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Unit-3 PPT

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790 views67 pages

Unit-3 PPT

Uploaded by

Siddharth Prajapati
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Subject – Power Electronics (KEE603)

Unit - 3
Phase-Controlled Converters

Prepared by:
Dr. Bhupender Sharma
Associate Professor, EN
ABES Engineering College
Phase-Controlled Rectifier
Phase-Controlled Rectifiers are used for the conversion of fixed-frequency and fixed-voltage AC into
variable DC voltage output.

• Phase-controlled rectifier is a type of rectifier circuit in which the diodes are replaced by Thyristors or SCRs.

• The output voltage can be regulated by changing the firing angle of the Thyristors.

• Phase Control of SCR means having control on the phase relationship between the start of current through the SCR
and source voltage.

Phase
Controlled
Rectifier
Classification of Phase Controlled Rectifier
Phase
Controlled
Rectifiers

Single-Phase Three-Phase

Half-Wave Full-Wave Half-Wave Full-Wave

Mid-Point Bridge Type


M-3 Full- Semi
(M-2) (B-2)
converter Converters Converters
Converter Converter

Full Semi
Converter Converter

Symmetrical Asymmetrical
Important Definitions

• Firing angle (α): The angle measured from the instant SCR gets forward biased
to the instant it is triggered.
or
It is defined as angle measured from the instant that gives maximum output voltage to
the one at which it is actually triggered.
• Extinction angle (β): extinction angle is one where the thyristor gets switched off in
spite of being reverse biased.
• Conduction angle (γ): The conduction angle (γ) is defined as γ=β−α
Assumptions

SCRs and diodes are assumed ideal switches which means that:
1. There is no voltage drop across them
2. No reverse current exits under reverse voltage conditions
3. On and off time for the switches is zero
4. Holding current is zero.
Single-phase Half-wave controlled rectifier with R-load
Average and RMS Value of the Output Voltage

Average Value of the Output Voltage RMS Value of the Output Voltage
Single-phase Half-wave controlled rectifier with RL-load
Average Output Voltage across the Load
Single-phase Half-wave controlled rectifier with RL-load and freewheeling diode
Single-phase Half-wave controlled rectifier with RLE load
Average Output Voltage across the Load
Single phase Full wave converters

1. Mid point converter (M-2 Connection)

2. Bridge type converter (B-2 Connection)


Single-phase full-wave mid-point converter (M-2 connection)
Waveform for Continuous Load Current Operation
• Thyristor T1 which is triggered at a delay angle
of α , conducts from ωt = α to (π + α ).
• Thyristor T2 is triggered at ωt = (π + α).
• Thyristor T2 conducts from ωt = (π + α) to (2π +
α).
When T1 conducting
vT2-vbn+van-vT1=0
vT2 = -2 Vm sinα
For trigger angle α > 90⁰ ,cos α becomes negative and as a result the average dc output voltage
Vdc becomes negative, but the load current flows in the same positive direction. Hence the
output power becomes negative. This means that the power flows from the load circuit to the
input ac source. This is referred to as line commutated inverter operation. During the inverter
mode operation for α > 90 ⁰ the load energy can be fed back from the load circuit to the input
ac source.
Waveform for Discontinuous Load Current Operation
Single-phase full-wave bridge converter (B-2 connection)
Single-phase full-wave bridge converter with RLE load
Single-phase full-wave bridge converter with RLE load
Firing angle (α>90⁰): Inverter operation
Single-phase full-wave bridge converter with RLE load For discontinuous load current
• Single-phase Semi converters
1. Single-phase symmetrical semi-converter with RLE load and
Freewheeling diode
• Single-phase Semi converters
2. Single-phase symmetrical semi-converter
• Single-phase Semi converters
3. Single-phase asymmetrical semi converter
• Three-phase controlled converters

1. Three-pulse converters
2. Six-pulse converters
3. Twelve-pulse converters
• Three-phase half-wave controlled converters
✓ Three-Phase M-3 converter with R-load
✓ Three-Phase M-3 converter with RL-load
• Three-Phase Full converters
• Three-Phase Semiconverters
1. Three-Phase half-wave (M-3) converter with R-load
For α=0⁰
For firing angle (α) < 30⁰
For firing angle (α) > 30⁰
2. Three-Phase half-wave (M-3) converter with RL-load
2. Three-Phase half-wave (M-3) converter with RL-load
Three-phase Full converters

• Three-phase Full converters with R load


• Three-phase Full converters feeding RLE Load
• Three-phase Full converters feeding RLE Load for α = 60 degree
• Three-phase Full converters feeding RLE Load for line voltage waveforms
• Three-phase Full converters feeding RLE Load for line voltage waveforms
• Three-phase Full converters : Average and RMS values
Effect of Source Impedance
on the performance of
Converters
1. Effect of Source Impedance on the
performance of Single-phase Full Converter
2. Effect of Source Impedance on the
performance of Three-phase Full Converter
Dual Converters
• An arrangement using two full converters in antiparallel connected to the same dc
load is called a dual converter. OR The back to back connection of two fully
controlled converters across the load circuit is named as Dual converter.
• The dual converters consists of two full converters one with positive and another
with negative output voltages

• Device designed for four-quadrant operation


• Types of Dual Converters
1) Single-phase dual converter
2) Three-phase dual converter
α1 < 900

Fig.1(a) Four-quadrant diagram (b) Single-Phase dual converter


(c) Three-Phase dual converter
Ideal Dual Converters

In the simplified representation of dual converter, two assumptions are made:


• Dual converters are ideal that means they produce pure DC output terminals
without containing any ripples.
• Each two-quadrant converter is assumed to be a controllable direct voltage
source, connected in series with a diode.
Fig. 2 (a) Equivalent circuit of an ideal dual converter (b) Variation of terminal voltage for an
ideal dual converter with firing angle
For converter 1, the average output voltage,
For converter 2, the average output voltage,

The Output voltage is given by,

The firing angle can never be greater than 180. So, α1+ α2= 1800
Functional modes of a Dual converter

• Non-circulating current mode


• Circulating current mode

1. Non-Circulating Current Mode Type Dual-converter

• One converter will perform at a time. There is no circulating current between the
converters.
• During the converter-1 operation, the firing angle (α1) will be 0<α1< 900 (Vdc and Idc
are positive)
• During the converter-2 operation, firing angle (α2) will be 0<α2< 900 (Vdc and Idc are
negative)
2. Circulating Current Mode Type Dual-converter

• In this mode, both converters will be in the ON condition at the same time. So circulating
current is present.
• The firing angles are adjusted such that α1 + α2 =1800. Firing angle of converter-1 is α1
and firing angle of converter-2 is α2.
• In this mode, the Converter-1 works as a controlled rectifier when the firing angle is
0<α1 < 900 and Converter-2 works as an inverter when the firing angle is 900 < α2 < 1800.
In this condition, Vdc and Idc are positive.
• Converter-1 works as an inverter when firing angle be 900 < α1 < 1800 and Converter-2
works as a controlled rectifier when the firing angle is 0< α2 < 900 in this condition, Vdc
and Idc are negative.
Single-phase circulating current type Dual-converter
Three-phase circulating current type Dual-converter
Applications of Dual Converters

• Direction and Speed control of DC motors.


• Applicable wherever, the reversible DC is required.
• Industrial variable speed DC drives.

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