The concept of technology has evolved throughout the years.

As the rate of human progress continues to increase,

society has adapted in such a way that technology no longer appeals to mechanical or electrical systems alone. The
term technology presently includes advancements in communication and how information is handled, thus
enabling governments, organizations, industries, and ordinary individuals to improve on their decision- making,
business processes, and everyday living. The term information and communications technology or ICT was
defined in a study conducted by Zuppo (2012) as "related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information
and various types of electronically mediated communication.

IT versus ICT
ICT- described as using computers and other digital technologies to assist individuals or institutions in handling or
using information. ICT is technology that supports activities involving information such as gathering, processing,
storing, and presenting data.
IT, or information technology- pertains to the industry that involves computers, software, networking, and other
IT infrastructure to help relay or manage information important in modern-day living as seen primarily in large
companies or corporations.

Information- Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study, or research.
Communication- Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process in which information is
exchanged between individuals through verbal and non-verbal means.
Technology- Technology has evolved in ways that improve people's daily activities

EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY

Automation is defined as "the technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a system operate automatically."

HISTORY OF COMPUTER for pocket calculators, television sets, automotive

devices, and audio and video appliances.
First-generation Computer (1946-1959) Fifth-generation Computer (1980-onwards)
The first electronic computer was developed in 1946. VLSI technology has evolved into what is called ultra
Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly large-scale integration (ULSI) technology. with the
from the University of Pennsylvania and financed by manufacture of microprocessor chips having 10
the United States Army, the Electronic Numeric million electronic components. This generation
Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) is considered to be involves computer intelligence which is associated
the first-generation computer. ENIAC was a modular with artificial intelligence (AI), natural language, and
computer, composed of several panels capable of expert systems that interpret the means and practices
performing different functions. of producing computers that think like human beings.
Second-generation Computer (1959-1965)
In this second generation, the transistor was used as COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
the interior sections of the computer. Transistors were The hardware pertains to the computer's physical
much smaller, faster, and more dependable than the devices. It is any part of the computer that can be seen
vacuum tubes of the first- generation computer. They and touched. A computer's hardware consists of
generated less heat and consumed less electricity but interrelated electronic devices that are used to
were still very costly. manipulate the computer's operation, input devices,
Example: Transistors and output devices.
Third-generation Computer (1965-1971) Input Devices
In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit Working with a computer would be ineffective if one
(IC) that was used instead of transistors as the interior does not intermingle with it because the machine
sections to build the computer. A single IC has many cannot accept and receive instructions and/or deliver
transistors, resistors, and capacitors that even the full an output on its own. Input devices enter or send data
circuit board of a transistor can be replaced entirely and instructions from the user or from another
with one chip. This chip made the computers smaller, computer system on the internet while output devices
unfailing, and effective. In this third generation, send back the administered data to the user or to
remote processing, time-sharing, and another computer system.
multiprogramming operating system were used.
Fourth-generation Computer (1971-1980) 1. Keyboard - is the most common input
From 1971 to 1980, very large scale integrated (VLSI) device that accepts letters, numbers, and
circuits were used to build computers. These circuits commands from the user.
have about 5,000 transistors and other circuit elements 2. Mouse - lets one select options from on-
with their connected circuits screen menus. A mouse is used by moving it
Fourth-generation computer using a microprocessor on a flat surface, pressing its two buttons
on a single chip known as the microprocessor. These (left and right), and scrolling the wheel that
fourth- generation computers such as personal is located between the buttons.
computers became more powerful, dense, reliable, and 3. Microphone - allows a user to speak into
inexpensive. The other application of this the computer to input data and instructions.
microprocessor technology can be used and applied
 4. Scanner converts printed material (such as devices and finally strike the phosphor
text and pictures) into a form the computer points present on the fluorescent screen,
can use. thus creating an image. Monitors employ the
5. Digital camera- allows one to take pictures CRT technology used most commonly in the
then transfer the photographed images to the manufacturing of television screens. A
computer or printer instead of storing the stream of intense high-energy electrons is
images on a traditional film. used to form images on a fluorescent screen.
6. PC video camera is a digital video camera
that enables users to create a movie or take b. Liquid crystal display (LCD) - is a flat-
still photographs electronically. With the PC panel display that consists of a layer of color
video camera attached to the computer, or monochrome pixels arranged
users can see each other as they schematically between a couple of
communicate via the computer. transparent electrodes and two polarizing
filters. Optical effect is achieved by
Output Devices- hardware component that polarizing the light in varied amounts and
transmits information to one or more people. making it pass through the liquid crystal
layer.
1. Printer produces text and graphics on a
physical - medium such as paper. c. Light-emitting diode (LED) is a flat-
2. Monitor displays text, graphics, and videos on panel display that uses light-emitting diodes
a screen. Many monitors look similar to a for backlighting. The display is of LCD only
television. but the backlighting is done by LEDs. LED
a. Cathode ray tube (CRT)- is a vacuum monitors are said to use much lesser power
tube containing an electron gun at one end than CRT and LCD. Thus, they are also
and a fluorescent screen at another end. considered environment-friendly.
From this electron gun, a process called
thermionic emission generates a strong 3. Speaker allows one to hear music, voice, and other
beam of electrons. These electrons travel sounds. The signal used to produce the sound that
through a narrow path within the tube with comes from a computer speaker is created by the
high-speed using various electromagnetic computer's sound card.

SYSTEM UNIT
The system unit is the enclosure composed of the main elements of a computer that are used to administer data.
This can be referred to as a computer case or tower. The circuitry of the system unit containing the primary
components of a computer with connectors into which other circuit boards can be positioned is recognized as
motherboard.

Storage Devices- A computer can be utilized with only processing, memory, input, and output devices.
flash disk drive, a small portable storage device often referred to as pen drives, thumb drives, or jump drives.
compact disc - it is a flat, round, and portable metal disc.

WHY COMPUTERS ARE POWERFUL

Computers are powerful for a variety of reasons. They work with remarkable speed, reliability, consistency, and
accuracy. Computers can store large amounts of data and information. Also, computers allow users to
communicate with other users or computers.

User is anyone who communicates and interacts with a computer or makes use of the information it generates.
→ Speed
→ Reliability and consistency
→ Accuracy
→ Communication

CLASSIFYING COMPUTERS
Computers can be classified based on size and computing power. However, as technology advances, these
classifications tend to overlap as modern computers have become smaller, yet more powerful, and relatively
cheaper.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
1. Personal computer is a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the
microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information,
and a storage device for saving data.
2. Workstation is a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a
more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.
3. Minicomputer is a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.
4. Mainframe is a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously. • Supercomputer - is an extremely fast computer that can perform millions of instructions
per second. Below is a picture of NASA's Pleiades supercomputer that has 245,536 CPU cores and a total
memory of 935 TB.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTERS
1. Desktop computers
2. Tablet computers
3. Smartphones
4. Wearables
5. Smart TVs

Digital Age, Information Age, and Computer Age

Media in the Digital Age
Media normally refers to the means of communication that uses unique tools to interconnect among people. The
forms of media include television, radio, cellular phones, and internet (which involves the access and use of
various social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube, among others).
The Message
Media is considered to be the message itself for those who create and own the rights of content. The forms of
content can be user-generated or professionally-produced. User-generated content (UGC) is a form of content
created and owned by the users of a system. UGC has grown exponentially especially with the wide internet
coverage or easy WiFi access, increased social media participation, and affordable smart devices.
The Medium
The medium used refers to the tool or tools used in sending a message from the source to the destination.
The Messenger-The messenger is the one who delivers the message.

Evolution of Media
The early 15th century. It was in 1436 when Johannes Gutenberg started working on a printing press which used
relief printing and a molding system. Now, the modern printing press delivers messages in print, such as
newspapers, textbooks, and magazines
In the 1800s, the telegraph was developed followed by the telephone which made the two-way communication
possible. Message sending and receiving can now be done both ways simultaneously.
At the beginning of the 1900s, broadcasting and recorded media were introduced. Radio and television were used
to send sound and video to homes and offices through electromagnetic spectrum or radio waves.

Overview of Current Trends

A trend refers to something hip or popular at a certain point in time.Technology trends tend to change as time goes
by. Following Moore's Law, technology is bound to upgrade itself every two years. In 1965, Gordon Moore
predicted that the computing power would dramatically increase over time. But as it increases, cost is expected to
proportionally go down. Nowadays, the two-year prediction has even decreased, with releases happening less than
two years, if not, yearly. Aside from cost, sizes of hardware have also decreased in making devices, such as
smartphones, more useful and dependable.

In an article from Forbes.com, DeMers (2016) identified seven major trends in 2017.
1. IoT and smart home technology
The so-called Internet of Things (IoT) has been trending since 2016. The vision of IoT has evolved due to the
convergence of multiple technologies, including pervasive wireless communication, data analytics, machine
learning, and use of hardware technology such as sensors, microprocessors, and microcontrollers.
2. Augmented reality and virtual reality
In 2016, the release of games such as Pokémon Go and the anticipated VR headset, Oculus Rift, served as a
turning point for AR and VR technology.
3. Machine learning
Also called artificial intelligence, having machines decide for you seems to be a daunting task and would probably
make you think of robots and talking computers, similar to Iron Man's Jarvis. However, with the recent release of
Apple's iPhone X, it was not just the design that improved. The iOS intelligent personal assistant, Siri, has also
been upgraded with enhanced learning making the use of iPhone more efficient.
Its latest features include the following:

 Face ID - The owner's face is the new password. It is a more secure way to unlock the phone and keep
the data safe
 All Bionic - All Bionic is claimed to be the "most powerful and smartest chip ever in a smartphone,"
with a neural engine capable of up to 600 billion operations per second. A neural engine, a type of
artificial intelligence, enables computers to learn from observation.
 Wireless charging - A cable is not needed to charge the device
 iOS 11 - In its latest operating system, one can scan documents in the notes app, edit live photos, and in
the U.S., even pay friends in Messages. Siri can also translate languages.
 Augmented Reality - AR is not just designed for fun. It is also meant for productivity and efficiency. It
allows one to navigate without looking at a map, visualize industrial equipment, and many others.
4. Automation
Through advanced technology, it is now to automate previously human-exclusive tasks. This is possible very much
evident through wearable devices such as step counters and heart rate monitors used by health-conscious
individuals. Information collected is automatically saved and stored in mobile devices for analysis later on.

5. Big data
Big data is a term that describes large and complex volumes of data. But it is not how much data an organization
has it is what they do with it that matters. Big data can be analyzed for insights which can help management make
better decisions and come up with more effective strategic plans.
6. Physical-digital integrations
Majority of organizations nowadays are moving towards system automation. As such, they identify their physical
elements and create digital data for more efficient operation and back-up. The concept of having a "paperless
company" in which transactions, reports, and services are done using automated systems is one such example. Not
only is it deemed reliable but also environment- friendly.
7. Everything on demand

Impact of ICT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society

ICT brings both positive and negative effects to individuals, organizations, and society. It improves education,
access to information, and security. However, it limits personal interaction and physical activity and poses
problems in employment and security

Positive Effects
→Improved access to education
There are new ways of learning such as the use of learning management system (LMS) which implements
educational enhancements such as distance learning and online tutorials, virtual reality, and interactive multimedia.
→ Access to information and communication
The internet is widely used in communication. Access to it is getting better as it has become available in almost all
places such as commercial establishments and public spaces. In addition, ICT has been maximized by most
individuals nowadays for leisure and entertainment such as watching movies, playing games, or even reading news
and articles, and for creating new relationships with people around the world.
→ Security
With the advancement that ICT brings, individuals and organizations can solve any security problems. Examples
of security measure on applications are: (1) the use of encryption methods to keep and protect data from any
malicious software; (2) the use of password/s for personal information protection; and (3) the development of
physical security systems such as biometrics in a form of fingerprint, facial recognition, iris (eye) recognition, and
voice recognition.

Negative Effects
→ Reduced personal interaction and physical activity
Because of virtual communication, ironically, people are less likely to talk to or meet each other in person. And
because of the comfort of working from home and the entertainment that the internet offers (i.e., streaming movies,
playing online games, etc.), physical activity is reduced leading to health issues such as obesity and heart disease.
→Job loss or increase in unemployment
This can be considered as one of the worst effects of ICT.
 Multiple workers being replaced and reduced by a smaller number of employees capable of doing the
same volume of tasks
 Shipping or freight services in which a certain amount is added to the operating costs for the physical
process of transporting commodities or goods
 Automation through robots or machines replacing people in the assembly line
→ Security
ICT brings not only improvement but also threat to security. Data or files must always be kept secure and safe. The
internet connection must always be safeguarded from different attacks such as data modification, identity/IP
address spoofing, password-based attacks, denial-of-service, etc. Computers should also be protected from various
forms of viruses and malware which are released almost every day.

Ethical Issues in ICT

While some people apply ethical principles to the use of ICT, others simply do not, hence the proliferation of cyber
malpractices.

The following are some of the ethical issues in ICT:

1. Plagiarism - It is an act of theft in which a person copies another person's ideas, words, or writings, etc.
and pass them off as his or her own.
2. Exploitation - It is an action in which one deals with a person dishonestly, unethically, and dishonorably,
in order to take advantage of the latter's works and/or resources.
3. Libel - It can either be an insult, slur, or slander. Either written or spoken or even through actions, it may
lead to libel if the accusation is not true and without any piece of evidence.
Software Piracy: It refers to an act of installing or copying a software into the computer in the absence of an end-
user licensing agreement (EULA), and/or producing a copy disregarding the copyrights.

CHAPTER I KEY POINTS

 With the evolution of technology, people are now living in a period in which the economy is based on
information computerization. This industry that involves computers, software, and networking, among
others is called Information Technology (IT). It is a subset of Information and Communications
Technology (ICT) which pertains to the use of technology that supports activities involving not only
information such as gathering, storing, and presenting data, but also collaboration and communication.
 The computer, being the main tool or equipment in IT, has evolved in many ways from the first-
generation computer to the present fifth-generation computer.
 The power of the computer, coupled with the introduction of the internet, cannot be underestimated with
its speed, reliability and consistency, accuracy, and ability to handle communication.
 Communication and information creation and distribution have developed. Among the major trends is
the so-called Internet of Things (IoT), the expansion and application of networks and internet to
everyday objects.
 ICT, however, has both positive and negative impacts on individuals, organizations, and society.
CHAPTER II E-learning - involves the use of a computer
KEY TERMS or electronic device in delivering instruction
Al-Artificial intelligence to students. Students and teachers can
ASCII - American Standard Code for communicate with each other through
Information Interchange online lessons, activities, and exams. E-
ATM-Asynchronous transfer mode commerce - helps in boosting the economy.
CAN-Campus area network It makes buying and selling activities easier,
CPU-Central processing unit faster, and more efficient.
GAN-Global area network Ethernet cable - transmits signals between
HDMI-High-definition Multimedia a computer and a network device such as a
Interface router, a switch, or other computers. Fire
IoT-Internet of Things Wire - is a type of connector that can
LAN-Local area network transmit data to and from devices which
MAN-Metropolitan area network have typical high data rates, such as external
OS-Operating system hard drives.
PAN - Personal area network Hexadecimal number system - includes a
RPA - Robotic process automation subscript of 16 or in most cases, appended
WAN-Wide area network with the lowercase letter 'h' to denote
Address bus - is used by the CPU to hexadecimal notation.
specify a physical address for instructions, High-definition Multimedia Interface
files, and other devices within the computer (HDMI) is a connector for transmitting
system. Application software - consists of audio/video data compatible with
programs that are designed to perform computers, projectors, and digital
specific tasks for users. televisions.
ASCII code - is a standard that assigns Internet of Things (IoT) - is the network of
letters, numbers, and other characters within physical objects or "things" embedded in
the 256 slots available in the 8-bit code. electronics, software, sensors, and network
Binary number system is a method of connectivity, enabling these objects to
representing numbers with 2 as its base and collect and exchange data. Local area
uses only the digits 0 and 1; each successive network (LAN)-refers to a group of
digit represents a power of 2. computers and associated devices that share
Bluetooth a common communications line or wireless
Central processing unit (CPU)- is the link to a server.
brains of the computer which most Machine language - is the only language a
calculations take place. Computer software computer is capable of understanding.
is a combination of instructions, data, and Number system-refers to the way of
programs that a computer needs in order to counting things.
do a specific task. Octal number system - consists of eight
Control bus-is used by CPUs to digits from 0 to 7 and each digit position in
communicate with other devices within the this system represents a power of 8.
computer system. can transfer data to and Personal area network (PAN) is the
from the memory of a interconnection of information technology
Data bus computer, or into or out of the devices within the range of an individual
central processing unit (CPU). person, normally within the range of 10
Decimal number system - consists of ten meters.
digits from 0 to 9. These digits can be used Platform-hosts the application software
to represent any numeric value. The base of installed in the system. System bus - is a
the decimal number system is 10. It is the pathway composed of cables and connectors
most widely used number system. used to carry data between the computer's
peripheral devices.
 Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a connection Wireless communication - is a type of data
or interface that allows the computer to communication that is performed and
communicate with system peripherals. delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term
Wide area network (WAN) is a that incorporates all procedures and forms
geographically distributed private of connecting and communicating between
telecommunications network that two or more devices using a wireless signal
interconnects multiple through wireless communication
Local area networks (LANs). WiFi-uses technologies and devices.
radio waves to transmit wirelessly
information across a network.
Wired communication - refers to the
transmission of data over a wire-based
communication technology.

How Computers Work

The basic parts of a computer are the central processing unit (CPU), memory, a keyboard or other input device,
and a screen or other output device.
Computer Number Systems
The decimal number system has ten digits, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 . A computer, on the other hand,
can only understand two digits a 0 and a 1. These two numbers play an important role in the way computers
communicate with one another. This type of number system is called the binary number system, with the prefix
bi, which means 2.
There are other types of number systems, such as the octal number system (from the prefix octa, meaning it uses
8 digits) and the hexadecimal number system (hexa means 6; deci means 10; meaning it uses 16 digits to
represent its values). However, these special number systems are merely a way to bridge the computer's binary
language to a somewhat understandable human (decimal) language since computer data can be complicated.

How Computers Interpret Data

1. From the keyboard, pressure pads are typically found underneath each key. Upon typing a letter, the
pressure pad sends information to the CPU for processing.
2. The information is then transmitted in the form of 0's and 1's using the ASCII code.
3. The CPU determines what character has been typed and information to the computer monitor, again in
sends the 0's and 1's
4. The monitor displays the information in its equivalent , this time readable and understandable by
character humans

How Computers Communicate with One Another

Data bus
A data bus can transfer data to and from the memory of a computer, or into or out of the CPU.
Address bus
The address bus is used by the CPU to specify a physical address for instructions, files, and other devices within
the computer system
Control bus
used by CPUs to communicate with other devices within the computer system. As the address bus carries the
location of the data being sent and the data bus carries the actual data being processed, the control bus carries the
commands or instructions from the CPU..

How Computers Connect to Other Computers

The next step in knowing how a computer is able to connect to other devices is to understand how a computer
connects to another computer. Earlier, computer peripherals using wired or wireless connections are mentioned. It
is also similar when a computer wants to connect to another computer with or without wires.

Computer Network Systems

Computers are able to communicate with one another over networks. A computer network is an interconnection of
two or more computers. This interconnection gives these computers the capability to share information and
resources.
1. Personal area network (PAN) is a type of connection which is often limited to an individual person and
his or her personal devices.
2. Local area network (LAN) is a connection in which a group of computers and other devices, such as
network printers, share a common communications line within a certain area such as a building or a
small campus.
3. Wide area network (WAN) - may be less restrictive than LAN as rules and policies may differ within its
coverage.

Methods of Communication
There are many different types of connection media that are used in contemporary society to connect computer
networks to one another. Connections are often categorized generally into two-wired communication and wireless
communication.

→ Wired communication
Computer systems have different connections which usually depend on the motherboard's form factor. Popular
wired connections nowadays include the following:
1. USB - Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a connection or interface that allows the computer to communicate
with system peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. as well as other devices like digital
cameras and portable fans.
2. Ethernet cable - An Ethernet cable transmits signals between a computer and network devices such as a
router, switch, or other computers.
3. FireWire - It is a type of connector that can transmit data to and from devices which have typical high
data rates, such as external hard drives. The transfer speed of a FireWire is faster than that of a USB.
4. HDMI High-definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) - is a connector for transmitting audio/video
data which are compatible to computers, projectors, and digital televisions.

Older computer units have connections that include the following:

1. VGA - The 15-pin Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector has been provided on many video cards,
computer monitors, laptop computers, and projectors. It is now slowly being phased out in favor of the
faster and more compact HDMI connector.
2. Serial - An RS-232 serial connection was once a standard feature of a personal computer used for
connections to modem, printer, mouse, and other peripheral devices. Now, it has been replaced by USB
connections.
3. Parallel - Similar to the serial connection, parallel connections were used before to connect other
computer peripherals such as printers. It has also been replaced since then by the USB connections.
4. PS/2 - The PS/2 is a 6-pin connector used to connect the mouse and keyboard to a computer. It is color-
coded to identify which peripheral will be connected to which port. Purple is for keyboard and green is
for the mouse.
5. Audio Jacks - The audio jacks are the 3.5 mm jacks used for microphones (as input), and speakers (as
output). It uses color codes as well to indicate the type of input and output lines.
 Pink: Mic in Blue: Line in
 Green: Front speakers out Black (or dark blue in some older boards):
 Rear speakers out Orange: Center/subwoofer out Gray: Middle speakers out
 These connections are now being replaced by USB and HDMI connections.

→ Wireless communication
Wireless communications include microwave transmission, satellite communication, cellular transmission,
microwave and radio transmission such as WiFi connectivity.
 Wi Fi - uses radio waves to transmit information wirelessly across a network
 Bluetooth - Bluetooth uses radio waves to connect to other devices.

How Humans Communicate with Computers

Computer Software - The computer software is a combination of instructions, data, and programs that the
computer needs in order to do * specific task. Another term used for computer software is computer programs.
Everything the computer does can basically be controlled through these programs. Programs are a set of codes or
instructions which are usually designed or written by computer programmers using a specific programming
language. The most common type of programming language used by programmers is called object-oriented
programming. This programming language includes Microsoft's C# (pronounced as 'see-sharp'), Sun
Microsystem's Java, and an open-source programming language, PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor).
Programmers have developed two types of computer software: the system software and application software.
 People might be more familiar with the application software as most of the day-to-day tasks done in
front of a computer involve the use of application programs.
 System software also called an operating system (OS) is the most important software running on a
computer since it manages the computer's memory and instructions and has the ability to control all the
connected hardware and installed software applications.

The OS allows a person to interact with the computer from the hardware components and peripherals to all the
installed software applications and files one has stored on the computer. The interaction can occur in two ways:
1. By using a command-line operating system (e.g., DOS) in which the computer responds according to the
text command that is typed
2. With a graphical user interface (GUI) operating system (e.g., Windows) such as pictures and buttons
through mouse clicks and keyboard entries

System Software
Two of the most popular desktop system software or OS nowadays are Microsoft's Windows and Apple's macOS.
In mobile devices, Apple uses iOS for their devices' system software.
Applications Software

Online Applications Software

Application software consists of programs that are designed to perform specific tasks for users. Specific
application software products, called software packages, are available from different vendors.

Below are just some of the apps on their list:

1. Any.do - a scheduler and reminder notification app
2. Microsoft Office Word, Excel, and PowerPoint - available for free download in both Android and iOS
3. WPS Office - another office productivity suite that does the same as Microsoft's Word, Excel, and
PowerPoint
4. Adobe Acrobat Reader - a PDF reader and annotation app which lets you view and sign PDF forms
5. Microsoft Outlook for reading emails, managing contacts and calendar
6. Newton Mail for accessing all email accounts in one unified box.
7. Forge - a mobile drawing app that allows the user to create sketches and edit photos
8.
Wix.com and WordPress.com are two of the most popular website creation tools available online. Both tools
offer blogging and website content management system (CMS).
How Computers Impact Everyday Life
The advent of technologies specifically the development of information and communications technology has
changed the lives of people.

Education
Today, most elementary and secondary schools (public and private) and higher education institutions (HEIs) have
computers in their classrooms. ICT in general has made things convenient and efficient for teachers, students,
researchers, and school administrators.

Banking
The computer has made all banking transactions around the world easier and more secure. It manipulates the entire
banking system as it includes 24-hour electronic banking services
Workforce Industry
Workers, researchers, and administrators benefit from ICT. Computers are used to expedite production planning
and control systems, to support chain management, and to facilitate product design in the industrial sector.
Electronic Commerce
Electronic commerce or simply e-commerce helps boo the economy. With computers, internet, and shared
software as the main tools needed, buying and selling activities are made easier, more efficient, and faster.
Hospitals
Hospitals are creating patients' databases of health records, treatment records, and medical records.

CHAPTER II KEY POINTS

1. The computer understands machine language, but itYNHNH does not recognize letters as letters of the
alphabet. It sees letters as a series of O's and I's called binary language.
2. Computers understand one another through the binary number system which represents numbers with 2
as its base and uses only the digits 0 and 1. Other number systems are octal number system and
hexadecimal number system.
3. Computers use different connection methods (e.g., system bus, data bus, address bus, and control bus) to
do their tasks.
4. A computer network is an interconnection of two or more computers that gives these computers the
capability to share information and resources. Some of the computer network systems are personal area
network (PAN), local area network (LAN), and wide area network (WAN).
5. Computer network connections are categorized into wired communication and wireless communication.
6. The computer software is a combination of instructions, data, and programs that the computer needs in
order to do a specific task. Through computer software, humans are able to "communicate" with
computers.
 7.As computers permeate everyday life, they have made an impact to education, banking, workforce
industry, electronic commerce, and hospitals, among others.
CHAPTER III KEY TERMS kind of computation or algorithm, and
ANSI-American National Standards possibly controls external devices such as
Institute printers, disk drives, etc.
CPU-Central processing unit C++ programming language is an
DNS-Domain name system intermediate-level language with object-
GUI-Graphical user interface oriented programming features, originally
HTML-Hypertext markup language designed to enhance the C language.
HTTP - Hypertext transfer protocol Database-is a collection of data used for
ISO - International Organization for automated systems.
Standardization Dial-up access - takes place when the
OOP - Object-oriented programming modem in the computer uses a standard
OS-Operating system telephone line to connect to the internet. It is
Perl - Practical extraction and reporting an easy yet an expensive way for users to
language connect to the internet.
PHP - Hypertext preprocessor Domain name - is the text version of an IP
SQL-Structured query language address.
WISP - Wireless internet service provider Domain name system (DNS) - is the
WMA-Windows media audio method that the internet uses to store
WWW-World Wide Web domain names and their corresponding IP
XML-Extensible markup language addresses
Android OS is Google's open and free High-level language - is a programming
software stack that includes an operating language such as C Fortran, or Pascal that
system, middleware, and key applications. enables a programmer to write programs
for use on mobile devices such as that are more or less independent of a
smartphones. particular type of computer.
Assembly language is used primarily for Hypertext preprocessor (PHP) is a server-
direct hardware manipulation and direct side interpreted scripting language. It was
access to specialized processor instructions. designed for creating dynamic web pages
It is also used to address critical and other web pages that effectively work
performance issues. with databases.
Blog website is an informal website Internet - is a worldwide collection of
consisting of time-stamped articles, or posts, networks that links millions of businesses,
in a diary or journal format, commonly government agencies, educational
listed in reverse chronological order. institutions, and individuals.
C programming language is a general- Internet2 - is a not-for-profit networking
purpose, imperative programming language consortium in the U.S. which aims to
developed in the early '70s; C is the oldest improve the internet, such as relieving
and most widely used language, providing bottlenecks in the current architecture.
the building blocks for other popular Interpreter - is a computer program that
languages. directly executes, ie, performs instructions
C sharp (C#) is a programming language written in a programming or scripting
based on C++ and Java that helps language, without previously compiling
developers create XML web services and them into a machine language program.
Microsoft's NET-connected applications for Java programming language - is a
Windows operating systems and the programming language that was first
internet. introduced to the public in 1995 and is
Cable modem- provides high-speed widely used to create internet applications
internet connections through the cable and other software programs.
television network. This service costs about Low-level language - is a programming
twice as much as dial-up access. language that provides little or no
Chat room is a location on an internet abstraction from a computer's instruction set
server that permits users to chat with each architecture.
other. Netiquette refers to the etiquette guidelines
Chat is a real-time typed conversation that that govern behavior when communicating
takes place on a computer or mobile device. on the internet.
Computer programming language - is a
language used to write computer programs;
it involves a computer that performs some

The Internet and World Wide Web

The Internet: Then and Now
Even though today's internet bears little resemblance to its forebear of almost 50 years ago, it still functions in
basically the same way. The internet has evolved into something different from the special-purpose, restricted-use
network its planners originally envisioned it to be (Norton, 2012).
The Internet started from the Advanced Research Projects Agency's Wide Area Network (ARPANET). This
was established by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s so that the military's research unit could
collaborate or partner with business and government laboratories.
The Internet2 Environment: Future Empowerment
Internet2 is a not-for-profit networking consortium founded in 1996 by 34 university research institutions in the
U.S. It provides a collaborative environment where U.S. research and education organizations work together and
develop advanced technologies and innovative solutions such as telemedicine, digital libraries, and virtual
laboratories to assist education, research, and community development.
Internet Today: Still Growing
Today, the internet connects thousands of networks and as of January 2018 is 4.021 billion which means that more
than half of the world's population is now online as revealed by We Are Social and Hootsuite in their 2018 Global
Digital suite of reports Despite this huge number, the internet has no central ownership It means that no single
person or group controls the network Although there are several organizations (such as The Internet Society and
the World Wide Web Consortium) that propose standards for internet-related technologies and guidelines for its
appropriate use, these organizations almost universally support the internet's openness and lack of centralized
control.
As a result, the internet is open to anyone who can access it If one can use a computer and if the computer is
connected to the internet, he or she is free not only to use the resources posted by others, but also to create
resources of his or her own; that is the internet user can publish documents on the World Wide Web exchange
email messages with other users, and perform many other tasks.

Jobs the Internet Can Do

Internet users may wonder about the jobs that the internet can do. However, there is only one simple job that the
internet does, and it is to move, transfer, or assign a computerized information from one place to another. This
information can be in the form of text documents, images, audio, video, and software programs, among others. All
this information is known as data. The internet can handle different kinds of information and assist people to
perform various jobs from the simple tasks of handling of email, searching on websites, and sending chat messages
to the more sophisticated function of creating websites and programming possible through various software
programs.

How Data Travels the Internet

Circuit switching is one of the most common schemes utilized to build a communications network, such as the
case of ordinary telephone calls.
Packet switching, therefore, is much more efficient. A permanent connection is not necessary between the two
places communicating, which avoids blocking the entire chunk of the network each time a message is sent.

What Computers Do on the Internet

A server is a computer that is designed to process any requests for data and delivers data to other client computers
over a local network or the internet. A client is a computer or device that gets information from a server.

The Internet and World Wide Web

The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is referred to as the collection of public websites that are connected to the internet
worldwide, together with the client computers which include personal computers, laptops, iPads, and cellular
phones that access its content

Web Technologies
The WWW is considered to be one of the applications in the internet and computer networks. This is based on
three fundamental technologies that are said to be part of the WWW development:

Hypertext markup language (HTML) is a standard markup language used for creating web pages. HTML
is classified as the set of markup symbols or codes appended in a file intended for presentation on a
World Wide Web browser page.
Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)- is classified as the set of standards allowing users of the World
Wide Web to interchange information seen on web pages. Port 80 is the standard port for HTTP
connections.
Web servers and web browsers - is a software application for recovering, presenting, and navigating
information resources on the World Wide Web. There are different browser applications that are
currently used in the WWW such as Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Safari, and more.

The World Wide Web Today

HTTP which demands a particular programmed text from the web server. The text is actually written in HTML
format that informs the browser on how it will display the text on the user's screen.
Uniform resource locators (URLS) which is sorted as the internet address.

Searching for Information on the Web

A website is maintained by its owner, called a web administrator. The owner can modify the website content as
well as add new information in it.
The Internet and World Wide Web
There are two mainly managed search tools that people use in locating information on the web: subject
directories and search engines.
1. Subject directories are developed and maintained by human editors and not by electronic spiders or
robots that are used to fetch web pages automatically.
2. A search engine, on the other hand, uses small programs called spiders or bots (like Googlebot, Yahoo
Slurp, and MSNbot) that polish the internet, follow links, and return

CHAPTER III KEY POINTS

The Internet started with the so-called ARPANET which was established by the U.S. Department of
Defense in the 1960s so that the military's research unit can collaborate or partner with business and
government laboratories.
Circuit switching and packet switching are the two modes of data transmission.
Existing for almost three decades, the World Wide Web or WWW has developed a new virtual world
within a generation.
Some websites have enhanced features to adapt to the speedily growing techniques of the user's way of
retrieving the Web from large screen computers to small-screen mobile phones.