ABSTRACT

In a power system consisting of generators, transformers, transmission and

distribution circuits, it is inevitable that sooner or later some failure will occur
somewhere in in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must
be quickly detected and disconnected from the system. There are two principal
reasons for it. Firstly, if the fault is not cleared quickly, it may cause unnecessary
interruption of service to the customers. Secondly, rapid disconnection of faulted
apparatus limits the amount the damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from
spreading into the system.
The detection of a fault and disconnection of a faulty section or apparatus can be
achieved by using the fuses or relays in conjunction with circuit breakers. A fuse
performs both detection and interruption functions automatically but its use is
limited for the protection oflow-voltage circuits only. For high voltage circuits (say
above 3.3kV), relay and circuit breakers are employed to serve the desired function
of automatic protective gear.the relaysdetect the fault and supply information to the
circuit breaker which performs the function ofcircuit interruption.
In modern electrical power systems, the reliable protection of equipment and the
overall stability of the system are of paramount importance. Electrical power
systems face the constant challenge of maintaining a balance between the supply
and demand of electrical energy. Any deviation from the normal operating
conditions, such as short circuits or overloads, can lead to catastrophic
consequences, including equipment damage, power outages, and compromised
safety, power system instability, electronic equipment vulnerability and also the
economic impact includes production losses, increased maintenance costs, and
potential damage to product quality.Over-current relays play a critical role in
safeguarding power networks by swiftly detecting and responding to excessive
currents, preventing potential damage and ensuring the uninterrupted functionality
of the system. The over-current is divided to sub-types which are instantaneous
over-current and inverse definite minimum time over-current relay, inverse time
current, very inverse relay and extreme inverse relay. This project focuses on the
designand simulation of Over-Current Relay Logic using MATLAB/SIMULINK, a
versatile and powerful computational tool
 CONTENT
Abstracts i
Table of contents ii
Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction

1.2 review of related literature

1.3 Objective

Chapter 2 Design of over current relay logic in

matlab/ simulink

2.1 Block diagram

2.2 Simulation model

2.3 Program flow

2.4 Steps to stimulate

2.5 Partial completion and next phase overview

 Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction:
In the power system engineering, the design of power system should be in
safe condition and situation at all times. No matter how properly in details the
power system has been designed, the possibility of fault happened cannot be
prevented. The engineersmust design the power system in worst case scenario or
design near to the ideal case. The arc is highly destructive at the point when the
fault happens. Even far away from the point of fault, huge fault current flowing
from upstream conductors could cause damages if the current continues flowing
for more than two seconds. These faults will present risks to human’s life,
animals, environment, assets and reputation for the power utility companies. Power
system protection among one of the necessary components for the electrical
power system engineering. The purpose of engineer to designs t h e
p r o t e c t i o n schemewhich to ensure uninterruptedly electrical system, hence it
will allow maximum powerflow in the distribution system . Usually, there are
three basic components for the protection system:

1. Relays
2. Circuit Breaker
3. Current Transformer
Since electrical power system growths within this modern century, the design of
the electrical power system also become more complex. Because of that, the
power system protection becomes so important in the distribution system. In
electrical power system engineering, the relay is a complicated electromechanical
equipment. Relay is a device that made to responds to a change in its electrical or
mechanical input. The output contactsfor the relay are used for protection control
and indication purposes. There are 3 types ofrelays: -
1. Tripping, control or auxiliary (instantaneous) relay
2. Time delay relay
3. Protection relay
This research is more focus on protection relay. Protection relay is an electrical
devicewhich can deliver a signal to provide direction for circuit breaker to cut off
the faulty load area in that system. To maintain the coordination of protection
devices, the equipment that have been affected in several fault potentials need to
be selective to make sure the consistency of the system in safe operation. In with
effectiveness of protection system, the load area has been affected with any faults
must be removed within shortest possible time without disturbing the main
power system Also, to disconnect the smallest load section of the connected
system that comprising cause of thefault.

For designing the electrical protection relay, the fault characteristics required to
be recognized and understand by the design engineers. Related to this, the
engineers must tobe conversant and knowledgeable about tripping traits of various
protection relays. The relays characteristics must be able to sense and detect
abnormal of intolerable fault conditions. With the specified characteristics and
without affecting other undesired areas,the relay will take action to trip the faulty
line without affecting other undesired area. The engineer has to calculate the
operating time and design the protection relay that will trip during any fault that
have been recognized and identified.There are principle and function for the
protection relay:

1. Must trip quickly during fault happen

2. The trip happens only when necessary or fault current detected

3. Not to operate wrongly or malfunction when fault happen

4. Must have discrimination or stability

The relay operating characteristics is depending on the energizing quantities that

fed to the voltage, current and combination of voltage and current. From the
characteristics of voltage and current, there are several types of relays have been
developed and design by the engineers such as

1. Over current relay – For current

2. Overvoltage / Undervoltage relay – For voltage
3. Directional relay – For phase angle between voltage and current
4. Distance relay – For impedance computation from voltage and current
Classification of Over current relays:
1. Instantaneous over current relay:

These relays instantaneously send trip command to the breaker as soon as the fault is
detected ,in this a magnetic core is wound by current coil and a piece of iron is so
fitted by the hinge support with restraining spring in the relay, that when thereis no
sufficient current in the coil ,the No contacts remains open while as soon as when
current in the coil crosses a present value, the attractive force becomes sufficient to
pull the iron piece toward the magnetic core and consequently the NO contacts are
closed. They do not have any intentional time delay but there is alwaysan inherit time
delay which can not be avoided practically

2. Definite time over current relay:

This type of relay is used for backup protection. It is created by applying intentionaltime
delay after crossing the pic up value of the current. If the distance relay does not
detect line fault and does not trip the breaker, then after a specific time delay, the over
current relay will send the trip command to the breaker. In this case, the over current
relay is jus greater than the normal operating time of a distance relay plus the breaker
operation time.
3. Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) over current relay:

Natural character of any induction type rotating device is an inverse time

characteristics. This means that the relay operating time inversely proportional to
the fault current .i.e. the speed of rotation of rotating art of the device is quicker if
input present day is accelerated. For the electromechanical induction disc relay
these herbal function could be very suitable for over modern safety

4. Inverse time over current relay:

Unlike the instantaneous over current relay, the operating time is ass the name
suggest inversely proportional to the current magnitude.

5. Very inverse time over current relay:

A very inverse time over current relay will have much greater change in the
operating time as the current magnitude changes than the normal inverse time over
current relay.

6. Extremely inverse time overcurrent relay:

An extremely inverse time over current relay has the greatest change in the
operating time as the current magnitude changes of all the inverse time over current
relays. They are therefore much faster to respond to fault situations.these type of
over current relays are commonly used to prevent protecting cables, motors,
transformers and other equipments.

1.2 Review Of The Related Literature:

Defined by IEEE, relay is “an electric device that is designed to interpret input
condition in a prescribed manner, and; after specified conditions are met, to respond
to cause contact operation or similar abrupt changes in associated electric control
circuits.” Meanwhile, IEEE gives definition of protective relay as “a relay whose
function is to detect defective lines or apparatus or other power conditions of an
abnormal or dangerous nature and to initiate appropriate control circuit action.

Given the scenario of power system in any electrical power plant or processing
plant, the first impression that would come across the minds of most people would
be the huge generators, massive motors, transformers, high voltage power cables, etc.
Behind all these impressive components in plants, there are many other small yet
crucial devices such as circuit breakers and fuses which play equally important roles
in the power system. Protective relays are one of them.There are three main essences
of power system: generating, transmission and distribution systems must be
protected well against damage. In any power electrical plant or processing plant,
smooth production and profit are highly prioritized, since an enormous amount of
money is invested in buying and maintaining the electrical equipment. Therefore, it
is essential to take necessary measures to run it at peak efficiency in generating and
transmitting electrical power apart from protecting it from any damage.
Unfortunately, a certain number of accidents are unavoidable and unforeseen, such
as deteriorated insulation, strokes of lightning or entry of large insects or animals
like birds into the equipment. When such accident occurs, it is deemed to affect the
production capacity and loss of revenue due to the shutdown of the damaged
equipment. The failure of the electrical equipment would also incur expensive repair
cost, as the damage is caused by extremely massive amount of electrical energy
when short circuit or any abnormal conditions take place .
 keep the power system to operate continuously without any major breakdowns and
unnecessary downtime, protective relays are employed to minimize the immediate
effect of an electrical failure on the equipment, other than isolating the faulty
element from the whole power system to avoid any interruption to the service.
Protective relays also help recognize and locate faults by measuring the changes in
electrical quantities of the system constantly. These values are in general different
from its normal condition or in relation to another quantity. The basic electrical
quantities of the system which are being compared usually are current, voltage,
phase-angle (direction) and frequency. The common measured electrical quantity in
most of the protective relays is the current entering the protected section. For an
example, the protective relay may operate by comparing the current with a standard
bias, or with the quantity of the current leaving the protected circuit. When short
circuit or abnormal condition occurs, protective relays locate the fault immediately
and trip the corresponding circuit breakers to isolate the faulty circuit. Such data
gathered not only assist in expediting repair and identifying the type of failure, but
also by comparing oscillograph record with personnel observation, the effectiveness
of the fault prevention and mitigation features can be analyzed accordingly. Hence,
in this context, the reliability, speed and selectivity of the protective relays are highly
concerned.

1.3 Objective :
Basically, this project concentrates on analyzing the behaviour of over-current
protective relays in 25Kv or 11Kv three phase power system during normal condition
and when fault is applied to the power system. Hence, the objectives of this project
are:
i. To model over-current protective relay using simulation technique;
ii. To analyse the behaviour and operation of different types over-current protective
relay when fault is applied at the different locations of the designed power system;

iii. To validate the accuracy of the proposed relay model by comparing the
performance of over-current with other relays.
 Chapter 2
Designing Over-Current Relay Logic in
MATLAB/simulink:
An over current relay provides protection against over currents. This relay uses
current inputs from a CT and compares the measured values with preset values.If the
input current value exceeds the preset value, the relay detects an over current and
issues a trip signal to the breaker which opens its contact to disconnect the protected
equipment. When the relay detects a fault, the condition is called fault pickup. The
relay can send a trip

2.1 Block diagram:

Over current relay

3-phase power V/g & current

supply Circuit breaker Fault block Load
measurement

V/g &current
scope

Fig 2.1 Block diagram of the over current relay logic

2.2 Simulation model :

Fig 2.2 Power system model section

Fig 2.3 Over current relay model section

2.3 Program flow :

2.4 steps to stimulate:

 A 3-phase model of a power system network with 25Kv or 11Kv phase
voltage ,50Hz frequency is developed along with the over current relay model
which investigates its operation when 3-phase fault is introduced in the system.

 Three phase fault to introduce single-phase to ground, double-phase to ground

and three-phase to ground fault.

 The over current relay characteristics are developed using Matlab/Simulink.

 The performance characteristics of different types of over current relay under

various fault condition is evaluated .
 The proposed model effective means for explaining the behaviors and
functionality of the different types of over current relay (instantaneous ,
definite ,inverse definite minimum time over current relays) under the L-G, LL-
G, LLL-G fault condition at the load side.

2.5 Partial completion and next phase overview :

After completing the simulation of the instantaneous over current relay logic design
in MATLAB simulink, the next phase of this project involves the exploration and
simulation of additional relay types. The objective is to design and simulate different
relay logics, such as inverse time, definite time, and inverse definite minimum time
(IDMT) relays.

This extension aims to comprehensively evaluate the performance of each relay type
in response to various fault scenarios within the power system model. The analysis
will include consideration for sensitivity, selectivity and response time. Upon
completing the simulations for each relay type, a comparative study will be
conducted to assess their individual strengths and weaknesses.

The ultimate goal is to provide the insights into the effectiveness and suitability of
different relay types for specific applications in power systems, contributing to more
understanding of over current protection methodologies.