AN4908

Application note
STM32 USART automatic baud rate detection

Introduction
Correct USART communication requires the transmission and reception baud rates to be
matched reasonably closely, otherwise communication errors may occur.
Automatic baud rate detection is useful when establishing a communication link between
two devices, where the slave device is able to detect the baud rate of the master controller
and self-adjust accordingly. This requires an automatic mechanism to determine the baud
rate.
The USART peripheral embedded in some STM32 devices offers many features, including
automatic baud rate detection hardware.
The purpose of this application note is to present the automatic baud rate detection feature
of STM32 microcontrollers and to give an alternative software approach for STM32 devices
that do not implement this feature in hardware.
This application note applies to the products listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Applicable products

Type Product series

STM32C0 Series, STM32F0 Series, STM32F1 Series, STM32F2 Series,

Microcontrollers STM32F3 Series, STM32F4 Series, STM32F7 Series, STM32H7 Series,
STM32L0 Series, STM32L1 Series, STM32L4 Series, and STM32U5 Series.

January 2023 AN4908 Rev 3 1/23

www.st.com 1
Contents AN4908

Contents

1 General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Hardware automatic baud rate detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1 Feature overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Automatic baud rate detection modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Error calculation for ABR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 Software automatic baud rate detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4 Setups for software and hardware approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.1 USART1 configuration example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
4.2 Hardware auto baud rate detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 Software automatic baud rate detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.4 Analysis of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4.1 Error calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4.2 Comparison of software and hardware approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

6 Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2/23 AN4908 Rev 3

AN4908 List of figures

List of figures

Figure 1. Software automatic baud rate detection overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 2. Error calculation for ABR at fCK = 72 MHz,
115200 bits/s desired baud rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figure 3. ABR error comparison (fCK = HSI clock, Mode 2 for hardware detection). . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 4. ABR error comparison (fCK = 72 MHz, Mode 2 for HW detection). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 5. Baud rate comparison (fCK = 72 MHz,
desired baud rate = 9 Mbits/s, Mode 2 for hardware detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

AN4908 Rev 3 3/23

3
List of tables AN4908

List of tables

Table 1. Applicable products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Table 2. USART hardware automatic baud rate detection on STM32 Series devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 3. Hardware automatic baud rate detection on STM32 USART interfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 4. Automatic baud rate detection modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 5. Software automatic baud rate detection details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Table 6. Document revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

4/23 AN4908 Rev 3

AN4908 General information

1 General information

STM32 series microcontrollers are Arm®(a)-based devices.

2 Hardware automatic baud rate detection

2.1 Feature overview

Automatic baud rate detection (ABR) allows the receiving device to accept data from a
variety of transmitting devices operating at different speeds without needing to establish
data rates in advance.
In some STM32 products, the USART is able to determine automatically the baud rate using
dedicated hardware.
Table 2 gives an overview of the STM32 series devices that support automatic baud rate
detection.

a. Arm is a registered trademark of Arm Limited (or its subsidiaries) in the US and/or elsewhere.

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Hardware automatic baud rate detection AN4908

Table 2. USART hardware automatic baud rate detection on STM32 Series devices
Product ABR support

Mainstream

STM32C0 Yes
STM32F0 Yes
STM32F1 No
STM32F3 Yes

High-performance

STM32F2 No
STM32F4 No
STM32F7 Yes
STM32H7 Yes

Ultra-low power

STM32L0 Yes
STM32L1 No
STM32L4 Yes
STM32U5 Yes

For STM32 series devices that embed ABR, not all of the instantiated USART interfaces
support the automatic baud rate feature. This constraint is detailed in Table 3: Hardware
automatic baud rate detection on STM32 USART interfaces.

6/23 AN4908 Rev 3

 Table 3. Hardware automatic baud rate detection on STM32 USART interfaces(1)(2)(3)

STM32 F0

STM32H7

STM32U5

STM32C0
STM32F3

STM32F7

STM32L0

STM32L4
Port

STM32L0x1/0x2/0x3
STM32F3532F38xC

STM32H7A3/7B3
STM32F302xB/C

STM32F303xB/C
STM32F302xD/E

STM32F303xD/E

STM32H74x/75x

STM32H72x/73x
STM32F302x6/8

STM32F303x6/8

STM32F301x6/8

STM32U59Gxx
STM32U5Axxx
STM32F070xB
STM32F030xC

STM32U59Fxx
STM32U535xx
STM32U545xx
STM32U575xx
STM32U585xx
STM32U59xxx

STM32C031x4
STM32C031x6
STM32C011x4
STM32C011x6
STM32F030x4
STM32F030x6
STM32F030x8
STM32F070x6

STM32F328x8
STM32F334xx

STM32F318x8
STM32F745xx
STM32F756xx
STM32F37xx
STM32F03x
STM32F05x
STM32F04x
STM32F07x

STM32F09x

STM32L4x1
STM32L4x2
STM32L4x3
STM32L4x5
STM98xE
AN4908 Rev 3

USART1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
USART 2 - - - X X - - - X X X X - X - - - X X X X X - X X X -
USART 3 - - - - X - - - - X X X - X - - - X X X - X X X X X -
USART 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - -

Hardware automatic baud rate detection

USART 5

UART4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X X - X X X X X -
UART5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X X - X X X X X -
USART 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X X X - - - - X X -
USART 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - -
USART 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - -
UART 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X X - - - - - - -
UART 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X X - - - - - - -
UART 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - -
USART 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - -
1. X: supported
2. -: not supported
7/23

3. - highlighted in gray: not available on this product.

Hardware automatic baud rate detection AN4908

2.2 Automatic baud rate detection modes

ABR refers to the process by which a receiving device determines the speed of incoming
data by examining the first character, usually a preselected sign-on character.
The automatic baud rate feature on STM32 products embeds various modes based on
different character patterns:
• any character starting with a bit at ‘1’: Mode 0
• any character starting with a 10xx pattern: Mode 1
• 0x7F: Mode 2
• 0x55: Mode 3.

Table 4. Automatic baud rate detection modes

ABR
Description Waveform
mode

1
The received character can be a character starting
with a bit at 1. In this case, the USART measures
0
the duration of the start bit (falling edge to rising Start bit Stop bit
edge). Transition from 0 to 1
MSv43521

1
Any character starting with a 10xx pattern. In this
case, the USART measures the duration of the start
1 and of the 1st data bit. The duration is measured
from falling edge to falling edge, ensuring better Start bit 0 Stop bit
accuracy in the case of slow signal slopes.
MSv43522

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0x7F character frame.

2 In this case, the baud rate is updated first at the end
of the start bit then at the end of the bit 6. 0
Start bit Stop bit
MSv43523

A 0x55 character frame. 1 1 1 1

In this case, the baud rate is updated first at the end

3 of the start bit, then at the end of bit and finally at the
end of bit 6. In parallel, another check is performed 0 0 0 0 Stop bit
Start bit
for each intermediate transition of RX line.
MSv43524

Before activating the automatic baud rate detection, one of the ABR modes must be
selected through the ABRMOD[1:0] field in the USARTx_CR2 register. In all ABR modes,
the baud rate is measured several times during the synchronization data reception, and is
compared each time to the previous measurement.
Note: In 7-bit data length mode, 0x7F and 0x55 frames detection ABR modes are not supported.

8/23 AN4908 Rev 3

AN4908 Hardware automatic baud rate detection

2.3 Error calculation for ABR

The USART clock source (fCK) determines the communication speed range (specifically the
maximum communication speed). The receiver implements different user-configurable
oversampling techniques for data recovery by discriminating between valid incoming data
and noise. This allows a trade-off between the maximum communication speed and
immunity to noise / clock inaccuracy.
The oversampling method is selected by programming the OVER8 bit in the USARTx_CR1
register, and can be either 16 or 8 times the baud-rate clock.
The USART clock source frequency must be compatible with the expected communication
speed:
• When oversampling by 16, the baud rate is between fCK/65535 and fCK/16
• When oversampling by 8, the baud rate is between fCK/65535 and fCK/8.
The baud-rate error is dependent on the USART clock source, the oversampling method,
and the ABR mode.

Error(%) = desired baud rate – actual baud rate

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ⋅ 100
desired baud rate

Where:
• desired baud rate is fixed by the transmitter device
• actual baud rate is the baud rate determined by the USART receiver using the
automatic baud rate detection operation.

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Software automatic baud rate detection AN4908

3 Software automatic baud rate detection

When hardware auto baud rate detection is not supported, the software approach described
in this section can be adopted.
The idea of the software approach is to send a 0x7F data frame to the USARTx_RX pin.
This is connected to the EXTI line, which is configured to generate an interrupt on each
rising edge.
The duration of the interval between the two rising edges is measured using the Systick
timer. This duration corresponds to the duration of 8 bits, so
• bit time = calculated duration / 8
• baud rate = 1/bit time
The USARTx_BRR register is then programmed, based on the calculated baud rate value.

Figure 1. Software automatic baud rate detection overview

8-bit duration to measure

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stop bit

Start bit

First rising edge Second rising edge

MSv43525

10/23 AN4908 Rev 3

AN4908 Setups for software and hardware approaches

4 Setups for software and hardware approaches

The STM32F303xD/E embedding the hardware automatic baud rate feature is used for this
set-up example.
The HyperTerminal PC application is used to send and receive data frames to and from the
STM32F303. Consequently, standard baud rates in the range 600 bits/s to 115200 bits/s are
tested.The highest baud-rate value that can be reached (9 Mbits/s) is tested using another
STM32F3 device as a transmitter.

4.1 USART1 configuration example

In both examples, the STM32 USART1 is configured as follows:

/*##-1- Configure the UART peripheral

######################################*/
/* Put the USART peripheral in the Asynchronous mode (UART Mode) */
/* UART configured as follows:
- Word Length = 8 Bits
- Stop Bit = One Stop bit
- Parity = NONE parity
- BaudRate = 115200 baud It can be any other value as the USARTx_BRR
register will be reprogrammed
- Hardware flow control disabled (RTS and CTS signals)
- The oversampling mode is 8 or 16 (Both are tested)
*/
UartHandle.Instance = USARTx;
UartHandle.Init.BaudRate = 115200;
UartHandle.Init.WordLength = UART_WORDLENGTH_8B;
UartHandle.Init.StopBits = UART_STOPBITS_1;
UartHandle.Init.Parity = UART_PARITY_NONE;
UartHandle.Init.HwFlowCtl = UART_HWCONTROL_NONE;
UartHandle.Init.Mode = UART_MODE_TX_RX;
UartHandle.Init.OverSampling = UART_OVERSAMPLING_16;
Note: The USART1 clock source is a system clock at 72 MHz, using the HSE PLL clock source.
(Some tests are made using the HSI clock as USART1 clock source. This is to check the
impact of the HSI inaccuracy on the results.)

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Setups for software and hardware approaches AN4908

4.2 Hardware auto baud rate detection

The USART1 is configured to detect baud rate automatically. The user has to select the
ABR mode in the USART1 initialization function as follows:

/*##-2- Configure the AutoBaudRate method */

UartHandle.AdvancedInit.AdvFeatureInit =UART_ADVFEATURE_AUTOBAUDRATE_INIT;
UartHandle.AdvancedInit.AutoBaudRateEnable =
UART_ADVFEATURE_AUTOBAUDRATE_ENABLE;

/*Uncomment your appropriate mode */

//UartHandle.AdvancedInit.AutoBaudRateMode =
UART_ADVFEATURE_AUTOBAUDRATE_ONSTARTBIT;
//UartHandle.AdvancedInit.AutoBaudRateMode =
UART_ADVFEATURE_AUTOBAUDRATE_ONFALLINGEDGE;
//UartHandle.AdvancedInit.AutoBaudRateMode =
UART_ADVFEATURE_AUTOBAUDRATE_ON0X7FFRAME;
//UartHandle.AdvancedInit.AutoBaudRateMode =
UART_ADVFEATURE_AUTOBAUDRATE_ON0X55FRAME;

if (HAL_UART_Init(&UartHandle) != HAL_OK)
{
/* Initialization Error */
Error_Handler();
}

/* Wait until Receive enable acknowledge flag is set */

while(__HAL_UART_GET_FLAG(&UartHandle,UART_FLAG_REACK) == RESET)
{}

/* Wait until Transmit enable acknowledge flag is set */

while(__HAL_UART_GET_FLAG(&UartHandle,UART_FLAG_TEACK) == RESET)
{}

/* Loop until the end of Autobaudrate phase */

while(__HAL_UART_GET_FLAG(&UartHandle,UART_FLAG_ABRF) == RESET)
{}

12/23 AN4908 Rev 3

AN4908 Setups for software and hardware approaches

Once the whole initialization is complete, the USART waits until data is received from the
HyperTerminal before launching the automatic baud rate detection phase. The end of this
phase is monitored by the ABRF flag.
• If the auto baud rate operation is unsuccessful, the ABRE flag is set
• If the auto baud rate operation is completed successfully, an acknowledgment data is
transmitted to the HyperTerminal.

/* If AutoBaudBate error occurred */

if (__HAL_UART_GET_FLAG(&UartHandle, UART_FLAG_ABRE)!= RESET)

{
Error_Handler();
}
else
{
/* Wait until RXNE flag is set */
while(__HAL_UART_GET_FLAG(&UartHandle,UART_FLAG_RXNE) == RESET)
{}
/* Send acknowledgement message*/
if (HAL_UART_Transmit_DMA(&UartHandle, (uint8_t *)aTxBuffer, TXBUFFERSIZE)
!= HAL_OK)
{
/* Transfer error in transmission process */
Error_Handler();
}
while (HAL_UART_GetState(&UartHandle) != HAL_UART_STATE_READY)
{
}
}

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Setups for software and hardware approaches AN4908

4.3 Software automatic baud rate detection

Table 5 details the software approach.

Table 5. Software automatic baud rate detection details

Action Code

HAL library initialization. HAL_Init();

Suspend Tick increment to HAL_SuspendTick();
prevent wakeup by Systick
interrupt.
Configure the system clock to System Clock source = PLL (HSE)
72 MHz. PLLMUL = RCC_PLL_MUL9 (9)
The SystemCoreClockUpdate Flash Latency(WS) = 2
function can eventually be
executed in the main to verify
the CPU operating frequency.

Configure the UART

See Section 4.1: USART1 configuration example.
peripheral.

static void EXTILine1_Config(void)

{
GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStructure;
/* Enable GPIOE clock */
__GPIOE_CLK_ENABLE();
/* Configure PE1 pin as input floating */
Configure the USARTx RX pin GPIO_InitStructure.Mode = GPIO_MODE_IT_RISING;
to generate an interrupt on GPIO_InitStructure.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
each rising edge. GPIO_InitStructure.Pin = GPIO_PIN_1;
HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOE, &GPIO_InitStructure);
/* Enable and set EXTI Line0 Interrupt to the lowest
priority */
HAL_NVIC_SetPriority(EXTI1_IRQn, 2, 2);
HAL_NVIC_EnableIRQ(EXTI1_IRQn);
}

14/23 AN4908 Rev 3

AN4908 Setups for software and hardware approaches

Table 5. Software automatic baud rate detection details (continued)

Action Code

/*Wait until the end of interrupt */

while (end_interrupt_flag != 1) {
BSP_LED_On(LED2);
}
/* Autobaudrate sequence : Update BRR register */
Autobaudrate();
/* Send acknowledgement */
0x7F received on Rx pin, wait if (HAL_UART_Transmit_DMA(&UartHandle, (uint8_t
until the end of the interrupt. *)aTxBuffer, TXBUFFERSIZE) != HAL_OK)
Launch the automatic baud
rate sequence described in {
Section 3: Software automatic /* Transfer error in transmission process */
baud rate detection. Error_Handler();
}
while (HAL_UART_GetState(&UartHandle) !=
HAL_UART_STATE_READY)
{}
/* Infinite loop */
while (1)
{}
static void Autobaudrate(void)
{
float tmp=0, elapsed;
uint32_t USART1_clk=0;
uint32_t start_time_val=0;
uint32_t BRR=0;
tmp += 0xFFFFFF - stop_time_val;
tmp -= start_time_val;
elapsed =(tmp/(SystemCoreClock/1000000))/8;
USART1_clk=SystemCoreClock;
if( (USART1->CR1 & 0x8000)== 0x8000)
Automatic baud rate function {
/*In case of oversampling by 8*/
BRR =(elapsed*((2*USART1_clk)/1000000))+1;
USART1->BRR= BRR;
}
else
{
/*In case of oversampling by 16*/
BRR =(elapsed* ((USART1_clk)/1000000))+1;
USART1->BRR=BRR;
}
}

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Setups for software and hardware approaches AN4908

Table 5. Software automatic baud rate detection details (continued)

Action Code

void EXTI1_IRQHandler()
{
HAL_GPIO_EXTI_IRQHandler(GPIO_PIN_1);
if(temp==0)
{
HAL_SYSTICK_Config(0xFFFFFF);
temp++;
External line 1 interrupt }
request: else
First rising: temp=0 start the
{
systick timer
SysTick->CTRL &= SysTick_Counter_Disable;
Second rising:
– disable the systick counter /* Stop the Timer and get the encoding time */
– get the encoding time GETMYTIME(&stop_time_val);
– clear the SysTick counter /* Clear the SysTick Counter */
SysTick->VAL = SysTick_Counter_Clear;
/* Clear the temp flag*/
temp=0;
/*end of interrupt*/
interrupt_flag=1;
}
}
#define SysTick_Counter_Disable ((uint32_t)0xFFFFFFFE)
#define SysTick_Counter_Enable ((uint32_t)0x00000001)
Required project defines
#define SysTick_Counter_Clear ((uint32_t)0x00000000)
#define GETMYTIME(_t) (*_t=SysTick->VAL)

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AN4908 Setups for software and hardware approaches

4.4 Analysis of results

4.4.1 Error calculation

Figure 2 shows that ABR modes 2 and 3 are more precise than modes 0 and 1; they provide
a lower baud-rate error figure.
Nevertheless, all modes exhibit good results, as the error between the desired and actual
baud rates is less than 1%.

Figure 2. Error calculation for ABR at fCK = 72 MHz,

115200 bits/s desired baud rate

Error (%)

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
Mode 0 Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3
Auto baud-rate modes

MSv43526

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Setups for software and hardware approaches AN4908

4.4.2 Comparison of software and hardware approaches

Figure 3 shows that in general, when the USART is clocked by the system clock at 72 MHz
(with the HSE as the PLL clock source), the results are better than when the USART clock
source is used as the HSI clock. This is due to the relative inaccuracy of the HSI.

Figure 3. ABR error comparison (fCK = HSI clock, Mode 2 for hardware detection)

Error (%)

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
14400

19200

38400

57600

115200
1200

2400

4800

9600
600

Baud rate

SW error
HW error
MSv43527

18/23 AN4908 Rev 3

AN4908 Setups for software and hardware approaches

Figure 4 shows that in most cases the hardware approach provides better results than the
software approach. The software approach nevertheless provides good results that are in
some cases comparable to those obtained using the hardware approach.

Figure 4. ABR error comparison (fCK = 72 MHz, Mode 2 for HW detection)

Error (%)
1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
14400

19200

38400

57600

115200
2400

4800

9600

Baud rate

SW error
HW error
MSv43528

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Setups for software and hardware approaches AN4908

Figure 5 shows that:

• With the hardware approach we reach the maximum baud rate of 9 Mbits/s with 0%
error.
• With the software approach the error at maximum baud rate is about 30%, which is
explained by the CPU cycles spent executing the interrupt handler.

Figure 5. Baud rate comparison (fCK = 72 MHz,

desired baud rate = 9 Mbits/s, Mode 2 for hardware detection

Baud rate
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Hardware
Software
(ABR Mode 2)
Baud-rate detection methods
MSv43529

20/23 AN4908 Rev 3

AN4908 Conclusion

5 Conclusion

This application note describes the hardware automatic baud rate detection feature
embedded in some STM32 devices. It also provides a technique for implementing this
feature in software, as a solution for STM32 devices not implementing this feature in
hardware.
Although the automatic baud rate detection is applied at the beginning of the examples, it
could be extended and used whenever the transmitter and receiver devices detect
communication errors. This allows a robust application where the host varies its baud rate
between communications.

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Revision history AN4908

6 Revision history

Table 6. Document revision history

Date Revision Changes

15-Nov-2016 1 Initial release

The following tables now scope STM32H7 series products:
– Table 1: Applicable products
– Table 2: USART hardware automatic baud rate detection on
01-Oct-2020 2
STM32 Series devices
– Table 3: Hardware automatic baud rate detection on STM32
USART interfaces.
Added STM32C0 and STM32U5 series:
– Updated Table 1: Applicable products, Table 2: USART
hardware automatic baud rate detection on STM32 Series
12-Jan-2023 3 devices and Table 3: Hardware automatic baud rate detection
on STM32 USART interfaces
Modified STM32H7 series products in Table 3: Hardware
automatic baud rate detection on STM32 USART interfaces

22/23 AN4908 Rev 3

AN4908

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