Date : 14-01-2024 STD 12 Science Physics Total Marks : 178

important questions term two

SECTION A () Answer The Following Questions In One Sentence.[1 Marks Each] [25]
1. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident violet
light is replaced by red light? Give reason.

Ans. :
i. Decreases.
ii. nViolet > nRed .
2. A biconcave lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in
water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens?
Give reason.

Ans. : As a diverging lens.

Light rays diverge on going from a rarer to a denser medium.

3. When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium, why does the
critical angle of incidence depend on the colour of light?

Ans. : Critical angle depends upon the refractive index (n) of the medium and refractive
index is different for different colours of light.

4. Define the term “threshold frequency”, in the context of photoelectric emission.

Ans. : For a given Photosensitive material, there is a certain minimum cut off frequency at
which Photoelectric emission is possible is called Threshold frequency, i.e. At this
frequency just emission of photoelectrons happens without giving them any kind of
additional energy. Higher the work function of the material, greater is the Threshold
frequency.
See the figure below of two different metals having different Threshold Frequency.

5. Define the term 'stopping potential' in relation to photoelectric effect.

Ans. : Stopping potential is the minimum negative (retarding) potential of anode for which
photo current stops or becomes zero.

6. A proton and an electron have equal speeds. Find the ratio of de Broglie wavelengths
associated with them.
h

λp mp vp
Ans. :
mp vp

= h
= ×
λe me ve
me v
2

−27
1.67×10
=
−31
9.1×10

23
= 1.8 × 10

7. Show graphically, the variation of the de-Broglie wavelength (λ) with the potential (V)
through which an electron is accelerated from rest.

[1]
 Ans. :

8. The variation of the stopping potential (V 0 ) with the frequency (v) of the light incident on
two different photosensitive surfaces M1 and M2 is shown in the figure. Identify the
surface which has greater value of the work function.

Ans. : M2 has greater value of work function due to higher value of threshold frequency.
Consider the metal M1 as P and metal M2 as Q
The threshold frequency of metal plate P is lesser than that of Q,
1
Since λ ∝
ν
, the theshold wavelength of metal plate P is greate than that of Q.
The work function of a metal is given as,
W0 = hν0

Since the threshold frequency of metal Q is greater, the work function it is also greater
than of P.

9. An electron, an alpha particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which one of
these particles has the largest de-Broglie wavelength?

Ans. : Electron.
10. The given graph shows the variation of photo-electric current (I) versus applied voltage
(V) for two different photosensitive materials and for two different intensities of the
incident radiation. Identify the pairs of curves that correspond to different materials but
same intensity radiation.

Ans. : (1, 3) and (2, 4).

11. The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is doubled; how will the energy of a
photon change?

Ans. : E
hc 1
= ∝
λ λ

[2]
 Clearly when wavelength λ is doubled, the energy of photon is halved.

12. Define work function for a given metallic surface.

Ans. : The minimum energy required to free an electron from the metallic surface is called
the work function of that surface.

13. The stopping potential in an experiment on photoelectric effect is 1.5 V. What is the
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted?

Ans. : KEmax = qV = 1.5eV or 2.4 × 10

−19
J.

14. Two lines, A and B, in the plot given below show. the variation of de Broglie wavelength,
−
−
λ versus 1/√V , where V is the accelerating potential difference, for two particles
carrying the same charge. Which one of two represents a particle of smaller mass?

Ans. : λ
h
=
√2meV

Straight line denoted by ‘B’.

15. Define ionisation energy. What is its value for a hydrogen atom?

Ans. : Minimum energy required to free an electron from the ground state. Its value for
hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.

16. Write any two characteristic properties of nuclear force.

Ans. : Characteristic properties of nuclear force are short ranged, strong, attractive,
charge independent, spin dependent, does not obey inverse square law, saturated, non
central.

17. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1 : 8. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii?

Ans. : R
1/3
= R0 A

R1 1
= .
R2 2

18. The binding energy per nucleon of the two nuclei A and B are 4 MeV and 8.2 MeV.
Which of the two nuclei is more stable?

Ans. : The nucleus (B) having larger binding energy is more stable.
19. If the nuclei of masses X and Y are fused together to form a nucleus of mass m and
some energy is released, then:
a. X+Y=m

[3]
 b. X+Y<m
c. X+Y>m
d. X−Y=m

Ans. :
c. X+Y>m
Explanation:
Since some energy is released, so one part of total mass of reactants is converted
into energy
Therefore, total mass of reactants
X+Y
is more than the mass of nucleus (m).

20. A nucleus of mass number A, has a mass defect △m. Give the formula, for the binding
energy per nucleon, of this nucleus.
Total binding energy
Ans. : BE per nucleon, Bn =
Number of nucleons
2
△mc
=
A

Where c is the speed of light in vacuum.

21. An electron and alpha particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength associated with
them. How are their kinetic energies related to each other?
2
p
Ans. : K.E. =
2m

1
∴ K.E. ∝
m
( For same P)

(as λ = h/p is the same)

Alternate Answer
Ek e ma
∴ =
Ek a m e

22. What happens to the width of depletion layer of a p-n junction when it is (i) forward
biased, (ii) reverse biased?

Ans. :
1. (Slightly) decreases.
2. (Slightly) Increases.
23. ‘Device X’ shown here, converts the input voltage waveform into the output voltage
waveform as shown in fig. Name the device X.

Ans. : The box contains the circuit of full wave rectifier.

24. What is the net charge on a given piece of:
i. p-type semiconductor.
ii. n-type semiconductor?

Ans. :
i. Zero
ii. Zero.
25. When a forward bias is applied to a p-n junction, it

[4]
 a. Raises the potential barrier.
b. Reduces the majority carrier current to zero.
c. Lowers the potential barrier.
d. None of the above.

Ans. :
c. Lowers the potential barrier.
When a forward bias is applied to a p-n junction, it lowers the value of potential
barrier. In the case of a forward bias, the potential barrier opposes the applied
voltage. Hence, the potential barrier across the junction gets reduced.

SECTION B () Given Section consists of questions of 2 marks each. [44]

26. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as that of the plates of a
parallel plate capacitor but has the thickness d/2, where d is the separation between the
plates. Find out the expression for its capacitance when the slab is inserted between the
plates of the capacitor.

Ans. :

Capacitance with dielectric of thickness ‘t’

ε0 A
C = t
d - t+
K

d
Put t =
2

ε0 A
C =
d d
d− +
2 2K

ε0 A
=
d d
+
2 2K

ε0 A
=
d 1
(1+ )
2 K

2 ε0 AK
= .
d(K+1)

27. A convex lens of focal length f1 is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal length f2 .
Find the focal length of the combination.

Ans. :

[5]
 For convex lens of focal length (+ f1 )
1 1 1
+ = ′
− - - - - - - - -(1)
f1 v u

For concave lens of focal length (– f2 )

1 1 1
− = − ′
- - - - - - - - (2)
f2 v v

Adding equation (1) and (2)

1 1 1 1
− =
v
−
u
- - - - - - - - - -(3)
f1 f2

For an equivalent lens (using lens formula)

1 1 1
= − where f is the focal length of combination. - - - - - - - - - (4)
f v u

From equation (3) and (4),

1 1 1
= − .
f f1 f2

28. A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA is refracting in the prism BAC
made of material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray through the prism.
From which face will the ray emerge? Justify your answer.

Ans. :

Face-AC
−1 2
Here ic = sin ( )
3

−1
= sin (0.6)

∠i on face AC is 30º which is less than ∠ic Hence the ray get replaced here.

29. An α-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same potential. Find the
ratio of their de Broglie wavelengths.

Ans. : λ
h h
= =
p
√2mqV

As mα = 4mp and q
α
= 2q
p

√2mp qp
λα √mp qp √1 1
= = = = .
λp √2mα qα √8 2 √2
√4 mp 2 qp

[6]
30. If light of wavelength 412·5nm is incident on each of the metals given below, which
ones will show photoelectric emission and why?
Metal Work Function (eV)
Na 1.92
K 2.15
Ca 3.20
Mo 4.17

Ans. : λ = 4.125nm = 412.5 × 10

−9
m

Energy possessed by the incident light:

hc
E =
λ
−34 8
6.634×10 ×3×10
= −9
412.5×10

−19
= 4.82 × 10 J

≈ 3eV

So, Na, and K will show photoelectric emission because their work function is less than the
energy of incident light.

31. Two metals A and B have work functions 4eV and 10eV respectively. Which metal has
the higher threshold wavelength?

Ans. : Work function W

hc
= hν0 =
λ0

1
⇒ λ0 ∝
W

As WA < WB ; (λ0 )A > (λ0 )B

i.e., threshold wavelength of metal A is higher.

32. Find the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons ejected when light of
wavelength 350nm is incident on a cesium surface. Work function of cesium = 1.9eV

Ans. : λ = 350nm = 350 × 10

−9
m

ϕ = 1.9ev

hC
Max KE of electrons = −ϕ
λ
−34 8
6.63×10 ×3×10
= − 1.9
−9 −19
350×10 ×1.6×10

= 1.65ev = 1.6ev.

33. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and
potential energies of the electron in this state?

Ans. : Ground state energy of hydrogen atom, E = -13.6 eV

This is the total energy of a hydrogen atom. Kinetic energy is equal to the negative of the
total energy.
Kinetic energy = -E = -(-13.6) = 13.6 eV
Potential energy Is equal to the negative of two times of kinetic energy.
Potential energy = -2 × (13.6) = -27.2 eV

34. The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3×10–11 m. What are
the radii of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits?

[7]
 Ans. : The radius of the innermost orbit of a hydrogen atom, r1 = 5.3 x 10-11 rn.
Let r2 be the radius of the orbit at n = 2. It is related to the radius of the innermost orbit as:
r2 = (n)2 r1
= 4 × 5.3 × 10-11 = 2.12 × 10-10 m
For n = 3, we can write the corresponding electron radius as:
r3 = (n)2 r1
= 9 × 5.3 × 10-11 = 4.77 × 10-10 m
Hence, the radii of an electron for n = 2 and n = 3 orbits are 2.12 x 10-10 m and 4.77 x 10-
10 rn respectively.

35. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is – 13·6 eV. If an electron makes a
transition from an energy level – 1·51 eV to – 3·4 eV, calculate the wavelength of the
spectral line emitted and name the series of hydrogen spectrum to which it belongs.

Ans. : Energy difference = 3.4 eV − 1.51 eV = 1.89 eV = 3.024 × 10

−19
J

hc −19
Energy = = 3.024 × 10 J
λ

−7
Wavelength = 6.57 × 10 m

Series is Balmer series.

36. Using Bohr’s postulates of the atomic model, derive the expression for radius of nth
electron orbit. Hence obtain the expression for Bohr’s radius.

Ans. : For the electron, we have

nh
Bohr’s Postulate (mvr = )
2π
2 2
mv 1 ze
=
r 2
4π∈o r

nh
and mvr =
2π
2 2
2 2 2 n h
∴ m v r = 2
4π

mv2 r
1 2
and = ze
4π∈o

2 2
∈o n h
∴ r = 2
πze m

2 2
Bohr’s radius (for n = 1) = ∈o h /π ze m.

37. State Bohr’s quantization condition of angular momentum. Calculate the shortest
wavelength of the Bracket series and state to which part of the electromagnetic
spectrum does it belong.

Ans. : According to Bohr's quantisation, the electrons revolve around the nucleus only in
those orbits for which the angular momentum is the integral multiple of
h

2π

nh
L =
2π

For Bracket series n2 = ∞,

1 2 1 1
= RH Z { 2
− }
λ ∞
4

1 RH
=
λ 16

16 −7
λ = = 14.58 × 10 m
RH

[8]
 This wavelength belongs to the inftra-red region.

38. i. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the
frequency of emitted photon in a transition.
ii. An electron jumps from fourth to first orbit in an atom. How many
maximum number of spectral lines can be emitted by the atom? To which
series these lines correspond?

Ans. :
i. Bohr’s (third) postulate: An electron might make a transition from one of its
specified non- radiating orbits to another of lower energy. When it does so, a
photon is emitted having energy equal to the energy difference between the
initial and final states. The frequency of the emitted photon is given by
hv = Ei − Ef

ii. Six spectral lines can be emitted.

4→1
3→1 Lyman series
}
2→1

4→2
} Balmer series
3→2

4→3 Paschen series

39. Write two important limitations of Rutherford nuclear model of the atom.

Ans. :
i. According to Rutherford model, electron orbiting around the nucleus, continuously
radiates energy due to the acceleration; hence the atom will not remain stable.
ii. As electron spirals inwards; its angular velocity and frequency change
continuously; therefore it will emit a continuous spectrum.
40. Using the curve for the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A,
state clearly how the release in energy in the processes of nuclear fission and nuclea
fusion can be explained.

Ans. :

The above curve shows that:

i. When a heavy nucleus breaks into two medium sized nuclei (in nuclear fission)
theBE/nucleon increases resulting in the release of energy.
ii. When two small nuclei combine to form a relatively bigger nucleus in nuclear
fusionBE/nucleon increases, resulting in the release of energy.

[9]
41. What is the resistance of an intrinsic semiconductor at 0K?

Ans. : At 0K, the valence band is full and the conduction band is empty. As no electron is
available for conduction in an intrinsic semiconductor, the intrinsic semiconductor at 0K
acts as an insulator and hence offers infinite resistance.

42. In half-wave rectification, what is the output frequency if the input frequency is 50 Hz.
What is the output frequency of a full-wave rectifier for the same input frequency.

Ans. : Input frequency = 50 Hz

For a half-wave rectifier, the output frequency is equal to the input frequency.
∴ Output frequency = 50 Hz
For a full-wave rectifier, the output frequency is twice the input frequency.
∴ Output frequency = 2 × 50 = 100 Hz

43. Draw and explain the output waveform across the load resistor R, if the input waveform is
as shown in the given figure.

Ans. : If the candidate considers it as a circuit containing diode.

Wave form:

Explanation:
When the input voltage is +5v, the diode, being forward biased, conducts and output is
obtained across R. When the input is –5v, the diode being reverse biased does not conduct
and hence there is no output.
Alternate Answer
If the candidate considers it as a circuit with NOT gate.
Wave form:

Explanation:
When the input is zero, NOT gate conducts and output is obtained across R.
When the input is 5V there will be no output.
Alternate Answer
Output waveform:

44.

[10]
 Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a p-n junction diode as a half-
wave rectifier.

Ans. :

Working:
During one half of the input AC, the diode is forward biased and a current flows through RL .
During the other half of the input AC, the diode is reverse biased and no current flows
through the load RL .
Hence, the given AC input is rectified.

45. Explain how the width of depletion layer in a p-n junction diode changes when the
junction is (i) forward biased (ii) reverse biased.

Ans. :
1. In forward biasing, the depletion layer decreases.
Reason: Majority charge carriers come closer to junction.
2. In reverse biasing, the width of depletion layer increases.
Reason: The majority charge carries go farther away from the junction.

46. Write two points of difference between n-type and p-type semiconductors.

Ans. :
S.n n- type semiconductor p- type semiconductor
o
1 Pentavalent impurity is added. Trivalent impurity is added.
2 Electrons are the majority charge Holes are the majority charge
carrier/(𝑛𝑒 >> 𝑛ℎ ) carriers/(𝑛ℎ >> 𝑛𝑒).
3 New energy level formed near conduction New energy level formed near valence
band. band.

47. Calculate the current through the circuit and the potential difference across the diode
shown in figure. The drift current for the diode is 20μA.

[11]
 Ans. :

Current in the circuit = Drift current

(Since, the diode is reverse biased = 20μA)

−6
Voltage across the diode = 5 − (20 × 20 × 10 )

−4
= 5 − (4 × 10 ) = 5V.

SECTION C () Given Section consists of questions of 3 marks each. [84]

48. a. Show using a proper diagram how unpolarised light can be linearly polarised
by reflection from a transparent glass surface.
b. The figure shows a ray of light falling normally on the face AB of an equilateral
3 4
glass prism having refractive index , placed in water of refractive index .
2 3

Will this ray suffer total internal reflection on striking the face AC? Justify your
answer.

Ans. :
a.

When unpolarised light ray is incident at an angle such that the angle between
reflected of refracted rays is 90°, then reflected ray is linearly polarised. In that case
incident angle is called polarising angle or Brewster angle(iP or iB).

b. For Total internal reflection (

1

sin ic
= μDR )

1
sin ic = ( = μDR )
sin ic

sin ic = μwg

4 3
sin ic = ÷
3 2

[12]
 4 2
= ×
3 3

8
sin ic = = 0.88
9

Now, in this case

∘ √3
sin i = sin 60 = = 0.867
2

∵ sin i < sin ic

So, i < ic

So, ray will not suffer Total internal reflection.

49. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in (i) a medium
of refractive index 1.65, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.33.
a. Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
b. How will its focal length change in the two media?

Ans. :
1 1 1
= (μ − 1)( − )
f R1 R2

a.
i. Diverging lens or concave lens.
ii. Converging lens or convex lens.
b.
i. Focal length will become negative and its magnitude would increase.
ii. Focal length increases.
50. a. Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.
b. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an
eyepiece and as an objective to construct a compound microscope?
Lenses Power (D) Aperture (cm)
L1 3 8
L2 6 1
L3 10 1
c. Define resolving power of a microscope and write one factor on which it
depends.

Ans. :
a. Ray Diagram for compound microscope:

b.
Objective: Lens L3

Eye Piece: Lens L2

2μ sin β
c. Rp =
1.22λ

51. A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of curvature R and made of glass of refractive
index 1·5, is placed on a layer of liquid placed on top of a plane mirror as shown in the
figure. An optical needle with its tip on the principal axis of the lens is moved along the

[13]
 axis until its real, inverted image coincides with the needle itself. The distance of the
needle from the lens is measured to be x. On removing the liquid layer and repeating
the experiment, the distance is found to be y. Obtain the expression for the refractive
index of the liquid in terms of x and y.

Ans. : Let f1 = focal length of biconvex lens.

f2 = focal length of plano concave liquid.
f = focal length of combination of above two lenses.
f=x
f1 = y .........(i)
From combination of thin lenses,
1 1 1
+ =
f1 f2 f

1 1 1
= −
f2 f f1

1 1
= −
x y

1 y−x
= . . . . (ii)
f2 xy

For bicovex lens,

1 1 1
= (μ − 1)( + )
f1 R R

1 2
= (1.5 − 1)( )
f1 R

f1 = R = y .......(iii)
For planoconcave liquid,
1 1 1
= (μ1 − 1)( − − )
f2 R ∞

From equation (ii) & (iii),

y−x 1
⇒ = (μ1 − 1)( − )
xy y

y−x
⇒ = 1 − μ1
x
y−x
μ1 = 1 −
x
x−y+x
μ1 = 1 −
x

2x−y
μ1 =
x

52. a. Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of image by a reflecting telescope.
b. Write two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope.

Ans. :
a.

[14]
 Ray Diagram.
Arrow marking.
Labelling.

b. Advantages:
i. Spherical aberration is absent.
ii. Chromatic aberration is absent.
iii. Mounting is easier.
iv. Polishing is done on only one side.
v. Light gathering power is more.
53. You are given three lenses L1 , L2 and L3 each of focal length 20 cm. An object is kept at
40 cm in front of L1 , as shown. The final real image is formed at the focus I of L3 . Find
the separations between L1 , L2 and L3 .

Ans. : For lens L1

1 1 1
= −
f1 v1 u1

1 1 1
= − => v1 = 40 cm
20 v1 −40

For L3
1 1 1
= −
f3 v3 u3

u3 = ?, f3 = + 20 cm, v3 = 20 cm
1 1 1
= +
20 20 u3

u3 = ∞

It shows that L2 must render the rays parallel to the common axis. It means that the image
( I1 ), formed by L1 , must be at a distance of 20 cm from L2 (at the focus of L2 )
Therefore, distance between L1 and L2 (=40+20) = 60 cm and distance between L2 and L3
can have any value.

54. Three rays (1, 2, 3) of different colours fall normally on one of the sides of an isosceles
right angled prism as shown. The refractive index of prism for these rays is 1.39, 1.47
and 1.52 respectively. Find which of these rays get internally reflected and which get
only refracted from AC. Trace the paths of rays. Justify your answer with the help of
necessary calculations.

Ans. : i = 45
∘
(on face AC)
For TIR

[15]
 i > ic

⇒ sin i > sin ic

1 1
⇒ <
sin i sin ic

1 1
⇒ μ > ∵ μ =
sin i sin ic
–
μ > √2 = 1.414 for TIR
∴ Ray (1) is refracted from AC And rays (2) and (3) are internally reflected.

55. Two lenses of power 10D and -5D are placed in contact.
i. Calculate the power of lens combination.
ii. Where should an object be held from the lens, so as to obtain a virtual image of
magnification 2?

Ans. :
i. Given P1 = 10 D,
P2 = -5D
Power of Combination, P = p1 + P2 = 10D - 5D = 5D

ii.
1 1
Focal length (Convergent lens) f = = m
P 5

= 0.20m = 20cm

(Convergent lens)
v
Magnification m = = +2
u

⇒ v = 2u

1 1 1
From lens formula (u is negative) = −
f v u

1 1 1
= −
20 2u u

1 1
⇒ − =
2u 20

⇒ u = −10cm.

56. What is the shape of the wavefront in each of the following cases:
a. Light diverging from a point source.
b. Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus.
c. The portion of the wavefront of light from a distant star intercepted by the
Earth.

Ans. :
a. The shape of the wavefront in case of a light diverging from a point source is
spherical. The wavefront emanating from a point source is shown in the given
figure.

[16]
 b. The shape of the wavefront in case of a light emerging out of a convex lens when
a point source is placed at its focus is a parallel grid. This is shown in the given
figure.

c. The portion of the wavefront of light from a distant star intercepted by the Earth is
a plane.
57. a. Why are coherent sources necessary to produce a sustained interference
pattern?
b. In Young's double slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength
λ, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference isλ, is

K units. Find out the intensity of light at a point where path difference is λ/3.

Ans. :
a. Coherent sources are needed to ensure that the positions of maxima and
minima do not change with time.
Alternate Answer
Coherent sources have constant phase difference and, therefore, produce a
sustained interference pattern.
−− −
b. I = I1 + I2 + 2√I1 I2 cos θ

For path difference λ, phase difference

Φ = 2π

2
Hence, k = 4I0 cos π = 4 I0

For path difference λ/3

Phase difference Φ = 2π/3

Intensity
′ 2
I = 4I0 cos π/3

1
= 4I0 ( ) = I0
2

′ k
Therefore, I = .
4

58.

[17]
 Use Huygens's principle to explain the formation of diffraction pattern due to a single
slit illuminated by a monochromatic source of light.
When the width of the slit is made double the original width, how would this affect the
size and intensity of the central diffraction band?

Ans. : Explanation:
As per Huygen's Principle
Net effect at any point
= sum total of contribution of all wavelets with proper phase difference
At the central Point (O)
Contribution from each half in SS1 is in phase with that from the corresponding
part in SS2 .Hence, O is a maxima

At the point M where SM-SM1 = λ /2

Phase difference between each wavelet from SS1 and corresponding

wavelet from SS2 = λ /2
Hence, M would be a minima.
All such points (path difference =n λ /2) are also minima.
Similarly, all points, for which path difference = (2n+1) λ /2, are maxima but with
decreasing intensity.
From the figure

Half angular width of central maxima= λ /a

∴, Size of central maxima will be reduced to half

and intensity of central maxima will be four times.

59. Draw the intensity distributions for (i) the fringes produced in interference, and (ii) the
diffraction bands produced due to single slit. Write two points of difference between the

[18]
 phenomena of interference and diffraction.

Ans. :

S.no Interference Diffraction

1. All fringes are equal in width Central bright maxima is twice as wide as
the other maxima.
2. Intensity of all bright fringes is same. Intensity falls as we go to successive
maxima away from centre.
3. Conditions for maxima and minima are Condition for maxima and minima are
opposite to diffraction pattern. opposite to interference pattern.
4. Pattern is formed by superposing two Diffraction pattern is a superposition of
waves originating from two narrow slits. wavelets originating from different parts of
a single wave front.

60. Define the term “cut off frequency” in photoelectric emission. The threshold frequency
of a metal is f. When the light of frequency 2f is incident on the metal plate, the
maximum velocity of photo-electrons is v1 . When the frequency of the incident
radiation is increased to 5f, the maximum velocity of photo-electrons is v2 . Find the
ratio v1 : v2 .

Ans. : Cut off frequency : It is that maximum frequency of incident radiation below which
no photo emission takes place from a photo electric material. (Alternatively, That
minimum frequency of incident radiation at which photons are just emitted with zero
kinetic energy.)
Kmax = hf − W0

1 2
mv = 2hf − hf = hf
2 1

1 2
mv = 5hf − hf = 4hf
2 2
2
v
1 1
∴ =
2
v 4
2

v1 1
⇒ =
v2 2

61.

[19]
 Write Einstein's Photoelectric equation and mention which important features in
photoelectric effect can be explained with the help of this equation.
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons gets doubled when the wavelength
of light incident on the surface changes from λ1 to λ2 . Derive the expressions for
the threshold wavelength λ∘ and work function for the metal surface.

Ans. : hv = φo + kmax

1
or hv = hv 0 +
2
mv max
2

Important features:
1. kmax depends linearly on frequency v.
2. Existence of threshold frequency for the metal surface.
hv = φo + kmax

hc hc
= + kmax .............................(i)
λ 1 λ0

hc hc
= + 2kmax ...........................(ii)
λ2 λ0

From (i) and (ii)

2hc hc hc
− =
λ1 λ2 λ 0

1 2 1
= ( − )
λ0 λ1 λ2

λ1 λ2
λ0 =
2 λ2 −λ1

hc hc(2 λ2 −λ1 )
Work function φo = = .
λ0 λ1 λ2

62. An electromagnetic wave of wavelength λ is incident on a photosensitive surface of

negligible work function. If the photoelectrons emitted from the surface have the same
2mc 2
de Broglie wavelength λB, prove that λ = (
h
)λ
B
.

Ans. : Kinetic energy of electrons, Ek = energy of photon of e.m. wave,

hc
= … (i)
λ
2
h 2 h
De-broglie wavelength, λB = or λ
B
=
√2mEk √2mEk

Using (i), we get

2
2 h 2mc 2
λ = ⇒ λ = ( )λ .
B hc h B
2m( )
λ

63. Define the term work function of a metal. The threshold frequency of a metal is 2f0 .
When the light of frequency 2f0 is incident on the metal plate, the maximum velocity of
electrons emitted is v1 When the frequency of the incident radiation is increased to 5f0
the maximum velocity of electrons emitted is v2 . Find the ratio of v1 to v2 .

Ans. : Work function: The work function of a metal is defined as the minimum energy
required to free an electron from its surface binding.
1 2
Einstein's photoelectric equation is hν = hν0 + mv
2

In first case V = 2f0 , V 0 = f0 , v = v1

1 2 1 2
h(2f0 ) = hf 0 + mv ⇒ mv = hf 0
2 1 2 1

In second case, V = 5f0, V 0 = f0, v = v2

[20]
 1 2 1 2
∴ h(5f0 ) = hf 0 + mv ⇒ mv = 4hf 0
2 2 2 2

2
υ1 1 υ1 1
Dividing ( ) = ⇒ = .
υ2 4 υ2 2

64. Define the terms threshold frequency and stopping potential in relation to the
phenomenon of photoelectric effect. How is the photoelectric current affected
on increasing the (1) frequency (2) intensity of the incident radiations and why?

Ans. :
a. Threshold frequency:
The minimum frequency of the incident radiation for a given metal below which
emission of photo electrons does not take place.
b. Stopping potential:
The minimum negative potential of the anode collector for which photoelectric
current becomes zero.
c. (1) (Practically) No effect/remain same.
As increase in frequency does not significantly change the number of photons in the
beam.
(2) Increases:
The number of incident photons increases.

65. i. State Bohr’s quantization condition for defining stationary orbits. How does de
Broglie hypothesis explain the stationary orbits?
ii. Find the relation between the three wavelengthsλ1 , λ2 andλ3 from the energy
level diagram shown below.

Ans. : Only those orbits are stable for which the angular momentum, of revolving electron,
h
is an integral multiple of 2π
.

Alternate Answer
nh
[L = i.e. angular momentum of orbiting electron is quantised.]
2π

According to de Broglie hypothesis

h
Linear momentum (P) =
λ

And for circular orbit L = rn p where ′ ′

rn is the radius of quantized orbits.
rh
=
λ

nh
Also L =
2π

rh nh
∴ =
λ 2π

⇒ 2π rn = nλ

∴ Circumference of permitted orbits are integral multiples of the wavelength λ

hc
Ec − EB =
λ 1
. . . . (i)
hc
EB − EA =
λ 2
. . . . (ii)

[21]
 hc
Ec − EA =
λ a
. . . . . (iii)
Adding (i) & (ii)
hc hc
Ec − EA = + . . . . . (vi)
λ 1 λ 2

Using equation (iii) and (iv)

hc hc hc 1 1 1
= + => = +
λ 3 λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 1 λ 2

66. The energy levels of a hypothetical atom are shown below. Which of the shown
transitions will result in the emission of a photon of wavelength 275 nm?
Which of these transitions correspond to emission of radiation of (i) maximum and (ii)
minimum wavelength?

Ans. : If a photon of wave length λ = 275nmis to be emitted. then energy of photon is

given by
hc
E =
λ
−34 8
6.63×10 ×3×10
= −9 −19
eV
275×10 ×1.6×10

= 4.5eV

Hence transition B would result in the emission of a photon of wavelength 275 nm

i. Transition A corresponds to maximum wavelength.
ii. Transition D corresponds to minimum wavelength.
67. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV.
i. What is the kinetic energy of an electron in the 2nd excited state?
ii. If the electron jumps to the ground state from the 2nd excited state, calculate
the wavelength of the spectral line emitted.

Ans. :
13.6
1. En =
2
eV
n
−13.6
= = 1.51eV
9

KE(K) = +En = +1.51eV

ii. E = [−1.5 − (−13.6)] = 12.1eV

−7
Calculation of λ = 1.02 × 10 m

Alternate Answer

1 1 1
= R( − )
2 2
λ n n
1 2

9 −7
λ = or 1.02 × 10 m
8R

hc
.
λ

[22]
68. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the orbital period of the electron
moving in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom.

Ans. : mvr
nh
= … Bohr postulate
2π
2 2
mv 1 e
Also, r
= 2
4πϵ0 r
2
2 e
⇔ mv r =
4πϵ0

2 2
e 2π e
∴ v = × =
4πϵ0 nh 2 ϵ0 nh

2πr 2πmvr
T = =
v 2
mv
nh
2π( )
2π

= 2
2
e
m( )
2 ϵ nh
0

3 3 2
4n h ϵ
0
= 4
me

69. From the relation R = R0 A

1/3
where R0 is a constant and A is the mass number of a
nucleus, show that the nuclear matter density is nearly constant (i.e. independent of A).

Ans. : we have the expression for nuclear radius as:

1/3
R = R0 A

Where,
R0 = Constant.
A = Mass number of the nucleus
Mass of the nucleus
Nuclear matter density, ρ =
Volume of the nucleus

Let m be the average mass of the nucleus.

Hence, mass of the nucleus = mA
mA 3mA 3mA 3m
∴ ρ 4
= 3
= 3
= 3
3 1
πR 4πR0 A 4πR0
3 3
4π(R0 A )

Hence, the nuclear matter density is Independent of A. It is nearly constant.

70. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the working of a junction diode as a full wave
rectifier. Draw its input and output waveforms. Which characteristic property makes the
junction diode suitable for rectification?

Ans. :

Circuit Diagram
Description of Working- During the positive half of input ac diode D 1 get forward bias and
D2 , reverse biased and during negative half of input ac, polarity get reversed, D2 get
forward bias and D1 reverse bias. Hence, output is obtained across RL during entire cycle
of ac.
Wave forms

[23]
 Input
Characteristic property:
Diode allows the current to pass only when it is forward based.

71. a. In the following diagram, which bulb out of B1 and B2 will glow and why?

b. Draw a diagram of an illuminated p-n junction solar cell.

c. Explain briefly the three processes due to which generation of emf takes place
in a solar cell.

Ans. :
a. Bulb B1 glows Diode.
D1 is forward biased.
b. Diagram:

c. Generation: Incident light generates electron-hole pairs.

Separation: Electric field of the depletion layer separates the electrons and holes.
Collection: Electrons and holes are collected at the n and p side contacts.

72. i. In the following diagram, is the junction diode forward biased or reverse
biased?

[24]
 ii. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier and state how it works.

Ans. :
i. Reverse Biased
ii. Diagram of full wave rectifier

Working: The diode D1 is forward biased during one half cycle and current flows through
the resistor, but diode D2 is reverse biased and no current flows through it. During the
other half of the signal, D1 gets reverse biased and no current passes through it, D2 gets
forward biased and current flows through it. In both half cycles current, through the
resistor, flows in the same direction.

73. Draw V – I characteristics of a p–n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving
reasons:
i.Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the applied
potential up to a critical voltage?
ii. Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage?
Name any semiconductor device which operates under the reverse bias in the
breakdown region.

Ans. :
i. In the reverse biasing, the current of order of μ A is due to movement/drifting of
minority charge carriers from one region to another through the junction.
A small applied voltage is sufficient to sweep the minority charge carriers through
the junction.
So reverse current is almost independent of critical voltage.

[25]
 ii. At critical voltage (or breakdown voltage), a large number of covalent bonds
break, resulting in the increase of large number of charge carriers. Hence current
increases at critical voltage.
Semiconductor device that is used in reverse biasing is zener diode.

74. Write the two processes that take place in the formation of a p-n junction. Explain with
the help of a diagram, the formation of depletion region and barrier potential in a p-n
junction.

Ans. :
Due to the diffusion of electrons and holes across the junction a region of (immobile)
positive charge is created on the n-side and a region of (immobile) negative charge is
created on the p-side, near the junction; this is called depletion region.
Barrier potential is formed due to loss of electrons from n-region and gain of electrons by
p-region. Its polarity is such that it opposes the movement of charge carriers across the
junction.

75. Write any two distinguishing features between conductors, semiconductors and
insulators on the basis of energy band diagrams.

Ans. :

Two distinguishing features:

1. In conductors, the valency band and conduction band tend to overlap (or nearly
overlap) while in insulators they are seperated by a large energy gap and in
semiconductors are separated by a small energy gap.
2. The conduction band, of a conductor, has a large number of electrons available
for electrical conduction. However the conduction band of insulators is almost
empty while that of the semi- conductor has only a (very) small number of such
electrons available lectrical conduction.

SECTION D () Given Section consists of questions of 5 marks each. [25]

76. k transparent slabs are arranged one over another. The refractive indices of the slabs
are μ1 , μ2 , μ3 , . . . μk and the thicknesses are t1 , t2 , t3 , ... tk . An object is seen through
this combination with nearly perpendicular light. Find the equivalent refractive index of
the system which will allow the image to be formed at the same place.

Ans. : Total no. of slabs = k, thickness = t1 , t2 , t3 , ... tk

Refractive index = μ1 , μ2 , μ3 , . . . μk

1 1 1
∴ The shift Δt = (1 −
μ1
)t1 + (1 −
μ2
)t2 + . . . (1 −
μk
)tk . . . (1)

If, μ → refractive index of combination of slabs and image is formed at same place,
1
Δt = (1 − )(t1 + t2 +. . . +tk ) . . . (2)
μ

[26]
 Equation (1) and (2), we get,
1
(1 − )(t1 + t2 +. . . +tk )
μ

1 1 1
= (1 − )t1 + (1 − )t2 +. . . +(1 − )tk
μ1 μ2 μk

t1 t2 tk
= (t1 + t2 +. . . +tk ) − ( + +. . . + )
μ1 μ2 μk

k k ∑ t1
1 t1 i=1
= − ∑ t1 = − ∑ ( ) ⇒ μ = .
μ μ k
t
1 1
i=1 i=1 ∑ ( )
μ
1
i=1

77. a. Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real image formed by an
astronomical telescope in normal adjustment position. Define its magnifying
power.
b. You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to design a telescope:
i. Which lenses should he used as objective and eyepiece? Justify your answer.
ii. Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large?

Ans. :
a.

Definition - It is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye, by the final image, to the
angle which the object subtends at the lens, or the eye.
b.
i. Objective=.5D
Eye lens = 10D This choice would give higher magnification as.
fo pe
M = =
fe po

ii. High resolving power/Brighter image/lower limit of resolution.

78. a.
i. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of image in an
astronomical telescope for a distant object.
ii. Write three distinct advantages of a reflecting type telescope over a
refracting type telescope.
b. A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed coaxially 5 cm away from a
concave lens of focal length 10 cm. If an object is placed 30 cm in front of the
convex lens, find the position of the final image formed by the combined
system.

Ans. :
i.

[27]
 Alternate Answer

ii. Advantages:
a. Less chromatic abberation.
b. High resolving power.
c. Large gathering power.
d. Less spherical abberation.

The position of the image, formed by the convex lens, is given by

1 1 1
′
− =
v 30 10
′
∴ v = 15cm

∴ For the concave lens, u =+(15 − 5 )cm

and f = −10cm

1 1 1
Hence − = −
v 10 10

1
∴ = 0 or v → ∞.
v

79. Draw the labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.
Derive the expression for the total magnification of a compound microscope. Explain
why both the objective and the eyepiece of a compound microscope must have short
focal lengths.

Ans. :
Expression for total magnification: The (linear) magnification due to the objective,
namely h’/ h, equals
′
h L
m∘ = =
h f∘
 where we have used the result
′
h h
tan β = ( ) = ( )
f ∘ L

L ≅ Distance between the second focal point of the objective and the first focal point of
the eye piece = tube length of the compound microscope. [When the final image is
formed at infinity, the angular magnification due to the eyepiece is
me = (D/fe )]

Alternate Answer
The (angular) magnification me ,due to eyepiece, when the final image is formed at the
near point, is

D
me = (1 + )
f
e

The total magnification when the image is formed at infinity, is

L D
m = m∘ me = ( )( )
f ∘ f e

Alternate Answer
The total magnification, when the final image is formed at the near point, is

L D
m = m∘ me = (1 + )
f f
∘ ∘

Reason: With short focal lengths of objective and eyepiece the total magnification of the
compound microscope increases.

80. a. Derive the mathematical relation between refractive indices n1 and n2 of two
radii and radius of curvature R for refraction at a convex spherical surface.
Consider the object to be a point since lying on the principle axis
in rarer medium of refractive index n1 and a real image formed in the denser
medium of refractive index n2. Hence, derive lens maker's formula.
b. Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass surface of
refractive index 1.5 and radius of curvature 20 cm. The distance of light source
from the glass surface is 100 cm. At what position is the image formed?

Ans. :

i.
Ray diagram showing real image formation as per prescription,
θ1 = α + β

θ2 = β − γ

∴ γ = β −θ

For paraxial rays θ1 and θ2 are small Therefore, n2 sin θ2 = n1 sin θ2 (Snells law)
Reduces to,
sin i i n2
At N sin r
∼
r
=
n1
 ∴ n1 = rXn2

(α + β)n1 = (β − θ)n2

NM NM NM NM
n1 ( + ) = ( − ) n2
OM MC MC MI

1 1 1 1
n1 ( + ) = ( − ) n2
- u + R + R u

n2 n1 (n2 −n1 )

′
− =
v u R1

Appying above relations to refraction through a lens:

ii.
For surface 1
n2 −n1 n1 n1
= ′
−
u
. ... . ... .. (i)
R1 v

For surface 2
n1 −n2 n1 n2

R2
=
v
−
v
′
. . .. . . . . (ii)
Adding eqn. (i) and (ii)
1 1 1 1
(n2 − n1 )( − ) = n1 ( − )
R1 R2 v u

For u =∝ v = f
n1 1 1
∴ = (n2 − n1 )( − )
f R1 R2

1 n2 1 1
⇒ = ( − 1)( − )
f n1 R1 R2

iii. R = 20 cm n2 = 1.5 n1 = 1 u = - 100 cm

n2 (n2 −n1 ) n1
= +
v R u

0.5 1
= −
20cm 100cm

1.5
= cm
100

⇒ V = 100 cm a real image on the other side, 100 cm away from the surface.

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