Functions

Chapter 4

Python for Informatics: Exploring Information

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Copyright 2010,2011 Charles R. Severance

 Stored (and reused) Steps
Program:
def
hello():
def hello():
print 'Hello' print 'Hello' Output:
print 'Fun' print 'Fun'
Hello
hello() Fun
hello()
print 'Zip' Zip
print “Zip” hello() Hello
Fun
hello()
We call these reusable pieces of code “functions”.
 Python Functions

• There are two kinds of functions in Python.

• Built-in functions that are provided as part of Python - raw_input(),

type(), float(), int() ...

• Functions that we define ourselves and then use

• We treat the of the built-in function names as "new" reserved words

(i.e. we avoid them as variable names)
 Function Definition

• In Python a function is some reusable code that takes arguments(s) as

input does some computation and then returns a result or results

• We define a function using the def reserved word

• We call/invoke the function by using the function name, parenthesis

and arguments in an expression
 Argument

big = max('Hello world')

Assignment
'w'
Result
>>> big = max('Hello world')
>>> print big
w
>>> tiny = min('Hello world')
>>> print tiny

>>>
 Max Function
A function is some stored
>>> big = max('Hello world')
code that we use. A
>>> print big
function takes some input
'w'
and produces an output.

“Hello world” max() ‘w’

(a string) function (a string)

Guido wrote this code

 Max Function
A function is some stored
>>> big = max('Hello world')
code that we use. A
>>> print big
function takes some input
'w'
and produces an output.

def max(inp):
blah
“Hello world” blah ‘w’
(a string) for x in y: (a string)
blah
blah

Guido wrote this code

Type Conversions >>> print float(99) / 100
0.99
>>> i = 42
>>> type(i)
<type 'int'>
• When you put an integer and
>>> f = float(i)
floating point in an expression
>>> print f
the integer is implicitly
42.0
converted to a float
>>> type(f)
• You can control this with the <type 'float'>
>>> print 1 + 2 * float(3) / 4 - 5
built in functions int() and float()
-2.5
>>>
 String >>> sval = '123'
>>> type(sval)
Conversions <type 'str'>
>>> print sval + 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int'
• You can also use int() and >>> ival = int(sval)
float() to convert between >>> type(ival)
strings and integers <type 'int'>
>>> print ival + 1
• You will get an error if the 124
>>> nsv = 'hello bob'
string does not contain
>>> niv = int(nsv)
numeric characters Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int()
 Building our Own Functions
• We create a new function using the def keyword followed by optional
parameters in parenthesis.

• We indent the body of the function

• This defines the function but does not execute the body of the function

def print_lyrics():
print "I'm a lumberjack, and I'm okay."
print 'I sleep all night and I work all day.'
 print "I'm a lumberjack, and I'm okay."
print_lyrics(): print 'I sleep all night and I work all day.'
x=5
print 'Hello'

def print_lyrics():
print "I'm a lumberjack, and I'm okay."
print 'I sleep all night and I work all day.' Hello
Yo
print 'Yo' 7
x=x+2
print x
 Definitions and Uses

• Once we have defined a function, we can call (or invoke) it as many

times as we like

• This is the store and reuse pattern

x=5
print 'Hello'

def print_lyrics():
print "I'm a lumberjack, and I'm okay."
print 'I sleep all night and I work all day.'

print 'Yo'
print_lyrics() Hello
x=x+2 Yo
print x I'm a lumberjack, and I'm okay.
I sleep all night and I work all day.
7
 Arguments
• An argument is a value we pass into the function as its input when we
call the function

• We use arguments so we can direct the function to do different kinds

of work when we call it at different times

• We put the arguments in parenthesis after the name of the function

big = max('Hello world')

Argument
 >>> def greet(lang):
Parameters ...
...
if lang == 'es':
print 'Hola'
... elif lang == 'fr':
... print 'Bonjour'
... else:
• A parameter is a variable ... print 'Hello'
which we use in the ...
function definition that is a >>> greet('en')
“handle” that allows the Hello
code in the function to >>> greet('es')
access the arguments for a Hola
particular function >>> greet('fr')
invocation. Bonjour
>>>
 >>> def greet(lang):
Return Value ...
...
if lang == 'es':
return 'Hola'
... elif lang == 'fr':
... return 'Bonjour'
... else:
• A “fruitful” function is one ... return 'Hello'
that produces a result (or ...
return value) >>> print greet('en'),'Glenn'
Hello Glenn
• The return statement ends >>> print greet('es'),'Sally'
the function execution and Hola Sally
“sends back” the result of >>> print greet('fr'),'Michael'
the function Bonjour Michael
>>>
 Arguments, Parameters, and Results
>>> big = max('Hello world')
Parameter
>>> print big
'w'
def max(inp):
blah
“Hello world” blah ‘w’
for x in y:
Argument blah
Result
blah
return ‘w’
 Multiple Parameters / Arguments
• We can define more than
one parameter in the
function definition def addtwo(a, b):
added = a + b
• We simply add more
return added
arguments when we call the
function
x = addtwo(3, 5)
print x
• We match the number and
order of arguments and
parameters
 Void (non-fruitful) Functions

• When a function does not return a value, we call it a "void" function

• Functions that return values are "fruitful" functions

• Void functions are "not fruitful"

 To function or not to function...
• Organize your code into “paragraphs” - capture a complete thought
and “name it”

• Don’t repeat yourself - make it work once and then reuse it

• If something gets too long or complex, break up logical chunks and put
those chunks in functions

• Make a library of common stuff that you do over and over - perhaps
share this with your friends...
 Summary
• Functions • Parameters
• Built-In Functions • Results (Fruitful functions)
• Type conversion (int, float) • Void (non-fruitful) functions
• Math functions (sin, sqrt) • Why use functions?
• Try / except (again)
• Arguments
Exercise

Rewrite your pay computation with time-and-a-half

for overtime and create a function called computepay
which takes two parameters ( hours and rate).

Enter Hours: 45
Enter Rate: 10
Pay: 475.0

475 = 40 * 10 + 5 * 15