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Link State Protocol - OSPF

The document discusses implementing OSPF including configuring loopback interfaces, neighbor adjacencies using hello packets, the SPF algorithm, configuring single and multiple areas, load balancing, using passive interfaces, and verifying the OSPF configuration.

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blue.jupiter9x154
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25 views

Link State Protocol - OSPF

The document discusses implementing OSPF including configuring loopback interfaces, neighbor adjacencies using hello packets, the SPF algorithm, configuring single and multiple areas, load balancing, using passive interfaces, and verifying the OSPF configuration.

Uploaded by

blue.jupiter9x154
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Single-Area OSPF Implementation

Implementing OSPF

BSCI v3.0—2-1
Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Passes periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routes and


accumulates distance vectors
Link-State Routing Protocols

After initial flood, passes small event-triggered link-state updates to all


other routers
Link-State Routing Protocol Algorithms
Benefits and Drawbacks of Link-State
Routing
• Benefits of link-state routing:
– Fast convergence:
• Changes are reported immediately by the affected source
– Robustness against routing loops:
• Routers know the topology
• Link-state packets are sequenced and acknowledged
– Hierarchical network design enables optimization of resources.
• Drawbacks of link-state routing:
– Significant demands for resources:
• Memory (three tables: adjacency, topology, forwarding)
• CPU (Dijkstra’s algorithm can be intensive, especially when there are
many instabilities)
– Requires very strict network design
– Configuration can be complex when tuning various parameters and
when design is complex
OSPF Overview

• Creates a neighbor relationship by exchanging hello packets


• Propagates LSAs rather than routing table updates
– Link: Router interface
– State: Description of an interface and its relationship to
neighboring routers
• Floods LSAs to all OSPF routers in the area, not just directly
connected routers
• Pieces together all the LSAs generated by the OSPF routers to create
the OSPF link-state database
• Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the shortest path to each
destination and places it in the routing table
OSPF Hierarchy Example

 Minimizes routing table entries


 Localizes the impact of a topology change within an area
Configuring Loopback Interfaces

Router ID:
 Number by which the router is known to OSPF
 Default: The highest IP address on an active interface at the moment of
OSPF process startup
 Can be overridden by a loopback interface: Highest IP address of any
active loopback interface
 Can be set manually using the router-id command
Neighbor Adjacencies: The Hello Packet
SPF Algorithm

10

10
1
1

 Places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the


shortest path to each destination based on the cumulative cost
 Cost = Reference Bandwidth / Interface Bandwidth (b/s)
Configuring Single-Area OSPF
RouterX(config)# router ospf process-id
 Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol

RouterX(config-router)# network address wildcard-mask area area-id

 Assigns networks to a specific OSPF area


Configuring OSPF for Multiple Areas
Load Balancing with OSPF

OSPF load balancing:


• Paths must be equal cost
• By default, up to four equal-cost paths can be placed into the
routing table
• With a configuration change, up to a maximum of 16 paths can be
configured:
– (config-router)# maximum-paths <value>
• To ensure paths are equal cost for load balancing, you can change
the cost of a particular link:
– (config-if)# ip ospf cost <value>
Load Balancing with OSPF
Using passive-interface command

• No need to talk to host by OSPF


• Disables OSPF on selected interfaces.
• Still advertise subnet on the selected interfaces.
Verifying the OSPF Configuration
RouterX# show ip protocols
 Verifies that OSPF is configured

RouterX# show ip route


 Displays all the routes learned by the router
RouterX# show ip route

Codes: I - IGRP derived, R - RIP derived, O - OSPF derived,


C - connected, S - static, E - EGP derived, B - BGP derived,
E2 - OSPF external type 2 route, N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 route,
N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 route

Gateway of last resort is 10.119.254.240 to network 10.140.0.0

O 10.110.0.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:01:00, Ethernet2


O IA 10.67.10.0 [110/10] via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2
O 10.68.132.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:00:59, Ethernet2
O 10.130.0.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:00:59, Ethernet2
O E2 10.128.0.0 [170/10] via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2
. . .
Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)

RouterX# show ip ospf

 Displays the OSPF router ID, timers, and statistics

RouterX# show ip ospf


Routing Process "ospf 50" with ID 10.64.0.2
<output omitted>

Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa


Number of areas transit capable is 0
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Area BACKBONE(0)
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm last executed 00:01:25.028 ago
SPF algorithm executed 7 times
<output omitted>
Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)

RouterX# show ip ospf interface

 Displays the area ID and adjacency information

RouterX# show ip ospf interface ethernet 0

Ethernet 0 is up, line protocol is up


Internet Address 192.168.254.202, Mask 255.255.255.0, Area 0.0.0.0
AS 201, Router ID 192.168.99.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State OTHER, Priority 1
Designated Router id 192.168.254.10, Interface address 192.168.254.10
Backup Designated router id 192.168.254.28, Interface addr 192.168.254.28
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 60, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 0:00:05
Neighbor Count is 8, Adjacent neighbor count is 2
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.254.28 (Backup Designated Router)
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.254.10 (Designated Router)
Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)

RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor

 Displays the OSPF neighbor information on a per-interface basis

RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor

ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface


10.199.199.137 1 FULL/DR 0:00:31 192.168.80.37 FastEthernet0/0
172.16.48.1 1 FULL/DROTHER 0:00:33 172.16.48.1 FastEthernet0/1
172.16.48.200 1 FULL/DROTHER 0:00:33 172.16.48.200 FastEthernet0/1
10.199.199.137 5 FULL/DR 0:00:33 172.16.48.189 FastEthernet0/1
Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)

RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor 10.199.199.137


Neighbor 10.199.199.137, interface address 192.168.80.37
In the area 0.0.0.0 via interface Ethernet0
Neighbor priority is 1, State is FULL
Options 2
Dead timer due in 0:00:32
Link State retransmission due in 0:00:04
Neighbor 10.199.199.137, interface address 172.16.48.189
In the area 0.0.0.0 via interface Fddi0
Neighbor priority is 5, State is FULL
Options 2
Dead timer due in 0:00:32
Link State retransmission due in 0:00:03
OSPF debug Commands

RouterX# debug ip ospf events

OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0


hello interval received 10 configured 10
net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0
dead interval received 40 configured 30

OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117


aid:0.0.0.0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk:

RouterX# debug ip ospf packet

OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116


aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0

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