Aerospace Research in Bulgaria

Volume 7. Sofia. l99l

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

PeAarquoHra Korerus I,lsAarercrso ua Erntapcxata

aKaAeMr{fl Ha HayKuTe
E. EoHes (rnaneu penaxtoP),
fL Be.nuuon, fl. feuos, Pe.qarrop
H, Eemu,ttoea
H. Aonqesa, E. Ma.uxapon,
f. Mapgupocau (orronopen TexuuqecKr.t peAaKrop
cexperap), !,. Mnruen, I(. Heanoaa
fI. Henoncxn, X. Cnnpu,4onon, I(openropu: JI. Cz6eea,
JI. Qsrnnon, C. 9anrtuon, E. B,tadunupoaa
3, .[uuutpona (o'monopeH I4eA. aHAexc 12260
peAaKrop ua 6poa) AaAeHa sa na6op rra
5. VIL 1990 r.
Iloqnucaua sa neqarHa
Editorial Board 27. V. 1991 r.
I4snag.na or rreqar Ha
B, Bonerr (Editor-in-Chief), 30. V. l99l r.
P. Vellinov, P. Cenov, @opmar 70/100/16
N, Doncheva, B. Majarov, Tupax 250
G. Mardirosian (SecretarY), fleqarsu xo,ntt 5,25
D. Mishev, P. Nenovski, ?leA. xorli 6,80
H. Spiridonol', L. Phi liPov, flopr,uxa Ns 349
S. Chapkanov, Z, Di mittova
(Technical Iiditor) fleqaruu qa
Ha I4sAareficrnoto
HaEAH-11l3CoQv n,
Alpec yn, ,,AKa,q.
gcJIeABaHqff
f. Eonueo", 6,tt, 5
uecRIi
Aepot<oclrn 14

n ErnrapuR
I4ucruryr Ba KocMItqecKa
r.rscreABanarI npn BAH
Bt,nrapur, CoQrn 1000,
yn, ,,Mocxoncxa" Ns 6

Address
Aerospace Research in Bulgaria Llndrnrvr sa
Space Research Institute, liocMI{rlecKI{
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences r.r 3cJreABaHri s np u B AH
6 Moskovska Str,, Sofia 1000, @)l99l
Bulgaria c/o Jusautor, Sofia
rssN 0861-1432

AHPO
IA3CALAB AHIA{ B "6bAI APV1qI
\'7
, co@I4f i991

E'bJI|APCKA AKAAEMUfl FIA HAYKI,ITE

i
t
il

Cr,4:spxaune Contents

H. B, CrtrnPnora, O, O. N. V. Smirnova, O. F'

Or.ro6nrna, Ei. A. B,lacxon'
lI. ll. B$nnuon
MoAe'lu
- OAHolioHoctPePr'l
ulrxnefi
Y'lyrlilrenlle
TO
Me paBoqHoll
fto I'I c APYfI{MI{
oM o,qenrruu/l Q

II. B. A. Bnacxon' P. L Vellinov, V. A.

H. , O'o' Viostov, N. V. SmirnoYa, O' F'
Or B' Cnacon Ogloblina, Chr' SPasov
uue nPoQr'r'rrert ElectrondensitY Proliles anc
g,'r HqeI{TpaUuI{ lI
-"
radiowave absorPtion
-ionosphelic
llorJIoIqeIJ14fi paAlroBOJIH B tooA.tting in the
D-o6;rac1u uoIrocrPePry'22 D-region/l I

B. C. CrogHora, H. K. V. S. Stojanova, N. K'

Kaqxon Katskov
- Theoretical
Teo -
ASSESSflCNT Of
Haa
Ar{c aqepBeHa remote sensing
CHI,I HA inii^i"a i mag6s- as means f o
reoJlof o- .fi AporeoJlo)KKIt seoloeical an-d hidrological
sanauul2p lroblems solution/30
H, llturuen, l. X. D. N. Mishev, G'H'
.(. Mardirosian
Mapnupgcrlx
Koltnnexcnne and
cr{HxpoIlIlbIe I'r nous
KBa3r{cuHxpoHHbIe I{3MepeHI.lff s and
I,1 Ha6fiIgAeHI4q nPl'l
in remote
ArrcTaHlI!toHHOM
a3 DoI(OCMUqecKol\'I
aerospace earth
r.rccne4o!aur'rra 3eu.tu/3 I sensing/38
 JI. l,I. Mu;reuoea, E, B. L. I. Milenova,
Ctanen E. V. Stanev
I4ccre4onaHae Blaclr Sea meso-scale
-
lresouacutra6rrlrx nporleccoB B -
processes studv with
aepHOM MOpe fiprr nor\1ot4H the help of space
KocMr{qecxr4x l,tso6p a>r<euuri/Bg i magps/45

A. H_, Muruen, E. B, Crauen,

JI. H. MlrreHosa, H. H. paqea
AHanus coJreHocrr.r
-
noBepxHocrr sana4r.rofi uacrn
Ha

LtepHOrO MOp.fl lra

ocltoBe
cyAoBr,rx lr Ar.rcTaHrIHOHHbrx
4auHnx/46
B. C lxena-[Ierpona V. S. Djepa-Petrova
yqer
nepe4arovuoli
-
arrraocQeplr ilpH
SyHrrqura - Trans missiondetermined
f unction of the
AlrcraHqlloHHoM atmosphere pv
30HAlrpoBarrun 3eu,rr.i uo satellite spectro meter
cIIeI(Tp OMeTp r.rq ecKr.rM measuferuents for rernote
cnyTHI'tKoBr,tM r.lsl,repeHuau/53 sensing of the Earth/60
Xp. {. fleren Cr, Zh. Petev
Zscne4nare
-
ItA CI4CTCMI,I 3A ABTOMATIIqIId - A svstem
olbital
for
stations automatic
yIIpaB,rreHr.re Ha o pHeHTar{uqTa orientation control
Ha op6uranHn crauuuu/61 st u dy/65
H. II. Ilerxon N. P. Petkov
flnyxananeu
-
paKereu q)oroMerT,p c rlilrflyJrceH - Pulse mode
two-channel rocl<et
pex(r.rM ua pa6ora/66

C K. rlauxrHoo, I{. II. .{auen,

H, E. Hnauona, rc. H.
Marreriryx, B, H, Iafiqapcxufi
'
B. H. Opaercxnri, B. B,
TeuHufi
MeroA sa A method for
-
olpeAed'rrrHe rroTeHrIHar'ra Ha -
space object potential
rocMlrqecr(lifi o6exrlZ0 deter minati on/74

S."X. IlerpyHona, 6. B. M, H, Petrunova, B. V.

DOUqeB Boichev
Cucreua sa
-
ABTOTIOMHI{ I{ KOI.INU1ICKCHH - A system for
autono mou._s and complex
usrrrr"rarafl ua yc.rportcruo sa testing of . an i onos phere
H3MepBaHe Ha rrapaMeTplrTe Ha el ectros t ati c field frrrimetei
naramcte/
eJIeK'IpOCTaTLIqHoTo ltO,'Ie B measuring
rlouoctpep ala/75 device/81

I' K. EeHbsa D, l(. henor.a

- I,Iscne4nalre Ha MVTaf eHHo.r'o
4eficrnue na rlraxtopn
Spaoe flight
-mutation factors
Ha KocMr.rqecKyrfr lolrer 182' study/84
Br,;rrapcxa aI(aAeMI'Ifl lla HayKHlel Bulgarian Acadelay of Sciences

Aepoxocmtiuecr(ll lt3cJre,qBarr"" u bonaupun, 7' Aerospace Research in Bulgaria'

CoQua.l99l.Sofia

(lRI) 4nd oth

N . V. Smirnoaa,
P. I. Vell,inoa*

:fr*ffi,
Introduction
For the
orooagation and Practical
io knJ", the distribution of
radiodifiusion and, above all' to have

bv the ionization-recombi4ation cycle

ii";;;;"*;'ih"
tion processes; the .y;ffi of .t'"*i
system oi chemi
the ricombination process$s. lfhe
to reproduce the real conditions, o
 cqmparison with the experimental data. The simplified models
detail rnodels I1l, 12, [9, l0], the
19] gl4 the ionization-recombination cycle moO.t'i eVe-
loped by us [Zl S, ta, l5l fall in that type of models.

Theoretical model of the low ionosohere

tI
9:*, crf an d c r, r"?i'"T*,1il Ji:*
r

The rate constants of the. major,.processes

ffi'8::' .tB:',l?.',l,'d; ;lt,
in
theicheme aie presenter in
;,f o*,ns.

Table L A detailed reasoning or ilt'" *oa"t is given in

12,-s, r+i. u"i"" ith,
we shall mention only th.e p-eculiaritiei of o*'-od"i'^a\li"r*ti;ting it f
the theoretical models developed .uili... Ttre rates irr"'iirij;i""r;; ion
processes of the primary positive, ions No+, o"+ in "i ion, cIi: of the
clusi.i-
simpler cluster ions_ clf into most oires cl2+r as well as of prir aty
.cgryplex
nesaiive ions o1 o_- intothe intermediate io'co;'are illustrated by he
effective parameters 1d B-
, Bpe+, F,Bo,, Bo-. These Lffective parameters are
deduced from the detailecl schemes of ion transformation and include de
dencies on the atmospheric temperature ? and hurnidity
frorn the small neutrai ,onstitueiit. o, o; iHpi ;-;"1 AS
For example, the rate B5o+ of the basic "tld-aor-"oti"iniruiion.
channel'of formation oi Ctl i
No+ under normal and winter anomaly conditions has g tqmperature dep
{.tl:y T-'l,in the ran_g-e r:no+ieok una u gi"ut; A"et;d oi a"p"nat cy
T^l':i,,in the range t{0, !+Q K, while'r,-,,1", .iiiic"ntfli frish t.ilpurui tre
,conditions,(i.. in winter) it depends on the humidity bt tE" atm'o.pli. re.
".. conditLons (auroral absorption AA,
Under disturbed folar cap absoipt on
PcA, post-storm effects pSe iftermagnetic'storms Ssdy ttt";;.;B;- of
th'e basic channel of for:mation of CIf from Or+ depends on the
oi o and Hro under all temperature conditi"on and hps a weaker "oncentrii
temp,
ture dependpncy .T-n,n..The iarne temperature ependeircy is characteii
oI the transformation rate B of the cluster ions li #ittr fecombinatiori <

fficient o (ClI) :2.10-6 cm3.s-1 into more .o,npi.:r cluster ions CIf, w
recombination coefficient o(CIf):10-5 cms . s-l.

AA
c (Cl"')

8".,i a(Clr")

NO.;H;O

P3

njg.._t. The proposed theoretical ionization-recombination cJrcle model

oJ the D-regioir

4
 Accuracl, of the N(h)-ptofiles descrlPtion on,t
basis oi the theoretical and empirical mooels
Norw we evaluate the possibilities "f- tl"-^Tllti t
wvthall '"':'---Jel
models [1, [], 7, B] and andour.theoretlcal *o,
our-tfreoretical model [2-4' t+, l5l so as to render
lz-+' l4'.151
S"'l?it ti,i' data
experimental nl i"
a?I f ,tr ;"itttb
df ;;:
D-region ;;il; j:cc^-.-+
;;;ffi 'tl+-t-t i:il"l*,h:ti
-. .ii rr* *t hhorinnhrrsicrl
r
condi ti
el iophvsi car conaitior
^rr "'
that purpose we
For that *"','"'iJ"s
are going 10 i;;-'; oala Dalrr( ur
ih;.0.+l
use tne 1\rl\r
!:l\-:l..IlFlL trr'
tlf '^..1-t.
ff:..*O;?"qi
bank more than 500 [i"A-ton'atn91tv pt.oiii"; 3I" in"1l1:1
i t' a ;; I *' t h;i -'i
o"t;
h
"ili'ffi
i t h i*'r.ii'
i'# :'r:#'i.l'd il
"it I ;i;" E' i't i'd ;i ii.;;; fj9 i1 *.d:::: *":"1tf
;.iF " g : I "l "-,.;T: 1l'^*
1 ,"^"; oj' .i
"'il' ;'iiii!;l"l-!T :?l;
reflection, ff:ti
,.1 ;:;1T:i" Hil: etc'
rocket mea.ureio"nts,
i
;; As a criterion lor the
t.1? prectst
^q'::l::'
total error "r
t
"it?:;:
different models r" ;;;dEli"ir*'ttt" reduced logarythmic
 Model Height, km

9.99^ 0J47 0,698 0,?58

iiti
1.04

o'tt# i:Fii
tbt# 3r8i3
tfrtt 3:;#E ?':l;E'W %?tJ

Itcan be noted, that on the whole our model ,describes

the da,ta l
ll*:lll*r"jl._=ojl':Xt^qg{ers- { gFi."il f..r.i.r.. naiiu"n to them
of McNam ar a f or' ure oo- os r.m ;r dt"a;.,T1Ji,ru;ilfi
of the data on these altitu.des-rti .*pjuin"a bt
"*
J.;,*i:yrTf "a:ffifi
tt-"f;.itil; McNamara,s l.u-
built up on the basis,of qrji;mouni oi.t*.-*oirtution
km
Asl,.t:
60 .,
harr oT-the t,;i;r-a;;";;il_ilijfiH:ii"1#d,"
data - at
of

*:l
ly' are

onlv r-'^.. uara (accerrLed,,3,'ni."oT:"1fr.#"!H:if:#filiflxi, Tn:i"ffi,

by itr" c-osi;hR Symposiu- on sillii#;Ttl ,ICer
h1T M ed*ui E-n ents r I eiJ^il rn;i lp, ii.. and r el i
a-

l*9 :l I "X^Tl,^o:l
our model describei exp.erim,entrl n,"ti"iihr;;;;:"i'hl'r moaers 1t,abz e)8 l
Jor all altitudes, incruding ihaf-ui4"t"
o6-os km altitude.
Up to now we have coisidered the possiniqiies'of-lhe
models
ji{i,",r;*,q;q;lie;t_ir"ii,liiii, quietto D_regir
reprod
N
ces modelling.
;il;
#"t;'",,"n;,yl:l:"ofj,^l:ll,
ow w e. ar u e oi ne io ii il.il ;i;.';bH ;;;' ;; i ili,ff ,f fr ::: r",.lig,
Let us consider several cases of different qap absorption (p( r),
post.storrn effects (PSE) and wirlt"r annm,l,, /\r/lr The chosen
JVn.g,-qo1s1
cases h VC
autu"iii'i#T'"# :le
' pSE); data'for j IO
cA,
v rom the calculation of
lqoLo ur f ufl (pruro' rrares on August 4th-5th, lgi;i'NH".;t;,i'fih:t L
ll s
 -t

t
[s l.zz
i-
 cer-
l.\/
.J
the
ter-
the
ath
th,
in
h)-
ant
ata
ore
e
It
certain out that th
on the dirr ,il""1"1i1:il",
)a
sed. This,is difference of the
rc-
"lY"T,?
evaluat'-., vr rvrrrr,.ror one and the same path lsbkHz/lB60"tifil"ffi
following data oi Ii6] and tbo 3 -3
"rnj;'iiii'gl.
of calcut atibn of electron concentr ation
,."f l"il:,1:.{:_.:LT:l,"_ur.?,
reflection.point is used inlu,'rrr... itr! ,uaiowuu.. in he
considered in seometrJ opfii. uppio*i.uii9" oroorn'utltfT3fr ift
, i,i'pr5rir", =rnisotropy in he
is

and the reflection artitudes --a,-ioiii," prtr,

:?T.lf:'?S#i:.1':l_:_,j:::,t'Ii$;:f ih'"
";i;"J 1."1i,i1,* in rsl ror A/ 't)
already,.;;i:fiJ;,oiror|ri
experiment al data IlB], as well is tro-
it
"'uuir"l'j"-'irrgi."''
A comparison with rocket and radiov/ave
measurements data

titu des sh ow th at, r] T

"';,tifl il: t
;|ff 'f,1 ?i,,;'3.",lxill"Hil :li *'jf l.
-.
a-
n-
gl', J r'"" *-i r, t.
;ti i' t"h"e q u n ox m on
and *m axim
l:,T a"',inl tTI.g_ ods oi"",
th6 peril'^r," rdr.ti*. ;ffi#;;.i;l,Ii.
"i
i
"g li',,1'jii#,fii,"r""#:i
e i hs
:d
o
TheJ:f1;i
"" +*n ;;fu; ;; a i1:il;;ffi ii,l' ong_ * uve r ar
short :1 JF ^.1:l_t:ry1ui r" iEe o-regl9n
waves absorption i'ffi,i; r

th-e long waves absorption'i; ;;:;;;i;"" ;;;l;1,'$i)'ti#,',1,?

'c il ro
i. d^6^^^+'^L^r
.t^*^.j^i^i .- -! 'l
qc ri '
reflection
reflJl8"';;;;"area. Hence.
#;o t
structure of the N fti-
fferent profile moaeli
model of the D-region,
I
 References
l.Eenr{KoBr{q, B.8.,_E. A. Eene.ql.r,,ro", B. A Bax;upen,
I p n ur K e B u q. llpenplrin 171. foprxnlr. HI4POI4. 1983, c.51.
2.CttLw p.H o B.a, H. B. B:'Marelraruqecrioe moJie,napoBaHr.re KOMNJICKCHIJIX' N
coB. Anarnru, KO- AH CCCP, 1982, c. 22. I'
3.Crr,ruq-qo.na,_ IJ. B,, B. A. BflacKos. Ilpenpuuri IIIIZ 9.2-3:17. Ana
6t1 AH, CCCP, 1982, c. 46.
4.CnnpFroBa, FI. 8., O. O. Or.no6nttna, B. A. Bracxos.
|IfZ 84-08-36. Anarurn, I(tD AH CCCP, 1984, c.'31.i
.

5.Aoprvralr, JI. 14., V. A. Kosr.rH. I(ocrvueueCr<o:e.rrs-rvqeHr.iernepxirefi

pe.M., Hayr<a, 1983, c. l5l.
6, Kocd.iIrf,Ogil f. 3Hiqyu", .C.8.^nu xo.;Moj,4.A. Iapac_en K
B: I4cc.neao-earrrl nepxlreft arlrocgeptr 3eu.nu. M., fu4y'orucreiousnar. 1g84, c
ltional Relerence
7. International Iorigsphere
Qeierence ,^lo.nbsp,here itl-79, World Data'/,Centdr A,
World Dati/,Center A. R"Dori
Reiort i
82, 1981, Boulder/Colerado. --I
--lRI-79,
8. M c N a ma I a, L. F. Radio Sci., 14, 1979, No 6; p. 1165.
9. M i t r a, A. P., J. N.- Ro we. phvs,.. 354. 1972. No b. o.
10. Danilov, A. D. I. - J. Phys.,
l. Atmosph. Terr,
Atmosph. Terr, lhyq.,
Phvs.. g7,lg75,
g7.l9ZS,
1975, No 6[7, o. SgS.'
No"67Z.
" 7e,1.
-
|l'Reid,G.C.-Planet.Spa.ceSci';25,-|977.p.275.
l2.Cha1!rabarty, D. I(., P. Chakraba'rty, G. Witt. ph.
Terr. Phys.,'40,
rrrr. rltys., {u, Iirro,
1978, No 4, p,
t\o +, p,' +J/.
437. l -JjAt
19. lol.kai2 r, K. M., trr
Fr i e ddr;i
r i c h.'-J.Atmsoph.
h. Terr. Physa, 4b,
14.Vei1inov, P. L, N. A. Smirnovh, -J. At 45, 1983,
1983, No 6, p. 369.
V. A. Vias'kov.'-Adv p4ce
: Res., 4; 1984, No I, p. 123,
15.Ve1linov. ov, P. I.,I.. N. A. SSmirnova, N. A. Vlaskov. .. Hand
lor
for MA?
MAP (Ed. by SCOSTEP/NASA, [Jniv, LJniv, of. I1linois,,1Ur;bana)i,
-Lower ;l98
1.0,: ;lgB4, 7:9.
16. T ht at n e,' E. V. In: Methods of Measuremeni+s and Results of 'Lower Ioni
Measuremeni*s and,Results Io here
- Akademie Verlas. 1974. o. 3.
l7.Yel \/. A. Vlask-cr', N.tV.'Smi'rnova, O. F. O'
. I p ;u,* s o v. Aeporoclrnuecrn dsclegnauua n Bt,n
- 'I
18.L,au . Taubenheim, G. Enl,zign et al,.
Report, 7, I97tt, p. 83. -HH TP-
19.Bremsr, J., K. Eirers, J. Taub'enhi:im. GgoP vs. /
90, 1981, No 4, p. 296, -,Gerlands
?9.Pte ner, J., W. Si
mer, nger, - J. Atrnosph. Terr. Phyq., 89, 1977;;:No 1, t
Sinsr 28.
21. Co ss ar t, G, von, S. V, pa k ho mo v, idr'lqAp(Ed. bv SCOS EP.
NASA, Univ. of Illinoi.s, Urbana), 10,--Handbool<
1984, p. 34.

OAHo $.rryvrueuae MoAeJri,r, Hr{xqrer? r{oHocsep

no cpaBHeHHrOc Mex(AyHaPOArloft cnpaBorr{Iflo
r{oHocQepoii (IR I) w; .c Apynr4,Mr.r
3Mn 14 p r,rqe eKVMvr MoAeJrfl MH

(Pesroue) :

lI pe4.rl ar hercr reoper r.rqec K a r MoAerrr b H rr.r{Hert r{gqpq

BKrroqaloqeil qerblpe rroJro)KlrreJlbHbrx HoHa (Ol, On+, CIr*, Ctrr+), uer -t
pe
orpr.ruareJrr,r{btx r.roHa 14 3JreKTpor{br.. OHa yr{rrrbrBaer 3atsr,rcr4Mocrb c
ocHoBHbrx npoqeccoB or rer\{[epaTypbr, BJrax{HocrH arMocoepbr ir4 KoHHeHTpa T4T4
MaJlbrx ueftrp a.rnHux cocraBJrfl roniirx. Ilponepxa p asp a6oiannofi reoper#
ivroAeJrr.r Ha 6orbtxoM Maccr4Be oKcIIepr.rMeHTa,[bHbrx
oKcleplrMeHraassrlx AaHunrx (csHlxe iO0O'lff
AaHF]brx (cnr,lue 1000 )-
flpoQHfleli) IIoKa3bIBaeT, qTo ol-ta JIyr{ue BocnpolrgBoAlrT 3Mlr,rpurrecKl4e
Aeflr,r, qeM u3BecTFrbre ce3oFrHbre r.r cyToqrrbre Bapr4al\uvr N(:h), a raxx<e npo$
Bo BpeMf pasJrr4qnbrx HoHocQepHbrx Bo3MyUIeHr{rl.
10
Errrapcr<a ar(aAeMr4q lra Irayr(ure. Bulgarian Academy of Sci ences
Aepoxoclruuecror rrsc,'reABaHng d B'l"nrapux, 7. Aerospace Research in Bulgaria,
Corpax.1991 .Solia

1. Intrpduction

terval 50-e0 km t'ttll,f"l."ililif:l;

ships. Such a model should define th

 For this region rocket measurements give predominantly
notonous prorltes
noronous prof iles lI acklng in expressed mlnlmums
acking ln minimums and maximums oi l/. 'l'he
of N. The p ofi-
les obtained through cross-modulation display an expressed minimum at a out
70 km height and a growing value of 1/ at 60-65 km height, the same bei in-
terpreted as "cosmic ray layer'(CQ-or C-layef) in the low ionosphere [3]. he
model profiles formed rn the basis of data concernine VLW,'LW aird w
propagation do not offer a single solution for the prolile character under 75 m.
i1 6odels, [3,
For example, irr -13,
l4l the C-layer
[3, 13, 14] al 60-65
C-laver at 60-G5 km is present nd
at 68-70 km a minimum is observed.
But, the model profiles [4. 15] (the last out
radio paths inthe frequency an-
ge from 16 kHz to 2,5 n4Hz) are
monotonous. Furthermore, the
calculations in [6] showed hat
the use of the IRI-79 n.l del
l7l - a smooth profile extr po-
lation under 70 km, and the
mooel [1a] wlrn
model u4l with a L-layer
C-layer m
rn I
demonstrate different VLW r :f 1e-
ction coefficients within the r 4- I

mes oI accuracv measurerne of

these parameters, The elec ron
concentration variation 10 t mes
in the 51-61 km interval lea to
variation onlv in seDarate co po-
nents in the reflection coeff ent
matrix. It came out that i ab-
. le conclusions concerning t 'N
value for the low D-region can
be made rneasuring all four
ponents of the reflection coe
ent matrix components, whi
practice onrly 6ng or two par
ters are measured,
Fig. 1. Electron concentrationprofiles N (a), ele- Now we are going to on-
ctrcn production rate q" and the effective recom- sider the orofiles obtai in
and our theoretical model [, o

elec_
6] under quiet summer and
into winter conditions at I ati ude
50"N: sol ar zenith a le

t2
X:7,85"; and high solar activity -F1u,r:200. These .A/(h)-profiles are pre'
sented in Fig. 1. The profilgs designated by dotted line demonstrate ar
expressed minimum at height 72km in summer and 70 km in
This minimum is received from the electron production rate q minimum "vinter.
(Fig. 1)
as a result of: a) galactic cosmic rays ionization drop wiih height, and b)lou
intensity of the Ly-a1pha line on these heights, which is neariy absorbec
by the atmosphere [3]. The profiles designated by an uninterrupted line are
of monotonous character. They are obtained taking into account the addi-
tional iomzation source: the precipitating high-energlr electrons. The back.
tions deffers considerably. Ir-r our cal'
rate of that source are used from avai-

ffi;i f;: Til ii\, *1" i * l' r i."x

;
:1
he electron precipitation ionization tc
"
suclr an extent, that the moqotonous gror,vth oI N(h) rvith the altitude is pro.
vided even without countin! this additional source,
2.b. MorJeltirtg of the regton aboue 75 hnt
Rocket experiments and partial lef lection method measure"
ments give electron density p1'of iles with largc gradicnl clNlrth at altiiudcs 80-
85 km. The cross-modulation metl-rod using the new way f ol obtaining /y' from ex-
perimental dataresults in an insignif icar-rt N gradient, not observed in profiles
obtained untill 1971-1972. The height of that gradient and its value change
in dependence rvith the observation conditions: in summer at middle latitu-
des under daytime quiet con]ditions 83-85 km, about 87 km at high latitudes,
and up to 90 km rvhen noctifuscent clouds are observed; in winter under nor.
mal conditions 82 km, in winter anomaly 77 l<m (and even 72 km); at night
the gradier-rt height is greatet as compared to day values (up to 90-92 km) and
is marked by a drastic f all rtnder disturbed conditions.
Let us consider the possible reasons for the occurence of that sradient oi
/y' on the basis of the ionizhtion balarce equation [3]
Q2:il"Nz, o."-(1f l,) (oafftui).
It can be supposed that d.Nldh occurs either as a result of the grourth in
ioni combination coelficient change.
mooth total electron production
rate ame time, the available ion com-
posi the D-region (about 40 rocket
experiments) show a coincidence between the gradient 1/ height and the /ro-
height, changing abruptly lts plevailingly positive ion composition: from
cluster ions H+ (HrO) belor,v t ho to simple molecular
ions NO+, Or+ above izo. Le of discussion are alti-
tudes above 70 km, wher6 the tively small in number
(f <l) and the value of q," is ns composition:
tl(NOr', O;)fl+o(CI+)
0.:{6: l+l+
o (N9n, A[):2, 10-? cm3. s-1,
) x (2- 10) . tg-c cm3 . s-1,
+
o (CI

13
Tabl
Height hn, km
Conditions experiment

.f+:0,1 f +:lo
Summer, daytir
Equator 84 5 82,5 / o,D
Middle latitudes 87 85 80r
High latitudes 89 87 83,5

Winter, daytime
middle latitudes
Quiet conditions ,7't
82
Winter anomaly aq 76-77
Strong anomal;i 75 72 72
Winter
high latitudes
Night, quiet cond. 94 92 85 >90
Night, weak PAA 86 82,5 75 82
Day/night PCA /o 72,5 69 73

The greatest changes of cr" are caused by the ion content change, cor
ponding to the ho transition from l* :l to f+:9,1, As shown in Table 1
where mass-spectrometer measltrements data are summatized, such a ch
of f+ takes place in an interval about 2 km. This causes the reduction r 0e
five times from 1,6.10-G to 3.10-? cm3.s-1, while the transition of f+ 10
to l+:1 reduces oe only 1,5-3 times and this process takes place in an ir L-
val of aboui 5-6 km. Thus, in an interval ot2 km of the transition height ( qu-
al to the 1/ gradient height) the electron density should grow 2,3 times ly
due to the decrease of q".

3. Winter profiles modelling

shows the proriles ilfr;3"!13i5f I wi-

ne)

l;,lllu"uY,f:T
at altitudes above 85 km. But the winter profile 2 is characterised -in
:#;if i;u;
bv arz
70,
ent
her
.,'
high gradient at altitudes of 82-85 km (1/ changes 7 times). Also, Fi 2
the N(h)-profiles calculated on the basis of the theoretical model under the
same latitude conditions, zenith solar angle and solar activity (uninterru ted
line) are compared. A good correspondence between the summer profiles ob-
tained using the theoretical model and the model [1S] t18l is noticed,
noticed. while the
winter profiles_ dilfer considerably: our profiles under quiet conditions fea ure
a comparatively small 1/ gradient.
The absence of a rnarked 1/ and ct" gradient in our model profiles is ex-
plaineci by the fact that, when calculating 1/ with step in height I km, all
input parameters densitv and concenfration oJ the m
neutral constituents- temperature,
were given rvith smooth approximation of their n
nor
,del
-
values, which are given,.as a rule, with step in height 5 km (e, g. the CIR

t4
 90

.8-0

-(tn
90

7O

lg a,,
60
-5 -/
(a) and c"(/r.)-pro[ile:
Fig. 3. A'(lr)-profiles
(b) und,er uolmal (J) and auomalous (I
2) urinter conditions
1 WA 4. 01. 1976: 2 WA 21.01. 1976;
J - nof mal ca\r, /{- o0 -
^ ^o
- model calculations:
- Y pynarimontal
-
72 model). The testing of the model by unit points demonstrates a relatively
true representation of the tr{nsition level heights /zo from cluster to simple
ions (Table 1) and of the dltitude distributio'n of ir. ancl l+ under diflerbnt
geophysical conditions, It is obvious that the considerable gradients of s",

;H, ::#; ii :l i i'is; 3Sl"#n i : ff : ffi:

utral constituents include: FIrO, NO,O.
t at altitudes".T 80-82 km on the N (h)-
g. 2. Let us compare the winter proiiles
and circles. The first profile is obtained
| : [,n{]: 1.10-6 along the whole altitude
ficient change from ft:5.10- s (at lt.
ast case a considerable 1/ gradient is
tes the values [18] folloiving data con-
ient profile used corresponds according
bsence regime inthe layer under 80 km
ion over 82 krn (winter conditions).
is characterised by dramatic dlznamic
leads to considelable variations of 1/
equal solar activity and solar zenith
wave absor pti on. rhe electr o,,,
"o,r."ntrY't?lf
J#l?#Xt#ff :Liifil-":li:ifl
ly high radiolave absorption duling WA is due to ionization rate growth
as a result of ionizing compopent NO grorvth and u," decrease under higher

IF
lo
 the
d2
ve-
tres
[20, 2l] on those days. Here a comparison is mqde with the ex :ri-
mental N(h)-profiles in these days, designated by symbols and the profi ta,
calculated lor the respective experimental conditions considering the latit
and solar activity under fixed temperatures irom the "winter" model (Jar .a-
ry, 40" N, CiRA-72). We can note the correspondence between the ,1 a 2
profiles and the experiment a7 data, especially for the event from Jan ry
4th, where the measured oxygen constituent concentrations are also u
The major moment of interest in that case is the considerable change of ihe
N(LL)- and o." (/z)-profile shapes, originating as a result of the tempera ure
appearance of the 1/- and o"-gradient at lower ^t
- thegrowtll.
and NO variations at-
titudes pradient
the gradlent
es and tne gradient p'rowth.
growth.
We should note that in this case the obtained gradient heights coi
with the transition level heights /ro from cluster ions to simple molecular
That is approved by the mass-spectrometer measurements conducted on
oays.
A11 above mentioned examples concern winter thermodvnamic uns ble
atmosphere, characterised by considerable temperature variations, NO rnd
water vapours, leading to qz and oc gradients, and as a result to 1/ gradie rts.

4. Summer profiles modelling

Quite different is the situationinthe summer upper atmosl he-
re. Then the adequately st able thermodynamic regime ensures rel ative st abi itv
of the height distributions of minor neutral constituents. Besides, under lows m-
mer temperatures in the mesosphere the ion-molecular processessystem in

Fi g, 4 1/(tu)-profilesunder dii
condi tions
d summer davtime
'modelcondition
-
X:38'; calculp^
O experiment on 23.47. 1970,
- island;
dinia b hight auroral a
ption; -/ - 2 n
under high [O], -3
-experiment,
calculations
culations under low [O] -

IO
 \tl
140

E\ 12otr
IF

100

B0'

rnl
l \
1r'
tf/
\i

i,r'
I tOl

-1. l-lrLr-L-r>-
3 4 5'10 11 12
t

t l*
t
I

I
\

t
\
I

3 4 5"101112
lg ru
. t01

\
\
\ j
,lg [0]

Fis, 5. Simultaneous qeasureme!]ts of [o](lr) and, N(lx)-ptofiles under

;'gitZO'"31:'it6?ii r:r 14,6"; b
- 8. 0e. tslb, x:tt7o; c - 7.02. ts77,
X:

lated for the same conditions (uninter

periment was conducted on July 23rd'

5. Night Profiles
Here, the basic f acto
der quiet conditious is the atomic
dent'lrom t he results obt ained b Y

orders are obtained for the same hei

owing -to changes of the dYnamic re
fhe seconi factor causing the
the night high-latitude mesospher
particles. According to calculatio
tion I hour, the atomic oxygen
and 102 times at h:70 km. The inf lue
disturbance on the N(lt)'proIile shape
rison is made between the experimenta
ption on February 2lst, 1976 in Kirun
2 Aeporocltuuecxlr l{3cJIeABaHIlR n 6'lnrapna, 7
 higher values ol lol atTEr*m (2) and row{ol at /r<80 km (J). It is evi nt'
gr a.d i eni
lr, 1.J1.,, !"cre ase cl !ra.dienf b1 uiro,u..th.].p;;1"!tion
tT 1cj1
he) e'r,t- ut orv.
irimentally
lkl-t_h:,,9,..I:1:,:-,1
observed !:)el,t-;f
1/ gradiefii.
1
r of the xpe-
r'us' we;have
Thu-s,_ wc;rave considered
consldefed the ractors
factors iniluencing
influenci
tion-profile shape in. the D-region. w.-hru" shown thatthe electron
the theore
va-
theoretical odel
[ ],: ?:,
gl_."T',
i:1,1:j:..:
.
t fr..,i i ui iu.,
. 1"F
;aei!*"it at N ( h) - pr iles:
i1.^T'9,1, :lig,Iill: "t {,sradient u,ia.i"1aiii.,."fi;il;;;;i,iJi'Jd"'iii
plth: "',i' ons.

g::{r :i:! ;; ;. ;i;

;-"d.i,ji
Il"-i: r'^n till l: 4t v here i s 1 ni; "rroi"" ;i li,,-,'qiir Jr'ilil;i i
",i" i,il,ffi J,l ;;
t.'ii",iil,
ti-
11,*: 11 T "d.,1.,
;;;;";. *t t cotl-
t
*,,"t-":^r" i,
changes
i
of l:
the
^r1:-. "-'j !.r.,"
therrirodynamic
a ao ; i rrl,
regim; ;f 1;;";;;;;;:;;.
qil:;'i tt
il iffil able

6. Seasonal variation modelling

in radiowave absorption
Now, on the basis of our theoretical
to reprod.uce and e.xplain the seasonal variations in the LTJ
As 1t has beenestablished duringthe observations of lon
,'
L,
dle
a MHz MHz t

8 8
I
10

fig. O. Seasonal variations of criticdl frequencies

/6F2 of the F2 layer (a), aid L absorptioh unddr
vallous lrequeilcics (&)'

l8
tatitude LW, l{W andSW paths (using the methods A3 and A1), the.monthlif
median absorption values at cor-rstanf solar zenith angle X have a half-yeaf
variation with a minimum in the equinox months and a maximum in the sol
stice periods (Fig. 6) t181. At _t_!g same time,_i.n th.e SW range the greatest ma
ximum is obs'erv:edin'*,li-tt"t (WA) and in LW - in
At the top of Fig, 6 the season variations of the max
quencies foFZ under moderat-e solar activity for 1971
-period
;;d-iir;'tir.l"]oRz vrlues for the whole of onservatron (r.yoz-rvo',r,
following data of the Sofi t ionospheric station. As_a whole, IrF,? and l-coursef
ur" ,",r"i.", illustrating he synchronous seasonal redistribution. oI th.e elec-
tron conceitration betrieer-r the upper and the lowe: ionosphere, depending o{
solar activity too.
6.a. lVintet' qnomalA ilt' short-aarte a'bsorption
The essenc e of this P
ption L undcr equal conditions (solar
summer.This is the regular WA. But
discussed above events from 4th and21s
siderably even in comparison with
l'hese are the anomaly days of the
the eiectron concentration is the basi
absorption value (predominantly non-
in the E-layer), the above mentio
and during WA (normal and anom
riations at altitudes 75-80 km.
The calculations using the theoreti
equal winter and summer [NO](ft)-p,ro
values are taken from the CIRA-72
for latitudes 40' and 50" N, correspon
point of the used for comparison nine
The calculated relations of the
solar activity, X:60" (cos X:0,5) a
models of [HrO](h)-distributions are
correspondence betrveen exJ2eriment al
tical model. The greater values of wi
results from the correspondingly greate
The I atter is determined by the f
temoeratures the formation rate of a
is smaller than under lower summer t
ler. Present results enrich and summarize our initial quantitative estimatiof
of WA, obtained in [11, 12l.

Table 2

L*lL"
40'N; 50.N;
lHrol* lHzol' x-0,5; cos X:0,2 ;
x:60" X:78,5"

l.r0-{Ml 1.10-6[Ml 1,5 1,8

1. 10-6[M] 5. l0-6[M] 2,o 2,2
 6.b. Summer anonnlg in long-aaue absorption
l1-l low equival cos,
{100 kHz the radio is deviiting s de-
termined by the elect ient and thE the
refle^cting layer. We h e proflies ior .N,
X:6_6' and 78,5' for low Fyr,7:70 and high Fs,7:200 solar activitv (Fiss
For determinins th.,r:eTlecting layir height of the prirr-Xrr'",i[- la
1641<H211720 km, the electron iorl,iir."tionwas r er-
"on"drtrutiotr,n"3"..riy
mined for a collision frequency profile girren as u fnl:A.5.10b n(h\. x here
p is the pressure, Nim2. The rejults from"the calculat)oir oiii,.,ifii"I-i"_
mer afsslption relation L"lLw and the ref lection heighis are shown in Tat lem-3,
and experimental data f,or L"r-L* in the period lg1l-llsl- are given
in Tab e4.
It can be noted that the calculated .ummet absorption excess over the in-
Table 3

|
I.,rl x__ || +r
Latitude
|| rro,t I Heieht,km
N- lllLwjsummerlwinter
"
40' 200 66. 1,55 74,3 71,6
50"
70
200
1,4, 7s 72,5
79,5" 1,7 77,5 74
70 2,0 78,3 74,5
Table 4

L"lL*
1977 leTs I ls80 1981 | Avera

66' 2 ,1,77
79,5' .2 1,8
1,5
t,45
1,7
r,7

4-
aIe
ac-
-t
al-
p-

7. Conclusion
The test of the theoreticar_quadri-ionic model of the D-reg ol-t
I1, 2,.61 conducted in.tlts present work over a ldrge bull< it-tne nstta and grofrr Ld-
based data shows that it r-epresents experimentri aitu riifr sreater Drecision. dS
cal models he
us frequenc ng
I-79 model w
values for
:^r1rT 9J
yA ui.high fre.quences nor the SA at low frequences can be repr u-
ced. uur theoretical model explains the seasonal variations of // (normil A
constituent) and the separate str-ong variations dNlctt i" *ini"i--d;,

20
WA constituent) by fiIeans of seasonal
neutral constituents variations in rvi

scheme are in the simpler calculatio

detailed schemesrequire consider
more difficult input parameters va
re disturbances modelling. It is cl
nation cycle of the theoretical model
will pasi to the investigation ol such
neutt:al constituents, corpuscllle sour
titudes), variations of the composition
components and a speciiication ol th

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l,CuupHoBa'H.B',B.4.B,1acKoe.|Ipenprlrrrn|v82.3-|7.Anarnrlt,
KO AH CCCP, 1982, c' 46. .,
2,Clrerp'.o"r, H.'B;-o.'o. <1 ^ D
B' A' B';racKou' nn^Fniluri
- flPenpuHf
trir,r s+-ba-e6. Anarnrn, Ko "'n-o^6'llrna,
AH cccP, 1984' c -31'-
3.Be;rr.rHoB, II. L1., f. T. Flecropo'u, ,rI: 14. .ILopnaH' BoilaetlSln-u-e
r(ocNrfiqecKr.rx ,try-reii tro aonoc{epy r pu"npo."palleHlTe pa,qnononlr. C., EAHI
1g7 4.
4. Kp acllv ttrxI{H, II. E', T' A. I(H qsesa' - feollarueul3M
II a3poHoMt4q]
10,'1970, Ns 6, c. 993. onunnJ
b.cuupHoBa, H."b- c.-u. fo3JIon, B. 12, A P{u-9{o"'-^IJ'A
Ir ll r o ts. Koctltnqect(lle llccJleAoBaitutt, 1984' Ne 4' c' 565'
6.Ve1linov, P.- I., N. r\. Smirt-tova,'V.' A' Vlaskov' -Adv'Slact
Res., 4, 1984, No 1' P. 123'
7. International Refererrc'e" i;#;;;;. IRI-79, World Data Center A, Report UAG-B2f
Boulder/Colorado, 198 1. -
8. M c N a rna I a, L. F' lladio Sci.' I
d, G. C. - Planet.- SPace Sci.,
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10.Torkar, I(. 11., M. Friedrich

90, 1981, No 4, P. 296.

19.George, J. D., S. P. Zi mmer
12, 1972, P. 695.
20.Beran, D.,'W. Bangert. -J
21.Becker, M., J. Bate etal.-J.
22.Dickinson, P. H' G.' W. C. S

Report, 7, 1976, P. 83'

7
Mo4enrzp oe aH rie np oQu,rre fi efi e KTp onnortr roH HT.
paqprr4) 14 norfloii(eHr4s p,aAr4oBo/rH e,D_o6fi f14
i
uouocQepu
r

il. U. Benuuoe, B. A. Bnacrc\e, H.

t.

tf B. Cnupnoea,
i
O. @. Oeno6,auua, Xp. B, Cnncoe

(Pesrorue)
Ha oeHose paspa6orauuofi :reoperuvec4ofi ,uo4e.nu D-r ac-
rA UOHOCSEPbI; .BKflIOII4IQIIEII U'CTUPC ,NOJIOX{4TCJIbHbIX
I] OTPHIIATCJIbHbIX a
H s,rreKrpoHbr, cMoAeJrr4poBaHa roHKarr crpyK.rypa
npo$u"rrerl'o"i1rrp*nori KOH-
l:,*nY ro Mo Horo ocrr, i i niue aKc,uMyMoB
HI4MyMoB i, u ux iBbrcorbr,
N f"ty
t e He
:
:P-1, Harruqre
-"-q 1
HH g M Mll-
rp,aAr{er{roB dNldh). B",AgiT.#i;;; a-
crr'r Bbrcor: Hr'rxe H eHilre 75 km. floxasaHBr BO3MOx{"oci" oooAeneft no p po-
LIS BeAe Hn, u o6rqc Hrarc oco6e s socrerl np oS u nei,r s,r
"" aiyi-;;;;";
H He
TepBaJIax B AHeBHLIX H Horlflbrx ycJIoBrlflx B uH-
3aBr4clrMocrr,I or cesoHa. Ha o
Teoperl'rqecxofi vro4e,lrE TaKX(e o6rqcHeHH Ce3oHHbre
BapLla\Uv lorJrolqeH fl. L
PAAI,IOBOJIH: 3I4MHffl AFIOMAJIHfl IOTJIOIqCHI,Ifl KOPOTKI4X NO,IH Ir JICTHflf
AHOM HA
norJIOtqeHIjf AJTtTHHbIX BOJTH.

22
Dr.nrapcrta at(aAer{!rfl I{a flayl(rlre. Bulgarian Academy of Scietlces

Aeportocl,lu.lecl(tt I't3cJIeABanux,p B:lnrapua, 7' Aerospace Research in Bulgalia, 7

CoQnr.l99l.Sofia

TeopernqHa oueHKa Ha B'b3MoxHocr

Ha AHcraul4oHHara I4HspaqepBeHa
cHr4MKa 3a peuaBaHe Ha feoJloro'
xl4.llp ole oJlox KI'I Sal.aqkr

B. C. Cmoauoea, H. K' Ka4rcoe*

Korvuffiem no zeotto?lln il
i'H uat nto- rrt, ne1oeame,tctcu uHarutna m no no nffiHu u sKonae LL

Bo6qulKoMIIJIeKcHaAucTaFIuI,IoFIIII{TeI4scIeABaHI,Iq
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TO-IOJ'I'IMO 3HAqCHIIC NPI,IAO6I,IBAT METOAI-ITC,
sBaHeTo Ha HeBr4AlrMaia o6.nacr oT clleKrbpa Ha eJIeK'IpoMafHI4T-Ho_lo /14:'1
;il;';, ;;d;ffi;;; o6exrr. Krnr rqx ce'orlrac r LlH6paqepBeHara (I4LI)
I{ racl'IBl{ara cBp:bxBl4c:5"-"^t::"i:ii#i"Y"JtI
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ce TB.bpAI',I' IOCpeACTBOM.T
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BCflI(A IID AKT],ILICCK A PCAilTISAINI'I.

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g - c nuur a per r4cTp 14 p a ed're r(Tp oM af I-II4r Horo I43 JIT,q B aI'Ie
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JITOTHq qepHo rfl"Io (o K),
 tr4HrerpanHara MoIIIHocT Ha eMr.Icr.rflTa, Korro ce usr'qea
or eAr.rlr[qa
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na Cre$an_EonqlaaH --
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Hocr .Ha H3Jr6qBaHe, ce onpeAeJrfl rro saKor{a sa Bnn .

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Irnax:7i'
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Aa caMara Tq He e o6exr 3a I{3CJreABaue), npu
ztr'ro4eiicrea c H3r'r6qBaHero Ha npzpo4Hufe o6e^rr, MeroAH B
"ct',r"rlronn're
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B:bJIHI4 or tr49-o6nacr BdlI!rHlzero Ha aruoc$epara
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flpz ocrulecrBflBaHe rua v*-cuir,rKa ca ycraHoBeHrz o"r" ptHdlrnil'
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urre o6pasyBaHHfl Ce HaMHpa B rrocoqeHr4Te rrHTep rr"". np" ".""il;;;-;;;;;;
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.c or A.blriler-
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24
 Vcranoeeno e, ue uarl-pa3rrpocrpaHeu o6err c IOdTqMA TOId'IHHHA ],II.IEDU fe
BoAara. C nonnuasaHero r{a cbA:b1l}Kar{I4ero h e cKaJIr4Te Ir B IrOqBr4Te Ce y u-
qaBa To[,rrr4Hr{ara IlM r4Heprl]lq, Toea
AoBexAa Ao no-KoFrrpacrHo I4V-us pa-
>KC FII4C.

ocnen rorrJrurHHr4Te csoftcrea Ha cr<alrr4re Br'pxv l4rl-cHuura oKasBar

HIAe U lppipoAH[re cpamopu pacr]4Terrrrocr, ce30H, BpeMe B AeHOHOITIV
-
pe"ne0, Mereopo,rrorr4qrru yc,[oBnr(o6.rauuocr, M6fd'ra, HaJrr.rrrrze na nrr:op) n Ap.
PacrurenHocrra o6nNHoBer{o eKpaFrnpa co6crseHoro rofl.rrlrHr{o r4sJr:bq HC
IIa Cr<aJr r4re. B r-lgxon c,TyqaH 4eurr,r$pr.rpaHero na olpeAeJreII Tr4rr pacrlreJr ocr
o-

a
HTC
HO-

Bpeuero 3a rrpoBexAar{e Ha cHr4MKHTe B gaBncrrMocr or ce3or{a H ne HO-

rru4ero cbrqo B.lrrfle B6pxy pe3yJrrarr.rre na I4rl-crrr.rMKa. B
"tureparypar ce
cpeqar narl-pasnrauHu nperop'rrKr{, rro rrpH }r3rroJr3BaHero vrr,r rpn6ea 4a ce oA-
Xo>KAa TBopqecI(I'I, KaTo ce I]Ma rIpeABI{A npeAI4 BcI'IqI(o KoHKperHaTa reo/Io (I( a
o6craHoexa.
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HO

3a reopernqHara oueHKa na Bib3MoxHocrr.rre ua l4H-cvuvNa e neo6x 14MO

Aa ce rllnz3l,rpar reoJroro-xflAporeo,To)Kr<ure o6exru no tel{e3r,rc I,{ xapaK HA
cBbp3aHr.rre c Tflx TeMneparypHr.r KorrTpacrI1l.

Kparxa reoJrox<Ka xapaKTepr4crr4Ka

12,
3l yuacrear oM-
"nuon,,lton!,#f1^'T":i#r'",:,:"0^:'.T$d;*:,t#"#J1"i#JbfJ;I
IIJIeKC, r4sfpaAeH or pasnoo6pa3Hr.{ ruaricw, Mr4rMarlrrr4 r.r avlsn6onr4TH; cr po-
na,reogoficx14 KoMrIJreKc, BKJIrorlBaIil BlaxnncKo-Ocoroscxu xolrn,lexc (al t4-
6o nur v., AB yc JrloAe r{ n r H aft c r.r, ur}rcr pr, nrp aruop u) ; aw a6 as -
$nn r.{rolrAe H r(oM
(vrerannopQnsr.rpaHr.r 4vta6asu, [rr4crr4,
Sznurn ?r MpaMopHr,r nerqu); Crp. KA
Allopr.IroBa QopMaUurr (ra6po, ra6po4aopurr4, Avopv"tv, rparjoAliopurra);
roBcKIi e4pouopQtzpeH rpanr.rr; AeBoFICKr.r aprr4JrzlTr4, nflcbr{r{tzur4, I(oHfd'r( pa-
TH I{ BapoBI'IIIH; TpI'IacKI{ KoHrJIoMeparl4, rlfcT,qFII4{II, ar'IeBpoJII4T}I, Me LI,
Aor'IoMrzrr.r; rraJreofeHcKr.r rrflcbrrHHqu, ry$u, ry$o6penurz, BapoBr{Ur4 r.r Ma a-
rl4r{HLr cr<aLrLr (rpano4rjopr.rroBlr nop{nprarrz r4 fpaHrrrrropQrzpn); Heofel KU
H

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IOU TIPCOOJIALABAI]\A qACT OT PA3JIOMFII,ITC CTPYKTYPI{ CJIEABA IIOCOK}ITE HA ot-

paAr-rlrre pa3JroMr4. Pasce4u c IIocoKa 170' orpauzqaBar ABa roJreMr4 rpa6eu,
llllaseqxu ll lla,qexru.
Ilonesnu usKonaeilu. Paftosrr e eArzH or natl-neDcneKTl4Bl{Izre 3 a IIoJI Me-
TaJTHI'I rr \4eAHr4 OpyAflBaHr,If .
I(tvr nonlrvrerarHr4fl Tr.r[ opyAflBaHr4fl ce orr{acrrr riraxoAunlara JIe6H
26
14 PyeH Lr llyAonpoflBJrer-rr4flra ,A{a,ru P
ntI MIIITepar'u4 ca f afleHHr, cdta,repur,
rer{arr.rr. OpyAaeaHero ce cclpoBoxA
Bat4l4Te CI(ar'rl'I OI{BapIIgBalle, Cep}I
3 aurrrr r,r Ap. -
PerucrpHpaHI.r ca r{ roJrrr\,r 6pori u
pyAonpofl Bd'Ieuun ("Ilyrvr6eea NIaxar a. Eo
,irr4clrqr{ AylKr.r, ByqKoerlz, flacryx u 4
xa,'rKonlrpI4r, 6opnttr, MaJIaxI,IT, a3ypH
Bvrecrnarqnre cKaJrH ca 6zorl.moer4
B LIII r4 LI AOJr OM r.IT r,I3 r4 p aH II n fl C',bq H hrl I{ u
cfopnraqut,
X u0 p o eeo no ctctcct x a p aK nxe p uc mLt Ka,.
IIOA3eMHI,I, TIOBTTpXHOCTFTO TerIaqrz I4 T
lloAseN,rHr.rre BoAr.r B 3aBI4CI,IMOCT O
I-III, aJIyBIZar'I I{tI ti t< apCrOn n. H
AI4 aKr'I a3
HI4Te BOArr, KOr4'tO Ca npr4Bbp3ar{r,r KbM
6,raronpunrcrBa sa o6pasynaue ua
Mr4HepaJrlr3aqufl or 0,5 Ao 0,12 g/dm3
uzr, I{rpneua n6rnxa). Anyeua.uHure
nuQv,trp aqvflr a Ha arrraoc$epuure BoAr]
paHr,I lI ca B npqKa 3aBZCITMOCT OT K/rH
paftoHa r4Mar r'roKaJrHo npoflBJrenue. C
3 aHr,r r(T,M 4oxarvr6puftcKI,tre ueraltop$ra
lruru (c. Crpa4a.nono), c 4e6izr 10 dm3
llonr,pxHocrHo reqaqr4Te BoAr.r ca
c Ma,.nT,K Ae6ur r,r HerocroqHell pe>Nll
Hafi-ro,TqM zHrepec 6esyc"roeHo
Te p M aJI H H I43TOrr H r,rrll4, n p r.rBb p 3 a I-r Lr I{'rrM
reMneparypuu (Ao 75" C), c Ae6ur Ao 3
iI I4sLrpaFrI,I,

'l'onnnuHa rl4nr4gauufl. Lra teoJloro-

xr4Apofeor'ro>KKr4Te o6eNu.r B parloHa

B sanucnnocr or B
IIHII [ITe aI{OMaJI 14r4, f eOJIOtO- X}IApOrcO
JI
pa3Ae.rreHr.r Ha ABe rpyrtu. B ur,pea rpy
npoqBr'reHt4fl ca cBbp3aHH c BbTperxlrll
TepMa,rrHri u3Bopr{ u 3oHI4 Ha or{llcJrflB
rpyna ca orHeceHr.r o6erru, HarpsBaxlr
J'IbqB AHC A3 JT]'Iq HI'ITE T]'INOB I4 CI( AJI I4,
- P BoAgH 6aceituu u gp.
noB:bpxr{ocrHr.r
O6errare or n6pBa fpyna ce xapa relno nQ-
cronHlla BGB BpeMero reMneparypa, pa ara. Tarla
Hanpl4Mep, aKo reMrreparypara Fra QoH a repMa,'l-
HLIfl r43Torrnr.rx e 350 K*, ro eHeprerr4 xle 6r.,{e
273 Wlms lpr.r roeSr.rur.reHr Ha r.rs,'rbqBar-re e:0,7.

F I,llra ce [pe/IBtIA TepMafir-lprrrr r.I3ToqHtrr( c nafi-eucor(a reMrreparypa n paliona.

27
 I(aro ce prsrroJr3yBar ypaBHeHlrflra Ha rorr,rolpoBoA?rMocrra 3a crarruoHa FI
cnyuait. [4] , e rr3r{trcJreHa reMneparypnara pasiuxa L,T, Korrro BT,SHHKB B
pe3yJrrar Ha eK3orepMr.rqFrr4Te [poqec[ Ha oKI4cJrrrBaHe Ha cy,r$u4uure pyl
BMCCTBAIqUTC CKAJIH. AXO TCUNCPATYPHATA
PA}JIVIKA C B K; TO AHOMAJIHI,IflT T II-
,THrreH loroK BibsJrr.r3a sa 34.3 W/ms.
o6eNrure or Bropa fpyna ce xapaKTepr43rrpar cr,c cr4,rrHo H3MeHrrqa ce
BpeMero reMneparypa,6nuexa no cror?nocr ua $ouonara. A6co.nrcrsara crofi
HA TCMNCPATYPI{H'I KOHTPACT C CPABH]ZTCJIHO MAJIKA H CHJIHO 3AB]11C:1^ OT MHO
no Qaxropa B AeFroHorur4ero, pacrareJrHocr, pe.neS, MereopoJrorur
- B_peMe
yc,IIoBI4fl tt AP, Haft-roJlsMo sFrarreHr.re npn SopurapaHeio sa ron.nuusnre x
Tpacr14 sa o6exrzre or ra314 rpyna r4Mar rrapaMerpIITe a.l6e4O 14 TOrrJrHr-rHa lI p-
qns. A,r6eAoro [1,7] sa r]oBeqero npupoAHrz o6exrr.r e B rpaHlrqure l0-, %
kr BJrnfltTr4ero My B Arzarra3orra B-14 llm e ]resHaqr4reJrHo.

Ta6auqa I
Tontuwa utgp4tin Ha crca./tume, pydnume iluneparu u oodama npu meJunepanypa 20"c

Koe$arlueHr ua
Ilatruoct, p Ton.nnnen
I4screAsau o6exr TOnnonpoBoA14-
kg/m3 uOCr r(1 xanawrrer C, HHepqr.rf
W/m. K J/kg. K J/mz , s1h.

.I[raopar 2810 2,20 I 134 -2650

fpanolrzopar 2630 2,ll I 057 2420
KBapuAr.ropnT 2780 3,00 l2r4 3180
fpaunr 2580 2,40 946 2429
fnaftc-rpanur 2610 2,00 llrS 2410
Murlratur 2650 3,26 102t 2970
Elrorutog rHarYlc 2630 2,94 991 2768
AsycJrro,qeH nHafic 2600 2,02 978 2',290
AuQa6olnr 2950 I 134 2720
Mparrrop 2700 2,56 857 2430
Knapuur 2750 J,ZO 991 3790
Aoaorraur 2600 3,24 1088 3030
Bapoar.rr 2720 2,40 887 240Q
fa6po 2950 2,29 1005 2600
[aa6as 2790 2,50 860 2450
TY0" r800 2,36 1056 2120
LUucru 2300 2,46 1096 2490
Aprarur 2680 r.)0 866 1680
Ilscurnur 2690 1,66 972 2080
Konrrolrepar 2100 I,92 796 1790
Aaenpoanr 2690 1,49 880 1880
Mepren 2700 1,92 1634 29t0
faasa 2000 t,49 t240 I 920
flupar 5000 30,8 930,4 | 1970
Margernr 5t70 5,30 586,1 3950
XanKonnpr4T 420p 4,08 534,3 4Q07
Jlxruounr: 3700 AOI 921,1 3790
Maaaxut 4000 18,2 430,5 5590
Ctpaaepur 3950 26,7 5t0,2 7310
Bora, cnonofiHa 1000 0,48 6100 134000
Cuoroen norox* 330,000
Erpso teuaul noror* 7r0000
OreapIlarane* 2650
CepnqurusarluR* 2550
KaoauHurt{gaultR* 2620
r Qr.tsnqnnre csoftctsa Ha ro3rt rsn o6errn He ca HeyqeHV,

28
 B ra6n. 1 ca npe4craBeHr.r r.r3qr4c,'reFrr{ or aBroprrre crorinoclz FIa rolJIIl
Hara I.IHepUHtr 3a C_I(aJIriTe, pyAHI.ITe MIZHepaJlll Ir BOAara, yqacrByBalrli] B fe
d'IOIKI(LIfl crpoex{ na pafioua. oT lonyueur{re pesyrraTr4 c,'reABa, qe peaJIHIi
r.rHrepBaJr Ha r.rsMeHeHr4ero r.nvr e or 1500 ao 4000 J/m2.sl/2.K, r(aro 3a BoAara
pyAHI4re MLIHepaJIr4 rorrJri4HFraTa HHepurifl e c noprrAr,K 14 IIoBeqe ro-foilflM
C:sqecrnyna MeroAr.rKa [5, 10] , c noMoxrra Ha Koflro reoperr4r{rro Mofa'r Aa
onpeAe.rreH14 AerroiroilIHr.rre Bapr4arl14H Ha reMrreparypara lra 3eMHr4re o6eKTI{
pasrlrr{Fra rorr.ryI4H}Ia uHepUr{fl KoHKperHo 3a AaAeHr.rrr pafiou r,r peclleKTlrBHo
ce Li3qlrcr'Ih oqal(BaIrLIflT aFroMaJreH Ton"rlrlreH rloroK. Or lpune4eFrlrre Aarl
cJIeABa, rle cKa,rrrre Lr xlrAporeoJrolKr{r{re o6erru n parloHa ce 4u$epeHrIHpar
croriuocrta Fra c:bsAaBalrIzl or rfx anoMa,retI Torl/'rI{IIe]{ noroK.

Irlseotu
(D us IzqHtare ocI'IoB 1M a Me'f oAa,'r'exFll4qecKoro N{y pe ar't lr3
paHe H r(oHKperHara reod'rofo-x?rAporeoJro>xKa o6cranoeKa 6,raronltuR'rcre
lt3no,'I3yBaHero I{a Ztl-curzti,rxa 3a penaBaFIe FIa I-rflKoI4 teo,'Iox{I(I4 saAaq[:
1. ZsyuanaHe Fra repMar'rHara Aeilnocr n pafioHa.
2. Tr,pcene r.r r(aprr4paHe ua repMa,'rrrr.r BoAlr.
3. I(aprupar-re Ha r.r3xoAr.r Ha [oA3eMH14 BoLLr.
4. VcraHosqBaHe Ha pasJrolvrHr.r HapyrxeHHfl, Kor.{ro ce xapaKrepr.rsrzpa'r
I]OBI4IUCHA BJ'IA)KFIOCT.
5. (DuxcupaHe Ira yqacrbrrtl c ut{TeH3r,rBno ol(r.rc,'rflBaue LIa ueA'r,r6oxo s
,'IrfarUrz cy.rQra4Hu pyAr.r lI Apyr[
eK3orepMuqFr]r ttpoqecn.
6. leo"ro>r<r<o r(aprHpaHe Ha cKaJrFrr4re rr.irroBe Ha 6a3ara Ha pzt3JrnqLieTo rr
B TepMad'rFraTa LIHepIIUtr.
TeoperrtuHara o6ocHouxa qe cnoco6crga rtpaI(Tr4r]ecKoro ocbrqecrB
Balre Ha er(cnepr.iMeHrar'rur.ire pa6oru Ha rorrJr14rlr{ata tr4.H-cnuMKa y rrac.

Jluleparypa
l.AHrbIttKo, A., A. Ca4on. flpunaeHenrre rerflogofi nr.r$par<pacuort cr,enrrl
rnAporeo rorrru. M., BI43MC, 1979, c. 49.
2.6ouueu, E 1971,c.20
3. IZosqes. t4, .558.
4. JI r,r r< o n, A,
5. JI a ,n s r o, B Jra r.r Berqecr.
_ D gelnroii
rope. I(ner, Hayxona 4yuxa, 1978.
6.CnilpIteB, B.'TeplrorrflrHepa,rrnu no4n e IOr(Ha Br,,r|apr.rn.-Cn. Er,,lr.
p,-no, 22, 1960, Nc 2,
7.Ilf tt "r r.t H, B. TenJrosaq aepocbeMt(a np{ l.l3yqeu[lr npr.tpoAHblx pecypcoB. JI., lu
r\'rereoll3Aar, 1980, c. 247.
8. IIIU,'tnr-r,8., E. Haeapr(o lrAp.feolorr.l.recr(ilenpeAnocrurxul.rn$parpac
agpoc:r,eMr<I{. B: [Ipul,rene]lle HoBbrx Br.r.(oB aopocteMrci nprr reoJrofrlrlecr(rr
-
r.rccrreAoBaHusx.,IL, He.qpa, 1976, 9i-101.
9. S a b i n s, F. Remote sensing principles and interpt'et"ation. San Francisco, W. t
Freeman and Co, 1978, p. 425,
l0. Warrvick, D., P. Haltop p, R. Viljoen. Application of thelnral infr'
t'ed linescannirrg technique toengirreering geirlogical mbpping irr South Airica.
Q. Il. Engng. Geol., tz-, 1979, tfg-tzg.-
- -
 Theoretical assessment of remote sensing infr red
images as means for geological and hydrolog cal
problems solution
Y. S. Stojanoaa, N. K. Katshoa

(Surnmary;
On the basis of a concrete geological and hydrol cal
situation thermal typization of the natural objects aid evaluation of t ex-
pectant temperature contrasts are conducted.
. r.hq.existing conditions are favourable for the use of infrared image for
the. solution of s,ome geological and hydrological problems: prospecting, malpl ing
and study of thermal and underground waters in the'region; finding oi' e-
aks; differentiation of rock varieties; fixing of sections of intensive ox da-
tionsofthesuperficia1lysituatedsulphideores'

30
 Etrrapcxa ar{aAeMr.lfl Ha Haynr4re. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Aepot<oc'r'rr.ruect{tr r43cJTeABaglrs n D tnra put, 7. Aerospace Research in Bulgaria,
Co{lr2r.1991 .Sofia

Kon,tn.reKcHbre cHHXpoHHbte v r{Bagt4

cHHXpOHHbre r43MepeH]/^fl 14 Ha6.UrcAesn
rrpr4 AT4CTaHUHOHHOM aSpOKOCMr4qeCKO
HCCJr e,40 BaHUV 3e n/I,n vt

I. H. Muwee, t. X. Mapdupocnu
14ucmumgm KocuuuecKltx tLccae)oeauuil EAH

I. Bee4eHrae

rperaurir.rAaHHbrx,"ffi 1,.ffi:ff ffi H;;"n,:qg'"f,1""x""H:Ji3lffi :"#"#"-n"f,

6o,'rluroe KoJrnrrecrBo zHcpopuaqzu o fiiusu
r.rccr'reAoBaHrari 3erranu, neo6xo4r.tuo
l(o-xL{Ml{rteclc.{x, feoMerpllqecKUx,6uouerpuuecl(HX H onrrrrco-$tasrrqecKr.rx xa
paKrepr,rcrhKax npupoAHUX o6'neNron u o6pasoeaiufr. oua no,rLyuaercfl rra3eM
HbIMI4 u3MepeHI4flMLI I4 Licllo,trbgyercfl B Kar{ecrBe I{oHTpo,'IbHoIl n anpnopHo
uu0opruaqzw Arrfl u4eHru$aNawv Brrl,a a cocroflHrrq irccneAveuux o6texro
t'r ycuroenfi, rrpH Koropbrx [l]oBoAflTcf r.rcc,'reAoBarztr
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7) tol:co6uar arrnaparvpa.
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ncero MHZI(a, renaercq r.r3MepuTed'rbHafl annaparypa
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ulIoI-IHbIx Bo3Mox{Hocrax paspa6orallHofo e trlucruryre KocMrrtrecr(Hx zcc;re.E

36
BaHflfi [pI4 Eorrapcl(oft aKaAeMI'II4 Ita
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- I,I CoOPY)KeHI4fl.
TeMLI

J\ureParYPa
1. M u ur e s, A. At'tcraHqt'toHHl'I I{3cJIeAB
2.f operuI(, 14., A'. lPuH' !,. {
Itcc.nenonaHuii l{ cocraB Ha3eMHbI
3eMHbIX DecYPcoB. M., HaYra'
3. AprcranI1uoHHoe 3oHAl{poBalll{e: 1(oJII{qecrtse
M., He,qPa , 1983.
4.MapAilpoctltl , I' KaltAllAarctta Att
5.Mrr urer, A., l. NlaPAHPocqH,
IlHq 3a cI{HXpOHHI{ Ctl'.bTHI.ll(OBI',I I{
Ne 3'
6.Ma p AIi H' l. Cllcrelvla
P ocfi
Er,,rr. fgoQt3
Baropl'Ill .
7.Mar di rossi -a n, G. Mobilc
In: UN internatiolal-wor 1no(
 Cornplex synchronous_ and quasi_synchronous
measurements and observaiions in remote
aerospace earth sensing
D. N. Mishea, G.H. Mard.irosian

(Summary)
Some of the basic problemsrrrls ul
of the
rng complex
complex syn
qpasi-synclronous
,chonous u.ro.puiu site ;";.";-;;;s
aerospace
l:1.,_-unq
vrr in
OnS rrr aefOSpaCe- ' measurements
ursoDurtlllcllls and ODS(
anrr
an0 obser
A ctaccifinq+;^- ^+ _*luIt^T^T!l fo,
atrr uspace e expertments for remote.
remote Earth
Earth sensing are consiconsid
*',t'J':,ji:" *.:
;l I :l_;.i.i," _'uiqf..t t i n s uch ex
"i"i,il',ri".ijidi
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i. #j ": ; "i lTiiJi,t,
,

gl,
l* I i
", " f; of
H:,;35.'_rf;"f:l:1?T;a;il;;dd;i"',i,""i
" "
of
faerospace
:l*9:.,*9"n".ulj"l::":":f t1--,il;''.t"";;',.'"JitJ"LeX'.ffi #ffillT
Earth sensing are ibrmulaieJ. te

38
6r.rrapcxa aKaAeMul lla HayKI'ITe. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

AepoxocrutiuecKli I43cJIeABaHUq s Etrrapua, 7' Aerospace Research in Bulgaria'

Cotbrs . 1991. Sofia

[4cc.rreAoBaHHe M bIX II
rleccoB B t{ep HO noMo
KOCMHT{CCK14X V3

JI. H. Muneuoea, E. B' Cmauee*

I4Hctnulnum Kocttuqecgux uccne1ooanud EA H

* CY ,,C:s. Klutrcum OxPu1crcu"

Csger MexAY oIITII.I

3I,IqCCK]'IMI,I NOJ]'IM!I AACT PqA BO3MOX(HO
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paMerpoB I4CnOJIT'3yeMoil annaparyplt'

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Mopfl. O6pa6orxa fl4Apo,[otHqecK]4x A
rop lI3oHT arbHble rp aAHeHTbI COJIeHocTI'I

39
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41
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42
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Puc. 5. fopueoHr:a,nr,.Hafi MHKpocrpyKrypa BoA Ha

noBepxuocrr.r 9epHoro uopr

43
cocraB.Ilrroulyrc. Sror pe3yJrbrar npocJrelKr.rBaercfl r{a pr4c. 3. B nep
25. 05. 1982 r. npeo6"rra4,anrr 3anaAHbre 14 rofo-BocroriHbre nerpn. 3an Hafl
cocraB,'Iflroxlas cnoco6crByer BbrHocy npudpexl{brx BoA B cropoFry orl{p
MOpfl.
Hau6o,ree cJro>Kuafl MereopoJrorprqecKafl Kaprr4Ha Ha6"'rmAaercq s psofi
AeKaAe Marr, KofAa rplrAr-ro BbrAeJrr4Tb npeo6.na4arcnlee HalpaBrrreHue Berp Oa-
FIaI(O lI B SrOM nepHOAe Cyrrr.ecrBJ/eT psA cIyrraeB, KorAa Berep HMeeT saII yrc
cocraBJlrrorqyrc, r{ro cnoco6crnyer pacnpocrpaHeHr4ro npun,Iecerl B cropo y or-
r(pbrroro \4opfl.

BlleoArr
l. llo AasnnM cKaHeplrbrx rzso6pDKenuri lroN<no I'ITb
BlrxpeBbre o6pasonannrr rporsx{er-rHocrbro e 30-40 km e sana4uorl u qesr 4/lb-
soit qacrsx rleDsoro MoDs.
2. Brrle.rrqerca aHruqnr(r'roHuqecKoe ABtz>xeHLre BoAHbrx Macc B parioue
nY Kpslucxtlu non Jrocrp oBoM u As at o nui,tct<utr,l no6e pe)KbeM.
3. Oco6enuo xopouo npocJre>Kr4Barorcfl Br.rxpeBbre crpyKrypbr relre uir. s
o6nacrqx c pe3Kr.rM [epexoAoM rpaAr4eHToB orrrr.rqecKr4x ceorlcrs uopcroft BOAbI
(sro t<acaercr rrpelKAe Bcefo pacnpocrpaHeHafl npecr-rbrx no4 !,yuax c n OH
KoHueHrpaqzefi uauocoe).
IeHrp aqr4 er.f HaHocoB) .

4, !,auurre ArrcraHqr.roHHbrx lrccJreAosaHurt Aaror Bax{Hyro uuSoprr,ra IOO

paclpocrpaHeHarz lpzvrecefi pa3"rrlrqHoro npo[cxox{AeHr]r B npu6epexHsr o0-
,/Iacrrx u n pariouax Bapne.ucr<oro rz EypraccKoro BaJrHBoB.
5. llo onruqecxofi rrJrorHocra cr(aFrepHbrx uso6p axeuurl onpe4e,narcrca npr-
6,'ttIsllre,Tr'rrbre paeMepbr npu6perxnsrx reqenuri (s4ecl r4Meercf B Br.rAy pHoe
rporlzBorer{eHl,Ie, rAe ua6lro4aercfl cr4JlbHoe aHTI,IqI,IKJIoHIzT{ecKoe BaBI,IX re).
6. llo cNasepFIbrM AaHHbrM xopouo npogJre)Kr.rBaerCf r,r3MeHr{r.rBocrb qe-
Ht'tfi 20-AsenHoro nepuoAa npu o6ssare.nlnoM yqere cr.rHonrprqecNoil o6cra OBI(14
(cr(opocrH r.r HanpaBJreHr{f Berpa).
7. Ananuz KocMr.rqecKnx vso6paxeuufi Aaer Bo3Mo)KHocrb ycraHoB ro-
pLIsoFlTar'rbHyro uzxpocrpyKrypy BoAbr Ha rroBepxHocrrz e parloHe eaxperl Ta-
rori sQQeNr Moxr{o cBs3arb c cyqecrBoBaFrHeM BHyrper{Hrlx fpaBr.rrarluo HbIX
BO,'I FI.
B. flocNonlKy AeraJrr.r rr4Apororr4rrecKoro rroJrr B r,rccJreAyeMoit o6nacr ro-
Ka eIII,e HeAocTaroqFlo I43yqeHbI no irasel4HsIM AaIrHbIM, correraHl4e I4x c b-
FIbrMI4 pacqeraur4 rt Ar4craHunoHuofi un$opnraqterl .rrBJlflercfl oco6eHHo ne IICK-
Tr4BIrbIMlr A,'r.rI BbIflCHeHI,Ifl 3TI4X rrllOUeCCOB.

B gaxnrc'{eu[e aBTopbr Bbrpaxaror 6narogapuocrr u. c. E, fleeay sa ora3anHyro

pa6ore c auanorogoii cncreuort 4nr o6pa6orxri KocMr-rqecxr.rx uao6pzixenr.rfl.

Jlureparypa
I

l. lpuurun, f. A., rc. n. 14ntun. lgneu qu nocrl iorieanorpa {lu qecKll x

tr oreil
ceBepo-3anaAnort .ractn Hepnoro rr.ropn Iro AaHHbrM cn:lTHuKoBbIx BHAeou a t(e-
urit.
nrii. Mero4nr o6pa6orrur
o6pa6orrur roculrqeckofi oKeaHo,ttoruqecxo fi un$opMaq]4n. Bac-
rorror'rb, AH YCCP, 1983.
e B, -I^. H., E. B. C
2 llrlruen, Crauee, JI, A. MurreHoBa, H. 14. Pa eB.
Aua,ntts coJleHocrr.l Ha noBepxHocru sana4nort uacru rlepnoro trops Ha ocHo cy-
AoBbrx H AH craH rII{oHHbrx AaHH brx. AepoxocmarrecK}.r a 3c.rreABaHr{ff a Ern pufi.
1989, N_b 7. -

44
 I

3.6.naron, A. C.; B. A.EyrrraKon, A. B. IZraHoB, A. Il. KocapeB

B. C: T y )K n Jr rr fi H. I4guen.rurocrl ul,4poQusuqecKrlx nonerl Uepnoro Mopq.
JI.,'fr.Ilporr,rereor.rsAar, 1984.
4. HaqnonarHa nporpaMa ,,EbJI|API4fl-1300". C., 1979.
5.3enKoBLtq, B. lI. 9epHoe lt.Asosc(oe ivropff. - B: Oreanorparfr'ruecraa 3rlqul(-
floneAr.is.,II., fn4porrrereousnar, 1974.
6.Crauen, E. B, Ono;rere.resaft r{epHoro Nropr B grlrirnurlcesolr.,4,zarnocr}rqecK}re
pacqerbr. Br'nrapcxo reorfusLtuHo clr[caHlle, 10, 1984, ]& 1.
7.Cra Hee, E. -B. B;rusnneaerpa ua noflere.reHuir 9epuoro MopfiH n pafioHe 6o;rrap-
cxoro no6epex(bfl. Er.,rrapcr<o reoSltsrauHo cnucaHl.ie, 10, 1984, J$ 2.
8. Tp y xqe B, !,. V., E.- B. Cra H e s. QucneHHas MoAeJlbreqeuuri sanagHoit uacrlr
rlepnoro Mopfl. 23, 1983, sbrn. 1.
9,CraHen, E. B., IL - OKeauo.norug,
14, MureHoBa, B. M. Pycenon, E. I(. Pylte-
H il H a. ,Il,ucranquonHbre I{ MoAeJrbr{ble IIcc,'reAoBaHLIfi Al{HaMlltct{ eanaAnoft qactz
9epnoro Mopfl. I,lccreAosaHr.re 3eruu us I(octvoca, 1986, Ne 1.
l0r IVI i.q,h g vii D. N,, -B.: P. P ele.V. Electron system fol ilnage trausformation and
coding in conventional colours. Compt. Rend. Acad. bulg. Sci., 3I, 1978, No
.i'i lL. . : ,i - : -

B'lack Sea meso-scale processes study

with the help of space irnages

L. I. Milenoaa, E. V. Stanep
(Summary)
iCo-,analysis has been conducted of s.pace. images qltqqqd
via the scienti'fic comBlex BUI"GARIA-1300,on board ther METEOR-PRI-
RODA satellite and dynamics model research of the West Blach Sea_regions.
:r'Some qualitative nesults were obtained, outlining the basic. dynamics
peculiaritybi,ttre coastal region \raters, nemely the vortical field structure
and the coastal. currents meandering.
' This is of great importance for tfie study of formation prpcesses and Black
Sea waters exchange,. is well as for t re solution of problems concerning the
distribution.of}coastalregionadmixtures

45
Etnrapcxa ar{aAeMr.t.tr Ha Hayr(r4re. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Aeporocunvecl(u I,rgcJIeABaHnq s ErnraDux, 7, Aerospace Research in Bulgaria,
CoQua.1991. Sofia

coJreH
qacrH Pa-
gBe
xHI,H
I. H. Muutee, E. B. Cmauee*, Jf . I,L Mune
H. H. Paqee*
14 ncmumgm Koc.t'tuqect(ux, uccne)oeauui EA H
* CU ,,Ce. I(nuneum Oxpudcrcu,,

CyrqecrnyrcilI[e coorFroue r{ris Me)KAy or]Tr4rrecKrrMr.r pa-

MCTPAMi{ MOPCKI,IX BOA H TIJAPOJIOIIIqCCKT4MH TOJIflMI4 ACJIAIOT BOSMO}KIIb] HC-
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HeooxoAHMo I4CC.IeAOBaTb KO,'rI4!reCTBeHFlbre COOTHOTxeHI,Ifl Mex(Ay OIrTU r<ofi
rlJrorHocrbro KaK oAHltM Iaa 4euraQpoBorlFIbIX npLrSHaKOB KOCMIIiTeCKHX a-
xeunrl r.i HeKoropbrMH rrapaMerpaMrz repMora"lussorlr LrJru lj/-HaM[qecKofi cr yK-
Typbr BoAHbrx Macc. Oco6esuo [epcrreKruBHbrM oKaebrBaercfl npr.rMeHeHue oc-
MLMecKHx zso6paxreunft Ann parloHon c xoporuo BbrpalKeHrlbrMu 3aBr.rcr4 MT]
MexAy o[TI4r{ecKaMH u repMofa,'rr{I{ItbII\{I4 napaMerpaMH. B nacrogIr1ell p
B KaqecrBe raKoro pai?oua paccMarpr,rBaercfl 3arraAHafl qacrb LIepHoro r
B [5] ua ocFroBe arraJrvsa KBa3LrcraHXpoHHbrx cyAoBbrx Aar.rHbrx o coJre
14 KocMur{ecNux rzso6pax(eFrr.iflx c I4C3 ,,,IIAHACAT" e parioHe 3aJrrzBa
(Dpauqncxo [o,rryqeHa KoppeJrrrqzoHr]ar 3aBacr4Mocrb
S:f(I,), n:1, 2, 3,
rAe S co"nenocrb Mopcr{oir Bo,4bi, In krHTeHclzBHocrb ll3,'ryqerr].rfl B pex
KaHaJIax.- lloAo6soe r.rccJreAoBaHrre AJrs, ceBepo-3a[aAHoft
- qacrrj Llepuoro opfl
[poBeAe]-ro B [l. Hacrolular pa6ora rrpeAcraBd'rfer pacn[peHlre [oc,rreA to
I4CC,/reAOBaHl{fl Arrfl paftoHa, pacloJro>KeHHoro Ha sanaAHOM no6epexle r{ep fo
uopn. B srolr pafioue ropr.r3oFrraJrbHbre rpaAr.ieHTbI co,rreHocrH c.na6ee, q, MB
ceBepo-3 arraAHoM MeJrKoBoAHoM p afi one.
flnx aruanw3a IIoJrf co.neHocrn Ha noBepxHocrr,I Mopf HcrIoJIb3oBaHbI aH-
Hbre craHAaprHbIX tl,rApororuqecKHx cbeMOI{. B XaqeCree AlzcraHur{oHFlbrx an-
Hbrx uclloJrb3oBaHbr KocMr.rqecKHe cKaHepFlbre vso6paxet{I{f , no,ryqeHHbre B aM-
Kax npoeKra,,6onraplrq-1300-Ii" tr4C3,,Mereop-llpzpo4a,, B orrr.rqecKux Ha-
rla3oHax 0,5-0,7 ptm u0,7-1 ,0 pm. !,na u,r,llocrparlulr orrlx AaHHbrx B H
u,eil paOore HcrroJrbsoBaurr uso6paxeq.r4tr BartaLnori qacru r{epuoro Mope,
,'ryqeFrHbre 16 ri 28 cenrn6pn l9B2 r.

46
 AHanr,rs p acnpeAeJreHl{ff co,'leHocrtr
r,r npospaqHocTr{ BoA
B 9epnonr Mope paclpeAeJreHr4e co,rreHocr.r.r cosAaercrr [o.4
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I4cnapel-Ilzfl I'I rl'iApoMereopo,'IofllqecKLIX Bo3AerlcrsHtt.
B pesyntraTe Beprr4r{aJrb-
HbIX ABrrx(ewuit w 4rzQQysuz co3Aaercfi ruoulnufira,rornuir, pacno,loxennurt
ua r.ny6uuax 150-200 m. Bo nnyrpeHnax o6lacrflx Mopfl raJroKJrr.rH rroA-
Hl{Maercfl, a n npu6pe}r{Hbrx orrycKaercfl. Tar<una o6pasolr eHyrpeHr-rnx o6-
-
JIacrb Mopfl oKa3bIBaercrr 3aIIoJrHeHFIofi 6onee coJreHbIMtr BoAHbIMH traccamlt. Oc-
sonnofi qepH_o-a{opcKufi norox (OI{n) pa3AeJrfler BHyrpeHHrze u irerrsdronrre BoA-
HbIe MaccL'I. Ha ronepxllocrn MoptI gro noJlox{eHLre- npu6nuzltleJrr,Ho coBIIaAaer
c noJlox(eHHel\{ LI3oraJIIiHbI l8%r. B sarra4noit, qacrr4 Mopfl rroHr{)KeHHbre 3Fra-
r{eFII{tI coJlellocrH e rue.nnQonotl sone qBuTsrorcfl pe3yJrbraroM
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u IIo coAepx{aHlilo 6nonoruqecKl,Ix npuMecerl, cycneHsr4poBaFr}rbrx BerlecrB, 3a-
rpfl3HHTeJreft u r. A. 3ro oco6euuo 3aMerFro s s'araAHorl qacrr{ Mopfl, rAe npo_
HI4KHOBCHI4E PEqHbIX BOA CO3AACT AHOMAJIbHbIC KOHIICHTPAUI,IH HCKOTOPbIX NPX-
uecert. 3ro npuno4uT K H3MeFIeHI4ro npo3parrHocrr.r BoA, qro, co csoerl'ctopoirrl,
BJIHflCT FIA OIITI,IqCCKYIO IIdTIOTHOCTb KOCMIZIICCKI4X r]SO6P AXCHIAfi ,
B [1] Ha ocHoBe o6pa6omu oKcneprzl,rer]ra"rrurrx AaHnbrx 6lr,rrz Hafi4enlr
HeKOTOpbIe 3aBHCIIMOCTLI MeXAy COJIeHOCTbIO BoA B ceBepo-3aIIaAHOrvr MeJIKO-
BoAHoM flo4o6nan 3al.aqa craBHTcr, rz n nacroanlefi
pa6ore. crror'ro)KeH e 100-200 km or sarra.rlHofo ro-
6epexrt
Ha oKcnepnMeHraJrbHoro Marepua,rra 6u.nu cos4a-
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rlp03p arlHocrblo Mopcl(otl eo4rr, olpeAeJleHHori no r"ny6nue BlrAuMocrr4 cragAapr-
goro 6e"noro AHCI(a, ll coJleHocrblo Ha rloBepxr{ocru Mopfl L].3MeHflercfl B paBJrH.q"-
HbIe ce3oHbI. Ona Aocrl4raer uaLl6o,urruux suaqeHHrl suMofi rz secnorl H yMeqb-
Irraerc.fl JreroM r.r oceHblo. lloc,re,qHee flBJrfercfl cJIeAcrBr4eM 6O,lee oAnopo4Horl
crp,),rKTypbr rrzApoJrofurrecKtrx lonerl B rerrJroM [o,rryroAr.rr.r. Koe{rcprzqueHT Kop-
peJ[flrlHH, p,accqLiraHHntrt Ang Mafl-Hlol]fl, cocraBr'Ifler 0,77, a Alrfl, t{HBapfl
rilapra 0,75. -
fiauurte o6pa6arunallr4cb vr B 3aBnc]4Moc'fr4 or pacno,rrox{eFrrzt crauqufi (Ha
ruelndre vJrr4 B r.ry6onrax no4ax). B Kaqecrse pasAeJrflrouefi. nwuuu ucno,rrrio-
sana uzo6ara 75 m.,Oqeuru rroKa3brBaror, rrro r(oppeJrsuulr Mex{Ay co,TeHocrbr.o
Ha :loBqpxHocrli Mopfl r'r rny6uuofi BHAHMocrIl 6eloro AHcKa yBeJrrzqr4Baercfl
4.ln rue,rlQoBblx cral{.Ilarl, rAe LI3MeHeHHfl o6oux lapaMerpoB 6onee 3HarrareJrb-
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(P) II coJlerlocrll noir. llocrpoeHa pefpeccgogHarr t<pr4Batr,

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xoporxeM coorBe:[crBHH c pe3yJrbra\al,ra,. npeAcraBJreHHbrMr{ q []. Eonee Ae-
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UBera 3FraqeHr4f Bapbrrp
ro:r c 0 ao 31. llo.ryveuuoe KoMrro3arrlloHHoe,uso6paxeur4e Br3yaJra3rrp
Ha SKpaH€ uBeTHoro MoFrrzTopa.
floc"ue o6p a6orxn Nocl,rrzqecxux rzs o6 p axe uuft 6unucocr aB,.re Hbr K apror pa
ouor pas.rnunofi oRru.recKor:r rrJrorr{ocru B yc.nogHbrx eAr.rHr,rqax (pri. 3i, ,
Koropblx flBcrByer, 'vro n npu6pe>xHori Bolle olrr4rrecKafl rrJrorr{ocrb lorJr4)K€H
JTo flBJrtercfl cJreAcrBplet roro, Irro B AaHrioM paftoue pacnoJlolKeHbr BoAHr
Maccbr c rroHr,rx{eHHorl npospauHocrbro. onu cos4aHu n parlone
y:\_!, pacrpocrpaH-rrrorcfl B y3KoM rrorpaH4qHoM crroe BAoJrb pyMbrHcKoroI
AeJrbrr,r perra
6o,u r apc xoro no6e pex<ls. oror pe3 yJr br ar'H axoAr{Tcfl * r. uo""ir"tr'o3"'';o'J";
crBeHr'{ c BbrBoAoM o noHHXeHr4U npo3par{Hocrr4 BOA B STHX OS,racrax, Ilo.[yqe
HoM Ha ocFroBe o6pa6orxu cyAoBbrx AaHHbrx.
Pesxnrt rpa,q,rzeHT onrnqecxofi rrJrorHocrrr, ua6;roaaenuft ua puc.
ca pe3yJrbraroM crreqr4szuecNorl crpyKrypbr reqenrzri e ucc,ne4yeirnofi2,o6nacr anna

50
trlO>xnO o)KI,IAaTb, qTO ero MeC'IOIIOJIO)KeHI,Ie CBflSaHO C SpOUra,rSHOr? gOttOii. Ka
y)Ke y[OMI4Har'Iocb, e o6nacrfi 3r6ft 3OHbI coJleHoCTb I'I3MeHflercfl B AIlala3OH
iZ-iA%", r4Jrr.r oKo,ro 5%. CooreercrByloque. I43MeHeHI'Ifl oflrl4qecKoft rt,rol
Hocrr4 KocMrrr{ecr{r4x uso6pa>renrlft nopt4xa l0%, B tarrcvt cr'Iyqae onpeAed'IeH
coJleHocrr{ rro AaFrr{brM KocMI,IqecKr4x I4306pa}KeHI,II1 [peAcraBJIflerclt Bo3Mox(Hb1
lz4po,lornuecKr.re uccJreAoBar,rr,rfl yKa3brBaroT Ha 3Har{I4rerbHylo BpeMeHHyr
r.r3MeHqllBocrb noJlefi [a] . Ee Mo]KFIo [pocJIeAI'Irb H IIpH IIoMoIqI4 I(ocMI'IqecKIz
uso6paxeuutt. I:f|a puc.4 rroKagaHa orrrr4qecl(afl rIJIoTHocrb KocMllqecKofo I'I3c
pa)KeHr,rq B AHaIIa3oFIe 0,5-0,7 pm, I43MepeHHofi 28 cenrfl6ps l9B2 r' s orH
cHTerIbHbIX eALIHLIUaX. B pevrenHoli I{HrepB aJI MeX{Ay pelsydTbTaTaMI'I' lloKa3 aH
Mr4 Ha pric.3 14 4, cocraBlttter 12 AFIeft. B UeJIoMcylqecrByloqan 3aKol{oMepHoc
(vrenluran oIIrHqecKafl IL'IoTFIocTb lr3o6pilKeHua n menr,QoBofi 06r'IaCTI'I) coxpi
Hflercf , oAr{aKo cvqecrBytor 3aMerFrbre rpaHcoopMauql{ KaprI4HbI. 3ro flBJlferc
pe3yJrbraroM 3BoJIroUn[ fI{ApoJIor[qecKHX IIoJIeft. Olpe;1e,nenne AocTaroqHo H
I43O6p
AeIKHO;O COOTHOUTeHbfl Me)KAy Co,TIeHOCTbIO I4 IIJIOTI{OCTbIO KOCMIZqeCI(}IX
)KeHLII? IBJIfleTCfl IIpeAIIOcF,I,'IKoft pery;flpHOxo cocTaBJI()HI{fl Kapr IIOBepx
Hoft CoJleHocru. Co cBOeIl cTopoHbl, SBOJIIoquf IIoJIfl coJIeHocrII Ha nOBepX
Moprr cBqBaHa c o6uer1 3BoJrroqr4eri TepMoraJII{HHIIX rIoJIeIi I4 cIIHOTITLITIecK
r43MeHqI,IBoCTbIo I,IccJIeAyeMoro paliOua. Taxtttvt 06pa3OM, AIICTaHIII'IOHHbIe I
TOAIJI B COrleTaHI,IU C CyAOBbIM14 IZ3NIepeHLIqMH MOr)/T BHeCTLI BXJIaA B pacuI{peH
no3HaHr4it o ALiHaMIIKe tlepHoro Mopfl.
B saKJroqeHr.re aBropbl Bblpax(alor 6.naro4apHocrr u. c. E. fleeny sa o(a3aHuyrc noMo
n pa6ore c aua,,roronofi clzcreuoil o6pa6ort<tl I(ocMI.i!ecl(llx tlso6paxretlufi

IlureparyPa
l.Ipuurr.in, f. A., IO. |I I4nIun. I4glrteH,l[nocrr, oKeanorpa{ttlqecl(nx
ceBepo-sanaAHoft .tacrz r{epHoro Mopfi no AaEHLIM c'nyrH}tKoBbIx. s}rAeolzso6
Neulrfi. MetoAr't o6pa6orr<li t<ocltt{'{ecl(ofr ol(earloJlor'nqecxofr nHcpopltaqltlt'
Bacrono,rIb. AH YCCP, 1983.
2. tr{ ll ur e g, JI. H. PacrrosuasaHHe cocTogHLIt OC}IOBHbIX napaMeTpoB Te!1eBH3x,O-tl_H:
TDaI{Ta c lreJlblo co3AaHl{t aAarrTI4BHblx TB cncrelt' B: PacnosllaBaHue o6pa
1, Pr.rra, 3uuatre, 1974.
-
H. 3eltqra or Kocuoca-,c.,,E_AH'
!,r.rcraHqr.rorrHrr u3cJreABaHr.rfi Ha
3. M n ru a
4.8;;;-;,-A. ", A. a.,'ir. n. By,rraKoB' B. A. ABaIros' A' H' I(ocape _1

B.,C.TylI<lJII<lIH.ZSIt,IegqIlnoctlrlr4poQusuuecKuxllo'llefiLlepHoroltop
,r1., frl4porrlereol'IeAar, i984. D^.- -r^r+^ Ir
5. K ho ri:; m, S. Remote sensiug of salinity in
r a ;;^'s.*"R;;;6^J";;i"; lr the -rrancls( - Bay delta.
san Francisco
1ne _San
Renroie Sensing of Enviuorment,12,1982' No 1.
-
6.Mishev, .r. D. N..
e= v. N., B. P. P e e . Electron System ior
for itnagg
itnage transformation a

.oains in conventional colours. - Compt' Rend. Acad' bulg' Sci., 31, 1978,
I l.
 Analysis of the salt content in the surface
layers of the Blac.k Sea west. regions
on the lrasis of. in situ and remot6 sensing
D..'N. Mishea, E. V. Stanea, L. L Milenoua, N. L R

(Summary)
territorial and season distribut
or the sart conten, ,I:'ilH;"#:i:t:ieJt* water in the Black Sea West
ons are presented.
on the basis of. the BULGARIA-l300 scientiflc complex on board
-I{ETEOR-PRTRoDA
r! - svr\ r r\rr\vuo satellite bpdluc
0crrErrrLE space images anoand alrer
after respectlve
^and llrtijges reipective data
data
::t.jrg',values for transparency salt "conteni oi-itre sea water trave
oDt alned.
These initial results prove the reliability of the approach ior distribut
of salt content in the visible part of ttre e,te"ctrtn ,gnJt'ii-.p.ctrum.

52
D:srrapcxa ar(aAeMns Ha HayKI4re. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Aeporoc,rrzvecls4 I'r3c!'IeABaflrlfl s Etnrapun, 7. Aerospace Rese'arch in Bulgalia' 7

Co(run . 1991. Sofia

Vqer nepeAaroqHcrZ dryHxqnn arMof

c$epu rpt4 AHcTaHIIHoHHoM 30IHArA14lpoi

BaHHr4 3ervrnla IIo cneKrpoMeTp)vllqe(

ecK(nNI
CIIyTHI4KOBbIM H3MePeHHrfl M

B. C.,Iprcena-ilemqosa
H ucmumym Koc.rruuec teu.E uccttedoaaxuri E AH

tr4ntencHsuoe pasBurue cI'ICTeM reoKocMuqecKnx llccneA

saHIrIi |, 2, 3, 4l onpeAelner paepa6otxy creqgaJlusnpoBaHnblx MeroAoB
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pbr no cnyrHHKoBbIu Aaunutt. !.zcianquonHoe soHAnpoBaHue (43) npupoa
DecvpcoB Ile Kocuoca B onTfiqecKoM Apana3oge ocHoBbtBaeTcff Ha pefucTpa
brpii*"n"oro or 3eunoft nonepxnocrH
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p-accelltHoro n aruoc$epe 3gerrqor
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cneAyeMoro yqacrKa; 2) ilr cocraBa arnaocQepst; 3) or .B3aI{MHofo pacnono
HHfl r{cTo.tHr.lxa reayueHnt, o6ayuaeuoli [oBepxHocTr4 t4- AaT'quKa ; 4) ot otl
xarenssofi cnoco6socru noBepxgocrlt, oKpyx(arouleft Ha,6Jllo,u,aeMnft yuaCror.
Vqer srrsHr.rq arr,loc$epu npr.r ,[3 neo6xoAuu rp'H peuel{Hx c
ea.u,aq: 1) rn6opa fla

rroBepxHocrr c y".torrl' ueie1irounoli QyHrUr.rn Lrruoc$epu (nOA). Peureu

grHX 3aAaq ycaoxHseTcff B onTHqecKoM AI{anaSOHe CIIeKTpa LI3-3a paccefHHff
rrorJIoIIIeHHfl HsIyqeHLlfl a3po3onbHblMH rlacTlruarrla n- aruocQepe.
B .Uannofi pl6ore onpeAeaena repeAarorlnaq QyHl(Uufl aruocSepu ua
HoBe rrncre*rtroa'o MoAennpogaHr{s ypaBHeHl{fi nepeu )ca MeroAou MoHre-Kap.n
Koatp{uUueHTbr a?po3onbHoro pacceflHHrr BbIqr{cJIeHbI no crlyrHt I(oBbIM cfleKr
MerpI{.IecKuM n3Mep-eHHqM. PaciuotpeH aJIropHrM KoppeKIIHI'l cnyrUuronoft n
leoilHQoprrlaqun n-epeAarounori Synrqaeli atr*locQepu. IIoKagauH p$ynbr
ronyqeHHble npn o6pa6OrKe no npe4noxeHHofr trleroAul(e cnyTHIrKoBbIx AaIl
or crreKTpoMerpgqec1ofi grctettsl CMII-32, Koropar pa6oraaa sa l4C3
op-flpHpoAa ".
 lepe4arovnar Syuxrluff arMocsepu

JreHHn rroA npu

"r""!;T;:?#:ffi:
flBJrfleTcs perueHHe HHTefpanbHoro y
OCHOBHbIE TCHACHIII,IN ONPCACNEHI{q
K KOTOpbIM OTHOCsTcg ctlHxpoHHbre H
nonb3yrorcff 3TaJIoHHbre o6terru n
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A. OnpedeneH,ue td

54
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rZ

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r4e Qs. Qarrop a$@errunHocru Pa
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onpeAe.rser HaKJroH xpnnoft pacupeAe
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(4) o,1-0,434grc (

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du peut

flp-oqecc pacrpocrpaHeuuff cBera B arrraocQepe MoxHo

cMarpHBarb rar cayvafiuyro MapKoBcKyrc r{enb cronKHoBeHnri 60roHon c
5.j"Rpll-IoTgplt_. ,npr.rBoAnr au6o x
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-
56
 HCKoMbrx $yHxquoua.uon. /l,nr perxeHnq
MeroA corpq)KeHHbrx rpaeKropuri [S], i<
.ITO TpaeKTOpHLt BsIXOAqT He ro,Irla Ha6
uIeM Hac HanpaBneHuu. Aruoc$epa Bbrc
n3 Koropbrx SaAaHbI K
cesHHtI onx(h), HHAHK
paccenHus H xoa$Qrq
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a_3posonbHoro pacceflHHf, o,x(h) Bbrqrz
lzlllltrcarpuca rlp1 He 3aBtrcHT oT BbICOT
[9] onpeae.rrflercr LrB
(10) r1nr,(ry):0,7629 (1-p0,9324cossy),

rrro yAoBnerBopffer rpe6onaHun

,*I
HopMHpoBKr.r,
+ (i lnr(v)dro:1. flonHaa uH4rr.

Karprrca pacceflHnn Bbrr{HcJrflercl no Qopuyne

\x(y, h)-=j^
' Gx|a) [o"l, (h)n^^(y, Z)*onr" (fr) nnr. (v)].

VpanueHne llepeHoca (1) peuraetcrr MeroAoM MoHre-I{apno nyrervr MoAeJrH-

poBar{Hfl rpaerropufi qacrnrl Ha 3BM no cneAvloueit cxervre:
1) nrr6op Ha,rartxofi rosKri rpaerropaft, -
2) nu6op ,qJrHHbr cso6oAuoro npo6eia l,
_ 3) rpoBepKa afQercrueuocru rpaeKTopHn rro orHoueHuro K o6rer<ry Ha-
OJIIOAEHHf,
4) onpe,u,eneHlre Tarra croJrKHoBeHan (uououlelvrfl wila pacceauur),
q) pALIHar ovepeAHor:r roqKx cronxu,)nenur,
q) ceffHurr (rraonery,rrnpHoe r.rJrn aaposo,rrlHoe),
7) HoBofo narpaBneHfifl rpaeKropu[,
B) 2.
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K cqerqury qflcna qacrx_u npa6ae,naercs eAr.rHaqa H MoAenapyercfl HoBaff TpaeK_
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HeHHfl F(l):o, rAe dryur<qan pacnpeAe,{eunn F(t) gtn I paeua F(t):1-e-rr,(r),
0. cnyqariHoe qficao.
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MeroAoM MoHre-Kaplo rlogBoJlsror orIeHHTb BKJTaA MHoroKpaTHoro paccerrHrdfl
rtpn .II,3 npnpoAHbrx pecypcoB l.rs KocMoca, a rar{}Ke npolr3BoAarb KoppeKrlnro
cllyrHr.rKoBbrx crreKTpoMerpHrrecKHx usuepeHufi c lepe4arouHor:r syHxqueli ar-
rrrocQepu.

Peayrqun crryrHraKoBbrx cleKTpc)MerpuqecKux

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noBepxHocTH
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noJtuflercrr Ao MoMeHra ncJryqeHl,rr saAaruHoft BeJrHgHHbr 6ft u.nn HoMepa nfepa-
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L,i: e-"i1P.r.
58
 flpnueneuue Merora Monre-Kaplo :p
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gpr{ocTHbIe xapar(TepHcTr.tKn nccJreAye
csoricrsa aaposoaefi e arvocQepe, ear
uepeHHfi.
PaccuorpeHuan MeroAVKa KoppeK
MHOTOKpaTHOTO paccefHHg ocHoBaHa To
rpe6yer Ha3eMHbrx uavrepeHnfi, 3ro nos
perlleHl4r,r 3a.4aq AacTaHTIHOHHOTO 3OH/.I{
MOCa.

"[ureparypa
,l. {1onu 1ay5u { rex-HrrKx. trlcc.neAosaHae r{ocM'r{c*oro npocrpaHcrBEr. 16, M., Llayxa, 19g1.
t oyrJ, A. O. X., /]x. E. Val,ruln, V. 4. Eupu-c. lncranqnoHroe 3oHAr{poBaHH€
3eMrri s onrrrrecKoM auana3oHe BoJtH. TVUep', ZS,
lgg5, J\'e 6, 7_80.
3. Apnil AcoH, P,e.,_4.4.Enr,rrep, P. O. - Xaptn'". bO; d".i.", Ha6rrcAeHuq 3eur'
90-x roAoe. TI4V7P,73, lgSb, N! 6,86-(]3.
4. E p e 4j-P-lo-H, Q' - II. CncretrHlre HccneAoBaHaq 3eurrz lr rucrar{uuuoHoe soHrupoBaHrle.
T14U3P,73, 1985, Il! 6, 173_185. -
op
# II *, f.. Z. Meroa Monre-Kap.rro n aruocQepHofi onraxe. Honocu6rzpcr, Hayra, 1g76.
6. ncilM_3py,,^4: PacnpocrpaHeHlre H paccerrHrre BoJrr.r B c,'ry.ratlrro ueo4ncpo4urrx cpeaax. M.,
MNp, 1981.
7' Tuxon6.sr_-4, n., B, A. Apceuurr. Mero4sr peue'Hrr lrer:oppeKrHbrx aaaav. M. Hay-
ra, 1979.
8' ller?pMeHAxarr, ,{. Paccennpte-3JleKrpoMarnr.rruoro
- r43nyqeHur crlepuuecraMn nonr;Aucnep-
cgblMl4 qacrurraua. M., Mnp, 1g71.
q
VIcCart!ey Earl,
McCartney_ J. Optics
Ea_rl,_J. atmosphere. New york,
Optiis of the atmosphere.New yorl<, 1976.
10. ev, T.
Yanev, l. I(.,
r\., V.
v. ulepa-Herrova,
Djepa-Petrova, D.'N. D. N. Mishev. Estimationof the diffusion 1
in_atmosphere by constant transmission function. Compt. Rend, Acad. bulg.
^effect
ll,
sci., 31, 1978, No ll, i409-1412.
Sci., -

59
 Transmission fun
determined by s
measurements fo

V. S. Djepa-Petro

(Summary)
The paper deals r,vi
ction of the atmosphere in visible gnd
of numerical solution of the transmissi
The cross-section of aerosole scatterin
measurements processing. The algorit
the transmission function of the atmos
based brightness characteristics are di
mination of the atmospheric influence i
The results from data processing
METEOR-PRIRODA within BULGARI

60
 E'rnrapcr<a aKaAeMufi Ha Hayr(r4re. Bulgarian Acaderny of Sciences
AepoxoclruuecKr.{ r.r3cr'reADaHfiq B E6rrapua, Z. Aerospace Research in Bulgar.ia,
CoQHn.1991.Silia

ZscneAeaHe Ha cHcTeMr4 sa aBToMaruqHo

y[paBJreHr4e Ha opaeHra Lrylfra
Ha op6ktTalrHr4 cTA HrIHH

Xp. SK. Ifemee

I,lucmuntgm,,E,tercmpou", Ilaeeen

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Aa ce ocufypH ile-
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AaI{HI4. Toga nosgoJttrBa !\a ce [poBexAar cJIoxH].I
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,lleHLIe Ha CTaI{Ur.iflTa, Kbrvr Her?gara opI,IeFrraur{[ v cra6nt.ruza\.rfl u K],M
ApJ/fr.r
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rr KopeKur4rr wa op6wrara.
3a4auure sa yrrpaBd'reHrre Fra Aooc z npouecr.r,re na c6nuxaBaFre s cluKo-
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pe)KLrM Ha X"rrT,3raHe ce peaJrr,rsr4pa B1bpxy xznepnoB:bpxHr{,FIa, .Korro ce
c ypaBHeFrlre or(n-1) peA, HapeqeHa xr4[eploBibpxHl4Ha Ha xJIBsraHe. B pas,r ;A-
LAHVTI Cryr{a( rf e oT rr:bpBr4 peA, nopaAr4 KoeTo npexoAl{r4flT npoqec e a uo-
Ar{qeH. Vpanuenuero puna:0 oci4ryprBa rrorraAauero ua uso6p,asfBalqara r IKA
B CeKTOp, KbAerO e BihsMo>Kiro B'b3HlrKBaHe Ha pexr4M Ha xJIlE,3faHe BbB 130-
Boro npocrpaHcrBo, oKo,rro Koflro roqKa rpn6ya Aa,ce iopral{}iavpa Hac llro
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qI4BOCT Ha CTZCTeMa C ynpaBJieHkre ur W yC,'IOBI,IflTa 3a nOlIaAaHe, Bb3H,I{K e[4
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63
Or nonyueur4Te orpI4uareJIHt{ KopeHu [Ia xapaKTepI,IcrLIr{HLITe ypaBFIeHI'Ifl ce I,ix-
Aa, qe 6rpso4ertcrBr.rero Ha clrcreMa, pa6oreqa B pelKI4M Ha xJlib3raFIe, e o oJio
7 rrrrw [o-BLicol(o or roBa sa llrneirga cucreMa cibc cblqoro yrlpaB,'IflBalqo T'3-
Aericrene. llpu oruuraFre Ha i4BBoAa or [1], qe cI4JIara FIa roKa B lvtoMeHTI{I4fl al -
r{lrrorrprzBoA e rlporropUlroHaJIHa Ha KBaApara ua NoeSnulleHra npeA or He-
I.IAerO, Ce BHXAa, r{e cl,IcreMure, pa60TexlI4 B pe)XpINI Ha xd'IT,3f aHe, c.bsAaBar OBI,I
BTT3MOIKHOCTI4 3a I{I{OHOMl4fl Ha e,IIeKTpoeHeplIzfl, ToBa 03Har{aBa, r{e cl4cTe c
rrpoMenJrr4Ba crpyr(rypa cbc c:blqoro 6r'pso4eficrBl4e Karo ,rnneliuara (3 IIIe
KoFrcvMI4pa oKoJIo 49 ntrn
[o-MaJIKo roK ga MafFII4TorIpI{BoAa.
Har?-uxonoMl4qHo e y[paBJIeFIrlE llst Koero rlpl4TexaBa IIo-foJIrMa HeI{
TrzpyeN,ra cbcraBKa or u2 vr cborBerFlo Ilo-roJlflMo eKBI,IBaJie]ITHO yrlpaBJIe D

pe)Kr4M Ha xJrb3raHe cbrJlacHo AaAeHoro onpeAeJIeIILIe or V r K H H t6] . HA

npu6nuanreJrr{a ouerrKa Ira orHorreHr.rero Ha eKBr4BaJIeFIrHI4re ynpaBJIeIl ,IB
pe)K[M Ha X"[I,3raHe MOI{C Aa Ce AaAe c OTHOIIIeH}IeTO I]a I{eKOMyTI4p uI'e
cT,craBKr.r B pex{r,rM Ha xJrb3faHe (ll) Karo B cJlyqafl K:15.
B eaNnroqeHr4e Moxe Aa ce HanpaBsr cJIeAHI4Te I43BoAI4:
1. Cucrevrure 3a ynpaBJleHrze na [OOC, peaJILIBIzpaH]I BG3 ocHoBa I{ pe-
X([x'II4Te Ha XJITr3laHe' Ca IepCleKTI'iBeH KJIaC CLICTeMI'I 3a ynpaB,'IeHI4e. ce
xap aKreprz3 Hp ar
c Br,rcor(a roqHocr, 6tpso4eficrBne 14 nyMo3 aI[LITeI{ocr.
2,Pexmture Ha x,rIT,BfaHe ca LrHBapr4aHTHI4 crlplNlo cMyIIleHI4fl I{ B
rlr4r4 r{a Marr{r.rrHoro rroJre Ha 3enrara [B] .
3. Cucterture c npoMeHJILIBa crpyKrypa ce xapaKrepl43llpar c:sc cpaBH
Ho frpocra peaJrusaIILIfl 14 MaJIbK pa3xoA Ha euepruftHI4 pecypcll B cpaBHe r4e c
AHAJIOII4I{HHTC, IIPOCKTLIPAI{}.I KATO JII4HCI1I]V, TC CA C OIIPOCTEHA KOHCTPY II14fl
B CpaBHerrHe c aKTr4Brlzre clzcreMHsayrlpaBJIeHZe, [o-TolIHIaIz no'6tpsoAeft TBY.
BarIH or rracr4BFrr4re cr4creMll sa cralLrJru3atryfr sa AOOC [7] .

trlureparypa
l. E o a u e p, B. A. Clrcreltlr ynpaBJreHllr fieTareJlbHbrMr4 anrlapal'aMll. M., Maruu
1973.
E u e,r b s H o n, C. B., Teopua cuc'reM c nepeueHnofi crpyx'rypoii. M., Hayxa, 1970.
2 lI e r e n, X p, X(. OruocHo eAI4H MeroA Ha opraHll3tlpaHe Ha pexnM Ha xJIr'3 HCB
CAV c npoMeHJIrIBa crpyKrypa.
- Tex. MI4ct,/'I, 1980, Nb 5.
p. [. Oruocno ycrofiunnocrra
l fI e r e B, X p.-[. cno6o4nure ADI.{x(e}Iufi
Ha cno6o4nl'ITe , s CIIC c ilIltn r{a,'I -
Ho nDeMecrBane rra ZM. Tex. MLic6JI, 1981. Ne 2.
I
o, X p.
II e r e s.
U. lI o. X. tr4gcre.usaHe - eALIH r,rac CflC npn
tr4screAsaHe Ita e.rLIH npl.r c,'ryuatlnu cMyulefllltl. B:
IOHC ua BHBBy ,,1. Eenxoncru" rrrafi 1980.
6. Vr xn n, B. Z. Cxo;rlsrulue pe)KI4Mbr II- ux npuMeHenue B CnC. M., H?yl<a, r97 4.
fI e r e n, X p. )l(. Cucrenrn aBroMaruqecl(oro ynpaBfler{us opuenrauuet I("rIA. B:
Tp. uex4ynapo4uoit r<ouQepeHqnu ,,llpo6;relrlr KoMrJleKcHblx cllcreM ynpaB L! s'
85" .- Bapua, otrrourpLr 1985.
8. fl e r e n, X p. X. CnHres uHBapr.raHrHort cucrelru ynpaBJleHiltI cyAHoM no Kypcy
XIII cer,rr.ruap ua EI4fC, Bapna, i984.

64
 control
Cr. Zh. Pete.u

/Srrmmqrrr\

Systems for orient

taneous magnetic actuator with three
first algorythm is characteristic for a

ween two unstable qualitatively simil

In
conclusion an assessment of t
tion of the algorybh,ms is given.

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 btJlrapcKa ar(aAeMar Ha Hayr<are. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Aeporocua.recr(u r.rgcJreABauui s D:brraphn, 7. Aerospace Research in Bulgaria,
Corpna.1991 .Solia

.[,nyxanaJreH paKereH $orovlerrp

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12, B]. Toea ce ni aI al
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Ma,'ir,K 6por1 re.lenaerpr.iqHH r<a1a[rr4 3a rrpeAaBaHe Fra unQopNlauHtrra, a arK a
c6rr\o pI_3a OnpocrflBaHe ua xanu6poBr(ara. I,Isno,'rssaHero Ha o6q z3MepB H
u o6pa6ornarrl rpaKT rr3HcKBa ocrzrypreaue Fra r{aAexAHa KoMVTa:l.Htr Ha
npeo6pasyeare.rr[Te KT,M BXoAa na o6u ycHJlBareJr r.r HaAe]KAeH xoHrpon sa
na pa6orara. B cr'npeMeHHr,rre paKerHr.r r4 crrbrHriKoeu $orouerplr ce H3 PeAa O/'I3 -
Ba r4MrryJlceH pex<r4M na pa6ora ua $oroyuuoxrr.rre,rti, r(oero IIosBonfl,Ba CT14-
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. Enexrpounara I4C-
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Ila pr3MepBaHero, Br4coKoBoJrroBo 3axpar{BaHe(HVS)u q\
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66
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yrvlllo)Kl4TeJlrzre. Tt,r? r{aro
VIvI}IOXI4TCJIIzTe, I{aTo Bxo.IIHoTo
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cT,rrporHBJreHr4e rra lA2 TpaKTI
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pa3Ae.IIeH Ha HHrepBaJrH Ba ri3MepBaHe I, a salonauflH€ ls na uu$opuaqzxr .3a
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BaHara I,IFr Hara cneKTDa,'rFra JrHHt4fl.. Knrcqogere "14
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6poau c AByKparHo r43MeneHr.re Ha xoe$uqaeHra Ha 6poeue. I4sucNeaHfisra H Te-
JIeMerpI4qFIara cncrer,ra Ha,'rarar rr3rroJr3BaHero Ha DAC. Toel e peaJrr4sr.rpaFr rra
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,reu) n M, yr<asnaqa AByKparuoro -r.r3MeFreFrrle ua uaula6a na Xl vr X2.
FIa usxo4a FIa BcflI(a cKar'ra X usuepnaHara v ureFr3r,rnFrocr ce npeo6pasyna
B HaIIpeX{eHr4e CbfJracHo H3pa3a
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KcAero ft e $orovrerpIzqeH roe$rzqueur; R c6rrporlrBJreHr.re, BT,pxy r(oero ce

cyMl4par roKoBere; LI - - olpeAer'reHa or uaft-u,taArur4r{ pa3-
crorinocr Ha roKa,
pnt\; m-- crapur pa3p'A; f
- reKyul pa3prA; ca crrvrBor,rr Ha ABor.Irl-
",-{?\r
lla'ra cI,IcTeMa.
B 4zanasoua 0 - f 6 V nanpe>xer{r4ero U* lpueii,ra croftnocrr.r o 15 nuea npes
0,4 V. Ha zsxoAa r{a cKaJra M nanpexeHr4ero zua croriHocr 0 u,nlr *5 V n ea-
BucuMocr or roBa B npoqeca FIa narpynBaHe Ha r4r\,rnyJrcu o 6poaua r.r3MeHeu Jrr.r
e AByKparHo xoedtuuueHrT,r My na 6poeHe.
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-
HA I'IMIIYJICEH PCXI4M;
-
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AaBa Bb3Mox<Hocr eKcneplrMeHTtTAace peaJrr.r3r.rpa c MaJr:bK 6poii reneuerpzqrru
KAHAJILI;
r,rglo'rr3Ba[Vrrr cnoco6 rra r(oMyraql,Irl LI3Kd'IIoqBa B,'Ilrfll{Hero MexAy Ir3-
- Ha ABara Soroynnoxr[TeJrtr IIopaAH BrTcoKHre crorisocra Ha cr,rrpoTr,rB-
xoAlrre
JIer'IHflTa CbOTBeTFIO Ha OTBOpeIt KJIIOq U 3anyIXeFI AHOA.
Pea,rusapanurrr no orrncaHara cxeMa AByr{aHa.rreH (nrotraertp yqacrBa B
KoMrIJreKca arraparypa Ha re)KKara reo$usuuua paKera ,,Bepruxa"n-10" n-rpaR
Ha AeKeMBpn l98l r,

Ilv.reparypa
l, I o r o trr e B, M. M., H. n. fI e r r< o n. Annaparypa AJrs ncc,'reAoBaunfi nueuruefi
rronocgepr,r. M., I,I3MI,IP, 1980, c. 186.
2. lororreB, M, M., C. K. HanxbrHoB, H. IL lIerKon, C, 14. Cnp-
r o fi .t e n. I4srrepenue BeprHKaJrbHbrx npotpu,nert IHeBHbrx slruccufi npfi rroMorrlu
paI(erHrrrx $orolrerpon. B: 2-oli Me)KA. ceMr.rHap Hayq, r<ocu. upr.r6opocrpoeHr.re,
OpyHse, 1978. -
3.Gogoshev, M. M., K. B. Seraf imov, N. P. Petliov, S. I(. Chap-
kunov, S. L Sargoichev, Ts. N. Gogosheva, B. D. Tane-
v 2, I. B. I v a no v. Bul. Geophys. ,lourn,, 4, 1979, No 22
-
Pulse mode two-channel rocket photometer
N . P. Petkou
(S u m a r y)

are discussecl. rhe tl::l'

o?t*l:uJ'"iit'.';""'1"ilffi:"'i*L""Tt;t#;fl'"H",';il;
common pulse operating mode for both channels is described. The requirements
and peculiarities of the basic diagram blocks are definecl.
69
 Ernrapcr<a anaAeMr,rfi Ha Hayr(r.rre. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Aeporoclruuecr(H r.r3cJreABauus n Drara pnn, 7 . Aerospace Research in Bulgaria,
Cotbux.1991 .Sofia

Metoa 3a onpeAeJrflHe [oreHur,raJra

Ha KOCMHqeCKHfl O6exr
C, K. Vanmnoe, 4. n. ,[,awee, 14. E.
B, H. Opaeacxuti*, B. B. Tettutttti*
I,lncmumgm sa Kocr4uuea(,tL usc.neleauun, EALI
*I'I?MNP
- AH CCCP
Onpe4e,rrnuero Ha rroreHur.raJra r{a KocMr{qecxus o6exr (Koc-
MI,ITIecKI{ff arrapar e Heo6xoAr4Mo rro cJreAHr.rre [pzquHil:
.(xouro - KA)
1. llpoeex4auero Ha coHAoBr.r r{Jrr.r Apyf H B'AoBe r43cJreABaHr4f or Aa
ca cBT,p3aHr,r c [porur{arre Ha roK BbB Bepr.rrara rr"rra3Ma-Kopnyc Ha IIT'T-
HvKa-AarrllrK-Koprryc Ha crrrbTHuKa-lnasma) e cBbpsaHo c r-{eloc HOTO
BJIT4'IHWC HA IIOTEHIII4AJIHATA PASJIVIKA O6CXT-N.IA3MA, T, C. C I{AJII4III4CTO IIO.
TeHqHaJr sa o6exra.
I4va cnyuau, Kof aro pegyJrrarure or r4BMepB atuflTa Morar La 6r1ar ,I aq-
HO r4JrH HarrsJIFrO KOMnpOMerHpaHr4, aKO Ce OUeHrrBa Crolisocrra Ha rroreH VAJIA
sa o6exra.
2. B yc.nonaflTaHa npoBex<AaHe Ha aKTr.rBr{r4 rrJrasMeHr eKcnepr4MeHTz, Blbp-
3aHI'r C r{HxeKTr.rpaHe Ha eJrer(TpoHHh unu fi.onlHu nororll{ B oKo,'rocnbrHr4l( aTa
oKoJIHocr, o6etttt't, ga quliro 6op4 ca MoFITI,IpaHLT cborBerHI,ITe r4Hx(eKTopt4 JIEK-
rpoHHr.r unu f,rorruu opr4ur), no npr.rHunII ce sapexAa Ao rroreHqrz ara Ha T]48.
I{I4fl eJreKTpoA Ha LIHXeKTHpaUTOTO yCTpOftCrsO, XOftrO B [OBelrero cJry awe
rBbpAe BLrcoK.
3. fiopu B y.cJroBr4fla Ha rraclrBHr{ elrcrrepr.rMeHrrz, Ho rrpoBe)KAaHr.r Ha pAa
Ha BrzcoKoanorerlun HocHreJrr{, Harrpr4Mep
BOAflrIILrre qacrH (a n o6lqua c.nyuafi - Ha feocraur.roHapHr{ o6eKrr.r,
Aopr{ B rro-foJrflMa creleH u LrsoJrvrp
ilpo-
H}ITC
noBbpxHocrlz' ,qIreJIeKTpI{IUTe I{ np..- MoHTIzpaHI'I Ha noB:bpxHocma sa KA ycr-
porlcrna) ce sapexAar Ao rBtpAe BrzcoKr{ rroreHrluartrrz.
Oco6eso BaxHo e o[peAeJrflHero Ha floreHrllraJra sa o6exra B crvrr VTC,
Koraro na 6opAa (na cr,qua o6er<r) ce npoBex(Aar l,rscrrreABa:Hvfi Ha BibJI 14TC
npoqecfi' KoI4To BcT'IIlHocr B:b3HIrKBar H ce pa3BI{Bar B vcJIoBLlflTa Ha roBu FIA
noreHrll.raJrHa p a3Jrr.rKa o6err-nnasMa. or-sHaqeHve st cnvqaq e ror{Horo II03-
HaBaFIe Ha XapaKTepa Ha II3MeHeHvflTa Ha [oreHUI{aila, T, e. FIa HefoBaTa JILT-
TYAHO.BPCMCB A X AP AKTCP I{CTI,IK A, IIP U rON A AI{TI4BHI4TC CKCNEP UMC HT LI Vg DAL
TIO3HABAHCTO HA MHOIO KPATKI4TC IIGPBOHATIAJIFIH I4HTCPBAilVI TIA HA
PA3BI,IT1
lpoueca Ha sapexAane na o6exra HerrocpeAcrBeHo cJreA r4H)KeKguaia, rnfi. aTo
B noc./reAcTB I,Ie X ap aKTe p I,ICTII K r{Te Ce,, I43 UIe}{4aT,,.

70
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xr.rrr o6exr, flo eorr-al,rnepFIara xapaK
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Mara no Bpel4e Ha ar{TuBHoro cMyilIer{r4
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r.rHTef pup aHe Ha no,'ryqenaTa lloTellqr4a
ce ocbulecrBflBa rraA'bT Ha Harrpexer{ue
Taxr{ea MeroAH [1] sa orpeAeJrrrFre
rro BpeMe r{a IroJrera I.Ia ,,lllarr,il" npes
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- Ha 3aBp6rrraxlure ce
er'IeKTpOHr.r (neprvt<alnnte nuuuu) H rrocrpoeHara rro rflx KpHBa Ha AHHaM]|.K a
Ha H3MeHeHI{e Ha rroreHrry.alra ua KA (nntrna xpuna). Kpranara e locrpoeHa 3a
nepuoA 2,5 ps, r. e. [o-MaJrbK or BpeMero sa pasnHine ira llllp.
_-l-lpe4naraHr4flr MeroA Mox<e Aa ce peaJrr43upa no cJreAHr4r saquH. Ha La
Ha KA c I,IH>I{eKTop Ha e"IIeKTpoHeH IIoToK c QuNcTzpaHI{ eHepT[I,I ce MoHTHpa K.

KV

KV
fr r."vfr.
l'. 1 i-
flrtr
fitf
iL o

@ur. l, Bpeue.&narpava, EnrocTplrpau{a csulHocTTa Ha

npeaJlaraHr{s MeToA
72
TpocraTr.rqeFr aHaJrr.r3aTop, K6M Koftro ce rrpi.rJraraT rroreFr(HaJrr4 o"r napaoa3ell
rz3roquur( Ha Franpe)KeHue (c6c cnHycouAaJrr-ra OopMa). !,ererropbr e orKpI4r
rr.rr, r-rarrpuMep Mr4KpoKar{aJrHa rr,'racruua. Toil perr4crpLipa Bcel(u nponyc-
-
r{ar rlpe3 aHaJrr43aropa saBpbu1aIr1 ce eJleKrpou (eueprurra Ha rcoitro e E.:E
Ha crro[a, a qecrora f, uuoro ro-roJrflMa or qecrorara ua drouosure e,lexrpouu).
llo,'ry.vs112ta e 6op4onoro ycrpoficrBo 3a aHailvs na 6rpsl.r BpeMeBIz Irpou,ecll
BpeMeBa rIoc,'IeAoBareJrFlocr Ha eHeprr.rr4re Ha BpbrqaqLITe ce eJIeKTpoHLI XapaK-
repr.rsr4pa IvHaMr4Kara rra rroreHrrr.raila Ha I(A n nr,pnr4le MI4KpoceI(yIlAI.I crle!
BKrroqBaHero Ha r.iHxeKropa (e.nexrpouuoro oprbAr.re) , liona nosBoJlflBa Aa c€
onpeAeJrrr AHr{aMlrKara Ha noreHuvalra Ha KA sa nepHoA or HaqaJroro Ha r.rI'I>r(eK-
rurtrra Ao Har{adToro na lI"[P oKoJro I(A nprz flesHaqurerH]z MorrlHocru P uasa-
xpar{BalqI,I}r3ToirHI,rK Lra akraiv,svlpaxloTo falpexeH}re cbc. cr4FrycoI4AaJlI{a sopvra:
P:C(Ul2)"f12 Q,
KtAero P:200 mW npu Kalaqrzrer Ha e,'rer(TpocrarprqHl.Ifl aHa,tu3arop C
:200 pF; Uo:100 V, I e qecrorara r-ra cr.rFrycorrAarFroro I{anpe}KeFILie
-l}Hz; roeQu{uenmr Ha noJresHo ,u,erlcrsue Fra saxpaHBailIl4q tisroq'
Hux e 0,5 [prr r(aqecrneH Saxrop F]a r.r3xoAHara Bepr4fa r{a KoFrrypaHaaralrr4ga-
ropa Q:10, xapaxrepz3r.rpau pa3xoAa Fra sarraceHara eHeprrrr Ba nepLIoA HE
r<one6anuqta llQ.
llpn orpe4eJleHa MoIIIHocr r-Ia r.I3Tor{FrHKa I-IZ crl:rSJroBr4AHo Iralpe}KeFII4€
clrc c:buloro BpeMeBo pa3perxeFlr.re (nr,nnulr pa3xoA I-Ia 3anaceHara B aralrr43a-
ropa eHepr?rrr ce r43B:bprrrBa 3a nepl4oAa Ha rIuK:bJra Ha cKaHap3Fre IIo eHeprl4rl,
T. e. Q:1) npenx.rroqBaHero Ha crtrra,/rara rpr6na Aa ce peaJrr43rlpa c qecrorz
f u uaxcuvrailLra aurJtrryAa Fra aHaJra3r.rpaxroro r{anpex<enae Uo. B pes1rn121
3a onpeAe,rflt-Ie Ha v ctc cbt{oro BpeMeBo pa3peilJet-rr4e 6n ce I'la,ro)Kl4d'Io Aa Ce
Lr3no.rl3yBa I,I3TOr{HIrtK }Ia CTTrIIar'IOBI,IAI'IO Hanpex{eHI,Ie C MOII,HOCT, B63JII43alqA
ua 2 nopa4bKa IIoBeqe or ot-Ia314, ueo6xoAuua 3a npeA"IIarauI4fl \,teroA.
Tosa reclro MolKe ra ce Br4Ar,r or saBucl4Mocr'ra
P:cu3S'r2'
KT'Aero P-20 W, r<oero 3a KocMr.rqecKl4 IIer'lI4 e I]eAonycrl{Mo.
CreAosare,'IHo H3rrorrsyBaHero Ha eHeprufiHo ro-ri3foAFroro cltHycoliAaJrt-IC
BMeCTO CTbTTaJIOBHAHO Ilanpexet{r4e I-ra r43TOqFil.rKa rro3BO,'rrIBa perI4c'rpIrpal{erc
rIa IIOrerrrlrra.tla Ha I(A c epevreBo pa3perxeHLIe or nopqAT)Ka Ha MI'lI{pOceKyHAL
lpr4 MoxlHocr Ha 3axpaFrBaqr4rJ r43ror{Hl4x 20 mW,

Ilttreparypa
l.Beghin, C., J. P. Lebertin, B. N. Machlunt, J. Troim, P' In'
gapy, J, L. Michan. Phenomenairrducedbycharged particle beam'-
ScieLice. 225. 1984, 188-191.
2.Wilhelm. K., W. Studeman, \\/. Riedler. Elektron flux intertsity
distributions observed in response to particle heanr emissions. Scietrce,225,
1984,186-188. -

73
 A method for space object potential determina
s. K. Chapkunoa, Ts. P. Dachea, I. B. Iaanou,
Y. N. Mataeitchuk, V. L Gatdanskii, V. N.
I/ V. Temni

(Summary)

mination ,," au...iilX". ii'jt;lgn,T;t"hlf'*#'";li::.""bi?': t".,t""lt:li

problems of the exiltence bf a given object po-
tential are connected with. ih'e space conclitions in ilr. p;.r"fi;; ;i;d;i ing
injector.s on board the active
lnJectors ..qr[. the
active. objects, etc. and require aevetopm'ent lnd
itre- d,
utilization .of . speci alized devices" f or potenti a1 aet6iminaiion.
A. method for potential cleterminitlon--tru. been described, where the po-
tential value is determined, as well as its time characteristics in the first lc-
roseconds after the iniection.
A unique analysing:' voltage sine scanning generator is used instead of t he
conventional step generators.-In thiis case the energy consumption is tr tl ce
lower, as compared
compar-e to the contemnor
contemporary methods.

74
Br,nrapcxa ar(aAer!rr4E rJa IJayr(ure. Bulgarian Academy oi Sciences
Aepoxocnu.recr(fi r-r3c,TeABagug n Etnrapua, 7, Aerospace Research in Bulgalia,
CoSua.1991.Sofia

Cncreu a za aBToHoMHI,I u
KoMrtJIeKc HVI
I43rrHTaHvtf- Ha ycTpOIlCrBO 3a H3MepBa HE
Ha napaMerpl4Te Ha eJIeKTpocraTI'lt{Ho TO
rroJre e rzoHoc$epara

M. X. Ilempyuoee, E. R, Eotiqee
I,]ncmumum sa Koctltll4ectctt uscae1oatLttn, DAH

3a usrtepeaHe I'Ia napaMerpllTe lla eJleKTpocrarl4qHoro nofie

e rioHoc$epara ce r4srIoJI3\rBar coHAoBt4 MeroAIz. .AiLeroAtr c qerl4pI4 coHAI'I-A4r-
qllqr4 rlosBo,rqBa or 6opaa FIa KocMI,IqecKLI anaparll Aa ce [ov'Iyqu oIIeHKa I{a
BeKropa lIa IIoJIeTo B OTFIOCI4TeJIFIa I{oopAlIIlaTHa cllcTeivla B Ixllpol( aMII"THTJ/API{
I,I qecToTeH Ar,rarla3o]I.
Vcrpoilcrnoro 3 a I{gMepB at{e H a e,'teI(rp ocrarLlq I'Ioro noJle n rloHoc$epar{ e
oSopueno xaro 6nox e,'rer(rpol-rlll(a w 4 I43FIeceHLI IIa UaHrI4 coHAII-AllTtIIIU14 C

B f p aAeHr.r npeAycr4JrB aTeJI u,

C qen ycraHoBflBal{e Ha pa6orocloco6socrra ua ycrpoficrBoTo I'I HeloBqro
npaB?rJrHo $ynNqnonupaHe ce Ha,'rara rr
r43rrr4r arlr4fl B npeAcrapToBI1If nepr{oA.
tr4sturasunra ce npoBexAar c6c
ua ycrpoiicrBoro KoHrpo;rHo-I4grrr4r
ocuoBeH ny,rr (Sur. - 1), n xoftro ce oc
pa6orxa Fra Bcr.rirKr.r BxoAHH H r,rsxoAHI4 c
pOJI Ha BCI,IqKLI 3axpaHBaIqLI Flallpexe
Cncreuara 3a u3[HTaIlns KZA ce e
qpe3 c:brJracyBarqu pe3rzcropr{ (10 M
ycJIoBI4fl Ha CpeAaTa, a BCIIqKH OCTa
CreqzSrzvnr.rre ycJroBr{fl ua eKclrep
I,r3rrnTaI{ile, cBT,p3aHLI TJIaBFIO C MFIOTO
txr4poKara qecroTHa JIeHTa. rod'IflMaTa
cr4creMara sa usrv"rarr.ir u ycrpoftcrn
eJIeI(TpOMa|HIiTHI4 CMyXIeHI'Ifl OT CT,CeAH
HA ABTOHOM}III I] KOMTIJIEKCII]4 ],I3III,ITAH
Aa ocr4fyplr cr'reAHlrTe ycJroBl4fl :
I. Aa ce reHept4par lr rloAaBar It
napaMerp14:
 l. CuuycoaAaJrHo r.rarpelKeurre c Bb3Mo>KH
3a npoMflria Ha aMIIJrr.rryAara or 3 pV ao 300 m H
Ha qecrora or 0,5 ao 15. 103 Hz:
2, Illyrraono Hanpex(eHpre B c:sulr.rre Arjarr
LII,I C B|b3MO)KFIOCT 3A HACJIAIBAHC BT,OXV CU
J
cor4Aa/Ir{oTo;
3. llocrosnr{o Hanpexet{r.re c aMrrJrrrry1.a OT
+5 mV ao *5 V;
4, Tpuor,roo6pasuo r{anpexeHrre;
II. HHeara na xanu6pipaur4re Hanpex{e 14fl
Aa ce npoMeHsr npe3 1 dB n paMrorre r{a qe 14fl.
aMIIJIHTyAeH /{I,IaIIa3OH LI IIJIaBFIO B qeCTOTHpIfl.
III. Aa ctrqecrByBa B:bsMoxHocr wanu6 v.-
palqr4re Harrpe)KeHHa Aa Ce no.4aBaT eAHOBpe II.
Ho B rrpaBa wrw B o6parua rroJrrrpHocr c BT,3M
lrocT 3a rrpoMflHa eAHOBpeMeHHO K6M qerlrp
I\arqr4Ka na npu6opa.
IV. PascrorHr4ero or KI4A JIo Aarqurl
na npn6opa npr4 recrBaHe 4a 6r4e oT rroprr
Ka rra 20 m.
floc,re4uoro Izs I,Ic KB aue H aJr ar a c lat H aJl:br
ce [oAaBa Iro I(oal(c]4anruu xa6enu c BLIcor(o HIz
OcHooeu nynt 3a npoMeHJrHBHre I,I rxyMoBrzre Hanpe)KeHzfl
He nocpeAcTBe HO 3 aTr.ixB a r-re npeAr{ AaTq r,rqr4Te
u Ecn
lpn6opa,
KI4A 3aruxsanero ce ocrzryprBa or lr3HeceHri
urcdropu (-40 dB), roMecrerfa B or.4ed,reH
3e,r areHroaropHa Kyrrrtr ($tar. 1). Te ce y
@rr. 1. Cxeraa ua cBbD3BaHe Ha
KVA u npu6op I4ECfl nprr us-
-
paBJqBaT AI4CTaHTII{OHHO OT OCHOBHI{g nv,,IT I,i
nuraHutr ua npa6opa npeBKJIIOqBaT B 3aBr4C[MOCT OT pe)KI4Ma Ha
]lI4TAHI4fl C IIOCTOflHHO ITilV ilI]OMCHJIHBO HATI
>Ke Hr4e.
lo,'tq'rara Ab.rrlKaHa Ha sz4epuure Jrrr.Lrv, MexAy ocHoBrrr.rfl nyJrr Ir
y^A#?:1^1ItI1: _"r!or(r4nr
uu gaxrop (.reSnouoe lrsorrrarop z nocpe6pe
Mera'llHId uacra), I{aKTo I,I HLrcKoro Hr,rBo I{a [o/resHI4fl cHtIra,'I
Ho_ c:b_uracyBaHe B pBTS xlvr Kpafl rro Brrcor(a qecrora. r{pes "uiu"ut-"t'n"-fu
nepnrzre 4
(15 pH) pesr.rcrop (7S O) u KoHleFr3arop (l nF) _ p.rrtrop"iT;'ditr;;;
-
ca npaKTurIecKI4 cbrracy aHLI sa qecrora HaA 100 kHj, xoero e H3BT,H drreHT
Ha IIOJIe3HI4Te CHfHaJIr4, HO Ce Hailala nporrlB Cauonrs6yx4aue
ua yclIdrBaTeJI
(Qzr. 2).
llopa4rz [peBKJrorJBalrero Ha areHroaTopHara Kyrr.rfl H3xoAHrzflr r4MrreAa
ce npoMeHfl o"t 29,7 kQ nprz LrsrrrrraHne c rrocrofHHr4 Hanpelr(eHzq Ha
800
npu npoMeHJruBr4 14 ruyMoBH HarrpelKeHr.ra (Qur. 2). Tona He oKagBa
fodrrflMo EJrr.r
HI{e Ha CLrrHaJra, rt'rl xaro orpfs:burzre rca6enn laex4y areHroaropHara
Kyruq
coHAIZTe Ha I'pw60pa ca cpaBHUTe,/rHO K5CI4, C eAHaKBa
r.btrDKVHa, a BXOTHIZ
HMrIenaHc ua npu6opa € Rnx:l01so.
Ja HsMeHeHr{e HriBara,Ha.xanu6pzpauure HanpoxeHufl ce
. -_OO H3rroJr3Bar A
l].Tp?Topu.($)-gt 0 ao
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IU OrJ (QI.if ' d). 9PE3 TflX CE OC]{IYPqBA NPOMflHA TIACHTHAJI:fITE B IIEJII,Ifl
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ce I ap ar{r rrp a NoeSuqrae Frr:br H a rrpeA
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 bt.nrapcxa ana4eMufr Ha HayKr.ire. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Aepoxocuuuecxrz r4scJreABaur.rfl B Dtrrapun, T $.erospace
Research in Bulgaria, Z
Cotlua,19-91 .Sofia

I4scfie4eaue Ha MyrareHHoro Aer:rcl

na Saxropr4 Ha KocMI,Ir{g CKur, rroJreT
,4. K. Benoea

It!::y tlHcmumVm no H_AKtrcapHa uedu1uua, pa\uo6uoaoeua

u paouaquottld xueueta, MA, Cobun

HaeflueaHero Ha qoBeKa e KocMoca u uepc[eKTI{BI,I 3a

npoAbJrx{r4renuo npe6uBaBaHe B Hero Ha
no-Ml{ono6pofinu fpynH or xopa roc-
aB I{x a sRa
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p a3 perx aB ane np -
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ar
^ , 'eH-
;:::"i.1;"""i.""::, g?'1l1li,:._ no"rro..^rq
:l rorer. "^;fi l
HacoKa ca npoBexAaHa oqe npa n-upBr.rre KocMr4r{e.r.n E xc nep zri,ren"" " a3w
6e na ce perxr4 AoKoJrKo'npe6u'nanaHero B cbcroflHr4e npoyif,;;;;;.'H;" ixo-
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npoMeHff HacrrreAcrBeHufl, ailapar Ha na 6esrerroe ocr
xusure opfaHI43MLr. rlpoyunaHUflTa B: lxy
ceMeHa or Br.rcrrr4 pacreHr4s, HnKou pu6u
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HOCT Hflr\4a cbrrlecrBelro MyTareHHO Srsaeficina",
aLLrvr a ua a6ep:qur4 np, Bcr.itrK' no"ooonnu"ri";il;;' "ofi n
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rr.ie (Melr{t(y l3-us u l8-za aeu) Ha 6va
6e FnrcbK nporleHr Ha peufi[poqur.r
foHour4TH Irpr.r x{r4BoTHr4Te r.r oT ABer
HaseMeH czHxpoH (ra6;r. 3).
Hanrzre pe3yJrrarrr roxasBar, rre
tsar Myrar€HHo 4ericrnze KaKro Bbpxy
Kd'reT K 14 H a 6 03 afr.Ht4U I4Te. 3 Fr ar{e H Ite.To r-l
orlpeAeJrr.r. H a.nlrquero Ha xpoMoeoMHr4
.Ta Ha Fra3eMHr4s CIIHXpOFI nOI(aSBa, qe
MyrareHeFr $arrop. MyrareneH eQeKr ltpurex{aBa \fl.nara ctBKyrrr{ocr or $aKf
TOPH HA KOCM}IIICCKI,Ifl IIOJIET. OTPAunuCuI,IflT 6PoIl II3cneABaHI{ >KI.IBOTHT4, KAKTQ

83
T a6tuua 3
Xpouoao.uuu adepa4uu (peqanponnu mpdHcrtoKaquu)
eJi4opuoqa.nHomo cu pdgaumue
e nttxoee, nemenu no
s 6uocn6mnurc
"Koc.ttoc-Iil4"

Xuebruu, Auaausapanu Klerxn c

[pyta _

6pofi rr r KJICTITI{, TpaHcJroKa-

6pofi l<auuu, o/o

.IIerean 4 8t6 0,9 3

HaseMeH cHHXDoH 4 798 0,5
Kourpoaa 4 808 0 1
H Frr'rcKara rJecrora Fra xpoMo3oMr{r4re a6epagvtu Fre rro3BoJlflBar Aa ce np
Kareropfirrr{r4 rr,sBOAw:a porHra Ha 6e3rerroBHocrra B o6l]lHfl rrryrareueu e{ KT,
3a rastz ueJr ca Heo6xo4unaz rroBeqe KoJrHq'ecrBeHr.I narli;,
Or uamare eKcnepr4MeH[alrHkr Aalrrtr4 Mox{e Aa ce rpneMe, qe npu 06lr afi-
HHTe yc,'ioBnr Ha HeMHoro IT,JIrorpaeH Ilodrler on,acFxocrra or yBpexAaHr.I H
I{acJIeAcrBeHI4re crpyKrypu He e uo-roJIflMa, orKo,/IKoro oT peAIzI{a BpeAHLI E 14fl.
HU'I HA 3CMflTA.

.Ilprreparypa

Space rflight mutation factors, study

D. K. Benoaa ,

(Summary)
The results obtained via the COSMOS ll29 and l5l4 110-
satellites in experiments conducted on rats are summarised. Mutation e ect
resulting from space flight factors has been observed in somatic and sex c 1lq.
SPParentlV zero-gravity ir qgl of primary importance. For further expl
tion of its impacf more quantitativ6 data are necessary.l

84
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theoretical or applied fi,-"lds of the space and aviation science and
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Al1 manuscripts are subject to editorial review'
Arranqement:
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Example:
r. Burard, E., L Cooper. The determination of the -masses necessary to
prorruce u grv.li
+l#Y.'l?lt: 't]::,t J;,%'*rlili',ii3;,1"3$3ii,ri?f;,'813i'?'i;lnl;"'.-
grad, Leningir.u*:l acco'dirg to sl.
oiliti,',1??f,'of measurement shourd be used.onty
oAutnors tia;; t"';;.;;pii;h ";;"i';ooi-i*oaine yithin a specified-by the
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A4dress. The althors may submit their articles in person or send them to the
follorving address:
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B trl garian Acade my -of . Scie^nc^es,.
6 .N[oscovsl<a Str,,- Soiia 1000 Bulgaria
 lssN 0s6r.1432

YKA3AHI,Ifl 3A ABTOPI4TE

B reiuarnssara_ nopeArrqa ,,AeponocunuecKr.r r.i3c,rerBar.rils.

B Dt,nrapua,,ce
HayqHH crariin oT o6nacrra fla KocMaqec Karan aELraL\noHHara HayKa
Xt;Tr?:fJ.tIIHa'iIHrI
Vc;losus:_Crarrlare rpR6na ga 6t71ar flpeAcraBegz s
iltn alrtuficxrr egni, Er,rrapcrcare aniopu rpa6na Aa2 lp.,q.ruoor
ex::eunnqpa Ha 6T,r-
n npeBoA
iinlfl;#iltr
oo6erum-Ha crailrtra (nrtnrcunrc,rnro ra6nuqure r.r d,rrireparypara)
ue rpa6*a
,na urrHduncHII crpaHnqlr (3dp;A;-H;".rp""i'iri, 6o'yoril'?l
f3rioi""O|i,t#.tu;iffitluu:"'
OBcsra crarufi rpa6^na_ga
'_ 6r,4e [pr{Apy)Ker{a or pesnue (4o I craHgaprHa
crpaulrqa) 2
na
,6-unrapcrH e3lt( 6p.
oMarepua'ru, nplzern' sa neqat unn nyltuxyBaHfl B
npueMar. Apyrn H3aa'uq, He ce

noAp€xAaHe:
oHa ntpnata crpaHrlqa Ha BcsKa crarlrff
To, uMeHara Hl^aBTopuTe r-t lgpeert na naec.ropa6oruru. rpn6na
'----- aa6rkat Hanucau[ 3afJraBrre.
OT a 6 nu-qu rr tr Jr rocrpa qrr tt. Ta6.rrrzrt
tqlOna Aa ce npeAcraBsr Ha orAerrr{s crpa'r.rqrr, .or rl'rlocrpa'
51J19
rroJrero Ha c6orBerHara.-91qauuua. Ha rr,p6a ,.rnro.rp
Ap.) c MonfiB Aa ce Hanlrular BarJraBr.Iero ua cra.r.unra
re ,roTl:fi ;
"a ta
rypara u .qa ce yKaxe opr.reHTar{HflTa. Ta t,rua Qll-
o'iru re! a-ry p a' I{rrrupu"ulu-r-1r ce npe,qcraBrr Ha orAerreH rr'lcr
no HoMepaquflr noflBrlBaqa ce xpouonoruqHo s^reKc,
nH'epcuff' caealar sarJlaBrlero ila craru*a, 3afJra'uero rero. na ,rl,pur" aBTop ce AaBa c
nu-annaiH-ri.ro (c6op',,Ka),
a ilpLL mouorpatlrzure
crpa'uqa, ToM,
iifif#f;,-"'*Ka' - rpaAr usAareJrcrBo, ro.qrirra, crpa'r.rqa,
l, Kpr,craHon, JI., K. CepaQuruou, _Cnacauue na DAH, XX, lg74,
c.2g, Nb 2,
2. Hectopon, l, @rasut(a Fa rr[cKara fioHoc$epa. C,, DAH,
1g69, c.63.
,{pynu neucxBarrtlrl
Mepnnre eAr{Hr.rqn gaA6r,r}Kr.rreJruo ga 6rgat no CLl.
OAtropure rperJrer(Aar eAHa Koperoy-pu onpu4.fliu"n cpox, fionycrar
caMo nonpaBxr Ha ipeurrrf, Hanpaeeuu-npn--nuoopu. " ce

Anroprte Morar Aa npeAcraDtr flurrHo

nparf,rnaalof{Pecl Marep}raJrr{re cn Htrrlr Aa rH u3.
CoQua 1000
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