S5

Lab 6 Synchronous Machine

EN5001
Día / mes /Electric
año Machine

20/05/2020
EN5001: Electric Machine Lei Zhang

Lab 6 Synchronous Machine

- sudden short circuit of 3 phases
I. Introduction

II. Conservation of Super conductor close-loop magnetic flux

III. Zero resistance sudden short-circuit current analysis

IV. Non-zero resistance sudden short-circuit current decay

V. Static measurement method to find out synchronous machine dynaic parameters.

.
VI. Matlab simulation of the symmetric short circuit failure of a synchronous generator
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1 Introduction
 I. Introduction
1. Physical expression
▪ The sudden short-circuit current is 10-20 times of the nominal current.
▪ The main impact of it is the big instantaneous electromagnetic force, which might damage
winding insulation and machine structure components.

2. Difference between sudden and steady-state short circuit

▪ The key is attributed to whether the rotor winding has induced EMF.
3. Analysis method
▪ Not through solving differential equation, but through analyzing the basic physical definition
and meaning.
4. Learning goal
▪ To learn about the developing process of the sudden short-circuit current.
▪ To analyze the short-circuit value and its decay
▪ To find out the way to measure the dynamic parameters of the machine, which will be the
foundation of dynamic analysis of Electric Power System in matlab.
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Conservation of Super conductor

2 close-loop Magnetic Flux

2. Conservation of Super conductor close-loop Magnetic Flux :

i. Principle analysis
ii.Formation of Short circuit current and their
meaning
iii.Real situation of a synchronous machine
i. Principle analysis
1) Physical model of principle analysis
▪ There is a static super conductive material made coil
and a bar magnet.
▪ When the bar magnet reciprocates through the coil,
the magnetic flux through the coil changes with time
periodically.

2) Faraday’s Law （Electromagnetic induction law）

▪ If the EMF and magnetic flux （magnetic linkage）
reference direction meet the right hand laws,
𝑑𝜓1 (𝑡)
Then 𝑒 = −
𝑑𝑡
3) At the moment when the magnet move down, the
switch is closed. Lentz´s law:The induced EMF in the
closed-loop coil have current induced with the same
direction of EMF. And then the induced current in
turn induces a magnetic flux 𝜓2 𝑡 which is named as
self-induced magnetic flux.
𝜓2 (𝑡) =Li
▪ And the change of the self-induced magnetic flux
induces self-induced EMF.
𝑑𝜓2 (𝑡)
Then 𝑒𝐿 = −
𝑑𝑡
4) EMF balance equation of the super conductive close loop
𝑑𝜓1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝜓2 𝑡
σ 𝑒 = 𝑒 + 𝑒𝐿 = − − =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
5) Conservation of magnetic flux of the super conductive close loop.
𝑑
(𝜓1 𝑡 +𝜓2 𝑡 =0 𝜓1 𝑡 +𝜓2 𝑡 = constant
𝑑𝑡
▪ Just before the switch on: 𝑡 = 0− , 𝜓1 𝑡 = 𝜓1 0 , 𝜓2 𝑡 =0

▪ Just after the switch on: 𝑡 = 0+ , 𝜓1 𝑡 +𝜓2 𝑡 = 𝜓1 0

Conclusion: not matter how the external magnetic flux changes, the
magnetic flux through the super condutive closed-loop coil stays the
value of just before the loop is closed constantly.
Reason: the self-induced magnetic flux has countervailing effect,
and the current to induce the self-induced magnetic flux does not
have any loss due to super conductive coil.
ii. Short-circuit current formation and its meaning
1) Self-induced magnetic flux and its corresponding currents
▪ Self-induced magnetic flux decomposition: 𝜓2 𝑡 = 𝜓1 0 − 𝜓1 𝑡 =Li
𝜓2 𝑡 𝜓1 0 𝜓1 𝑡
▪ Just after the switch on: : i = = − =𝑖= + 𝑖∼
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
2) The meanings of Current components
𝜓1 0 Is called as sudden short-circuit current aperiodic component, is
▪ 𝑖= = for maintaining the initial value of the instaneous magnetic flux at
𝐿
the short circuit instant.
𝜓1 𝑡
▪ 𝑖∼ = Is called as sudden short-circuit current periodic component, is for
𝐿
countervail the periodic impact of external perodic magnetic flux
after the sudden short circuit.
▪ It is the analogy to the transformer MMF balance current expression
equation and their components´ meanings.
iii. Real situation of a synchronous machine
1) The real synchronous machine has resistance of its windings.
▪ The currents flowing through the windings result in energy losses.
▪ The short-circuit current would decay without external energy supply.
▪ The dacay of the short-circuit current would result in the decay of self-
induced magnetic flux.
▪ The decay of the the decay of self-induced magnetic flux would make
the magnetic flux not constant.
▪ Therefore, to analyze the machine dynmic process, it is needed to consider
sudden short.circuit current decay and its causes and time contant ect. .
2) There are multi windings existing for a real machine.
▪ The self induction is one aspect.
▪ Mutual induction is needed to be considered.
▪ Therefore the mutul impact between those magnetic fluxes induced by the currents in
different windings is needed to be considered.
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Zero resistance sudden short-

3 circuit current analysis

I. Armature winding magnetic flux just before
the sudden short circuit
II. Armature winding magnetic flux just after the
sudden short circuit
III. The periodic component of the armature
current
IV. The aperiodic component of the armature
current
V. The short-circuit currnent equation and its
posible máximum value.
I. Armature winding magnetic flux just before the sudden short
circuit
1) Suppose the postion and the momento when the sudden short circuit
happens.
▪ Synchronous machine has the sudden short circuit of its terminals under
nominal voltage .
▪ The moment for it to happen：the rotor rotates to the position where has
spatial electrical angle of 𝛼0 with respect of A phase winding axis.
▪ Make use of space and time phasor diagram to analyze.
2) Armature winding magnetic flux just before the sudden short circuit
The initial magnetic flux is a fixed value, however,
the moment for short circuit to happened determine
the value of initial magnetic flux.
II. Armature winding magnetic flux just after the sudden short
circuit
1) The armature magnetic flux induced by excitation current

2) The magnetic flux induced by armature current

Aperiodic component To maintian the

magnetic flux constant

Periodic component To eliminate the

excitation impact
 III. The periodic component of the armature current just after the
sudden short circuit
1) The generation of the armature reaction magnetic flux

▪ It can be seen that the route of the magnetic flux therefor its reluctance is closely related to
the value of the magnetic flux induced by armature current.
▪ Then the next step is to carefully do some research on the route of the magnetic flux after the
sudden short circuit happened.
▪ (immediately)After the sudden short-circuit happened, the rotor and stator windings have
their magnetic flux maintained constant.
 III. The periodic component of the armature current just after the
sudden short circuit
2) The magnetic flux route
▪ when the sudden short circuit happens during
no load opeartion, in order to maintain the
magnetic flux constant of the rotor winding,
there is a opposite directon magetic flux
induced by induced current to countervail the
armature reaction magnetic flux to change the
original magnetic flux.
▪ As a result, the armature reaction magnetic
flux is forced to air gap rather than the main
body of the rotor core, which is apparently
different.
 III. The periodic component of the armature current just after the
sudden short circuit
3) Reluctance (Permeance ) and Reactance
▪ Basic Definition
▪ If the magnetic circuits connect in parallel,
the toal permeance is the sum of the each
branch permeance.
▪ If the magnetic circuits connect in series, the
toal permeance is the reciprocal sum of the
each section permeance.
▪ If the frequency and winding turns are
certain, the reactance is propotional to the
permeance.
III. The periodic component of the armature current just after the
sudden short circuit
3) Reluctance (Permeance ) and Reactance
 III. The periodic component of the armature current just after the
sudden short circuit
3) Reluctance (Permeance ) and Reactance
▪ There are three different situation for analysis
a) Both excitation winding and damping winding work
after the sudden short circuit
 III. The periodic component of the armature current just after the
sudden short circuit
3) Reluctance (Permeance ) and Reactance
▪ There are three different situation for analysis
b) No damping winding
 III. The periodic component of the armature current just after the
sudden short circuit
3) Reluctance (Permeance ) and Reactance
▪ There are three different situation for analysis
c) Steady state
 III. The periodic component of the armature current just after the
sudden short circuit
3) Reluctance (Permeance ) and Reactance
▪ There are three different situation for analysis
Summary

𝑥𝑑¨ < 𝑥𝑑´ < 𝑥𝑑

III. The periodic component of the armature current just after the
sudden short circuit
4) The periodic component of the sudden short-circuit armature current
▪ RMS values
𝑬𝟎
✓ Steady state short-circuit current: 𝑰𝒌 =
𝒙𝒅
𝑬𝟎
✓ The periodic component of the sudden short-circuit current: 𝑰~ =
𝒙´´𝒅
▪ Phase relationship: time and space phasor diagram
ሶ in phase with 𝑭𝒂
✓ 𝑰𝑨∼
✓ 𝑭𝒂 in phase with 𝝍𝒂𝑨ሶ
ሶ is opposite to 𝝍𝑨ሶ
✓ While 𝝍𝒂𝑨
ሶ
ሶ can be found by 𝝍𝒂𝑨
✓ Therefore the phase of the 𝑰𝑨∼
III. The periodic component of the armature current just after the
sudden short circuit
4) The periodic component of the sudden short-circuit armature current
▪ Equations

𝑬𝟎
✓ Where 𝑰~ = and for super conductor case, it would not decay
𝒙´´𝒅
▪ The sudden short-circuit current is big is because:
The armature reaction magnetix flux flows through the route which has
increasing reluctance, therefore the a increasing MMF is needed for a certain
value of the magnetic flux, which means higher armuature current.
III. The aperiodic component of the armature current just after the
sudden short circuit
1) The initial condition
▪ Due to No-load short circuit and that the current cannot suddenly
changes.

2) The initial condition

𝑬𝟎
✓ Where 𝑰~ = and for super
𝒙´´𝒅
conductor case, it would not decay.
III. Short-circuit current equation and possible maximum value
1) Ignore decay

2) The sudden short-circuit moment analysis (take Phase A as example )

▪ When 𝜶𝟎 = 𝟗𝟎°, the short circuit happens.

▪ There is only periodic component for the case.

III. Short-circuit current equation and possible maximum value
1) Ignore decay

2) The sudden short-circuit moment analysis (take Phase A as example )

▪ When 𝜶𝟎 = 𝟎°, the short circuit happens.
III. Short-circuit current equation and possible maximum value
3) Notes：
▪ Due to the impact of the aperiodic component
✓ For a certain phase, the short-circuit moment determine the current value.
✓ For different phases, the current is different at the same short circuit.
✓ The worst case: when the rotor axis coincides a certain phase axis, the
short circuit happens, then the phase current reach to its maximum value
in the half period.
✓ The maximum current value:
✓ Normally 𝑥𝑑¨∗ = 0.10~0.15
✓ If we take 𝑥𝑑¨∗ = 0.125, 𝐸0∗ = 1
∗ 2 2𝐸0∗
✓ Then 𝑖𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ¨∗ = 22.63
𝑥𝑑
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Non-zero resistance sudden

4 short-circuit current analysis

I. Basic Principles
II. The aperiodic component decay of the
armature current of the sudden short circuit
III. The periodic component decay of the
armature current of the sudden short circuit
IV. The three-phase short-circuit currnent
equation
V. The actual three-phase short-circuit current
recording
I. Basic Principles
1) R-L electric circuit dynamic current decay
𝑡
−𝑇
▪ Decay exponentially, which means its decay factor:𝑒
𝐿 𝑥
▪ Time constant: 𝑇 = where: L =
𝑅 𝜔
▪ The smaller the time constant, the faster the decay
2) Equivalent reactance, inductance and time constant
▪ To consider the mutual impact between the windings, the concept of the
equiavalent reactance is introduced.
▪ The equivalent reactance of a certain winding: short-circuit the winding,
and then see through the winding terminals to find out the reactance.
▪ Then the inductance can be found by dividing by angular speed
𝐿
▪ Then the time constant can be calculated according to the equation 𝑇 =
𝑅
II. The aperiodic component decay
1) The reason of the aperiodic component decay of the armature
current of the sudden short circuit
▪ The armature winding has its resistance 𝑟𝑎 , which generates the energy loss
2) Equivalent reactance, inductance and time constant
▪ The magnetic flux induced by the aperiodic component of the short-circuit current has
its relative fixed postion on the phasor diagram, the postion is determined by the short-
circuit moment.
▪ The rotor keeps rotating, as a result, the fixed magnetic flux
𝜓0𝐴 coincide with d and q axis periodicly.
▪ When 𝜓0𝐴 is in phase with d axis ,then 𝑥𝑑´´ = 𝑥2𝑑 Approximate
ly take the
▪ When 𝜓0𝐴 is in phase with q axis ,then 𝑥𝑞´´ = 𝑥2𝑞 average
value of 𝑥2
▪ Then
II. The aperiodic component decay
3) The aperiodic component equation

Finally decay to 0
III. The periodic component decay
1) The reason of the periodic component decay of the armature current
of the sudden short circuit
▪ The rotor winding has its resistance 𝑟𝑓 and 𝑟𝐾𝑑 , which generates the energy loss
2) Equivalent reactance, inductance and time constant
▪ Engineering practice show：damping winding time constant is much smaller than
exciting winding time constant.
▪ Therefore there are two stages of the periodic component decay of the current after
the sudden short circuit happens
✓ 1st stage：the damping winding dynamic current decay, while the exciting winding
dynamic current has even started decaying
▪ 2nd stage: the exciting winding dynamic current decay later, while the damping
winding dynamic current has decayed to zero.
III. The periodic component decay
3) The equivalent inductance and time constant
▪ The 1st stage considers only the damping winidng dynamic current
decay, which is called super transient stage or subtrasient stage.

Where 𝑇𝑑¨ is the armature winding and the exciting winding short circuit, d-axis damping
winding time constant, or d-axis subtransient short-circuit time constant.
III. The periodic component decay
3) The equivalent inductance and time constant
▪ The 2nd stage consider only the exciting winidng dynamic current
decay, which is called transient stage or dynamic stage.

Where 𝑇𝑑´ is the armature winding short circuit, damping winding open circuit,
exciting winding time constant, or d-axis transient short-circuit time constant.
III. The periodic component decay
4) The different route under different stages after short circuit
▪ The 2nd stage consider only the exciting winidng dynamic current
decay, which is called transient stage or dynamic stage.

Subtransient Exciting winding

Damping winding Transient
stage Dynamic current
Dynamic current stage decay
decay

The dynamic current induced in the damping and exciting winding is to maintain
the magnetic flux constant or realice the conservation of the magnetic flux.
III. The periodic component decay
5) Descomposition of the periodic component magnitude of the
current after the sudden short circuit

5) Decay law
▪ Subtransient component： Decay 0

▪ Transient component： Decay 0

▪ Steady-state component:
III. The periodic component decay
6) Euqations of the periodic component of the current after the
sudden short circuit
IV. 3-phase symmetric sudden short-circuit current euqations
▪ Since

▪ Then
V. The actual 3-phase symmetric sudden short-circuit current
euqations

Phase A

Phase B

Phase C
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Matlab simulation of the

5 symmetric short circuit failure

of a synchronous generator
1. Matlab Model
V. Matlab Model
V. Matlab Model
V. Matlab Model
V. Matlab Model
2. Matlab Simulation
2. Matlab Simulation
2. Matlab Simulation
2. Matlab Simulation
2. Matlab Simulation
2. Matlab Simulation
2. Matlab Simulation
2. Matlab Simulation