The Islamic University

- College of Pharmacy

(computer science report)

Name: ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺪﻧﺎن ﻋﺒﺎس ﺣﻤﺎدي‬

Group: (A1)
Name of the report: The Evolution of The Computers

Date:2024/4/17
:Brief History of Computers
The history of computers began with primitive designs in the early
19th century and went on to change the world during the 20th
century.
The history of computers goes back over 200 years.
At first theorized by mathematicians and entrepreneurs, during the
19th century mechanical calculating machines were designed and
built to solve the increasingly complex number-crunching challenges.

1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard, a

French merchant and inventor
invents a loom that uses punched
wooden cards to automatically
weave fabric designs. Early
computers would use similar
punch cards.

1821: English mathematician

Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven
calculating machine that would be able to compute
tables of numbers. Funded by the British
government, the project, called the "Difference
Engine" fails due to the lack of technology at the
time, according to the University of Minnesota.
1848: Ada Lovelace, an English mathematician and
the daughter of poet Lord Byron, writes the world's
rst computer program. According to Anna Siffert, a professor of theoretical
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 mathematics at the University of
Münster in Germany, Lovelace
writes the rst program while
translating a paper on Babbage's
Analytical Engine from French
into English. "She also provides
her own comments on the text.
Her annotations, simply called
"notes," turn out to be three times
as long as the actual transcript,"
Siffert wrote in an article for The
Max Planck Society. "Lovelace
also adds a step-by-step description for computation of Bernoulli numbers
with Babbage's machine — basically an algorithm — which, in effect, makes
her the world’s rst computer programmer." Bernoulli numbers are a
sequence of rational numbers often used in computation.

1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch-card

system to help calculate the 1890 U.S. Census.
The machine, saves the government several
years of calculations, and the U.S. taxpayer
approximately $5 million, according to Columbia
University Hollerith later establishes a company
that will eventually become International Business
Machines Corporation (IBM).

1931: At the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT), Vannevar Bush invents and
builds the Differential Analyzer, the irst large-
scale automatic general-purpose mechanical
analog computer, according to Stanford
University.

2001: Mac OS X, later renamed OS X

then simply macOS, is released by Apple
as the successor to its standard Mac
Operating System. OS X goes through 16
different versions, each with "10" as its
title, and the rst nine iterations are
nicknamed after big cats, with the rst being codenamed "Cheetah,"

2003: AMD's Athlon 64, the rst 64-bit processor for

personal computers, is released to customers.
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 2004: The Mozilla Corporation launches
Mozilla Firefox 1.0. The Web browser is
one of the rst major challenges to
Internet Explorer, owned by Microsoft.
During its rst ve years, Firefox
exceeded a billion downloads by users,
according to the Web Design Museum.

2009: Microsoft launches Windows 7 on

July 22. The new operating system
features the ability to pin applications to the taskbar, scatter
windows away by shaking another window, easy-to-access
jump lists, easier previews of tiles and more.

Early Compu ng Devices

Abacus, Pascaline, Jacquard’s Loom, Babbage’s Analy cal Engine
.The earliest known calcula ng device is probably the abacus

It dates back at least to 1100 BCE and is s ll in use

today, par cularly in Asia.

Blaise Pascal was the rst to invent a mechanical

calculator in the middle of the 17th century. This
machine was called Pascal’s
Calculator and became known later
as Pascaline. Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a French merchant and
inventor, invented a loom in 1801 that uses punched wooden
cards to automa cally weave fabric designs. Early computers
would use similar punch cards. Created by Charles Babbage, the
Analy cal Engine was a general-purpose, completely program-
controlled, mechanical digital computer with no human
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 interven on

Transi on to Electronic Computers

The irst electronic computers were developed in the 1940s,
and they were used primarily for military and scienti ic
purposes. The transition from mechanical to electronic
computing was indeed signi icant, and that transition laid a
foundation for the phenomena such as personal computing
.that followed

Modern Computers
Von Neumann Architecture

The von Neumann architecture,

also known as the von Neumann
model or Princeton architecture, is
a computer architecture based on a
1945 descrip on by John von
Neumann, and by others, in the
First Dra of a Report on the
EDVAC.

evolution of personal computers

The history of the personal computer as mass-market consumer

electronic devices effectively began in 1977 with the introduction of
microcomputers. The personal computer industry truly began in
1977, with the introduction of three preassembled mass-produced
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 personal computers: the Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.),
Apple II, the Tandy Radio Shack TRS-80, and the Commodore
Business Machines Personal Electronic Transactor (PET)

The Beginnings of the Personal Computer Industry

The concept of a personal computer, one intended for individual use,
began to take shape in the 1970s with the advent of the
microprocessor1. The rst personal computer, the Altair, was developed
in 1974 by a small rm named MITS, using Intel Corpora on’s 8080
microprocessor2. However, the Altair was primarily of interest to
.hobbyists and technicians, and its commercial appeal was limited2

”The Emergence of the “Trinity

The personal computer industry truly began in 1977, with the
introduc on of three preassembled mass-produced personal computers:
the Apple II from Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), the Tandy Radio
Shack TRS-80, and the Commodore Business Machines Personal
Electronic Transactor (PET)2. These machines used eight-bit
microprocessors and possessed rather limited memory capacity, but they
were much less expensive than mainframe computers, making them
a ordable for individuals, small and medium-sized businesses, and
.schools2

The IBM PC and the Rise of PC Clones

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 The introduc on of the IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in 1981 marked
a signi cant milestone in the history of personal computers. The IBM PC
quickly became the standard for personal compu ng, and other
manufacturers began producing “PC clones” - computers that were
.so ware-compa ble with the IBM PC1

Apple Lisa and Macintosh

In the early 1980s, Apple introduced the Lisa, the rst personal computer
with a graphical user interface (GUI). However, due to its high cost, Lisa
was not commercially successful. Apple then launched the Macintosh in
.1984, which became popular for its user-friendly GUI1

The Rise of the Graphical User Interface

The introduc on of GUIs made computers more user-friendly and
accessible to non-technical users. The GUI, which allows users to interact
with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators, was
a signi cant advancement over the text-based command-line interfaces
.of earlier computers1
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