Name: Date:

er
Chapt

Estimation and
Number Theory
Practice 1 Estimation
Find each sum or difference. Then use rounding to check that your answers are
reasonable. Round each number to the nearest hundred.
Example
534 1 287

534 + 287 = 821

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Number Rounded to the

The estimated sum
Nearest 100 rounded to the nearest
534 500 100 is 800.
287 300

Add. 500 1 300 5 800

821 is close to 800.
So, the answer is reasonable.

1. 515 1 342 2. 681 2 519

3. 170 1 725 1 333 4. 2,979 2 814

17
Lesson 2.1 Estimation
Find each sum or difference. Then use front-end estimation to check
that your answers are reasonable.
Example
8,630 2 3,113
Estimate to check
8,630 – 3,113 = 5,517 that the answer is
reasonable.
The answer is 5,517.

8 ,630 – 3 ,113

8,000 – 3,000 = 5,000

8,630 – 3,113 is about 5,000.

5,517 is close to 5,000.

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So, the answer is reasonable.

5. 7,930 1 2,517 6. 3,166 2 1,625

7. 36,053 1 11,832 8. 9,705 2 8,250

18 Chapter 2 Estimation and Number Theory

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Find each product. Then use rounding to check that your answers
are reasonable. Round the 3-digit number to the nearest hundred.
Example
192 3 3

192 × 3 = 576
The estimated product
The answer is 576. rounded to the nearest
100 is 600.

Number Rounded to the

Nearest 100 3 3
192 200 × 3 = 600
576 is close to 600.
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So, the answer is reasonable.

9. 233 3 4 10. 485 3 2

11. 117 3 5 12. 276 3 3

19
Lesson 2.1 Estimation
Find each product. Then use front-end estimation to check
that your answers are reasonable.
Example
114 3 5

114 x 5 = 570
570 is close to 500. So,
The answer is 570. the answer is reasonable.

1 14 x 5

100 x 5 = 500

So, 114 x 5 is about 500.

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The answer 570 is reasonable.

13. 108 3 3 14. 121 3 5

15. 439 3 2 16. 227 3 4

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Find each quotient. Then use related multiplication facts to check

that your answers are reasonable.
Example
85 4 5

85 ÷ 5 = 17
The answer is 17. Since division is the
opposite of multiplication,
find a multiple of 5 that is
5 x 10 = 50 close to 8.
5 x 20 = 100

85 is closer to 100 than to 50.

So, 85 ÷ 5 is about 100 ÷ 5.
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100 ÷ 5 = 20
85 ÷ 5 is about 20.
17 is close to 20.
The answer 17 is reasonable.

17. 78 4 2 18. 68 4 4

19. 87 4 3 20. 60 4 5

21
Lesson 2.1 Estimation
Solve. Decide whether to find an estimate or an exact answer.
Example
Danny and his 3 friends
Because the question asks ‘about how
buy baseball tickets for $26 each. much’ money they need, you can estimate.
About how much money
do they need altogether?

3 x $30 = $90

They need about $90.

21. Jonathan, Shia, and Casey bought 35 toy figures. Each of the boys
decides to make a team of 11 figures. Do they have enough

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toy figures?

22. A turtle hatchery collected 457 turtle eggs in a week. The next week,
it collected 656 eggs. About how many eggs did the hatchery collect in
the two weeks?

23. The table shows the number of beads in Stella’s collection.

Color of Beads Number

Blue 314
Yellow 417
Green 609

Stella needs 400 yellow beads and 700 green beads to make a necklace.
Does she have enough beads for the necklace?

22 Chapter 2 Estimation and Number Theory

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Practice 2 Factors
Find the missing factors.
Example
12 13 12 5 12
23 6 5 12
33 4 5 12

The factors of 12 are

1, 2, 3, 4 , 6 , and 12 .
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1. 70 13 5 70

23 5 70

53 5 70

73 5 70

The factors of 70 are 1, 2, 5, 7, , ,

, and .

Find the factors of each number.

2. 40
The factors of 40 are
.
3. 63
The factors of 63 are
.

23
Lesson 2.2 Factors
Divide. Then answer each question.

4. 65 4 5 5 5. 46 4 4 5

Is 5 a factor of 65? Is 4 a factor of 46?

Find the common factors of each pair of numbers.

Factors Common Factors
10
6.
15

7. 24
36

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Divide. Then answer each question.

8. 18 4 4 5 16 4 4 5

Is 4 a common factor of 18 and 16?

9. 42 4 3 5 84 4 3 5

Is 3 a common factor of 42 and 84?

Look at the numbers 80 , 27 , 40 , 62 , 36 , and 55 .

Then fill in the blanks.

10. Which of the numbers have 2 as a factor?

11. Which of the numbers have 5 as a factor?

12. Which of the numbers have both 2 and 5 as factors?

24 Chapter 2 Estimation and Number Theory

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Each set of numbers are all the factors of a number. Find each number.

Factors Number
13. 1, 2, 4, and 8
14. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12
15. 1, 2, 3, and 6
16. 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16

Find the greatest common factor of each pair of numbers.

Example
12 and 28
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Method 1
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.
The factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28.
The common factors of 12 and 28
are 1, 2, and 4.
The greatest common factor
of 12 and 28 is 4.

Method 2
2 12, 28 3 and 7 have no common
2 6, 14 factor other than 1.
3, 7
2x2=4
The greatest common factor
of 12 and 28 is 4.

17. 16 and 30

25
Lesson 2.2 Factors
Find the greatest common factor of the numbers.
18. 21 and 54

Find all the factors. Then list the prime numbers.

Example
13
The factors of 13 are 1 and 13.
13 is a prime number. A prime number has only
2 factors, 1 and itself.

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19. 12 20. 7

21. 19 22. 24

23. 11 24. 63

25. Look at the given numbers in Exercises 19–24.

The prime numbers are .

Explain your reasoning.

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Find all the factors. Then list the composite numbers.

Example
18
The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6,
9, and 18.
18 is a composite number. 18 has factors other
than 1 and itself, so it
is a composite number.

26. 20 27. 15

28. 5 29. 17
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30. 33 31. 27

32. Look at the given numbers in Exercises 26–31.

The composite numbers are .

Explain your reasoning.

27
Lesson 2.2 Factors
Use the method given below to find prime numbers.

33. Find the prime numbers between 1 and 50.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
—
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Step 1

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1 is neither prime nor composite. So, 1 has been circled.
As 2 is the first prime number, it has been underlined.
Next, cross out all the numbers that can be divided by 2.
Step 2

3 is the next prime number. Underline it.

Then, cross out all the numbers that can be divided by 3.
Keep underlining the prime numbers and crossing out the numbers that can be
divided by the prime numbers until you reach 50.

The prime numbers are

34. Find two prime numbers between 60 and 90.

35. Find two composite numbers between 60 and 90.

36. Are there more prime numbers from 1 to 25 or from 26 to 50?

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Practice 3 Multiples
Fill in the table with the multiples of each given number.
Example
First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Number
Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple
4 4 8 12 16 20

4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 are

multiples of 4.
To find a multiple of a number, multiply
it by whole numbers starting from 1.
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First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Number
Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple
1. 7
2. 8
3. 9

Fill in the blanks.

4. The first multiple of 9 is .

5. The second multiple of 8 is .

6. The first twelve multiples of 7 are

7. The seventh multiple of 7 is .

8. The twelfth multiple of 7 is .

29
Lesson 2.3 Multiples
Check () the correct box and fill in the blank when necessary.

9. Is 32 a multiple of 6?

Yes, it is the multiple of 6.

No, it is not a multiple of 6.

10. Is 63 a multiple of 9?

Yes, it is the multiple of 9.

No, it is not a multiple of 9.

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Use the numbers in the boxes to make your lists.

30 84 15 63 56 24

11. Multiples of 3 12. Multiples of 8

Each shaded area shows some of the multiples of a number.

Write the number in the box to the left of each shaded area.

13. 10 2

4 8 6

14. 27 9

15 81 18

15. 14 49

28 63 21
30 Chapter 2 Estimation and Number Theory
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Find the common multiples and the least common multiple.

Example
1 3 2 5 2 1 3 3 5 3
2 3 2 5 4 2 3 3 5 6
3 3 2 5 6 3 3 3 5 9 A common multiple is shared
4 3 2 5 8 4 3 3 5 12 by two or more numbers.
5 3 2 5 10 5 3 3 5 15
6 3 2 5 12 6 3 3 5 18
7 3 2 5 14
8 3 2 5 16 A common multiple that is less
9 3 2 5 18 than all the others is called
the least common multiple.

The multiples of 2 are 2, 4,

6 , 8, 10, 12 , 14, 16, 18 ...

The multiples of 3 are 3,

6 , 9, 12 , 15, 18 ...
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The first three common multiples of 2 and 3 are 6, 12, and 18 .

The least common multiple of 2 and 3 is 6 .

16. The first 14 multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,
.
The first 10 multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, .

The first two common multiples of 5 and 7 are .

The least common multiple of 5 and 7 is .

17. The first 15 multiples of 4 are

.
The first 12 multiples of 5 are

.
The first three common multiples of 4 and 5 are .
The least common multiple of 4 and 5 is .
31
Lesson 2.3 Multiples
Write the first ten multiples of each number. Then find the
least common multiple.

18. 8 and 5
8
5
The least common multiple of 8 and 5 is .

19. 6 and 9
6
9
The least common multiple of 6 and 9 is .

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20. 12 and 15
12
15
The least common multiple of 12 and 15 is .

Fill in the blanks. More than one answer is possible.

21. 12 is the least common multiple of 3 and .

22. 32 is the least common multiple of 8 and .

23. 24 is the least common multiple of 6 and .

24. 15 is the least common multiple of 3 and .

25. 60 is the least common multiple of 15 and .

32 Chapter 2 Estimation and Number Theory

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Practice 4 Multiplying Using Models

Multiply using an array model.
Example
Mrs. Nathan has 12 vases. She puts 8 stalks of flowers in each vase.
How many stalks of flowers are there in all?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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8
There are 8 rows of 12 dots.
8 3 12 5 ?
8 3 2 5 16
8 3 10 5 80
80 1 16 5 96
There are 96 stalks of flowers.

Solve. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415
1
1. 6 3 15 5 ?
2
6355 3
4
6 3 10 5 5
6
1 5

33
Lesson 2.4 Multiplying Using Arrays
2. Use the array model to write a multiplication sentence. Then find the product.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Show your working here.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3. Show 11 3 6 with two different color dots on the arrray model. Find the product.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Show your working here.

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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

4. Draw an array model for 3 3 14. Show by using two different colors dots on the
array model. Find the product.

34 Chapter 2 Estimation and Number Theory

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Multiply using an array model.

Example
A grocer arranges oranges on a tray which has 38 rows. Each row has
9 oranges. How many oranges are there?
9 9
Step 1 Step 2
938 8 938 8

9 ⴛ 8 ⴝ 72 30 ⴛ 9
38 38 ⴝ 270
30 3 9 30 30 3 9

9
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Step 3
938 8
270 ⴙ 272 ⴝ 342
38
30 3 9 30

There are 342 oranges.

Find the missing numbers.

5. 41 3 5 6. 36 3 7

35
Lesson 2.4 Multiplying Using Arrays
 7. 53 3 4
4
53 3 4 5 341 34
3
5 1

53 5
50

8. 26 3 9

26 3 9 5 361 39

5 1

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5

9. Draw the area model to solve 22 3 7.

Label your area model and show your work.

22 3 7 5 371 37

5 1

36 Chapter 2 Estimation and Number Theory

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Put On Your Thinking Cap!

Challenging Practice

1. The estimated difference between two numbers is 60. Find two numbers
that when rounded to the nearest ten, have a difference of 60.
Use the numbers in the box.

135 128 61 141 74 56

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2. When a 3-digit number is divided by a 1-digit number, the estimated quotient

is 50. Think of two possible numbers that can give this quotient.
Then check if your answer is correct.

3. A given number is a multiple of 4. It is between 6 and 15. It is a factor of 16.

What is the number?

37
Chapter 2 Estimation and Number Theory
4. When a 3-digit number is rounded to the nearest ten and to the nearest hundred,
the answer is the same. What is one possible number that fits this rule?

5. The number of bagels sold each day in two stores follows a pattern.
Complete the table below to show this pattern.

Bagels Sold in Two Stores

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh

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Day Day Day Day Day Day Day
Store A 3 6 12 21
Store B 4 8 20

Fill in the blanks using the data from the table above.

a. How many bagels did Store B sell on the seventh day?

b. The two stores sold the same number of bagels on different days.
Which were the days?

Store A: Store B:

38 Chapter 2 Estimation and Number Theory

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Put On Your Thinking Cap!

Problem Solving

1. Mr. Chan bought some pencils for a group of students.

If he gives them 2 pencils each, he will have 10 pencils left.
If he gives them 3 pencils each, he will have none left.
How many students are in the group?
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2. On the opening day at a toy store, every third customer gets

a ball and every fourth customer gets a stuffed animal. Sixty
people come to the store. How many get both a ball and a
stuffed animal?

Chapter 2 Estimation and Number Theory 39

3. A square table can seat 4 people.
How many square tables are needed to seat 26 people if the tables are put
together?

Hint:

1 table can seat 4 people. 2 tables can seat 6 people.

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40 Chapter 2 Estimation and Number Theory