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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its components and functions. It describes how the CPU performs operations and controls computer activities using buses. It also discusses factors that affect CPU performance such as clock speed, cache memory, system buses, electrical voltages, and form factors.

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lmar696210
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13 views

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its components and functions. It describes how the CPU performs operations and controls computer activities using buses. It also discusses factors that affect CPU performance such as clock speed, cache memory, system buses, electrical voltages, and form factors.

Uploaded by

lmar696210
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Islamic University

College of pharmacy
Second stage

Supervisor: Asst Lect. Laith H.Alzubaidi

Report: central processing unit (CPU)

Prepared by :

‫فاطمة عدنان‬
Group B1

Date 2024/4/23
computer components

Processor central processing unit (CPU)

Central processing unit (processor)

•Central Processing Unit (CPU) A processor is a chip containing millions of transistors.

•The processor monitors the execution of data and controls all computer activities using
vectors

(Buses) external and internal.

•The processor performs all required operations such as moving, copying, comparing, and
arithmetic operations

Logic depends on the data, so it is described as the beating heart of the computer.

•The speed of the processor is measured in the unit of hertz (MHz/GHz), which is the
number of operations that can be performed per unit of time. The faster the processor
speed, the faster the computer
Continued: CPU (processor)

•Several factors affect the performance of the processor, including:

. Clock speed (frequency).

Cache Memory.

. System vectors.

. Electrical voltages.

. Form factors.

. Clock speed (frequency):

The frequency at which the processor executes instructions. Frequency is measured in


megahertz, currently gigahertz, and the higher the frequency value, the faster the computer.
The frequency is generated by a quartz crystal that vibrates when an electric current passes
through it. As a result, fixed pulses are generated in each component synchronized with the
signal. Each of these pulses gives one cycle to the system and is then sent.

The processor has a signal requesting another operation to be performed


Cache Memory: Immediate memory.

It is a space in which frequently used data and instructions are stored. It is usually located
within the processor and is then called internal immediate memory or 1 Level Memory for
short (1). This memory stores frequently used RAM memory locations and allows the
execution of data and instructions.

quickly.

Instantaneous memory can be located outside the processor or outside the processor
circuits, and in this case it is called external instantaneous memory or second-level memory
for short (2). L2 memory performs the same functions as L1 memory, but it is larger in size
and thus helps improve performance. Figure 2-1

. System buses The ability of the processor to communicate with the rest of the system
components lies in circuits

Support on the motherboard These circuits are what is known as the bus. The carrier
transfers information from

And to the processor and other devices, allowing all system devices to communicate with
each other

The carrier consists of several components, including:

-External bus: enables the processor to communicate with other devices.

-Data bus: used to send and receive information.

-Address bus transfers information about memory location addresses to and from the
processor, and these addresses contain them

On the data that is being received


Electrical voltages

Processors often operate on electrical voltages in addition to the basic voltages 5 and

🛑3.3 These voltages are not provided by the standard electrical supply unit, and for this
reason we need a small unit called the voltage regulation module (VRM), which works to
regulate the electrical voltages reaching the processor. If the processor needs a voltage of
1.5 volts, for example, this unit reduces the voltage to reach the voltage.

Required.

. Form factors

It is the way in which components are distributed within the processor unit, including the
number of legs and the shape and dimensions of the processor. The most famous form
factors for Intel processors include: SECC, PPGA, PGA SECC2, see Figure 2-2.

Figure 2-1: L2 type instant memory is placed on the processor


Figure 2-2 a: Examples of types of processor stabilizers

Figure 2-2 b: Examples of types of processor stabilizers


Figure 2-2 c: Examples of types of processor stabilizers

Figure 2-2 d: Examples of types of processor stabilizers

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