Tarlac State University

College of Architecture and Fine Arts

San Isidro Campus, Tarlac City

AP 2:Fundamentals of Urban Design & Community Architecture

TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND INADEQUATE

PUBLIC TRANSPORATION IN TARLAC

RESEARCH WORK

Submitted by:

GROUP 2

Aquino, Kim Glenn M.

Balboa, Francis Edison G.
Calara, Christian Duke D.
Juan, Charles A.
Pineda, Khian M.
Transfiguracion, Rae Carlo D.
Valdez, Sofia F.

Submitted to:

Ar, Julia Nicole Balanquit

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I: RESEARCH ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

A. Introduction and Background of the Study ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

B. Review of Related Literature: Local Literature ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

C. Review of Related Literature: Foreign Literature ........................................................... 4

Chapter II: RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Chapter III: SYNTHESIS ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

A. Results and Discussion ................................................................................................... 24

B. Design Process & Solution ............................................................................................. 25

REFERENCES................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Architectural Planning 2: Traffic Congestion and Inadequate Public Transportation

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I. RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study

As the global population continues to expand, there is a corresponding rise in the daily
hustle and bustle of mass transit systems. Road traffic congestion has always been a huge
problem in the Philippines. With all the rising quantity private vehicles on the roads, it can only
be seen as a reflection of the economy's decline caused by poor and inadequate public
transportation.

Traffic congestion is a major issue in large and expanding cities worldwide, especially in
megacities in developing regions. Poorly designed road networks in these megacities often
lead to congested hotspots, which both cause and suffer from congestion. Rapid urban
population growth and inadequate traffic management are key reasons for congestion,
making it a local problem with global implications. According to Politics of Urban Manila.
(n.d.), traffic congestion is a phenomenon that occurs when the number of cars exceeds road
capacity, resulting in longer travel times and dramatically slower movement. This issue is
prominently evident across the nation, regardless of location.

Additionally, as stated by International Trade Administration (2023), Heavy traffic flow in

the Philippines is due to the automotive aftermarket sector in the country experiencing
significant growth which primarily increases the number of vehicles and a rising consumer
demand towards aftermarket services. In 2022, the total number of registered vehicles rose by
7% to reach 13,889,136, while new automotive sales surged by 27% to 372,083 units compared
to the previous year. This growth is attributed to the rising necessity of vehicle ownership amidst
challenges in the country's mass transportation system. Additionally, the availability of
attractive financing options has made purchasing new vehicles more accessible, further
boosting the demand for aftermarket products and services. Thus, the increasing need for
vehicle ownership is a direct response to the challenges posed by the Philippines' mass
transportation system.

In the local context, Metro Manila as the hub for all political, economic and social
activities in the country is one of the world's most densely populated cities, with a current
population of 12 million. This number represents approximately 13% of the Philippines' total
population of 92 million and growing. With this, Manila, Philippines has been ranked as the
world's second-worst traffic flow, following Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Jakarta (Rappler,
2024). This problem is significant for Manila due to its direct environmental, economic, and
social impacts on Philippine society. It includes the environmental impact of consuming
gasoline while waiting in traffic, the economic impact of people spending a large portion of
their day in traffic, and the social impact of dedicating substantial time to commuting.

Supposedly, Traffic plays a crucial role in shaping a city's structure, operations, and
functionality. But in Manila, this is especially critical as rapid population continues to grow and
as well as the city's hourglass shape, which inherently leads to congestion. Further, Manila’s
urban development in the city still lags behind that of other Southeast Asian countries like
Singapore. This disparity can be attributed to weak governmental institutions and a lack of
effective management, particularly in areas like road infrastructure. As a result, traffic
congestion remains a significant and unresolved issue in the city (Politics of Urban Manila.
(n.d.).

Moreover, Public transportation in the Philippines is characterized as unsafe, unhealthy,

unreliable, and uncomfortable. Public utility buses (PUBs) and jeepneys (PUJs) serve 67% of the
demand but use only 28% of the road space. There are 180,000 PUJs nationwide, with 90% of
them being 15 years old or older, contributing to significant air pollution. PUJ passengers are
ten times more likely to experience accidents than private car riders. Traffic congestion costs
the country 2.4 billion in economic losses, according to JICA in 2014. Manila, is again ranked
poorly in the 2022 Urban Mobility Readiness Index, coming in 58th out of 60 cities worldwide for
its public transit systems. It also ranked 48th for Sustainable Mobility and 56th for Public Transit
specifically. Therefore, the inadequate and inefficient public transit in the Philippines
significantly contributes to the road jam we experience daily.

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 To be more specific, a comparative analysis was conducted within the provinces of
Tarlac to gain an understanding of the road conditions in the city. For additional information,
Tarlac being known as the landlocked province of the Philippines due being borders of
Pampanga to the south, Nueva Ecija to the east, Pangasinan to the north, and Zambales to
the west making it renowned as “Melting Pot” of Luzon. With that being said, the researchers
want to acquire knowledge about traffic congestion and inadequate public transportation in
the place and provide solutions through urban planning.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Local Literature

According to the study of (Vergel et. Al.), Rapid motorization, high-density urban
development, population concentration, and the concentration of economic activity in
Metro Manila have led to high traffic demand, causing congestion in major arterials,
particularly at signalized intersections. However, road capacity has not significantly increased
in recent years, failing to keep up with the rapid rise in traffic flow. This congestion has resulted
in worsened air quality, especially near the road traffic environment. Currently, methodologies
for analyzing road traffic flow and its impact on the traffic environment are still being
developed.

It also states that there is a need to establish road design standards for the Highway
Capacity Manual (HCM) in Metro Manila. This includes analyzing traffic flow characteristics,
particularly the saturation flow rate at signalized intersections. There is also a growing concern
to enhance the traffic environment in Metro Manila. Their study focuses on the on the
presence of low-performance vehicles such as the jeepney contributes to the increasing levels
of pollutant emission

The study found that both vehicle performance and driver behavior have a
considerable impact on traffic flow in Metro Manila, particularly concerning the saturation
flow rate at signalized intersections. Thus, their study recommends a gradual implementation
of vehicle inspection that includes regulating emission rates. It also suggests detailed
refinements in registration fees, taxes, and vehicle classification for this purpose. Stricter
implementation of driver licensing and long-term traffic education is advised to reduce driver
aggression. Improving jeepney stops by expanding and allocating spaces to reduce blockage
of outer lanes is also recommended. Additionally, optimizing the use of traffic signals by
reducing undersaturation periods through variable signal timings, vehicle-actuated signals, or
coordinated areawide signal control is suggested to reduce unnecessary delays and
congestion on major arterials.

In addition to that, the study of Montemor et. al, (2023) states that transportation is
important for connecting people and businesses across the Philippine islands, which helps the
country's economy. Most people and goods travel by road, with 98% of passengers and 58%
of cargo using this mode of transport. However, despite efforts to improve the roads, the
quality of service has not improved much because there isn't enough money for it. To attract
more investment and help the economy grow, the government needs to improve the roads
and transportation systems. Although there have been some improvements, the different
modes of transport are not well connected, and many roads are in bad condition. Poor
management also makes it hard for the transportation system to work well. Traffic is very bad
during busy times, especially in Metro Manila, because there are too many cars, not enough
roads, and public transport is not good enough. Bad roads and not enough public transport
options make the traffic worse, especially because many people use their own cars or
motorcycles.

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 During the morning, there was a sudden increase in automobile traffic at 9:20 AM,
indicating a fast flow. However, the number of jeepneys and multicabs decreased by the 5th
cycle (C5M), while private car numbers increased. Single motorcycle numbers steadily
increased from the third cycle onward. Private cars may be more popular during rush hour
due to their perceived convenience and comfort compared to crowded and often
unairconditioned jeepneys. This preference is stronger for longer commutes or those valuing
privacy and control. Private cars are also favored for routes or locations easier to reach by
car, like suburban areas. In contrast, jeepneys are more commonly used for shorter distances
or in metropolitan areas. Further, the availability of parking spots can influence the use of
private cars at 9 AM. Limited public parking may discourage people from driving their own
cars, but private parking options nearby could make private cars more attractive. Between
11:30 AM and 1:00 PM, Iligan City, Philippines, experiences its lunch rush hour as many people
take their lunch breaks from work or school. This leads to a significant increase in the number
of people in public areas like eateries, cafes, and food stands, resulting in increased traffic
and congestion as people travel to and from their lunch destinations. This is particularly true in
areas with many eating establishments, explaining the significant increase in vehicle flow by
the 6th cycle.

Included in the research of Samson (2023), The road transport sector in Manila faces
challenges due to poor road quality and limited connectivity in the national road network. To
address congestion and pollution, implementing regulations on car ownership, similar to
Singapore's approach, could be beneficial. The Philippines is the only country in the Asia-
Pacific region ranked in the bottom 10 cities, far behind Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo.
Metro Manila's transportation system has strengths, including various modes like jeepneys,
metro lines, buses, and UV Express vehicles. However, the lack of centralized linkages between
these modes leads to unregulated operations, affecting speed, wait times, station density,
and affordability. Managing and regulating accessibility and affordability across different
modes proves challenging.

The transportation system in Tarlac relies heavily on motor vehicles, with a network of
major trunkline and arterial roads facilitating travel. Within the city, jeeps and tricycles are the
primary modes of transport from the Central Business District (CBD) to the Barangays. For travel
between the town proper and other municipalities or cities, buses, minibuses, and jeepneys
are the main modes of transportation used by the public (City Government of Tarlac n.d.).

The Poblacion serves as the focal point for economic activities in Tarlac City, offering a
range of opportunities for its residents. It functions as a hub for trade and fulfills the
community's needs. The economy thrives through different channels such as malls, small
shops, and the informal economy, with residents participating in various aspects of these
economic activities. Local malls like Magic Star Mall and the Metro Town Mall have emerged
in the area, marking the introduction of malls in the city (Zarraga, R. (2020).

Foreign Literature

Traffic flow characteristics, such as saturation flow rate and starting lost time at
signalized intersections, were measured in four East Asian cities. A comparison of saturation
flow rate values showed significant differences between developing and developed cities.
Seoul had a significantly greater saturation flow rate than Tokyo. The saturation flow rate was
found to increase with the economic level of a city and then decrease after reaching a
certain stage of development. A comparison of starting lost times of vehicles at intersections
also showed significant differences between developing and developed cities.

Cities worldwide grapple with traffic congestion and inadequate public transportation
systems (Huang et al., 2019). Urbanization and population growth strain existing infrastructure,
leading to gridlock (Huang et al., 2019). Unreliable or inaccessible public transport discourages
commuters from using it, further worsening congestion (Smith & Johnson, 2018). Car-centric
urban planning and sprawl exacerbate the issue by making car use the most convenient
option, reducing the appeal of public transit (Newman & Kenworthy, 2017).

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 Traffic congestion brings a multitude of negative consequences. Environmental impacts
include air and noise pollution, along with greenhouse gas emissions, threatening urban
ecosystems (Zhang et al., 2019). Public health also suffers as prolonged exposure to traffic-
related pollutants and stressors is linked to respiratory problems and psychological distress (Kim
et al., 2018).

Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach. Investing in public

transportation infrastructure, such as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Light Rail Transit (LRT) systems,
can provide a sustainable alternative to private vehicles (Sui et al., 2021). Integrated land-use
planning, incorporating transit-oriented development (TOD) policies, can lessen car
dependence and alleviate congestion pressures (Cervero & Kockelman, 2020). Additionally,
innovative traffic management strategies like congestion pricing and adaptive signal control
systems can optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion (Wang et al., 2019).

Policymakers and urban planners can find valuable guidance in resources such as the
European Commission's Urban Mobility Package and the Transit Cooperative Research
Program's case studies on TOD (European Commission& TCRP). Effectively tackling traffic
congestion and inadequate public transportation necessitates a comprehensive approach
encompassing policy interventions, infrastructural investments, and engaging with
communities. Further research should evaluate the effectiveness of specific solutions and their
adaptability to diverse urban contexts.

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II: ANALYSIS
A Comparative Analysis between Provinces of Tarlac by District

DISTRICT 1: ANAO

Anao, previously a part of Pangasinan, became the smallest municipality in the

province of Tarlac during Spanish rule in the early 1800s.The area was uninhabited and had
lush vegetation, particularly balete. The municipality of Paniqui extended the road leading to
Anao and claimed the community as one of its barangays and the people are willingly
accepted the inclusion of their place as part of Paniqui back then. As a 5th class Municipality,
Anao covers a total land area of 2,387 hectares. The area occupied by the municipality was
formerly a part of Pangasinan. It is 34 kilometers (21 mi) east of the Provincial Capital and
nestling on the Tarlac-Nueva Ecija border. Located in the north-eastern part of Tarlac, it is
bounded on the north by San Manuel, in the east by Nampicuan, on the south by Ramos and
on the west by Paniqui and Moncada. See diagram 1 below

Figure1: Map of Anao

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority in 2015, Anao had a total population of
11,528. The population density might be a cause why there's no public terminal station in the
town however, Anao is a municipality focused on agriculture. Agriculture and farm-related
activities constitute the primary source of income for seven out of 10 households. Nearly half of
the households, even in the urban core, are involved in agriculture. Some agricultural
equipment like Pogpog/trailers, Harvesters, and Carts are engaged in Transportation flow
where some instances like moderate traffic might happen. Communication Facilities, Public
Parks, Schools, Health and Service Facilities are present in the town proper where people are
also engaged in pedestrian flow and road networks. The rural situation where people are
ordained to travel by tricycle is a minor problem in addressing their adequate transportation
needs. Futher, Most of the inclusive structures in Anao are composed in the town proper, the
Health Facilities, educational facilities, public parks, and road networks are present.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the general traffic flow of Anao and to find
out the possible problems related to traffic congestion and Inadequate public transportation.
Thus, Diagram 2 and 2.1 shows the typical traffic flow in Anao, Tarlac during Metro Manila rush
hours, Mondays. While diagram 3 and 3.1 shows the typical traffic flow in Anao, Tarlac during
Metro Manila rush hours, Sundays. Diagram 4 and 4.1 shows rapid change of car flow from
light to moderate traffic in the intersection. So generally, the traffic flow in Anao is light.

Figure 2: Anao during Monday Rush Hours Figure 2.1: Anao during Monday Rush Hours

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Figure 3: Anao during Sunday Rush Hours Figure 3.1: Anao during Sunday Rush Hours

Figure 4: Anao Road Intersection

Figure 4.1: Axonometric View of Anao Road Intersection

Moncada to Anao Road

Apart from the tollgate at the expressway intersection, traffic congestion is caused by
the boundary between Nampicuan, Nueva Ecija, and the route to Anao. The town centers of
Anao and Nampicuan are adjacent, contributing to the moderate traffic jams in the area.
Schools, commercial areas, government buildings, and public parks serve as nodes along
these pathways. The population density in the area, indicated by factors like pedestrian
traffic, marketplaces, and community activities, also contributes to the moderate traffic
congestion. Diagram 5 below shows the Nampicuan- Nueva Ecija- Anao Road while 5.1 shows
live traffic flow at 7 am.

Figure 5: Nampicuan- Nueva Ecija- Anao Road

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 Figure 5.1: Anao Live Traffic at 7:00 am

To show approximation, there are no jeepneys available in Anao, Tarlac. The only
mode of transportation for locals is mainly served by two buses operating on the Manila-
Cuyapo route and vice versa, along with jeepneys that ply the Moncada-Cuyapo route.
While there are tricycle stations available in Paniqui, there is nothing in Anao. A "pogpog" on
the other hand, refers to a trailer pulled by a hand tractor with rubber tires is the only available
transit for locals. Tricycles and jeepneys are commonly used for transportation, particularly in
rural areas. With that information, traffic congestion is merely not the concern in the place but
inadequate public transportation for people. Anao road network lacks in public transport
terminal thus locals have no direct access to the city which also limits their access to essential
services. Therefore, the development of public transit terminals in Anao would be the suitable
course of action to improve the residents' quality of life and convenience. In the context of
socio-cultural factors, since the lifestyle of the community members in Anao depends on the
adequacy of transit in the area, Implementation of Road widening including the bike lanes for
national highways, standard pedestrian Lanes Signages, and the flow of surrounding structures
that will correspond to the socio-cultural needs of the community such as occurring festivals
are highly recommended. In addition to this, points of social gathering like waiting sheds,
benches and “walkable” open spaces should also be considered to promote community
building and well-being.

DISTRICT 1: CAMILING

Camiling, a rapidly growing town in Tarlac, is known for its rich cultural heritage and
being the "Old Lady in the Northwestern province of Tarlac." It is one of the oldest
municipalities created by the Spanish government under the province of Pangasinan and is
home to numerous cultural sites such as churches, ancestral houses, and ruins. However, the
baroque church of Camiling, one of the only two remaining Spanish churches in Tarlac, has
not been restored after 20 years due to a fire that burned its interior. The church has become
a cesspool for human waste, with the facade and buttresses occupied by business
establishments. Heritage advocates and locals have been campaigning for its restoration
since March 2018. Camiling is the major municipality in north-western Tarlac, bordering
Pangasinan province and serving as the gateway to central and western Pangasinan through
the Romulo Highway.

In 2020, the total population of Camiling based on the Philippine Statistics Authority was
87,317. It is one of the fastest growing of Tarlac in terms of economy and income. The first-class
municipality has public transportation access to Tarlac City specifically the main Terminal in
Barangay San Nicolas, Tarlac City. Students from Camiling to Tarlac State University and
students from Tarlac City to Tarlac Agricultural University are beneficial to both Institutions as
their daily transport. Enhancement of Public Transportation and infrastructure of Camiling can
elevate the comfortability of the commuters. Generally, Camiling only experiences light traffic,
and its possible causes are mainly from dense commercial structures. Since Camiling River is
near to the commercial spaces in the rural area, the intersection along the bridge may cause
heavy traffic alongside with the terminated roadway between the public market, commercial

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establishments and the public parks. Therefore, inclusions of pedestrians, bike lanes, and
adequate wayfinding nodes to modernize transportation and maintain the lifestyle of the
community aside from public transit enhancement. See Diagrams below.

Figure 6: Camiling during AM Rush Hours Figure 6.1: Camiling during PM Rush Hours

Further, Since Camiling is a first-class municipality, most necessary public spaces for the
community are readily available in the area. However, delays in road networks connecting
commercial establishments and public structures contribute to heavy traffic in the area. Thus,
implementing wider roads and bike lanes near high-economic structures could reduce
congestion. Creating inclusive sidewalks, comfortable waiting areas, and parking can
promote healthier interactions and reduce reliance on private vehicles. Also, Cultural
attractions such as the Maria Clara Museum, Camiling Catholic Church, Maria Clara Iglesias
Independiente, and Maria Clara Town Plaza serve as focal points for social interaction in
Caviling. However, these landmarks can also lead to increased population density, resulting in
overcrowding and heavy pedestrian traffic along the highway. That is why, It is essential to
ensure an efficient flow of social interactions from waiting areas to stations to manage crowds
effectively. Implementing time limitations for arrival and departure through public governance
can help reduce traffic congestion in the town proper, especially along routes to Tarlac City
and Pangasinan.

DISTRICT 1: MAYANTOC

Mayantoc is located at the western part of Tarlac, adjacent to the Zambales

mountain ranges and hills. The municipality has a land area of 311.42 square kilometers
or 120.24 square miles which constitutes 10.22% of Tarlac's total area. Its population as
determined by the 2020 Census was 32,597. This represented 2.17% of the total
population of Tarlac province, or 0.26% of the overall population of the Central Luzon
region. Based on these figures, the population density is computed at 105 inhabitants
per square kilometer or 271 inhabitants per square mile (Mayantoc – 1st District of Tarlac
n.d.).

Since Mayantoc is still not highly urbanized, the general traffic flow is light and the
cause of congestion is only through road conditions like Muddy and lack of concrete roads as
well as unfunctional traffic lights. Therefore, aside from improving road conditions, developing
roads with minimal environmental impact that provide access to rivers and waterfalls,
Mayantoc can transform its rivers and waterfall trekking spots into tourist destinations. This
initiative can not only attract tourists but also foster community interaction and improve the
lives of locals.

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 Figure 7: Mayantoc Map Figure 7.1: AM Rush Hours Figure 7.2: PM Rush Hours

As a conclusion, Anao, Camiling, and Mayantoc have similar traffic flow from their town
proper. The following common challenges related to traffic and public transportation are
prevalent within the three provinces. Traffic congestion among municipalities is primarily
caused by the zoning of public areas into commercial spaces, resulting in high pedestrian
traffic, limited access to road networks leading to Tarlac City, and insufficient inclusive
infrastructure. Anao, characterized by its low population density, lacks a public transportation
station. Consequently, residents rely heavily on private vehicles due to the inadequate
navigation of public vehicles, which has reduced their travel time. Conversely, as a first-class
municipality, Camiling requires more attention to passenger control and road enhancement
toward urban areas. While possessing significant landmarks contributing to its cultural heritage,
Camiling needs to address these to alleviate traffic congestion. Lastly, Mayantoc's lack of
development in concrete roads hampers safe navigation to its natural resources and tourist
attractions.

DISTRICT 1: MONCADA

Moncada, a municipality in Tarlac, Philippines, is known for its agriculture, particularly

rice and sugarcane. Since it is designed as cultivable land, the general traffic in the town is
light to moderate. Also, the town's historical road layout influences its current urban design,
reduces traffic issues. Tricycle transportation is available in the area and the said public market
have ingress and egress and has sufficient parking allotted for tricycle drivers. “The public
market sometimes experiences light to moderate traffic, especially from 6-7 am and 5-6 pm,
due to high shopper volume. But most of the time, poor road surfaces increase congestion,
despite the roads being wide.” (Dulce, from Moncada). Moncada only experiences heavy
traffic during special events due to roads being close. Therefore, alternative routes are
provided, see diagram below.

Figure 8: Moncada Map Figure 8.1: Road Figure 8.2: Alternative Route

Moreover, since in Moncada, many prominent locations are situated along the main
road, facilitating accessibility and visibility. However, this often leads to congestion as travelers
tend to park alongside the road, particularly in areas with high foot traffic. To address this
issue, enhancing the attractiveness of sidewalks and enforcing traffic and parking regulations
are crucial. Additionally, establishing bike lanes and pedestrian walkways can promote a
healthier and more interactive community, reducing reliance on cars.

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DISTRICT 1: PANIQUI

Paniqui is the sports center in northern part of Tarlac Province. It has a combined total
road network of more or less 218.232 km. of National, Provincial, Municipal and Barangay
roads. Since the roads are wide and provided by sidewalk, traffic is not really a problem in the
area. The only cause of congestion are intersections and parkings infront of infrastrctures that
blocks the roads and driveways.

Since traffic jams are not really a concern in Paniqui, the best way to promote walkable
spaces is to utilize the frontage of infrastructures by providing green spaces and outdoor
seating arrangements as point of gathering for community interaction.

Figure 9: Paniqui Map Figure 9.1: Cause of Delay Figure 9.2: Alternative Route

DISTRICT 1: PURA

The Municipality of Pura is a found at the northeastern side of Tarlac Province abutting
the municipality of Guimba in the Province of Nueva Ecija It covers a land area of 3,142.00
hectares or 31.42 square kilometers, representing 1.02% of the total provincial area. It is
composed of sixteen barangays, with Poblacion 1, 2, and 3 classified as urban areas and the
remaining barangays classified as rural areas (Municipality of Pura, 2023).

Due to its small population and predominantly agricultural land use, Pura, Tarlac
experiences light traffic flow, with no congestion occurring on most days. Pura is a tranquil
town known for its vast tracts of farmland and a population engaged mainly in agriculture. Its
small size and rural character contribute to the smooth flow of traffic, with jams being rare
occurrences. Light to heavy Traffic only occur in public market due to massive amount of
shoppers. With this information, the only appropriate action to even more elevate the lives of
locals is to Improve the appeal of sidewalks and ensuring strict enforcement of traffic and
parking rules are essential. Furthermore, creating bike lanes and pedestrian pathways can
foster a healthier, more engaged community, lessening dependence on automobiles.
Introducing more open spaces, such as community gardens, include community gardens,
farmers' markets, public art installations, outdoor fitness areas, and cultural events not only
enhance the quality of life for residents but also foster a sense of community pride and
ownership in their neighborhood.

Figure 10: Pura Map Figure 10.1: Market Place

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DISTRICT 1: RAMOS

The municipality of Pura covers 24.40 square kilometers or 9.42 square miles, accounting
for 0.80% of Tarlac's total area. According to the 2020 Census, its population was 22,879,
making up 1.52% of Tarlac province's total population and 0.18% of the overall population of
the Central Luzon region.

As indicated, the area has a low to moderate population density and is predominantly
green, which contributes to a smoother flow of traffic and shorter travel times. The sparse
population reduces congestion and allows for easier movement within the area. Only light to
moderate congestion is experienced in the intersection near marketplace. So, to make this
low-density town walkable while considering socio-cultural factors, urban planning should
focus on creating a pedestrian-friendly environment that aligns with the community's lifestyle
and values. Development parks, plazas, and green spaces that serve as gathering places and
encourage social interaction, making walking more enjoyable is to be prioritized in Ramos,
Tarlac.

Figure 11: Pura Map Figure 11.1: Road/Intersection

In summary, Paniqui, Pura, and Ramos in Tarlac, Philippines, face common traffic
challenges around their public markets and schools. While Paniqui and Pura experience
congestion due to economic activities and historical significance, Ramos faces similar issues
despite its smaller population. All three towns share agricultural heritage and historical
landmarks. To address traffic concerns, improving public transportation and implementing
traffic management measures are crucial. These efforts can enhance the quality of life in
these communities through effective urban planning tailored to their specific needs.

DISTRICT 1: SAN CLEMENTE

Tucked away in the heart of Luzon Island, San Clemente thrives as a farming
community in Tarlac province, Philippines. Blessed with fertile land and a perfect climate, rice
fields flourish around the town. In San Clemente, traffic congestion is a common issue,
especially in the town center, which sees a significant increase in traffic volume during peak
hours, with all these numerous shops and people around. During market days and weekends,
traffic tends to be heavier around public markets and commercial zones due to increased
activity and pedestrian traffic. Schools also contribute to the congestion during drop-off and
pick-up times. Heavy traffic volume on major roads passing through town is another factor
that can lead to slowdowns. Furthermore, bus terminals, jeepney stops, and tricycle stations
often experience temporary backups as vehicles maneuvers for passengers.

With this, accessibility of public transit is also a concern in the place which limits the
options of locals due lack of choices and ineffective systems, such as unreliable schedules
and overcrowded vehicles, make public transportation unappealing to many residents. As a
result, more people opt for private vehicles, which exacerbates the traffic issues that San
Clemente is attempting to address. Thus, understanding these typical congestion points and
inadequate mass transit can help San Clemente develop specific solutions to improve quality
of lives of the community.

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 Also, San Clemente's communities experience traffic congestion differently due to
variations in their physical layout and design. To improve their resilience, design solutions
should not be a one-size-fits-all approach. Instead, better to consider each community's
unique land use patterns, transportation infrastructure, and even its cultural identity to create
a more useful and context-sensitive strategy. Additionally, commuting habits, preferred
transportation modes, and individual accessibility needs all vary across different communities.
To create truly effective solutions, urban design must be sensitive to these diverse realities. This
means prioritizing affordability, ensuring accessibility for all, and keeping cultural and historical
preferences in mind. So to address this concert in San Clemente, a multifaceted approach is
necessary. This includes managing peak hours in busy areas, collaborating with markets and
schools for better traffic planning, encouraging alternative transportation methods,
implementing long-term solutions like mixed-use development projects and smart parking
management, and utilizing technology such as real-time traffic lights. Encouraging alternative
transportation is key too. Wider sidewalks, bike lanes, and more frequent buses and jeepneys,
along with exploring ride-sharing options, give people more choices. . By implementing a
combination of these strategies and promoting public awareness about responsible driving
and alternative transportation, San Clemente can create a smoother traffic flow for everyone.

Figure 12: San Clemente Map Figure 12.1: Intersection &Commercial Figure12.2 Publc Transpo
Areas within town proper during peak hours

Figure 12.3: Market Place Figure 12.4: School Zone Figure 12.5: Alternative Route

DISTRICT 1: SAN MANUEL

San Manuel, a Philippine municipality in Tarlac province, sits strategically along the
MacArthur Highway. This key location makes San Manuel a vital junction point, connecting it
to neighboring towns and fostering movement throughout the region. The primary road in San
Manuel is the MacArthur Highway, which intersects with barangay roads connecting various
parts of the municipality.

Traffic flow in San Manuel has its challenges. The main road, MacArthur Highway, can
get jammed, especially at intersections with smaller roads. Similarly, the town center with its
shops and busy crossroads can get congested during peak hours. Traffic can also build up on
major roads connecting San Manuel to other towns. Public transportation hubs with limited
options or overcrowding, school zones during drop-off and pick-up times, and even shopping
centers during peak hours can all experience congestion. As public transportation is not really
a major concern, it holds significant potential for improvement. A multi-faceted approach
can unlock this potential. Increased service frequency for jeepneys and buses will reduce
wait times, while route optimization ensures residents reach their destinations efficiently.
Upgrading public transport infrastructure – including bus stops, signage, and potentially
dedicated lanes – will enhance the user experience. Additionally, promoting alternative
modes of transportation like cycling and carpooling through incentive programs can not only
reduce traffic congestion but also offer residents greater flexibility.

Architectural Planning 2: Traffic Congestion and Inadequate Public Transportation

13
 So, development of more walkable and bikeable community by incorporating smart
urban design principles. Imagine wider sidewalks, designated bike lanes, and public
transportation having its own dedicated space on the road, allowing for faster commutes.
This, combined with planning neighborhoods where shops, workplaces, and residences are
closer together, can reduce car dependence and traffic congestion. Further, this issue all boils
down to the past or history of San Manuel. Traditional architecture often focused on creating
compact neighborhoods with efficient transportation networks, which helped manage similar
challenges. By learning from these historical approaches, San Manuel can develop modern
solutions that not only ease traffic but also celebrate the town's unique character.

Figure 13: San Clemente Map Figure 13.1: Town Center Figure 13.2: Public Transportation
The central area of San Manuel

Figure 13.3: Main Roads & Intersection Figure 13.4: School Zone Figure 13.5: Commercial
Zone

Figure 13.6:Peripheral Road Figure 13.7: San Manuel- Camiling Rd. Figure 13.8: Inner Roads
As Alternative Road Sta. Maria- San Manuel Road

DISTRICT 1: SANTA IGNACIA

Santa Ignacia is a thriving town in Tarlac, known for being a significant producer and
processor of organic food. It covers an area of 146.07 square kilometers, making up 4.79% of
Tarlac's total area. As of the 2020 Census, Santa Ignacia had a population of 51,626,
accounting for 3.43% of Tarlac province's total population.

In Santa Ignacia, traffic congestion is caused by various factors. The main expressway,
TPLEX, carries a significant amount of traffic, particularly during peak travel times, leading to
congestion at entry and exit points. The town center, with its numerous shops and businesses,
experiences congestion during busy hours, especially when parking is limited. Issues with public
transportation, such as crowded bus stops or limited options, can also contribute to more
people driving, worsening the congestion. Additionally, school drop-off/pick-up times and

Architectural Planning 2: Traffic Congestion and Inadequate Public Transportation

14
peak shopping hours at crowded markets add to the traffic congestion. Understanding these
common causes can help Santa Ignacia develop targeted solutions to improve traffic flow
throughout the town. While there are jeepneys, tricycles, and buses, Sta. Ignacia's smaller size
might mean there are fewer rides overall, leading to longer waits and crowded vehicles.
Availability can also vary depending on location, leaving some areas with limited options.
Infrastructure projects can disrupt things further. Even with these choices, tricycles and
jeepneys might fill up fast, especially during peak hours. Public transportation itself can
contribute to congestion too, with poorly managed terminals or unreliable schedules leading
people to use cars instead.

To enhance public transportation in Sta. Ignacia, several strategies could be employed.

Optimizing existing routes to cover underserved areas is essential. Developing designated
waiting areas and improving management at bus terminals and jeepney stops can reduce
congestion caused by pick-up/drop-off maneuvers. Collaborating with TPLEX authorities to
improve traffic flow at entry and exit points, widen lanes, and optimize traffic lights on major
roads is beneficial. Increasing public transportation frequency, exploring ride-sharing options,
and creating a park-and-ride system on the town's outskirts can encourage the use of public
transportation over private vehicles. Establishing a network of bike lanes and promoting
carpooling with better parking management in the town center are additional strategies to
consider.

Figure 14: Santa Ignacia Map Figure 14.1: Town Center Figure 14.2: Public Transportation

Figure 14.3: Main Roads & Intersection Figure 14.4: School Zone Figure 14.5: Commercial Zone

Figure 14.6: Secondary Roads as Alternative Figure 14.7: Bypass Route Figure 14.8: Local Streets
Carangian – La Paz Jose Abad Santos Rd. J.P. Rizal St. or Gen. Luna St.

In Summary, San Clemente struggles with congestion near public markets, schools, and
narrow roads along the National Highway, exacerbated by limited alternative routes and
infrequent public transportation. To alleviate this, widening roads, improving traffic
management at key intersections, and increasing the frequency and reliability of jeepneys
and buses while optimizing their routes can be beneficial. While San Manuel, congestion
occurs at the critical junction of MacArthur Highway and Barangay Road due to heavy traffic
volume and limited management measures. Inadequate parking facilities near commercial

Architectural Planning 2: Traffic Congestion and Inadequate Public Transportation

15
areas and government offices worsen the situation. Implementing traffic lights or roundabouts
at key intersections, improving road infrastructure, and developing designated parking areas
can help. Enhancing public transportation frequency and infrastructure can provide residents
with viable alternatives to private vehicles. Santa Ignacia faces congestion at TPLEX entry and
exit points, especially during weekends and holidays, due to limited capacity. Expanding
TPLEX capacity at these points, implementing traffic management strategies to improve flow
during peak periods, and promoting alternative modes of transportation can address this issue.
Enhancing public transportation options and integrating urban design principles that prioritize
transit-oriented development and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure can further reduce
dependence on private vehicles.

To conclude, addressing traffic congestion and inadequate public transportation in San

Clemente, San Manuel, and Santa Ignacia requires targeted interventions that consider the
unique challenges and opportunities of each location. By implementing these tailored
solutions, these Tarlac towns can move towards a more efficient and equitable transportation
system for their residents.

DISTRICT 2: GERONA

The second district of Tarlac is more populated and business-centric compared to the
first district. This higher population and business activity contribute significantly to the flow of
cars and traffic in the area. Among this is Gerona, which is among the 17 municipalities in
Tarlac province. It covers an area of 141.47 square kilometers, consisting of both plain and
rugged agricultural land, accounting for 4.63% of the province's total area.

Since Gerona has a significant landmass and a relatively large population, issues
related to public transit and traffic congestion are more evident in the area. The cause of
congestion is mainly due to lack of community spaces, such as outdoor benches particularly
in Gerona, Plaza Without adequate seating areas, people may be more likely to linger in
areas where they can sit, such as sidewalks, which can obstruct pedestrian pathways and
add to the congestion in the area. Providing more community spaces with benches and
seating areas can help alleviate this issue by giving people a designated place to gather and
socialize, reducing the tendency to linger in congested areas. Moreover, since MacArthur
Highway serves as the main route in Gerona, it often experiences congestion, particularly at
intersections with smaller roads. The town center, with its shops and bustling crossroads, can
also become crowded during peak hours. Additionally, major routes connecting Gerona to
neighboring towns can be congested with traffic. So, to eliminate this issue, Gerona can build
a more inclusive transportation network by creating a people centered system that is
inexpensive, simple for everyone to use, and even takes cultural preferences like bike lanes to
reduce car dependency.

Figure 15: Market Place Figure 15.1: Plaza Figure 15.2: Road and Intersection

DISTRICT 2: SAN JOSE

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16
 San Jose is an agricultural town where rice, vegetables, hogs, poultry and egg are the
primary products. It is also the largest municipality of the province in terms of land area.
Despite its size, traffic flow in this area is generally light because its main livelihood is
agriculture. It is not highly urbanized and has fewer infrastructures, which is why congestion is
not a significant concern. However, with this aspect the major problem in the municipality is
the lack of accessible public transportation due to its vast mountainous terrain. This difficulty in
traveling to different places limits people's access to necessities and encourages
dependence on private vehicles.
Therefore, the development of public transit terminals could help improve the lives of people
in San Jose. Additionally, urban planning strategies such as creating more walkable spaces
with bike lanes could utilize the available spaces more effectively. The integration of wide
sidewalks or pedestrian zones may be hampered by the town's current layout, orientation,
and even historical character. Jose In order to establish shared spaces for automobiles,
cyclists, and pedestrians while fostering a more walkable neighborhood, this could entail
adopting traffic calming measures in specific areas or using traditional materials in pedestrian
zones. Enhancing community interaction by adding outdoor seating and shelters can benefit
both residents and tourists in San Jose, especially considering its popularity as a tourist
destination and renowned spot for riders. These improvements can contribute to the overall
convenience and enjoyment of the community and visitors alike. Additionally, implementing
public art installations or community garden and green spaces can further enhance the
area's appeal and sense of community.

Figure 16: Tarlac City – San Jose via Tibag-Burgos Rd Figure 16.1: Bypass Road Tarlac City – San Jose
via Tibag-Burgos Rd
DISTRICT 2: VICTORIA

Victoria is an agricultural town where farming practices play a vital role in its economy
and livelihood. The municipality covers an area of 111.51 square kilometers, making up 3.66%
of Tarlac's total area. According to the 2020 Census, it has a population of 69,370, accounting
for 4.61% of Tarlac province's total population. Traffic congestion and public transport
issues in the town are mainly attributed to factors such as the overall condition of
roads, the lack of waiting sheds, and the presence of several intersections, particularly
at Rizal Street. Problems like road noise, potholes, and unclear traffic signs can lead to
erratic driving behavior and potential vehicle damage. Improving road signage and
road conditions could help create a safer and more efficient traffic flow, especially at
intersections.

The Victoria Exit on TPLEX may not be a significant concern for drivers,
commuters, and residents. Those using the exit typically head east on McArthur
Highway toward Victoria town or Guimba, Nueva Ecija. Rizal Street serves as the main
road in Victoria, providing access to various facilities and serving as a route to Tarlac
City and Guimba, Nueva Ecija. The street experiences heavy traffic on Fridays during
rush hours, primarily due to road conditions and numerous intersections that lead to
frequent crossings. Also, The road connecting Victoria to Licab, which then leads to
Guimba, Nueva Ecija, is considered the lightest and fastest route to Calibungan
Elementary School, Guimba, and Tarlac City.

To address the issue of increasing traffic safety, studies that evaluate driving
patterns and determine how road conditions affect the likelihood of an accident must
be taken into consideration. The association between the components of road

Architectural Planning 2: Traffic Congestion and Inadequate Public Transportation

17
conditions and indicators of the driver's functional status was established based on the
completed studies. The ideal speed is determined for a range of road circumstances.
The driver's activity dependability serves as the optimality criterion. The acquired results
serve as the foundation for the creation of policies intended to maximize the mobility
of environmental elements and useful techniques for estimating accident damage
under dynamic operating settings.

Figure 16: Victoria Exit in TPLEX Figure 16.1: Victoria Exit in TPLEX

Figure 16.2: Main Road- Rizal St. Figure 16.3: Main Road- Rizal St.

Figure 16.4: Victoria-Licab Road Figure 16.5: Victoria-Licab Road

Figure 16.6: Road Condition Figure 16.7: Road Condition

Architectural Planning 2: Traffic Congestion and Inadequate Public Transportation

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DISTRICT 3: BAMBAN

The southernmost point of Tarlac Province is where Bamban is situated. Agriculture is a

good use for the large area of level ground on the eastern side. A large number of Bambans
work as farmers in this area. The general Traffic flow in mc Arthur highway in bamban has been
always expressed as number of vehicles in a road per unit duration of one hour. Heavy traffic
at weekends and congestion occur when peak hours during morning, lunch time and
evening. Major traffics in bamban happened at the stop light at the front of 7/11 located at
Kanto Pagasa Anupul Bamban Tarlac. The amount of vehicles pass through the road are not
more than 30 per mile that avoid congestion flow in bamban.

The traffic congestion in Bamban is primarily caused by the presence of new

commercial buildings around the intersection. These buildings attract a large number of
customers, leading to frequent use of the intersection by patrons. Similarly, near the municipal
hall, new establishments like Jollibee, McDonald's, and other commercial buildings contribute
to the congestion.

To address traffic congestion caused by new infrastructures Bamban, best solution to

lessen this is to improved road design around new developments to accommodate increased
traffic, such as adding turning lanes, widening roads, and improving traffic signal timings. As
well Promote alternative transportation options like biking, walking, and public transit by
providing dedicated lanes and improving connectivity to reduce reliance on cars.

Figure 17: Roads and Intersection Figure 17.1: Alternative Routes

DISTRICT 3: CAPAS

The Municipality of Capas, one of Tarlac's oldest towns founded in 1712, covers a total
area of 43,148.55 hectares. Approximately 46.24% of the area consists of rolling to hilly lands,
while the remainder is plain to mountainous terrain. Despite the rapid pace of urbanization,
the municipality remains predominantly agricultural.

The general traffic flow in Capas, Tarlac, is typically influenced by several factors,
including the town's road infrastructure, population density, and economic activities. As Capas
is predominantly an agricultural town, traffic flow may vary depending on the time of day and
the season, with heavier traffic expected during peak agricultural activities such as planting or
harvesting seasons. Additionally, Capas serves as a gateway to Mount Pinatubo, a popular
tourist destination, which can also impact traffic flow, especially during weekends or holidays.
Overall, while traffic flow in Capas may not be as congested as in more urbanized areas, it
can still experience fluctuations based on various factors. Particularly, the front of the
Dominican College of Tarlac (DCT) and the public market, where congestion is common
during peak morning and afternoon hours. The most crowded area for traffic in Capas is at
Junction Capas, where the intersection and stoplight are located.

Also, pedestrian crossings are a significant contributor to traffic congestion. The

presence of facilities like the public market and college building near intersections forces
pedestrians to cross the road, leading to vehicles slowing down or stopping. This interruption in
traffic flow causes vehicles to queue up. Additionally, the district's overpopulation adds to the
congestion issues. To address traffic congestion in Capas, urban planning strategies can focus
on road expansion and improvement, such as widening existing roads and improving road
infrastructure. Also, parking management strategies like designated parking zones and parking

Architectural Planning 2: Traffic Congestion and Inadequate Public Transportation

19
fees can deter unnecessary car usage and alleviate congestion in commercial zones.
Additionally, incorporating open spaces into infrastructure planning to create more walkable
areas can further reduce reliance on vehicles and enhance overall mobility.

Figure 18: Roads and Intersection Figure 18.1: Alternative Routes

DISTRICT 3: CONCEPCION

Concepcion, Tarlac, is a rural town with a significant portion of its land used for
agriculture and a relatively lower population density compared to urban areas. The general
traffic flow here varies depending on factors such as the time of day, week, and local
events. However, as a rural area, traffic flow in Concepcion is typically lighter
compared to urban areas. Traffic congestion is less common, and major traffic issues
are usually limited to peak hours or specific events. The car flow has been consistently
smooth, primarily due to the limited number of roads and the low volume of vehicles
during non-peak hours. Congestion only occurs at the public market, where a
significant number of vehicles pass through the district as well as due to lack of
terminals and public parking. Therefore, the major necessity of this municipality is to
have specific zoning for public transportation terminals and open spaces where
people can interact.

Figure 18: Roads and Intersection Figure 18.1: Alternative Routes

DISTRICT 3: LAPAZ

Lapaz, Tarlac, is classified as a rural area, characterized by its agricultural

emphasis, it overs a total land area of 11,433 hectares (28,250 acres), accounting for
2.34% of the entire provincial area. Generally, it experiences smooth traffic flow, with
congestion being less common compared to urban areas. Traffic conditions may vary
depending on the time of day and any ongoing events or roadworks. Also, since most
of the vehicles are going north, it does not really cause too much congestion in the
place. The only moderate jams Lap az experience is in their Town plaza due to narrow
roads and inadequate parking.

Figure 19: Roads and Intersection Figure 19.1: Alternative Routes

Architectural Planning 2: Traffic Congestion and Inadequate Public Transportation

20
 As a summary, despite the provinces of Tarlac having different population
numbers and lifestyles ranging from rural to urban, they share similar issues. In District 1,
which is mostly rural with cultivable lands, traffic congestion is not a significant
problem. However, the lack of public transportation encourages private vehicle
ownership. District 2, with a higher population density but still focused on agriculture
and fewer infrastructures, manages traffic congestion relatively well. District 3, being
more urbanized with a business center, faces significant traffic congestion issues that
impact daily life. These differences highlight the need for tailored solutions to address
traffic congestion based on the unique characteristics of each district.

DISTRICT 2: TARLAC CITY

Additionally, Tarlac City was not included in the discussion despite being a part of
District 2. This is because the research aims to concentrate on Tarlac City as the capital of
Tarlac where it is the primary hub for commerce and business in the province, making it a
bustling urban center with significant infrastructure.

For additional information, Tarlac Province as the bypass road to other provinces: The
province of Tarlac in Central Luzon is really not known for tourism. In fact, some people even
dub it, jokingly, as the toilet stop of Luzon—the area being frequented only by motorist
needing to relieve themselves on their way to another province. But visiting Tarlac opened the
eyes to its many tourist spots and food places unknown to most travelers in the country. Tarlac
has a lot of tourism potential—it has historical places, museums, adventure parks, religious
destinations, hiking and biking trails, waterfalls, and gastronomic places.

Tarlac City is the usual bus stop for commuters traveling from the South to the
Ilocos Region and Cordillera provinces. Bus companies that take a route through the city
include Pangasinan Solid North Transit, Inc., Dagupan Bus Company, Philippine Rabbit, Victory
Liner, Five Star, First North Luzon Transit, Luzon Cisco Transport, Genesis, Santrans, Viron Transit,
Partas, and many others. Many of the bus companies' rest stops can be found along
MacArthur Highway including Siesta and Motorway.

Being a fast-rising economic powerhouse in the region, the city offers several
advantages to business locators. It is adjacent to several other large urban centers of Central
Luzon and is traversed by the National Highway and is the endpoint of the new Subic-Clark-
Tarlac Expressway (SCTEx). With this information, it is very evident that Tarlac City experiences
daily congestion issues. This traffic problem likely impacts the city's residents, businesses, and
overall quality of life. The following information are specific points where car flow is heavy and
bottleneck is intense.

McArthur Highway
− Location: U turn slot in front of SM Tarlac & Tessie's grill
− Traffic is observe at 10:00 am to 2:00 pm and 4:00 pm to 7:00 pm
− Route: North to South, vice versa

Roads and Intersection in McArthur Highway

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21
 • The graphic indicates that the most likely traffic flow will be from the south to the north,
from the Sogo Hotel or the Y-Intersection (traffic signals) to SM Tarlac and the U-turn slot.
Additionally, the traffic flow is impacted by the road/canal under development.
• The U-turn slot in front of the SM is the first issue. It is the reason for the high traffic
because drivers heading north will drop-off their passengers in front of the SM drop-off,
and automobiles entering the SM entrance will cross the road and disrupt drivers
heading south. On this road, which typically runs from south to north, the most traffic is
during events like Christmas rush, holiday sales, and other occasions.
• Second, there aren't any drop-ins or drop-outs below the SM Tarlac overpass. In
addition to the U-turn slot error, other jeepney drivers frequently drop off and pick up
people in the middle of the road. This is because there is not enough room for the
jeepneys to drop off passengers correctly.
• The Modern Jeep (Gerona/Paniqui/Moncada) comes in third. The driver and their
parking near Petron delays heading north due to its maneuvering after dumping the
passengers, navigating, and crossing the other alternate road. Lastly, there are not any
bike lanes, pedestrian walkways, or green spaces. This can enhance traffic flow, reduce
air pollution, emit less carbon dioxide, provide shade, and provide oxygen to all.

Alternative Routes: Bypass Road( Creek Side) Bypass Road (San Vicente)

In terms of its public transportation, there are ample transit available on both sides of
the road. In fact, lots of them that can hold passengers and commuters. However,
One significant problem contributing to congestion is the lack of sufficient loading and
unloading zones. While there is a designated area in front of SM for these purposes, the
absence of a similar zone on the opposite route heading north forces vehicles to travel further
to make a U-turn contributing to the congestion.

Current Tranportation Terminal

Zamora Street & Romulo Boulevard

− Citywalk, TSU Main rear, & commercial stalls
− Traffic jam is observed at 7:00 am to 8:00 am, 12:00 noon, and 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm.
− Route: SouthEast to NorthWest, viceversa

• Assessing the map, it appears that traffic may move most heavily from the northwest to
the southeast and vice versa. Initially traveling to the northwest and coming across the
Iglesia ni Cristo, Tarlac West Elem. The Y-Intersection between MH Del Pilar St. and the
school may cause delays between 7:00 and 8:00 in the morning. Following that, there
may be delays during school hours when approaching Zamora St. (the business
building), in front of CityWalk Tarlac, and the Y-Intersection leading to the parking lot
behind TSU Main Campus. The frequent Y-intersections where the route is narrow
present the first issue.

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 • Secondly, there is a lack of significant drop-off and pick-up activity in front of Tarlac
West Elementary School and Citywalk. However, this absence of activity does not
alleviate traffic delays, as jeepney drivers often stop abruptly in the middle of the street,
contributing to congestion.
• Laslty, there is not enough parking for the business stalls and Citywalk, and the only way
to get to it is via the busiest route during rush hour and school hours. This results in
unlawful parking spaces and waiting areas. It also lack of overpasses and no
designated pedestrian lanes, which can lead to unsafe crossings and accidents plus
the Insuffiencent ike lanes or green spaces.

Zamora St. & Romulo Blvd. Alternative Route Hilario Street & P. Burgos Street
Romulo Boulevard & Macabulos Drive

With regards to public transporation, it is mostly accessible upon both sides of the road
since there are availble terminals. The issue lies on the lack of loading and unloading zones,
which contributes to traffic congestion. The primary source of traffic jams is the absence of a
zone for jeep terminals, a footbridge, and open open areas for community interacion
because the less open areas, the more it promotes private vehicle reliance.

Current public transportation terminals

Romulo Blvd, P. Burgos St. & Ninoy Aquino Blvd.

− Location: Dike/Tarlac River
− Traffic jam is observed at 7:00 am to 9:00 am, 12:00 noon and 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm.
− Route: North to Southeast, vice versa

• Examining the map, one can observe that there are two (2) bottleneck paths, the first
of which begins at Romulo Blvd. - P. Aquino Bridge, Burgos Street, San Isidro. From San
Isidro, travel south via Aquino Bridge, Ninoy Aquino Boulevard, Zamora Street, and
finally, Citywalk Tarlac.
• Concentrating on the issue and paying attention to the Aquino Bridge's narrow, two-
way road, which requires enlargement to become a four-way road, because the
bridge serves as a major route for access to Santa Ignacia, San Jose, Camiling, and
Pangasinan, among other towns.
• Rotonda is a preferable choice to turning it into an intersection where people would
have to wait 120 seconds and worry about whether it will modify P. Because Burgos
Street slopes towards Rotondo, traffic from Romulo Blvd. and F. Tanendo St. will be
diverted by a traffic light.
• Finally, once the road has been widened, it has been expanded to include bike lanes,
pedestrian walkways, and landscaping. encouraging low-carbon emissions to reduce
air pollution, provide shade for drivers and pedestrians, and enhance traffic flow.

Architectural Planning 2: Traffic Congestion and Inadequate Public Transportation

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Romulo Blrvrd. P Burgos & N.Aquino Agana Bridge & Romulo Blvrd. Agana Bridge & Aquino Bridge

In terms of public transportation, there are variety of public transport accessible

upon both sides of the road. A multiple of tricycle, jeeps, and buses that can hold
passengers and commuters from point to point, however one of the issues is the narrow
road of the bridge which is a two-way road only and there's no proper loading and
unloading zones which contributes to traffic congestion. To implemented a four way
road of Aquino bridge, footbridge & pedestrian and to connect the loading and
unloading on both sides of the street to not affect the traffic flow.

In Summary, there are a lot of places or points where congestion is at most in Tarlac
city. Despite having adequate amount of public transportation, it still becomes inefficient due
to traffic caused by lack of proper zoning for loading and unloading as well as pedestrian. So
through urban design it is essential to Plan roadways that accommodates various modes
of transportation, such as public transit, walking, and cycling, ensuring that safety and
efficiency are paramount for all users.

III.SYNTHESIS
Results and Discussion

The researchers have conducted an interview among the tricycle drivers at Tarlac State
University- College of Architecture and Fine Arts Toda regarding traffic congestion in Tarlac
City.

The drivers have identified the bridge, Citywalk, and the main TSU as the most
congested areas during rush hours. They have also mentioned that this traffic congestion is
affecting their livelihoods, as they have to wait for at least 30 minutes on every route, even
though the distance could normally be covered in a maximum of 15 minutes. Therefore, the
drivers have suggested the following solutions:

Public Governance- They want traffic officers to arrive at the intersection as early as possible
to prevent traffic jams. They also wanted to implement truck ban in the bridge since it is only
two-way road which means, a single truck could cover so much of the way causes
congestion.

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Propose urban design solutions- constructing a footbridge in the main TSU area to segregate
pedestrians and prevent road blockages caused by students. Additionally, for a long-term
solution, one driver suggests relocating new commercial and government agencies to the
other side of San Isidro to reduce congestion since establishments are packed closely together
where roads are narrow, and parking are insufficient.

Design Process and Solution

Upon analyzing the given data and information and have taken account the
experiences of the locals, the researchers want to propose the following solutions regarding
the problems of traffic congestion and inadequate public transportation.

Urban design solutions like designing the streets to accommodate all modes of
transportation, including pedestrians, cyclists, and public transit. This may involve adding bike
lanes, wider sidewalks, and improved access to public transportation stops. This includes
pedestrian-friendly infrastructure like cross walks and pedestrian bridges, to encourage walking
and reduce reliance on cars. Of course, traffic calming measures such as speed bumps,
roundabouts, and narrower streets to reduce vehicle speeds and improve safety for
pedestrians and cyclists. Lastly, the green spaces integration and parks into urban areas to
provide recreational areas and improve air quality. Green spaces can also act as buffers
between residential areas and busy roads. Along with this is the sustainable design practices,
such as green building standards and energy-efficient infrastructure, to reduce the
environmental impact of urban development.

Public governance includes the ordinances and regulations regarding proper parking,
loading – unloading truck bans and such can be a huge help to reduce congestion.it includes
regular monitoring and evaluation the performance of public transportation systems and road
conditions to identify areas for improvement and ensure that resources are used effectively.
Diagrams below are following course actions proposed by the researchers:

CITYWALK

City Walk Tarlac in Zamora Street intersection has a level of flow of traffic where
vehicles are in extremely low speeds caused by intersection congestion that’s why the
researchers conclude that road widening is one of the solutions to minimize the traffic flow in
a certain area. Moreover, city walk is a street area putting up pedestrian for specific zones of
a road make the street more accessible and walkability that can reduce traffic emissions,
relieve traffic congestion, improve physical health, and support the well-being of society
(Pucher and Buehler, 2010; Lawlor et al., 2003; Lo, 2009; Elias and Shiftan, 2012).

Road Widening - Road widening will help the city alleviate congestion in urban areas,
Leading to improved traffic flow and reduced travel times. It also contributes to the overall
development of the countryside, creating opportunities for economic growth outside of major
cities.
Pedestrian Lanes-Pedestrian Lane in city walk Zamora Street in Tarlac is a must needed
to make the road more organized and accessible in area it also help to reduce the risk for
pedestrians attempting to cross the road and can help to slow approaching traffic speeds. 1
pedestrian in front of the city walk and 1 for drop off area.
Bike lanes -Separated cycle paths in the street particularly ease congestion for those
who need to use cars. So, if the goal is to reduce traffic congestion for cars in cities, then we
need more cycling lanes, not less.” And also eradicate that bike lanes and other forms of
bicycle infrastructure can lead to a decrease in traffic congestion and greenhouse gas
emissions.

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 Unloading and Loading area - Proposed improving loading and unloading area in front
of the City Walk to reduce factors of traffic in the city. It makes also the city well organized by
implementing this solution the congestion caused by delivery vehicles parking directly on
traffic lanes can be minimized.

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SM TARLAC

Meanwhile, Traffic congestion around SM Tarlac City is likely worsened by the

inadequacy of public transportation infrastructure. While jeepneys and tricycles offer
convenient transportation, the absence of designated loading zones, jeep terminals, and
footbridges leads to disorganized passenger pick-up and drop-off, hindering traffic flow and
creating safety hazards for pedestrians. Implementing these infrastructure improvements
would significantly improve traffic flow and pedestrian safety near SM Tarlac City.

A multi-pronged approach is necessary to address traffic congestion and improve

public transportation around SM Tarlac City. Implementing designated loading and unloading
zones for public transportation on both sides of the road, along with constructing additional
pedestrian lanes and dedicated bike lanes where needed, would further improve traffic flow
and offer safer, more convenient options for commuters.

Furthermore, incorporating planting strips as traffic lane separators would promote

better traffic management. While existing footbridges near SM Tarlac City provide some level
of pedestrian safety, a comprehensive review of their placement and usage could be
beneficial. Strategically adding additional footbridges, particularly in high-traffic areas, could
significantly enhance pedestrian safety and encourage their use. Additional solutions can be
explored is a dedicated shuttle service operating within a designated route around SM Tarlac
City to reduce reliance on personal vehicles further.

A comprehensive traffic management plan that discourages private car use during
peak hours, potentially through congestion pricing or parking limitations, could incentivize the
use of public transportation and alternative modes of commuting. Strict enforcement of
designated loading/unloading zones and pedestrian crossings would further ensure the
effectiveness of these measures. Utilizing its façade into a more walkable and community
friendly design promotes the locals to reduce car reliance.

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TSU MAIN

The congestion around TSU Main is primarily due to inadequate parking and a shortage
of loading and unloading zones. Additionally, there is insufficient parking for business stalls and
Citywalk, forcing vehicles to use the busiest route during rush hour and school hours. This leads
to illegal parking which causes delay as well as overcrowding in the streets.

Loading & unloading zone- To prevent loading and unloading of passengers in the
middle of highway or street which causes traffic congestion and specify the right drop-on and
drop-off zone.
Bike lanes -To promote low carbon emission or clean & green transportation, health
awareness, and zero-cost transportation.
Covered walkways -Will attract people to walk and travel by walking because of the
shade that can block UV rays and rain and prevent jaywalking.
Trees as separators & plants as dividers -A separation between the other road & vehicles,
bikers & commuters. It will also help the environment to absorb the carbon dioxide. Shading is
the primary use of trees.
Waiting area with shed-It will function as shade to the commuters with benches and a
zone of safety that will block the UV rays and rain.
Pedestrian lane-A lane that will give rights to the commuters to cross the road. Specific
pedestrian lanes by zones to prevent traffic.

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An introduction to Manila’s traffic congestion issue – Politics of Urban Manila. (n.d.).

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Philippine Automotive Aftermarket. (2023, September 28). International Trade Administration |

Santos, R. (2022, May 31). Can We Make Manila More Walkable? Www.vice.com.
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