TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Ayala Boulevard, Ermita, Manila

College of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS (PEE17-M)
LECTURE SERIES 2

Prepared by:

Engr. Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE

Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
A. Magnetic Field Induction

Transmission line magnetic fields affect objects in proximity of the line. The
magnetic fields, related to the currents in the line, induces voltage in objects
that have considerable length parallel to the line, such as fences, pipelines, and
telephone wires.

The magnetic field is affected by the presence of earth return currents.

For balanced three-phase systems the total earth return current is zero.
Under normal operating conditions, the magnetic field in proximity to balance
the three-phase lines may be calculated considering the currents in the
conductors and neglecting earth currents.

B. Electrostatic Induction

Transmission line electric fields affect objects in the proximity of the line.
The electric field produced by high voltage lines induces current in objects
which are in the area of the electric fields. The affects of electric field
becomes of increasing concern at higher voltages. Electric fields, related to
the voltage of the line, are the primary cause of induction to vehicle, buildings
and objects of comparable size. These may be steady current or spark
discharges.

The resultant electric field in the proximity to a transmission line can be

obtained by representing the earth effect by image charges below the
conductors at a depth equal to the conductor height.

C. Corona

When the surface potential gradient of a conductor exceeds the dielectric

strength of the surrounding air, ionization occurs in the area close to the
conductor surface. This partial ionization is known as corona. The dielectric
strength of air during fair weather and at STP (25oC and 76 cm of Hg) is about
30 kVolt/cm.

Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Corona produces power loss, audible hissing sound in the vicinity of the line,
ozone and radio and television interference. The audible noise is an
environmental concern and occurs in foul weather. Radio interference occurs in
AM band. Rain and snow may produce moderate TV interference in a low signal
area. Corona is a function of conductor diameter, line configuration, type of
conductor, and condition of its surface. Atmospheric conditions such as air
density, humidity, and wind influence the generation of corona refer to eqtn.
(97). Corona losses in rain and snow are many times the losses in fair weather.

On a conductor surface, an irregularity such as a contaminating particle

causes a voltage gradient that may become the point source of discharge. Also,
insulators are contaminated by dust or chemical deposits which will lower the
disruptive voltage and increase the corona loss. The insulators are cleaned
periodically to reduce the extent of the problem. Corona can be reduced by
increasing the conductor size and the use of conductor bundling.

The power loss associated with corona can be represented by shunt

conductance. However, under normal operating conditions g, which represents
the resistive leakage between a phase and ground, has negligible effect on the
performance and customarily neglected. (i.e. g = 0)

The corona power loss is given by:

 f + 25 r (
CP = 242.2   V − Vc )2 x10−5 kW/km/ph eqtn. (97)
   D

Where: f = supply frequency in Hz

V = phase to neutral voltage (r.m.s.)

Critical disruptive voltage ( Vc ) – it is the minimum phase to neutral

(r.m.s.) voltage at which corona occurs.

 D
Vc = m0  g0    r  ln   kVolt/ph eqtn. (98)
r

Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 m0 = irregularity factor = 1.0 for polished conductors

= 0.98 to 0.92 for dirty conductors

= 0.87 to 0.80 for stranded conductors

g0 = breakdown strength of air at STP

= 30 kVolt/cm (max) or 21.2 kVolt/cm (r.m.s.)

 = air density factor

3.92 b b = barometricpressurein cm of Hg
=  eqtn. (99)
273+ t t = temperature in oC

at STP (25oC and 76 cm of Hg)  = 1.0

r = radius of conductor in cm

D = distance between conductors on centers in cm

Visual critical voltage ( Vv ) – it is the minimum phase to neutral voltage at

which corona glow appears all along the line conductors.

It has been seen that in case of parallel conductors, the corona glow
does not begin at disruptive voltage Vc but at a higher voltage Vv , called
visual critical voltage given by eqtn. (100)

 0.3   D 
Vv = mv  g0    r  1 +   ln  kVolt/ph eqtn. (100)
   r   r 

Where mv is another irregularity factor = 1.0 for polished conductors and

0.72 to 0.82 for rough conductors.

Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
EXAMPLE PROBLEM

A three-phase, 220 kVolt, 50 Hz transmission line consists of 1.5 cm

radius conductor spaced 2 meters apart in equilateral triangular formation.
The temperature is 40oC and atmospheric pressure is 76 cm of Hg. Calculate
the corona loss per km of the line. Take mo = 0.85.

SOLUTION :

 f + 25 r (
from eqtn. (97) CP = 242.2   V − Vc )2 x10−5 kW/km/ph
   D

3.92 b 3.92 76 cm
Now, = = = 0.9518
273+ t 273+ 40o C

kVolt
Assuming go = 21.2 (rms) →for air
cm

therefore, the Critical disruptive voltage per phase from eqtn. (98)

 D  200m 
Vc = m0  g0    r  ln  = 0.85 21.2 0.95181.5 ln  = 125.88 kVolt/ph
r  1.5cm 
220
the supply voltage per phase, V = = 127.02 kVolt
3

Substituting the above values, we have,

 50 + 25 1.5 cm
CP = 242.2     (127.02 −125.88)2 10−5 = 0.0215 kW/km/ph
 0.9518  200 cm

The total corona loss per km for three phases, CP = 0.0644 kW/km

Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009
 Prepared by:
Gilbert B. Hollman, PEE 3009