
expression
If vol missed can only score max 2 for M2 and M5 for correct √
If vol used but then wrong maths can score M2 M3 and M5 for correct
√
If moles used wrongly, eg (2 × 5.24) or (5.24 × 10/103)
can only score M2 and M5
1
M4 [Q]2 = 0.0106
Correct calculation of Q2
1
M5 [Q] = 0.10(3)
Correct taking of √
1
(c) cont.
Wrong rearrangement and no use of volume

0
Wrong rearrangement
For Correct use of volume M3 and Correct taking of square root M5
2 max
No use of volume
2 max
answer = 0.325
Ignore subsequent multiplying or dividing by 10.
0.0325 or 3.25 still score max 2
For Correct rearrangement M2 and
Correct taking of square root M5
2 max
Use of volume but maths error e.g. using (5.24)2/10

when should be (5.24/10)2
Scores 3
also giving answer 0.325
for M2, M3 and M5
3
Use of volume but Q/10 also used

or Q multiplied by 10 at end
(i.e.muddling moles with concentration)
Gives answer 1.03
2 max
Wrong use of moles, e.g (5.24 × 2) or (5.24 × 10/103)

2 max
Wrong Kc used, e.g. missing powers

For Correct use of volume M3
1 max
(d) Increase or more or larger

Allow moves to left
1
(e) Increase or more or larger

Allow moves to left
1
(f) Decrease or less or smaller

NOT allow moves left
1
(g) No effect or unchanged or none

1
(h) 0.0147 or 0.0148 or 1.47 × 10 or 1.48 × 10

-2 -2
Allow 0.015 or 1.5 × 10-2

If not 0.0147, look at (c) for conseq correct use
of their [Q] in new Kc = 1.39 × [Q]2
Not allow just 1/68.0
ignore units
1
[24]
Q10.
(a) (i) Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO ) 3 2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Or multiples
1
(ii) M1 HNO3 (+) 5
M2 NO2 (+) 4
Ignore working out
M1 Credit (V)
M2 Credit (IV)
2
(iii) HNO3 + H+ + e– → NO2 + H2O
OR
NO3– + 2H+ + e– → NO2 + H2O

Or multiples
Ignore charge on the electron unless incorrect and accept loss of
electron on the RHS
1
(b) (i) In either order
M1 Concentration(s) (of reactants and products)

remain(s) constant / stay(s) the same / remain(s)
the same / do(es) not change

For M1 accept [ ] for concentration
NOT “equal concentrations” and NOT “concentration(s) is/are the
same”
NOT “amount”
Ignore “dynamic” and ignore “speed”
Ignore “closed system”
It is possible to score both marks under the heading of a single
feature
2
(ii) M1
The (forward) reaction / to the right is endothermic

or takes in / absorbs heat
OR
The reverse reaction / to the left is exothermic or gives

out / releases heat
M2 depends on correct M1 and must refer to temperature/heat
The equilibrium shifts / moves left to right to oppose the increase in temperature
For M2, the equilibrium shifts/moves
to absorb the heat OR
to lower the temperature OR
to cool the reaction
2
(iii) M1 refers to number of moles
There are fewer moles (of gas) on the left OR more

moles (of gas) on the right.
OR there is one mole (of gas) on the left and 2 moles
on the right.
M2 depends on correct M1 and must refer to pressure

The equilibrium shifts / moves right to left to oppose the
increase in pressure
For M2, the equilibrium shifts/moves to lower the pressure.
2
[10]
Q11.
(a) (i) Mol SO3 = 5.2
1
Mol SO2 = 2.8

1
(ii)
Penalise expression containing numbers or V

Allow ( ) but must have all brackets. If brackets missing but otherwise
correct, penalise here but mark on
Ignore subsequent correct working

If Kc wrong (wrong powers or upside down etc) can only score M1 in
(a)(iv)
1
(iii) mol dm–3

Allow conseq to their wrong Kc
1
(iv) If Kc wrong in (a)(iv) (wrong powers or upside down etc) can only score M1
Values from (a)(i)
or
Alternative values
M1 For dividing all three by volume – if volume missed or used wrongly,

lose M1 & M2 but can score M3 conseq
M2 insertion of values (allow conseq use of their wrong values from (a)(i))
AE (–1) for copying numbers wrongly or swapping two numbers
1
Values from (a)(i)

M3 = 0.0338 or 0.034
(allow 0.03376 to 0.035)
Min 2 sfs
Ignore units in (a)(iv)
If vol missed score only M3
Values from (a)(i)
0.406 - allow values between 0.40 (if correctly rounded) and 0.41
Alternative values
M3 0.0153 or 0.015
(allow 0.015 to 0.017)
Min 2 sfs
Ignore units in (a)(iv)
from alternative values allow 0.18 to 0.184
1
(b) (i) Increase or more moles (of oxygen) or higher

1
(ii) No change or no effect or none or (remains) same

1
(c) M1 T1
If T2 CE = 0
1
M2 (At Temp,T2, when Kc is lower) Equm/reaction moves to left or

towards reagent or towards SO3 OR moles SO3 increases
1
M3 This reverse reaction is exothermic,
OR
M3 (forward) reaction is endothermic
M2 if Temp is increased Equm/reaction moves to right or towards product

or towards SO2 OR moles SO2 increases
OR
M3 (forward) reaction is endothermic
M2 if Temp is decreased Equm/reaction moves to left or towards reagent

or towards SO3 OR moles SO3 increases
1
[12]
Q12.
(a) In either order
For M1 accept [ ] for concentration
M1 Concentrations (of reactants and products) remain or stay constant / the same
NOT “equal concentrations” and NOT “concentration(s) is / are the
same”

NOT “amount”
Ignore “dynamic” and ignore “speed”
Ignore “closed system”
feature
2
(b) M1 Catalysts increase rate of / speed up both forward and reverse / backward
reactions
If M1 is given as “no effect” / “no change” then CE= 0 for clip
M2 increase in rate / affect on rate / speed is equal / the same

Ignore references to “decrease in rate”
2
(c) (i) M1 (The yield) increases / goes up / gets more

If M1 is given as “decreases” / “no effect” / “no change” then CE= 0
for clip, but mark on from a blank.
M2 There are more moles / molecules (of gas) on the left / of reactants
Ignore “volumes”, “articles” “atoms” and “species” for M2
OR fewer moles / molecules (of gas) on the right / products
OR there are 4 moles / molecules (of gas) on the left and 2 moles /
molecules on the right.
OR (equilibrium) shifts / moves to the side with less moles / molecules
M3 Can only score M3 if M2 is correct
The equilibrium shifts / moves (from left to right) to oppose the increase
in pressure
For M3, not simply “to oppose the change”
For M3 credit the equilibrium shifts / moves to lower / decrease the
pressure
(There must be a specific reference to the change that is opposed)
3
(ii) M1 The yield decreases / goes down / gets less

If M1 is given as “increase” / “no effect” / “no change” then CE= 0 for
clip, but mark on from a blank.
M2 (Forward) reaction is exothermic OR gives out / releases heat
OR
reverse reaction is endothermic OR takes in / absorbs heat

Can only score M3 if M2 is correct
The equilibrium shifts / moves (from right to left) to oppose the increase in temperature
For M3 credit the equilibrium shifts / moves
to absorb the heat OR
to cool the reaction OR
to lower the temperature
3
(d) (i) Must be comparative

Credit correct reference to rate being too (s)low / (s)lower at
temperatures less than 600 K
Higher rate of reaction
OR increase / speed up the rate (of reaction)

Ignore statements about the “yield of ammonia”
OR Gets to equilibrium faster/ quicker
OR faster or quicker rate / speed of attainment of equilibrium

1
(ii) Less electrical pumping cost

Not just “less expensive” alone
OR
Not just “less energy or saves energy” alone
Use lower pressure equipment / valves / gaskets / piping etc.

Credit correct qualified references to higher pressures
OR
Uses less expensive equipment

Ignore references to safety
1
[12]
Q13.
(a) (i) mol H2 = 0.47
1
mol I2 = 0.17
If answers reversed, ie
mol H2 = 0.17
mol I2 = 0.47
then allow one mark (for second answer).
1
(ii)
Penalise expression containing V

But mark on in (a)(iv)
Penalise missing square brackets in this part
(and not elsewhere in paper) but mark on in (a)(iv)
1
(iii) equal number of moles (on each side of equation)
OR
equal moles (top and bottom of Kc expression)

1
(iv)
Ignore V
If Kc wrong in (a)(ii) (wrong powers or upside down etc) no marks
here
1
= 52(.1)
1
(b) (i) D
1
(ii) B
1
(iii) A
1
(iv) C
1
[10]
Q14.
(a) (i) M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression which must have
all ∆Hsymbols and the ∑ or SUM)
M1 ΔHr = ΣΔHf (products) - ΣΔHf (reactants)
OR a correct cycle of balanced equations with 1C, 3H2 and 1O2
M2 ΔHr = – 201 + (– 242) – (– 394)
ΔHr = – 201 – 242 + 394
ΔHr = – 443 + 394
(This also scores M1)
M3 = – 49 (kJ mol–1)
(Award 1 mark ONLY for + 49)
Correct answer gains full marks
Credit 1 mark ONLY for + 49 (kJ mol–1)
For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as follows
• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either a transposition error or
an incorrect multiplication; this would score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires either correct cycle of
balanced equations with 1C, 3H2 and 1O2
OR a clear statement of M1 which could be in words and scores only M1
3
(ii) It is an element / elemental

Ignore reference to “standard state”
OR By definition
1
(b) M1 (The yield) increases / goes up / gets more

If M1 is given as “decreases” / “no effect” / “no change” then CE= 0
for clip, but mark on only M2 and M3 from a blank M1
M2 There are more moles / molecules (of gas) on the left / of reactants
OR fewer moles / molecules (of gas) on the right
/ products
OR there are 4 moles /molecules (of gas) on the left and 2 moles / molecules on the right.
OR (equilibrium) shifts / moves to the side with less moles / molecules
Ignore “volumes”, “particles” “atoms” and “species” for M2
M3: Can only score M3 if M2 is correct

The (position of) equilibrium shifts / moves (from left to right) to oppose the increase
in pressure
For M3 credit the equilibrium shifts / moves (to right) to lower / decrease the
pressure
3
(c) M1 Yield increases goes up

M2 The (forward) reaction / to the right is endothermic OR takes in/ absorbs heat
OR The reverse reaction / to the left is exothermic OR gives out / releases heat
If M1 is given as “decrease” / “no effect” / “no change” then CE= 0 for
clip, but mark on only M2 and M3 from a blank M1
Can only score M3 if M2 is correct

M3 The (position of) equilibrium shifts / moves (from left to right) to oppose the increase
in temperature (QoL)
For M3, credit the (position of) equilibrium shifts / moves (QoL)
to absorb the heat OR to cool the reaction OR to lower the temperature
3
(d) (i) An activity which has no net / overall (annual) carbon emissions to the atmosphere
OR An activity which has no net / overall (annual) greenhouse gas emissions
to the atmosphere.
OR There is no change in the total amount / level of carbon dioxide /CO2 carbon
/greenhouse gas present in the atmosphere.
The idea that the carbon /CO2 given out equals the carbon /CO2 that
was taken in from the atmosphere
1
(ii) CH3OH + 1½ O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Accept multiples
1
(iii) 3H2 + 1½ O2 3H2O

Accept multiples
OR 2H2 + O2 2H2O
Extra species must be crossed through
1
(e) M1 q = m c ∆T
Award full marks for correct answer
Ignore the case for each letter
OR q = 140 × 4.18 × 7.5
M2 = 4389 (J) OR 4.389 (kJ) OR 4.39 (kJ) OR 4.4 (kJ)(also scores M1)
M3 Using 0.0110 mol

therefore ∆H = – 399 (kJmol–1 )
OR – 400
Penalise M3 ONLY if correct numerical answer but sign is incorrect;
+399 gains 2 marks
Penalise M2 for arithmetic error and mark on
In M1, do not penalise incorrect cases in the formula
If ∆T = 280.5; score q = m c ∆T only
If c = 4.81 (leads to 5050.5) penalise M2 ONLY and mark on for M3 =
– 459
+399 or +400 gains 2 marks

Ignore incorrect units
3
[16]
Q15.
(a) (i) 3CH3OH
Not molecular formula
1
HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH
1
(ii) → 19CO2 + 19H2O

Or doubled
1
C17H35COOCH3 + 27½ or 55/2 O2

Consequential on correct right-hand side
1
(b) (i) A 0.7

1
Ethanol 6.4
1
Water 3.6
1
(ii) No effect
If wrong, CE= 0
1
Equal moles on each side of equation OR V cancels

Ignore moles of gas
1
(iii) M1
Must have all brackets but allow ( )

1
(iv) M2
If Kc wrong can only score M4 for units consequential to their Kc

working in (b)(iv)
1
M3 0.55 (min 2dp)

1
M4 No units
1
[13]
Q16.
(a) (i) M1 iodine OR I2 OR I3–
Credit M1 for “iodine solution”
M2 Cl2 + 2I – 2Cl – + I2
OR
½ Cl2 + I – Cl – + ½ I2
Penalise multiples in M2 except those shown
M2 accept correct use of I3–
M3 redox or reduction-oxidation or displacement

3
(ii) M1 (the white precipitate is) silver chloride

M1 must be named and for this mark ignore incorrect formula
M2 Ag+ + Cl – AgCl
For M2 ignore state symbols
Penalise multiples
M3 (white) precipitate / it dissolves
OR colourless solution
Ignore references to “clear” alone
3
(b) (i) M1 H2SO4 + 2Cl – 2HCl + SO42–

For M1 ignore state symbols
OR H2SO4 + Cl– HCl + HSO4–

Penalise multiples for equations and apply the list principle
OR H + + Cl– HCl
M2 hydrogen chloride OR HCl OR hydrochloric acid

2
(ii) M1 and M2 in either order

For M1 and M2, ignore state symbols and credit multiples
M1 2I – I2 + 2e –
OR
8I – 4I2 + 8e –
Do not penalise absence of charge on the electron
Credit electrons shown correctly on the other side of each equation
M2 H2SO4 + 8H+ + 8e – H2S + 4H2O
OR
SO42– + 10H+ + 8e – H2S + 4H2O

Additional equations should not contradict
M3 oxidising agent / oxidises the iodide (ions)

OR
electron acceptor
M4 sulfur OR S OR S2 OR S8 OR sulphur
4
(iii) M1 The NaOH / OH– / (sodium) hydroxide reacts with / neutralises the
H+ / acid / HBr (lowering its concentration)
OR a correct neutralisation equation for H+ or HBr with NaOH or with

hydroxide ion
Ignore reference to NaOH reacting with bromide ions
Ignore reference to NaOH reacting with HBrO alone
M2 Requires a correct statement for M1
The (position of) equilibrium moves / shifts(from L to R)
• to replace the H / acid / HBr that has been removed / lost

+
• OR to increase the H / acid / HBr concentration

+
• OR to make more H / acid / HBr / product(s)

+
• OR to oppose the loss of H / loss of product(s)

+
• OR to oppose the decrease in concentration of product(s)

In M2, answers must refer to the (position of) equilibrium shifts /
moves and is not enough to state simply that it / the system / the
reaction shifts to oppose the change.
M3 The (health) benefit outweighs the risk or wtte
OR
a clear statement that once it has done its job, little of it remains
OR
used in (very) dilute concentrations / small amounts / low doses

3
[15]
Q17.
(a) Cl2 0.4
1
NOCl 1.7
1
(b) (i) Kc=

Penalise expression containing V
Allow ( ) here, but must have all brackets.
If Kc expression wrong, max 2 in (b)(ii) for
M1 for correct rearrangement of their Kc and
M4 for multiplying by 15
1
(ii) M1
Mark is for rearrangement of correct K expression.
c
If K rearrangement wrong, can only score max 2 for:

c
M3 and M4
1
M2
Rounding 1.90 / 15 wrongly to 0.126 is AE

1
M3 [Cl2] = 0.0361 to 0.0365 (min 2 sfs)

Mark for correct calculation of [Cl2]
1
M4 mol Cl2 = 0.54 to 0.55

Correct answer scores 4 ignore working
Mark is for answer of (M3 × 15)
1
(iii) (√ 7.4 ×1 0−3= ) 0.086
Allow 0.085 to 0.086)

Mark for answer OR conseq on their Cl2
Or
1
mol dm½ −3/2

OR mol 0.5
dm −1.5
NOT
1
[9]
Q18.
(a) (If any factor is changed which affects an equilibrium), the (position of) equilibrium will shift /
move so as to oppose / counteract the change.
Must refer to equilibrium
Ignore reference to “system” alone
phrase
OR
(When a system / reaction in equilibrium is disturbed), the (position of) equilibrium

shifts / moves in a direction which tends to reduce the disturbance
An alternative to shift / move would be the idea of changing / altering
the position of equilibrium
1
(b) (i) M1
A substance that speeds up the reaction / alters the rate but is chemically unchanged
at the end / not used up
Both ideas needed for M1
Credit can score for M1, M2 and M3 from anywhere within the
answer
M2
Catalysts provide an alternative route / alternative pathway / different mechanism
M3
that has a lower activation energy / Ea
OR
lowers the activation energy / Ea
3
(ii) (Time is) less / shorter / decreases / reduces

Credit “faster”, “speeds up”, “quicker” or words to this effect
1
(iii) None
1
(c) (i) R
1
(ii) T
1
(iii) R
1
(iv) P
1
(v) Q
1
[11]
Q19.
(a) Mol of E 1.6(00)
Ignore extra zeros.
1
Mol of F 0.2(00)
1
(b) Kc =
Penalise expression containing V.
Penalise missing brackets or ( ).
1
mol−1 dm3
If Kc wrong, allow units consequential to their Kc, but no marks in (c)
unless correct Kc used in (c).
1
(c) Kc =
Vol missed or used wrongly – no marks.
If Kc correct in (b) but squared term missed here, no further marks.
1
= 0.3(01) Allow 0.299−0.304

Ignore units.
1
(d) M1 Decrease
If M1 is incorrect CE=0 for the clip.
If M1 is blank, mark on and seek to credit the correct information in
the explanation.
1
M2 More moles on LHS / reactants or fewer / less moles on RHS / products

(allow correct ratio 3:2)
M2 not just a generic statement ‘shifts to more moles’.
1
M3 (Equilibrium) shifts / moves either to oppose reduction in pressure / or to

increase the pressure
M3 depends on a correct statement for M2.
Not ‘favours’.
Allow ‘to oppose change’ only if reduction in pressure noted.
1
(e) M1 T1
If M1 is incorrect, CE=0 for the clip.
If M1 is blank, mark on and seek to credit the correct information in
the explanation.
1
M2 (Forward*) reaction is exothermic

OR Backward reaction is endothermic
*Assume answer refers to forward reaction unless otherwise stated.
1
M3 (at T2 or lower temperature)
(Equilibrium) shifted / moved to oppose reduction in temp
OR
at T1 or higher temp, (Equilibrium) shifted / moved to oppose (increase in

temp)
Allow “to oppose change” only if change in temperature is stated.
Not ‘favours’.
1
[12]
Q20.
(a) (i) M1 (Yield) increases / goes up / gets more
If M1 is blank, mark on and seek to credit the correct information
in the explanation.
If M1 is incorrect CE=0 for the clip.
M2
The (forward) reaction / to the right is exothermic or gives out / releases
heat
OR
The reverse reaction / to the left is endothermic or takes in / absorbs heat
M3 depends on correct M2 and must refer to temperature / heat

The (position of ) equilibrium shifts / moves left to right to oppose the
decrease in temperature
For M3, the equilibrium shifts / moves
to release heat OR
to raise the temperature OR
to heat up the reaction.
3
(ii) M1 Concentration(s) (of reactants and products) remain or stay constant /

the same
For M1 credit [ ] for concentration.
M2 Forward rate = reverse / backward rate

Not “equal concentrations”.
Not “concentrations is / are the same”.
Not “amount”.
Ignore “dynamic” and ignore “speed”.
Ignore “closed system”.
feature.
2
(b) KBr + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HBr

Credit this equation in its ionic form.
Ignore state symbols.
Credit multiples.
1
(c) M1 SO2 identified
M2 correctly balanced equation (would also gain M1)

Credit M2 equation in its ionic form.
Ignore state symbols.
2HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O

Credit multiples.
Not H2SO3 on the right-hand side.
Mark M3 independently
M3 Oxidising agent OR electron acceptor OR oxidant
OR to oxidise the bromide (ion) / HBr
M3 Not “electron pair acceptor”.
3
(d) (i) M1 Electrophilic addition
M1 both words required.

For the mechanism
M3 Penalise incorrect partial charges on O − H bond and penalise
formal charges
Ignore partial negative charge on the double bond.
M5 Not HSO4 –
For M5, credit as shown or −:OSO3H ONLY with the negative charge
anywhere on this ion
OR correctly drawn out with the negative charge placed correctly on
oxygen.
M2 must show an arrow from the double bond towards the H atom of the H − O bond /
HO on a compound with molecular formula for H2SO4
M2 could be to an H+ ion and M3 an independent O − H bond break on a compound
with molecular formula for H2SO4
Max any 3 of 4 marks for a correct mechanism using the wrong
organic reactant or wrong organic product (if shown) or a primary
carbocation.
M3 must show the breaking of the O − H bond on H2SO4

Penalise once only in any part of the mechanism for a line and two
dots to show a bond.
M5 must show an arrow from the lone pair of electrons on the correct oxygen of the
negatively charged ion towards the positively charged carbon atom on their carbocation
Credit the correct use of “sticks”.
For M5, credit attack on a partially positively charged carbocation
structure, but penalise M4
NB The arrows here are double-headed

5
(ii) Hydrolysis
Credit “(nucleophilic) substitution” but do not accept any other prefix.
Credit phonetic spelling.
1
(iii) Catalyst
1
[16]
Q21.
(a) Kc =
Penalise ( ) in this part but can score units; mark on in (b)

If Kc expression wrong no marks in this part but can score M1 & M3 in
(b)
1
units = mol−1 dm3

1
(b) [O2] = or or
Correct answer scores three marks

Ignore ( ) in this part
Penalise contradiction in M1
M1
1
0.061(4)
If Kc expression wrong in (a) can score M1 here for rearrangement of
their Kc & M3 for multiplication by 1.4
M2
mol O2 = 0.0614 × 1.4 = 0.086 (allow 0.085−0.087)

If Kc or rearrangement wrong here score only M3 for multiplication by
1.4
1
M3 = correct answer of (M2 × 1.4)
M3
1
(c) (i) No effect OR none OR no change OR stays the same

1
(ii) Effect: Increase or more SO3
Increase or more SO3

If wrong effect, no further marks, but M2 and
M3 are independent of each other
M1
1
Fewer mole(cule)s on RHS

or 3 moles to 2 moles
or (eqm shifts) to side with fewer moles
(V3 or) residual V decreases in numerator of Kc expression
M2
1
Equilibrium moves / shifts to reduce the pressure /
oppose the increase in pressure
to keep Kc constant,
ratio
must increase
Allow to oppose the change only if increase pressure mentioned
M3
1
[9]
Q22.
(a) (i) M1 c(oncentrated) phosphoric acid / c(onc.) H3PO4
OR c(oncentrated) sulfuric acid / c(onc.) H2SO4
In M1, the acid must be concentrated.
Ignore an incorrect attempt at the correct formula that is written in
addition to the correct name.
M2 Re-circulate / re-cycle the (unreacted) ethene (and steam) / the reactants

OR pass the gases over the catalyst several / many times
In M2, ignore “remove the ethanol”.
Credit “re-use”.
2
(ii) M1
(By Le Chatelier’s principle) the equilibrium is driven / shifts / moves to the right /
L to R / forwards / in the forward direction
M2 depends on a correct statement of M1

The equilibrium moves / shifts to
• oppose the addition of / increased concentration of / increased moles /

increased amount of water / steam
• to decrease the amount of steam / water
Mark M3 independently
M3 Yield of product / conversion increase OR ethanol increases / goes up / gets
more
3
(iii) M1 Poly(ethene) / polyethene / polythene / HDPE / LDPE
M2 At higher pressures
More / higher cost of electrical energy to pump / pumping cost
OR
Cost of higher pressure equipment / valves / gaskets / piping etc.
OR expensive equipment
Credit all converse arguments for M2
2
(b) M1 for balanced equation
M2 for state symbols in a correctly balanced equation
2C(s / graphite) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g)

CH3CH2OH(l)
(C2H5OH)
Not multiples but credit correct state symbols in a correctly balanced
equation.
Penalise C2H6O but credit correct state symbols in a correctly
balanced equation.
2
(c) (i) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure when 1 mol of a
compound / substance / element
If standard enthalpy of formation CE=0
M2 is burned / combusts / reacts completely in oxygen

OR burned / combusted / reacted in excess oxygen
M3 with (all) reactants and products / (all) substances in standard / specified
states
OR (all) reactants and products / (all) substances in normal states under
standard conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and specified T / 298 K
For M3
Ignore reference to 1 atmosphere
3
(ii) M1
Correct answer gains full marks
ΣB(reactants) − ΣB(products) = ΔH
Credit 1 mark for (+) 1279 (kJ mol−1)
OR
Sum of bonds broken − Sum of bonds formed = ΔH
OR
B(C-C) + B(C-O) + B(O-H) + 5B(C-H) + 3B(O=O) (LHS)
− 4B(C=O) − 6B(O−H) (RHS) = ΔH
M2 (also scores M1)

348+360+463+5(412)+3(496) [LHS = 4719]
(2060) (1488)
− 4(805) − 6(463) [RHS = − 5998] = ΔH
(3220) (2778)
OR using only bonds broken and formed (4256 − 5535)
For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as follows
• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either a
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this would score 2
marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires either a
correct cycle with 2C and 6H and 7O OR a clear statement of M1
which could be in words and scores only M1
M3
ΔH= − 1279 (kJ mol−1)
Allow a maximum of one mark if the only scoring point is LHS = 4719
OR RHS = 5998
Award 1 mark for +1279
Candidates may use a cycle and gain full marks

3
(d) (i) Reducing agent OR reductant OR electron donor

OR to reduce the copper oxide
Not “reduction”.
Not “oxidation”.
Not “electron pair donor”.
1
(ii) CH3COOH
1
[17]
Q23.
(a) (i) Nucleophilic addition
Any extra loses the mark
Allow minor spelling errors e.g. nucleophyllic
1
(ii)
M1 for arrow from lone pair on oxygen in ethanol to C of C=O (or to
space half way between O and C)
M2 for arrow from C=O bond to oxygen in ethanal
Do not allow M2 as first step without nucleophilic attack, but can
allow M1 for attack on C+ produced
+ rather than δ+ on C=O loses M2
Ignore any further steps an mark independently
2
(b) (i) Equal mixture of enantiomers/optical isomers OWTTE

1
(ii) (Non-superimposable) mirror images

Ignore rotates light in opposite directions
Ignore stereoisomers
1
(c) (i) Ethanal 0.33

1
Ethanol 4.16
Allow 4.2 for ethanol
1
(ii)
Ignore slips in acetal structure or formula C6H14O2
If Kc wrong, allow M4 only for units conseq to their Kc
If volume omitted (gives 2.93 × 10-2) may only score M1 and M4
If volume used = 310 cm3 allow M2 then award M3 for 9.08 – 9.23
only and M4 for mol–1 cm3 only
Treat error in converting 310 cm3 to dm3 as AE
M1
M2
9.1 × 10-3
Allow range 9.08 × 10-3 – 9.23 × 10-3
M3
mol-1dm3
Not moles-1dm3
M4
(d)
1
[12]
Q24.
(a) (i) Award mark for X on the time axis at the point where the lines just become horizontal
Allow this mark if X is above the letters “sh” in the word “show” in
part(ii) - in the range of lines 31 to 33.
1
(ii) They are equal / the same

OR Forward (rate) = Reverse / backward (rate)
Allow the word ‘speed’ in this context.
Ignore reference to concentration.
1
(b) Both OR forward and reverse reactions occur at the same time
OR both are occurring at once
OR both occur all of the time
OR both are ongoing
OR both never stop
Ignore ‘at equal rates’.
Ignore reference to concentration or equilibrium.
The idea that both reactions occur simultaneously is essential.
The simple idea of ‘both reactions occurring’ is insufficient for the
mark.
1
(c) (i) M1 No effect / no change / none / stays the same

M2 requires correct M1
In M2, ignore reference to particles or atoms.
M2 Equal (number of) moles / molecules on both sides
2
(ii) M1 Less time or it decreases or (equilibrium) reached faster (ie M1 is a reference

to time taken)
If M1 is ‘more time / it increases’ or ‘no effect’, then CE=0 for the clip.
Reference to faster / increased rate / increased speed alone
penalises M1, but mark on M2 and M3.
M2 More particles / molecules in a given volume / space
OR the particles / molecules are closer together

If M1 is blank, then look for all three marks in the text.
M3 More successful / productive collisions in a given time
OR more collisions with E>EAct in a given time
OR more frequent successful / productive collisions
OR increased / greater successful / productive collision frequency / rate
Ignore reference to reactants / products.
Penalise M3 if an increase / decrease in the value of EAct is stated.
3
[8]
Q25.
(a) (i) M1 High (temperature) OR Increase (the temperature)
If M1 is incorrect CE = 0 for the clip
If M1 is blank, mark on and seek to credit the correct information
in the text
M2 The (forward) reaction / to the right is endothermic or takes in / absorbs heat
OR The reverse reaction / to the left is exothermic or gives out / releases heat
M3 depends on correct M2 and must refer to temperature / heat
At high temperature, the (position of ) equilibrium shifts / moves left to right to

oppose the increase in temperature
For M3, the position of equilibrium shifts / moves
to absorb heat OR
to lower the temperature OR
to cool down the reaction
3
(ii) M1 The reaction gets to equilibrium faster / in less time

OR Produces a small yield faster / in less time
OR Increases the rate (of reaction / of attainment of equilibrium)
Mark independently
M2 High pressure leads to one of the following
• more particles / molecules in a given volume
• particles / they are closer together
• higher concentration of particles / molecules
AND
• more collisions in a given time / increased collision frequency
Penalise M2 for reference to increased energy of the particles
2
(iii) M1 Increase in / more / large(r) / big(ger) surface area / surface sites

Mark independently
For M1 accept Éan increase in surface”
M2 increase in / more successful / productive / effective collisions (in a given
time) (on the surface of the catalyst / with the nickel)
For M2 not simply “more collisions”
Ignore “the chance or likelihood” of collisions
2
(b) M1 No effect / None
If M1 is incorrect CE = 0 for the clip
If M1 is blank, mark on and seek to credit the correct information in the text
M2 requires a correct M1
Equal / same number / amount of moles / molecules / particles on either side of the
equation
OR 2 moles / molecules / particles on the left and 2 moles / molecules / particles on the
right
In M2 not “atoms”
2
[9]
Q26.
(a) (i) Curve drawn from origin with peak clearly lower and to right.
New curve crosses original once only, finishes above original and
does not clearly curve up
IGNORE relative areas
1
(ii) (Relative areas under curves indicate) many (owtte) more

molecules with E greater than or equal to Ea (at higher T)
or reverse argument
ALLOW ‘particles’
IGNORE ‘atoms’
1
(Large) increase in (number of) successful (owtte) collisions per unit time
OR ‘frequency of successful collisions’
1
(b) (i) Yield increases

Yield decreases/stays the same CE = 0
If not answered mark on
1
More moles/molecules (of gas) on left/fewer on right/3 on left 1 on right
1
Equilibrium shifts/moves (to right) to reduce pressure/oppose higher pressure
No M3 if ‘more moles on right’ in M2
IGNORE ‘favours’
NOT just ‘oppose the change’
QoL means that M3 is only awarded if these ideas are clearly linked
in one statement
1
(ii) Higher T would increase rate but decrease yield/make less

methanol
OR
Lower T decreases rate but increases yield;
If no mention of both rate AND (idea of) yield max 1
1
Chosen T is a compromise/balance (between rate and yield) owtte
1
[8]

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P6: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA, LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE AND

Equilibria 2: Equilibrium Constant Kc for Homogeneous Systems

Q2. Hydrogen gas is used in the chemical industry.

Moles of propanoic acid............................................................................................................................................................

Moles of water........................................................................................................................................................................... (3)

..........FeS2 + ..........O2 → ..........Fe2O3 + ..........SO2 (1)

Effect of an increase in temperature on yield............................................................................................................................

Role of the carbon monoxide.................................................................................................................................................... (2)

Moles of hydrogen..................................................................................................................................................................... (3)

gas CH4(g) H2O(g) CO2(g) H2(g)

Units of Kc.................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)

Effect on amount of hydrogen…...............................................................................................................................................

ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)

ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)

ZnO(s) + H SO (aq) → ZnSO (aq) + H O(l)

Equation 2................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)

Cu + .......... HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + .......... NO2 + …....... H2O (1)

Amount of sulfur trioxide...........................................................................................................................................................

Amount of sulfur dioxide........................................................................................................................................................... (2)

Moles of iodine.......................................................................................................................................................................... (2)

Position of equilibrium Value of equilibrium constant, Kc

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2Hl(g) ∆Hθ = +52 kJ mol–1 (1)

3H2(g) + N2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) ∆Hθ = -92 kJ mol–1 (1)

Q13(biii) Change: add a catalyst to the equilibrium mixture at constant temperature.

CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2(g) ∆Hθ = -41 kJ mol–1 (1)

Q13(biv) Change: add chlorine to the equilibrium mixture at constant temperature.

PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ∆Hθ = +93 kJ mol–1 (1)

CO2(g) H2(g) CH3OH(g) H2O(g)

∆HfƟ / kJ mol–1 – 394 0 – 201 – 242

Moles of water............................................................................................................................................................................ (3)

Moles of NOCl.......................................................................................................................................................................... (2)

Meaning of the term catalyst.....................................................................................................................................................

How catalysts work...................................................................................................................................................................

Moles of F................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)

Effect on the amount of G.........................................................................................................................................................

Q20. Sulfuric acid is manufactured by the Contact Process.

Effect of a decrease in temperature on yield............................................................................................................................

Role of sulfuric acid................................................................................................................................................................... (3)

Stage 2 (CH3)2C(OSO2OH)CH3 + H2O → (CH3)2C(OH)CH3 + H2SO4

Q22. Ethanol is an important industrial compound.

C–H C–C C–O O=O C=O O–H

Amount of ethanal.................................................................................................... mol

Amount of ethanol.................................................................................................... mol

Space for working ....................................................................................................................................................................

P6: Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier’s Principle

M2 Forward rate = Reverse / backward rate

(b) M1 The (forward) reaction / to the right is exothermic or

M2 The equilibrium responds by absorbing heat / lowering temperature

Reduce(s) (WO3/tungsten oxide)

to remove oxygen (from WO3/tungsten oxide or to form water);

(ii) WO3 + 3H2 → W + 3H2O

(iii) One from

(b) (i) Addition

(When a system/reaction in equilibrium is disturbed), the

(ii) M1 – Statement of number of moles/molecules

fewer moles/molecules (of gas) on the right./products

there are 4 moles/molecules (of gas) on the left and 2 moles/

M2 – Explanation of response/movement in terms of pressure

pressure is lowered by a shift in the equilibrium (from left) to