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Lecture 6 - The Cell Cycle

The document discusses the cell cycle and its stages including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. It describes the stages of mitosis including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. It also discusses DNA replication and chromosomes.

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30 views

Lecture 6 - The Cell Cycle

The document discusses the cell cycle and its stages including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. It describes the stages of mitosis including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. It also discusses DNA replication and chromosomes.

Uploaded by

akilroberto17
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MBGE102/BIOE207

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND


GENETICS / INTRODUCTION TO
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND
GENETICS
Peyman Pınar Ince
The Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle is a repeated
pattern of growth, DNA
replication and cell division that
occurs in eukaryotic cells.

• This cycle consists of four


phases: G1, S, G2, M
The Cell Cycle
Chromosomes
• Chromosomes are thread-like
structures located inside the
nucleus of animal and plant
cells.

• Each chromosome is made of


protein and a single molecule of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

• Passed from parents to


offspring, DNA contains the
specific instructions that make
each type of living creature
unique.
Chromosomes
• The number of the chromosomes
varies between species.

• Eukaryotes have sets of


chromosomes from both parents
and are diploid (2n)
One from mom and one from
dad

• Prokaryotes and sex cells have one


set and are haploid (n)

• Matching pairs of maternal and


paternal chromosomes are called
‘Homologous Chromosomes’
Chromosomes
Chromosomes
DNA Replication
• Before a cell divides, the DNA inside
must copy itself.

• This is done through DNA replication.

• In the process of replication, each


strand of the original double-stranded
DNA molecule serves as template for
the reproduction of the
complementary strand.

• Two identical DNA molecules have


been produced from a single double-
stranded DNA molecule.
Parts of Chromosomes
How are Chromosomes Pulled Apart During Cell Division?
The Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle is a repeated
pattern of growth, DNA
replication and cell division that
occurs in eukaryotic cells.

• This cycle consists of four


phases: G1, S, G2, M
Stages of the Cell Cycle
• The main stages of the cell cycle
are gap 1, synthesis, gap 2,
and mitosis.
– Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and
normal functions
– DNA synthesis (S): copies
DNA
– Gap 2 (G2): additional
growth (chromatids become
replicated chromosomes)
– Mitosis (M): includes
division of the cell nucleus
(mitosis) and division of the
cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
Stages of the Cell Cycle-Interphase
Interphase

• Cells spend the majority of their


cell cycle in interphase.

• The purpose of interphase is for


cell growth.

• By the end of interphase a cell


has replicated its DNA (two full
sets of chromosomes) and is
large enough to begin the
division process.
Stages of the Cell Cycle

At the end of
interphase, each
chromosome
has replicated
Sister and now has two
chromatids sister
chromatids.
Stages of the Cell Cycle-Mitosis
Mitosis
• The purpose of mitosis is cell division: making
two cells out of one.

• Each cell has to have its own cytoplasm,


organelles and DNA.

• The DNA/chromosomes are replicated in


interphase when one single chromatid
(chromosome) duplicates to becomes two sister
chromatids (still one chromosome). In total,
there are 4 strands of DNA per chromosome
after replication (2 strands per chromatid)

• In mitosis the four strands (two sister


chromatid) have to break apart so that each new
cell only has one double-stranded chromosome.
Stages of Mitosis - Prophase
Prophase is characterized by four
events:

1. Chromosomes condense and are more


visible.
2. The nuclear membrane (envelope)
disappears.
3. Centrioles have separated and taken
positions on the opposite poles of the cell.
4. Spindle fibers form and radiate toward the
center of the cell.
Stages of Mitosis - Prophase

During prophase, chromosomes


condense and spindle fibers form.
Stages of Mitosis - Metaphase
Metaphase (the shortest phase of
mitosis) is characterized by two
events:

1. Chromosomes line up across the


middle of the cell. The centromeres
of the chromosomes place
themselves on the metaphase plate
– an imaginary line that is
equidistant from the centromere
poles.
2. Spindle fibers connect the
centromere of each sister
chromatid to the poles of the cell.
Stages of Mitosis - Metaphase

During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the middle


of the cell.
Stages of Mitosis - Anaphase

Anaphase is characterized by three


events:

1.Centromeres that join the sister


chromatids split.
2.Sister chromatids separate
becoming individual chromosomes.
3.Separated chromatids move to
opposite poles of the cell.
Stages of Mitosis - Anaphase

During anaphase, sister chromatids separate to


opposite sides of the cell.
Stages of Mitosis - Anaphase
Telophase (the last phase of
mitosis) consists of four events:

1.Chromosomes (each consisting of


a single chromatid) uncoil into
expanded chromatin.
2.A nuclear envelope forms around
the chromosomes at each pole of
the cell.
3.Spindle fibers break down and
dissolve.
4.Cytokinesis begins.
Stages of Mitosis - Anaphase

During telophase, the new nuclei form and chromosomes


begin to uncoil.
Cell Cycle Videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwAFZb8juMQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N97cgUqV0Cg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L61Gp_d7evo

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