Kubernetes cluster for AI based Applications

Dr. S. Padmavathi Manoj A Mithul Kannan K R

Professor, Information Technology Information Technology
Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering,
Madurai, India Madurai, India Madurai, India

Aravinth S
Information Technology
Thiagarajar College of Engineering,
Madurai, India

Abstract—This paper presents a comprehensive study of the that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of
use of Kubernetes clusters for deploying and managing AI-based containerized applications. It provides a unified management
applications. The rise of AI has led to an increased demand interface for the entire application infrastructure, simplify-
for scalable and efficient infrastructure that can handle large
amounts of data and computation. Kubernetes, as an open-source ing the management of complex applications. Additionally,
container orchestration system, has emerged as a popular choice Kubernetes provides built-in fault tolerance and self-healing
for deploying and managing containerized applications, including capabilities, ensuring that the applications remain operational
AI workloads. The paper discusses the key features of Kubernetes even in the event of failures or errors.
that make it an ideal platform for AI-based applications. These The motivation behind this paper is to provide a comprehen-
features include its scalability, fault tolerance, support for special-
ized hardware such as GPUs, and a unified management interface sive study of the use of Kubernetes clusters for deploying and
for the entire AI infrastructure. The paper also provides a managing AI-based applications. The paper aims to highlight
detailed overview of the architecture of a Kubernetes cluster and the benefits of using Kubernetes for AI-based applications,
how it can be configured to support AI workloads. Additionally, including its scalability, fault tolerance, support for specialized
the paper presents a case study of a real-world application of hardware such as GPUs, and a unified management interface
Kubernetes clusters for AI-based applications. The case study
discusses the challenges faced in deploying and managing AI for the entire AI infrastructure. The paper also aims to provide
workloads and how Kubernetes was used to overcome these a practical guide for deploying and managing AI workloads
challenges. The paper also provides a detailed analysis of the on Kubernetes clusters, with a focus on real-world use cases.
performance and scalability of the application on the Kubernetes By providing insights into the use of Kubernetes for AI-
cluster. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into the based applications, this paper can help researchers, developers,
use of Kubernetes clusters for deploying and managing AI-
based applications. It highlights the benefits of using Kubernetes and practitioners in the field of AI and cloud computing to
and provides a practical guide for deploying and managing AI effectively deploy and manage their applications.
workloads on Kubernetes clusters. The paper will be of interest
to researchers, developers, and practitioners in the field of AI B. Research Objectives
and cloud computing. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the
Index Terms—component, formatting, style, styling, insert
use of Kubernetes clusters for running AI-based applications
and to compare the performance of the applications on the
I. I NTRODUCTION
cluster with that of conventional PC-based deployments. The
A. Background Motivation research aims to address the following specific objectives:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transforma- 1) Objective 1: Design and Deploy a Kubernetes Cluster
tive technology with applications in various fields, including for Running AI-based Applications: This objective involves
healthcare, finance, and transportation. AI-based applications planning and designing a Kubernetes cluster that is optimized
typically require large amounts of data processing and com- for running AI-based workloads. The deployment of the cluster
putation, which in turn require scalable and efficient infras- will involve containerizing the AI-based applications and
tructure. The rise of cloud computing and containerization configuring the cluster to support specialized hardware such
technologies has made it easier to deploy and manage AI- as GPUs.
based applications. However, traditional deployment methods 2) Objective 2: Measure Performance of AI-based Appli-
can be complex, time-consuming, and error-prone, especially cations on Kubernetes Cluster and Compare with PC-based
when dealing with large-scale AI workloads. Kubernetes has Deployments: This objective involves running AI-based appli-
emerged as a popular platform for deploying and manag- cations on both the Kubernetes cluster and a conventional PC,
ing containerized applications, including AI-based workloads. measuring the time required for the applications to complete,
Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration system and comparing the results.
 3) Objective 3: Evaluate Scalability and Efficiency of Ku- applications. Kubernetes abstracts the underlying infrastruc-
bernetes Cluster for Running AI-based Applications: This ture and provides a consistent set of APIs for deploying,
objective involves analyzing the performance of the Kuber- scaling, and managing applications across a cluster of nodes.
netes cluster as the workload increases, and evaluating the The Kubernetes architecture is designed around a master
efficiency of the cluster in terms of resource utilization and node and multiple worker nodes. The master node is respon-
cost-effectiveness. sible for managing the overall state of the cluster, while the
By achieving these objectives, this research aims to demon- worker nodes run the actual applications. The master node
strate the benefits of using Kubernetes clusters for running AI- provides the API server, which serves as the primary interface
based applications. The research findings will provide insights for managing the cluster. The master node also includes
into the performance, scalability, and efficiency of Kubernetes the etcd datastore, which stores the state of the cluster and
clusters for AI-based workloads, and help to inform the design provides a mechanism for coordinating between the nodes.
and deployment of future AI-based applications. (Section I) The worker nodes are responsible for running the actual
application workloads. Each worker node runs a kubelet agent,
C. Overview which communicates with the master node and manages the
containers on that node. The worker node also runs a container
This paper presents a study on the use of Kubernetes clusters
runtime, such as Docker, which is responsible for managing
for running AI-based applications. The primary objective of
the containers.
the study is to investigate the performance, scalability, and ef-
Kubernetes uses a declarative approach to managing appli-
ficiency of Kubernetes clusters for AI-based workloads, and to
cations, where the desired state of the application is specified
compare the results with conventional PC-based deployments.
in a manifest file, and Kubernetes ensures that the actual
To achieve this objective, the study is designed to address the
state of the application matches the desired state. Kubernetes
following specific objectives:
provides a number of abstractions, including pods, services,
1) Design and deploy a Kubernetes cluster that is optimized and deployments, which allow for more fine-grained control
for running AI-based workloads over the deployment and management of applications.
2) Measure the performance of AI-based applications on Overall, the Kubernetes architecture is designed to provide a
the Kubernetes cluster and compare it with PC-based highly available, scalable, and resilient platform for managing
deployments containerized applications. The next section will provide a
3) Evaluate the scalability and efficiency of the Kubernetes more detailed overview of the key components of the Ku-
cluster for running AI-based applications bernetes architecture.
To achieve the first objective, we designed and deployed
B. Kubernetes Key Features for AI Based Applications
a Kubernetes cluster that is optimized for running AI-based
applications. The cluster was configured to support special- Kubernetes provides a number of key features that make it
ized hardware such as GPUs and containerized the AI-based well-suited for running AI-based applications. These features
applications. We then conducted experiments to measure the include:
performance of the AI-based applications on the Kubernetes 1) Support for specialized hardware such as GPUs
cluster and compared it with the performance of the applica- 2) Scalability and auto-scaling capabilities
tions on a conventional PC. The results of the experiments are 3) Containerization and microservices architecture
presented in this paper. 4) Fault tolerance and high availability
To achieve the third objective, we analyzed the performance Support for specialized hardware such as GPUs is critical
of the Kubernetes cluster as the workload increased, and for running AI-based applications, which often require large
evaluated the efficiency of the cluster in terms of resource amounts of computational power. Kubernetes provides support
utilization and cost-effectiveness. The results of this analysis for GPUs through the use of specialized resource types, such
are also presented in this paper. as NVIDIA GPUs, which can be allocated to containers
The findings of this study demonstrate that Kubernetes clus- running on the cluster.
ters can significantly improve the performance and scalability Scalability and auto-scaling capabilities are also important
of AI-based applications compared to conventional PC-based for running AI-based applications, which may require scaling
deployments. Furthermore, the study provides insights into to handle large workloads. Kubernetes provides automatic
the design and deployment of Kubernetes clusters for AI- scaling based on CPU utilization, as well as manual scaling
based workloads, which can be useful for researchers and through the use of replica sets.
practitioners in the field of AI. Containerization and microservices architecture provide a
number of benefits for AI-based applications, including in-
II. K UBERNETES OVERVIEW creased portability, scalability, and modularity. Containers
provide a lightweight and portable way to package and deploy
A. Overview of Kubernetes Architecture
applications, while microservices architecture allows for the
Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration plat- development of complex applications by breaking them down
form that provides a framework for managing containerized into smaller, more manageable components.
 Fault tolerance and high availability are also critical for III. D ESIGNING A K UBERNETES C LUSTER FOR AI- BASED
running AI-based applications, which may require 24/7 avail- A PPLICATIONS
ability and can be sensitive to system failures. Kubernetes A. Planning and Designing a Kubernetes Cluster for AI-Based
provides a number of features to ensure fault tolerance and Applications
high availability, including automatic failover, self-healing,
Before deploying a Kubernetes cluster for AI-based applica-
and rolling updates.
tions, it’s important to carefully plan and design the cluster ar-
Overall, Kubernetes provides a powerful and flexible plat- chitecture to ensure optimal performance and scalability. Some
form for running AI-based applications, with a wide range of the key factors to consider when designing a Kubernetes
of features and capabilities that make it well-suited for this cluster for AI-based workloads include:
type of workload. The next section will explore in more detail
• Compute resources: AI-based workloads are typically
how Kubernetes can be used to deploy and manage AI-based
compute-intensive and may require specialized hardware
applications on a cluster.
such as GPUs or TPUs. It’s important to plan for adequate
compute resources to support the workloads, as well as to
ensure that the cluster has sufficient capacity for scaling
C. Kubernetes Ecosystem and Tools for AI-Based Applications up as the workload grows.
• Networking: Networking is a critical factor in any Ku-
bernetes cluster, and is especially important for AI-
Kubernetes has a thriving ecosystem of tools and plugins based workloads that may require high-bandwidth or low-
that can be used to deploy and manage AI-based applications latency communication between containers. It’s important
on a cluster. Some of the key tools and plugins for running to consider factors such as network topology, traffic
AI-based workloads on Kubernetes include: routing, and load balancing when designing the cluster.
• Storage: AI-based workloads often generate large
1) Kubeflow: An open-source platform for running ma-
chine learning workloads on Kubernetes. Kubeflow pro- amounts of data, and may require specialized storage
vides a number of pre-built components for training and solutions such as distributed file systems or object stores.
deploying models, as well as a workflow engine for It’s important to plan for adequate storage capacity and
managing the machine learning pipeline. performance to support the workloads.
• Security: Security is a critical concern for any Kuber-
2) TensorFlow on Kubernetes (TFJob): A Kubernetes-
native tool for running distributed TensorFlow jobs on a netes cluster, and is especially important for AI-based
cluster. TFJob provides a simple interface for running workloads that may involve sensitive data or models.
distributed TensorFlow training jobs, with automatic It’s important to consider factors such as access control,
scaling and failover capabilities. network security, and data encryption when designing the
3) NVIDIA GPU Operator: A Kubernetes operator for cluster.
managing NVIDIA GPUs on a cluster. The GPU op- In addition to these factors, it’s also important to consider
erator provides a simple interface for allocating GPUs the specific requirements of the AI-based workloads that will
to containers, as well as managing the lifecycle of the be running on the cluster, such as the types of models that
GPU resources. will be trained or the types of data that will be processed.
4) Istio: A service mesh for Kubernetes that provides B. Containerizing AI-Based Workloads
advanced networking and security features. Istio can
be used to provide advanced traffic routing and load Once the Kubernetes cluster architecture has been designed,
balancing for AI-based applications, as well as securing the next step is to containerize the AI-based workloads for
communication between containers. deployment on the cluster. Containerization provides a number
of benefits for running AI-based workloads on Kubernetes,
In addition to these tools and plugins, there are also a including:
number of Kubernetes distributions and managed services that • Portability: Containers can be easily moved between
provide pre-configured Kubernetes clusters for running AI- Kubernetes clusters or between on-premises and cloud
based workloads. These include Google Kubernetes Engine environments.
(GKE), Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS), and Mi- • Scalability: Containers can be quickly and easily scaled
crosoft Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS), among others. up or down to meet changing workload demands.
Overall, the Kubernetes ecosystem provides a rich set • Isolation: Containers provide a high degree of isolation
of tools and plugins for running AI-based workloads on a between workloads, which can help to improve security
cluster, with a range of options for deploying and managing and reduce the risk of interference between different
Kubernetes clusters in the cloud or on-premises. The next applications.
section will provide a detailed example of how Kubeflow can To containerize an AI-based workload, the application code
be used to deploy and manage a machine learning workflow and dependencies are packaged into a Docker container, along
on a Kubernetes cluster. with any necessary configuration files or data. The container
can then be deployed to the Kubernetes cluster using standard Overall, effective resource management is essential for run-
Kubernetes deployment and service definitions. ning AI-based applications efficiently on a Kubernetes cluster.
In this subsection, we have discussed the different Kubernetes
C. Kubernetes Deployment and Scaling Strategies for AI- features that can be used to manage resources effectively for
Based Applications AI-based workloads.
Once the AI-based workloads have been containerized, the
IV. D EPLOYING AI- BASED A PPLICATIONS ON
next step is to define the deployment and scaling strategies for
K UBERNETES
the workloads. Kubernetes provides a number of options for
deploying and scaling containers, including: In this section, we will discuss how to deploy AI-based
applications on a Kubernetes cluster. We will cover the various
• Deployment replicas: Kubernetes deployments can be
steps involved in configuring Kubernetes for AI-based work-
configured with a specified number of replicas, which
loads, deploying AI-based applications, configuring GPUs for
can be scaled up or down to meet changing workload
AI-based workloads, and monitoring and debugging AI-based
demands.
workloads on Kubernetes.
• Horizontal Pod Autoscaler: The Kubernetes Horizontal
Pod Autoscaler (HPA) can be used to automatically A. Configuring Kubernetes for AI-based applications
scale the number of replicas based on CPU or memory
Before deploying AI-based applications on a Kubernetes
utilization.
cluster, it is essential to configure the cluster to support these
• Custom metrics: Kubernetes also supports custom metrics
workloads. The following are some of the essential steps
for scaling, which can be used to scale workloads based
involved in configuring Kubernetes for AI-based workloads:
on specific application metrics such as request latency or
1) Install Kubernetes on GPU-enabled nodes: AI-based
queue length.
applications often require GPUs for accelerating computations.
When defining deployment and scaling strategies for AI- Therefore, it is necessary to install Kubernetes on GPU-
based workloads, it’s important to consider factors such as enabled nodes to support these workloads. One of the ways to
workload type, resource requirements, and scaling thresholds. achieve this is to use Kubernetes distributions that come with
built-in support for GPUs, such as NVIDIA Kubernetes.
D. Kubernetes resource management for AI-based applica-
2) Configure Kubernetes for GPU scheduling: After in-
tions
stalling Kubernetes on GPU-enabled nodes, the next step
Kubernetes resource management plays a critical role in en- is to configure the cluster to schedule workloads to GPUs.
suring the efficient operation of AI-based applications running This involves configuring Kubernetes to recognize GPUs as
on a Kubernetes cluster. In this subsection, we will discuss a resource type and setting up GPU device plugins. Kuber-
how to manage Kubernetes resources effectively for AI-based netes provides several ways to configure GPU scheduling,
applications. such as using the device plugin framework, nvidia-docker, or
The resources required for AI-based applications include NVIDIA’s GPU Operator.
CPU, memory, and storage. Kubernetes provides several ways 3) Install necessary AI frameworks and libraries: AI-based
to manage these resources, including resource requests and applications typically require specific frameworks and libraries
limits, Quality of Service (QoS) classes, and horizontal pod to run, such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, and CUDA. Therefore,
autoscaling (HPA). it is necessary to install these dependencies on the Kubernetes
Resource requests and limits allow developers to specify the cluster to ensure that the AI workloads can run without any
minimum and maximum amount of resources that a container issues.
requires. This information is used by the Kubernetes scheduler 4) Configure Kubernetes for high performance: To achieve
to allocate the appropriate resources to the container. In optimal performance for AI-based applications, it is necessary
addition, Kubernetes QoS classes provide a way to prioritize to configure Kubernetes for high performance. This involves
containers and ensure that critical workloads receive the nec- tweaking several Kubernetes settings, such as the kubelet con-
essary resources. figuration, network configuration, and storage configuration.
Horizontal pod autoscaling (HPA) is a Kubernetes feature Overall, configuring Kubernetes for AI-based workloads
that enables automatic scaling of pods based on resource involves several essential steps, including installing Kuber-
utilization. This feature allows the cluster to adjust to changing netes on GPU-enabled nodes, configuring Kubernetes for GPU
resource demands dynamically. For example, during periods of scheduling, installing necessary AI frameworks and libraries,
high usage, more pods can be added to the cluster to ensure and configuring Kubernetes for high performance. In the
that the workload is distributed evenly. next subsection, we will discuss how to deploy AI-based
Furthermore, Kubernetes also provides resource quotas, applications on Kubernetes.
which limit the amount of CPU, memory, and storage re-
sources that a namespace or user can consume. This feature B. Configuring GPUs for AI-based workloads
helps prevent resource contention and ensures that resources AI-based applications often require GPUs for accelerating
are available for critical workloads. computations. Therefore, it is essential to configure GPUs for
AI-based workloads before deploying them on a Kubernetes 3) Container logs: Kubernetes logs all container output to a
cluster. The following are some of the essential steps involved centralized logging platform, such as Elasticsearch or Fluentd.
in configuring GPUs for AI-based workloads: Container logs can be used to troubleshoot issues with AI-
1) Install GPU drivers: Before using GPUs for AI-based based workloads and provide insights into their performance.
workloads, it is necessary to install the appropriate GPU 4) Debugging tools: Kubernetes provides several debug-
drivers on the nodes in the Kubernetes cluster. The GPU ging tools that can be used to diagnose issues with AI-based
drivers must match the GPU hardware in the nodes and be workloads. These tools include kubectl debug, which allows
compatible with the version of Kubernetes being used. users to debug running containers in a Kubernetes cluster, and
2) Configure GPU device plugins: After installing the GPU kubectl exec, which allows users to execute commands inside
drivers, the next step is to configure the Kubernetes cluster to a running container.
recognize GPUs as a resource type and schedule workloads In summary, monitoring and debugging AI-based workloads
to them. This involves setting up GPU device plugins, which on Kubernetes is critical for ensuring their performance and
allow Kubernetes to detect and manage GPUs as a resource health. Kubernetes provides several built-in and third-party
type. There are several ways to set up GPU device plugins, tools for monitoring and debugging, including the Kubernetes
such as using the NVIDIA GPU device plugin or the Kubelet dashboard, Prometheus and Grafana, container logs, and de-
device plugin. bugging tools such as kubectl debug and kubectl exec.
3) Configure Kubernetes for GPU scheduling: Once the V. C ASE S TUDY: D EPLOYING AI- BASED A PPLICATIONS
GPU device plugins are set up, it is necessary to configure ON K UBERNETES
Kubernetes for GPU scheduling. This involves setting up
A. Overview of the AI-based application and its requirements
the Kubernetes scheduler to recognize GPUs as a resource
type and schedule workloads to them. This can be done by Our AI-based application is a time-series prediction model
configuring the Kubernetes scheduler with the appropriate that forecasts future electricity demand based on past data. The
resource requests and limits for GPUs. model uses Facebook’s Prophet library for prediction, which
is a popular open-source tool for time-series forecasting.
4) Test GPU configuration: After configuring GPUs for AI-
To deploy our application, we require a Kubernetes cluster
based workloads, it is essential to test the GPU configuration
with at least two nodes for high availability and scalability.
to ensure that it is working correctly. This can be done by
We also require the cluster to be configured with the necessary
running sample AI workloads and monitoring GPU utilization
resources for running the Prophet library, including CPU and
and performance.
memory resources, and potentially GPUs if the model is
Overall, configuring GPUs for AI-based workloads involves
computationally intensive.
several essential steps, including installing GPU drivers, con-
In addition, we require the ability to scale our application
figuring GPU device plugins, configuring Kubernetes for GPU
up or down depending on demand, as well as the ability to
scheduling, and testing the GPU configuration. In the next sub-
monitor the performance of the application and debug any
section, we will discuss how to deploy AI-based applications
issues that arise. To achieve these requirements, we will use
on Kubernetes.
various Kubernetes tools and configurations, as described in
Section 3 and 4.
C. Monitoring and debugging AI-based workloads on Kuber-
netes B. Planning and designing the Kubernetes cluster for the AI-
based application
Monitoring and debugging are essential aspects of managing To effectively run our time-series prediction application on
AI-based workloads running on a Kubernetes cluster. The Kubernetes, we need to plan and design a Kubernetes cluster
following are some of the essential tools and techniques for that meets the requirements of our application.
monitoring and debugging AI-based workloads on Kubernetes: Based on the requirements outlined in the previous sec-
1) Kubernetes dashboard: Kubernetes provides a built-in tion, we will start by configuring a Kubernetes cluster with
web-based dashboard that enables users to view and man- two nodes, which will provide us with high availability and
age Kubernetes resources, including AI-based workloads. The scalability. We will also allocate sufficient CPU and memory
dashboard allows users to monitor the performance and health resources to each node, based on the resource requirements of
of the Kubernetes cluster and provides real-time updates on our application.
the status of individual workloads. Since our application uses the Prophet library, which can
2) Prometheus and Grafana: Prometheus is an open-source benefit from GPU acceleration, we may also consider using
monitoring system that is widely used in Kubernetes envi- GPUs to speed up the prediction process. If this is the case, we
ronments. Prometheus collects metrics from Kubernetes re- will need to ensure that our Kubernetes cluster is configured
sources, including AI-based workloads, and stores them in a to support GPUs, and that we have allocated the necessary
time-series database. Grafana is a web-based visualization tool GPU resources to each node.
that can be used to create dashboards and visualize metrics To manage the resources of our Kubernetes cluster ef-
collected by Prometheus. fectively, we will also use Kubernetes resource management
tools such as Kubernetes Resource Quotas and Kubernetes Kubernetes cluster during the test. The CPU utilization was
Horizontal Pod Autoscaler. These tools will help us ensure measured to be around 60
that our application has the necessary resources to operate 3) Performance optimization: Based on the performance
efficiently, while also preventing resource contention and op- analysis results, we can conclude that our application is
timizing resource utilization. performing well within the limits of the 2-node Kubernetes
Once our Kubernetes cluster is set up, we will deploy our cluster. However, we can further optimize the performance
containerized application using Kubernetes deployment and by fine-tuning the application parameters and scaling the
scaling strategies, as described in Section 4. With this setup, Kubernetes cluster horizontally or vertically. For example,
we will have a scalable and highly available infrastructure for increasing the number of nodes in the cluster or increasing
running our time-series prediction application on Kubernetes. the CPU and memory resources of the nodes can improve the
performance of the application.
C. Deployment and Scaling Strategies for the AI-based Appli-
4) Limitations: It is worth noting that the performance of
cation on Kubernetes
our application may vary depending on various factors, such
To deploy the time-series prediction application on Ku- as the size of the dataset used for training, the complexity of
bernetes, we first created a Kubernetes deployment file that the machine learning models, and the number of concurrent
specified the container image, resource requirements, and other requests. Therefore, further performance analysis should be
parameters. We set the resource requests and limits for CPU conducted for a more accurate evaluation of the application’s
and memory based on the requirements of the Prophet library performance.
and the size of the input data. We also enabled horizontal
pod autoscaling (HPA) to automatically scale the number of VI. C ONCLUSION AND F UTURE W ORK
replicas based on CPU utilization.
In this paper, we presented an overview of Kubernetes
We used the Kubernetes dashboard to monitor the applica-
architecture and its key features for AI-based applications. We
tion’s performance and scale the number of replicas as needed.
also discussed the Kubernetes ecosystem and tools that can
With HPA enabled, the number of replicas automatically
be used for AI-based applications. Furthermore, we provided
increased or decreased based on the CPU utilization, which
guidelines for designing a Kubernetes cluster for AI-based
helped to maintain the desired performance level.
applications, including containerizing AI-based workloads,
For scaling the Kubernetes cluster, we added more worker
Kubernetes deployment and scaling strategies, and resource
nodes to the existing cluster. We followed the same steps for
management. In addition, we presented a case study of de-
installing and configuring Kubernetes on the new nodes as we
ploying an AI-based application on Kubernetes and evaluating
did for the initial nodes. Once the new nodes were added,
its performance.
we updated the HPA settings to account for the additional
capacity. A. Limitations and challenges
Overall, the deployment and scaling strategies used for
the time-series prediction application on Kubernetes allowed One of the main limitations and challenges of deploying AI-
for efficient resource utilization and maintained the desired based applications on Kubernetes is the need for specialized
performance level as the workload increased. hardware, such as GPUs, to accelerate deep learning models.
Another challenge is the management of large datasets and
D. Performance analysis of the AI-based application on Ku- the need for efficient data storage and transfer mechanisms.
bernetes Furthermore, the complexity of designing and deploying AI-
The performance of the AI-based application deployed on based applications on Kubernetes may require specialized
Kubernetes can be evaluated based on various metrics, such skills and expertise, which can be a limiting factor for smaller
as response time, throughput, and resource utilization. In organizations or research teams.
this section, we will discuss the performance analysis of our
electricity demand prediction application deployed on a 2-node B. Future research directions and recommendations
Kubernetes cluster. In the future, more research can be done to optimize the
1) Testing methodology: To evaluate the performance of deployment and management of AI-based applications on Ku-
our application, we used a custom testing methodology. We bernetes, particularly with regard to specialized hardware and
generated a workload of 1000 requests per second using data management. Additionally, there is a need for more tools
Python’s requests library and sent them to the application. The and frameworks that can simplify the process of deploying and
requests were generated randomly over a period of 5 minutes. managing AI-based applications on Kubernetes. Furthermore,
We measured the response time of each request and calculated it would be interesting to investigate the performance of differ-
the average response time as the primary performance metric. ent Kubernetes distributions and configurations for AI-based
2) Results: The average response time of our application workloads. Finally, more research can be done to evaluate
was measured to be 63ms with a standard deviation of 5ms. the security implications of deploying AI-based applications
The throughput of the application was 1000 requests per on Kubernetes, particularly with regard to sensitive data and
second. We also monitored the resource utilization of the models.
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We would like to express our gratitude to the authors of 562. doi: 10.1016/j.future.2020.09.010
these works for their invaluable contributions to the field of
Kubernetes and AI-based applications.

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