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Immunology: Asst. Prof - Dr. Ibtihal Alshamarti PHD Molecular Genetics .Uk

The document discusses the immune system, including its cells, organs, innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the skin, sweat, tears, saliva, stomach acid and inflammatory response as parts of the innate immune system. It also explains that the adaptive immune system refers to antigen-specific responses and recognizes, attacks, destroys and remembers each pathogen.

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46 views15 pages

Immunology: Asst. Prof - Dr. Ibtihal Alshamarti PHD Molecular Genetics .Uk

The document discusses the immune system, including its cells, organs, innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the skin, sweat, tears, saliva, stomach acid and inflammatory response as parts of the innate immune system. It also explains that the adaptive immune system refers to antigen-specific responses and recognizes, attacks, destroys and remembers each pathogen.

Uploaded by

lmar696210
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Immunology

Asst. Prof.Dr. Ibtihal Alshamarti


PhD Molecular Genetics .UK
The Immune System - includes all
parts of the body that help in the
recognition and destruction of
foreign materials. White blood cells,
phagocytes and lymphocytes, bone
marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils,
thymus, and your spleen are all part
of the immune system.
Immunity : refers to protection against infection.
The immune systemis: the collection of cells, tissues
and molecules that functions to defend us against infectious
microbes.

The coordinated reaction of the immune system against


infections (and other foreign substances) is known as the

immune response.
Cells and Organs of the Immune System

Immune responses are mediated by a variety of cells and by the soluble


molecules that they secrete.

Leukocytes (WBCs) are central to all immune responses. Other cells in


the tissues, such as macrophages and cytokines liberated by
lymphocytes, also contribute to the immune response.

A number of morphologically and functionally diverse organs and tissues


function in the development of immune responses.
These can be divided as

Primary Lymphoid Organs and Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Primary Lymphoid Organs include (Thymus and Bone marrow) Secondary


Lymphoid Organs include (Tonsil,Lymph node, Spleen, Peyer’s patches,
Appendix and Tissue lymphatic )
The immune system is typically divided into two categories
innate and adaptive

Innate immunity(non specific immunity)

Innate Immune System / First-Line Defences -The body's first line of defence
against pathogens uses mostly physical and chemical barriers such as
 Skin – acts as a barrier to invasion

 Sweat – has chemicals which can kill different pathogens.

 Tears - have lysozyme which has powerful digestive abilities that


render antigens harmless.

 Saliva – also has lysozyme.

 Mucus -can trap pathogens, which are then sneezed, coughed,


washed away, or destroyed by chemicals.

 Stomach Acid – destroys pathogens


Second-Line Defenses - If a pathogen is able to get
past the body's first line of defense, and an infection starts,
the body can rely on its second line of defense. This will
result in what is called an Inflammatory response causes
 Redness - due to capillary dilation resulting in increased
blood flow

 Heat - due to capillary dilation resulting in increased


blood flow

 Swelling – due to passage of plasma from the blood


stream into the damaged tissue

 Pain – due mainly to tissue destruction and, to a lesser


extent, swelling.
Adaptive (Acquired) immunity(Specific Mechanisms of Defense)

Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immuneresponse.


The adaptive immune response is more complex than the
innate.
Third-Line Defenses-Sometimes the second line of defense
is still not enough and the pathogen is then heading for the body's last
line of defense, the immune system.
 The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers
each pathogen that enters the body. It does this by making specialized
cells and antibodies that render the pathogens harmless.

 Unlike the first line and second line defense the immune system
differentiates among pathogens.

 For each type of pathogen, the immune system produces cells that are
specific for that particular pathogen
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

STEP 01 STEP 02

Non resistant bacteria Resistant bacteria Antibiotic

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