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    Lab - Session - 1.ipynb - Colaboratory

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    shanezehra151214
    The document discusses solving equations numerically by plotting functions and finding their roots using different methods like bisection, Newton Raphson, and fsolve. It provides code examples and instructions to find roots of three different functions using these numerical methods and outputs the results in a tabular format.

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    Lab - Session - 1.ipynb - Colaboratory

    Uploaded by

    shanezehra151214
    17 views8 pages
    The document discusses solving equations numerically by plotting functions and finding their roots using different methods like bisection, Newton Raphson, and fsolve. It provides code examples and instructions to find roots of three different functions using these numerical methods and outputs the results in a tabular format.

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    Lab_Session_1.ipynb - Colaboratory

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    The document discusses solving equations numerically by plotting functions and finding their roots using different methods like bisection, Newton Raphson, and fsolve. It provides code examples and instructions to find roots of three different functions using these numerical methods and outputs the results in a tabular format.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views8 pages

    Lab - Session - 1.ipynb - Colaboratory

    Uploaded by

    shanezehra151214
    The document discusses solving equations numerically by plotting functions and finding their roots using different methods like bisection, Newton Raphson, and fsolve. It provides code examples and instructions to find roots of three different functions using these numerical methods and outputs the results in a tabular format.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Lab Task 1: Plot all the given functions to observe the roots by visualization, fill the table by your

    visual guess of root. We have plotted one


    function for you.
    1) f (x) = cos(x) − 1.3x

    2) f (x) = xcos(x) − 2x
    2
    + 3x − 1

    3) f (x) = 2xcos(2x) − (x + 1)
    2

    import numpy as np
    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

    plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = [7.50, 7.50]

    def f(x):
    return (np.cos(x)-1.3*x)

    x = np.linspace(-10,10 , 1000)
    plt.plot(x,f(x), color='red')
    plt.hlines(y=0,xmin=-10,xmax=10,color='blue')
    plt.show()

    import numpy as np
    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

    plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = [7.50, 7.50]

    def f(x):
    return (x*np.cos(x)-2*(x**2)+3*x-1)

    x = np.linspace(-10,10 , 1000)
    plt.plot(x,f(x), color='red')
    plt.hlines(y=0,xmin=-10,xmax=10,color='blue')
    plt.show()
    import numpy as np
    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

    plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = [7.50, 7.50]

    def f(x):
    return (2*x*np.cos(2*x)-(x+1)**2)

    x = np.linspace(-10,10 , 1000)
    plt.plot(x,f(x), color='red')
    plt.hlines(y=0,xmin=-10,xmax=10,color='blue')
    plt.show()
    import numpy as np
    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

    plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = [10, 10] # Increased figure size

    def f(x):
    return (np.cos(x) - 1.3 * x)

    x = np.linspace(-10, 10, 1000)


    plt.plot(x, f(x), color='red')

    # Adding space around the plot


    plt.xlim(-2, 2)
    plt.ylim(-5, 5)

    plt.hlines(y=0, xmin=-10, xmax=10, color='blue')


    plt.xlabel('x-axis')
    plt.ylabel('y-axis')
    plt.title('Plot of the function f(x)')

    plt.show()
    Lab Task 2: Complete the missing code of bisection method accordding to the explained algorithm and find root of given problems by bisection
    method according to the instructions given in table.
    1) f 1(x) = cos(x) − 1.3x

    2) f 2(x) = xcos(x) − 2x
    2
    + 3x − 1

    3) f 3(x) = 2xcos(2x) − (x + 1)
    2

    import numpy as np
    from tabulate import tabulate

    def func(x):
    return (2*x*np.cos(2*x)-(x+1)**2)

    def bisection(func, x1, x2, tol=0.00001, max_iter=100):


    if func(x1) * func(x2) >= 0:
    return "Error: Choose different interval, function should have different signs at the interval endpoints."
    data=[]
    iter = 0
    xr = x2
    error = tol + 1
    while iter < max_iter and error > tol:
    xrold = xr
    xr = ((x1+x2)/2)
    iter += 1
    error = abs((xr - xrold) )

    test = func(x1) * func(xr)


    # write your code here to replace value of x1 or x2 by xr
    data.append([iter+1,x1,func(x1),x2,func(x2),xr,func(xr),error])
    if test < 0:
    x2 = xr
    elif test > 0:
    x1 = xr
    else:
    error = 0

    print(tabulate(data,headers=['#','x1','f(x1)','x2','f(x2)','xr','f(xr)',"error"],tablefmt="github"))
    print('\nRoot of given function is x=%.9f in n=%d number of iterations with a tolerence=%.4f' %(xr,iter,tol))

    return
    bisection(func,-5,-1)

    | # | x1 | f(x1) | x2 | f(x2) | xr | f(xr) | error |


    |-----|----------|--------------|----------|-------------|----------|--------------|-------------|
    | 2 | -5 | -7.60928 | -1 | 0.832294 | -3 | -9.76102 | 2 |
    | 3 | -3 | -9.76102 | -1 | 0.832294 | -2 | 1.61457 | 1 |
    | 4 | -3 | -9.76102 | -2 | 1.61457 | -2.5 | -3.66831 | 0.5 |
    | 5 | -2.5 | -3.66831 | -2 | 1.61457 | -2.25 | -0.613919 | 0.25 |
    | 6 | -2.25 | -0.613919 | -2 | 1.61457 | -2.125 | 0.630247 | 0.125 |
    | 7 | -2.25 | -0.613919 | -2.125 | 0.630247 | -2.1875 | 0.0380755 | 0.0625 |
    | 8 | -2.25 | -0.613919 | -2.1875 | 0.0380755 | -2.21875 | -0.280836 | 0.03125 |
    | 9 | -2.21875 | -0.280836 | -2.1875 | 0.0380755 | -2.20312 | -0.119557 | 0.015625 |
    | 10 | -2.20312 | -0.119557 | -2.1875 | 0.0380755 | -2.19531 | -0.0402785 | 0.0078125 |
    | 11 | -2.19531 | -0.0402785 | -2.1875 | 0.0380755 | -2.19141 | -0.000985195 | 0.00390625 |
    | 12 | -2.19141 | -0.000985195 | -2.1875 | 0.0380755 | -2.18945 | 0.0185743 | 0.00195312 |
    | 13 | -2.19141 | -0.000985195 | -2.18945 | 0.0185743 | -2.19043 | 0.00880185 | 0.000976562 |
    | 14 | -2.19141 | -0.000985195 | -2.19043 | 0.00880185 | -2.19092 | 0.00391015 | 0.000488281 |
    | 15 | -2.19141 | -0.000985195 | -2.19092 | 0.00391015 | -2.19116 | 0.00146293 | 0.000244141 |
    | 16 | -2.19141 | -0.000985195 | -2.19116 | 0.00146293 | -2.19128 | 0.000238981 | 0.00012207 |
    | 17 | -2.19141 | -0.000985195 | -2.19128 | 0.000238981 | -2.19135 | -0.000373078 | 6.10352e-05 |
    | 18 | -2.19135 | -0.000373078 | -2.19128 | 0.000238981 | -2.19131 | -6.70414e-05 | 3.05176e-05 |
    | 19 | -2.19131 | -6.70414e-05 | -2.19128 | 0.000238981 | -2.1913 | 8.59717e-05 | 1.52588e-05 |
    | 20 | -2.19131 | -6.70414e-05 | -2.1913 | 8.59717e-05 | -2.19131 | 9.46558e-06 | 7.62939e-06 |

    Root of given function is x=-2.191307068 in n=19 number of iterations with a tolerence=0.0000

    Lab Task 3: Find root of given problems by Newton Raphson method according to the instructions given in table.
    1) f 1(x) = cos(x) − 1.3x

    2) f 2(x) = xcos(x) − 2x
    2
    + 3x − 1

    3) f 3(x) = 2xcos(2x) − (x + 1)
    2

    import numpy as np
    from tabulate import tabulate

    ## module Newton_Raphson
    ''' newton_raphson(func, dfunc, x0, tol=1e-4, max_iter=1000)
    Finds a root of f(x) = 0 by newton_raphson.
    '''
    def func(x):
    return (2*x*np.cos(2*x)-(x+1)**2)
    def dfunc(x):
    return ( 2*np.cos(2*x)- 4*x*np.sin(2*x) - 2*(x+1))
    def newton_raphson(func, dfunc, x0, tol=0.001, max_iter=1000):
    xr = x0
    data=[]
    iter = 0
    error = tol + 1
    for i in range(max_iter):
    iter+=1
    fx = func(xr)
    dx = dfunc(xr)
    if abs(dx) < tol:
    raise Exception("Derivative is close to zero!")
    xrold=xr
    xr = xr - fx/dx
    error=abs(xr-xrold)
    data.append([iter,xr,func(xr),error])
    if error < tol:
    print(tabulate(data,headers=['Iteration','xr','f(xr)',"error"],tablefmt="github"))
    print('\nRoot of given function is x=%.9f in n=%d number of iterations with a tolerence=%.4f' %(xr,iter,tol))
    return

    raise Exception("Max iterations reached")


    newton_raphson(func,dfunc, -10)
    | Iteration | xr | f(xr) | error |
    |-------------|--------------|-----------------|--------------|
    | 1 | -15.0369 | -203.853 | 5.03691 |
    | 2 | -12.6967 | -161.348 | 2.34021 |
    | 3 | 0.488766 | -1.66991 | 13.1855 |
    | 4 | 0.00895666 | -1.00008 | 0.479809 |
    | 5 | -52.9729 | -2769.64 | 52.9819 |
    | 6 | -42.598 | -1651.06 | 10.3749 |
    | 7 | -31.0868 | -954.402 | 11.5112 |
    | 8 | -24.1618 | -518.941 | 6.92506 |
    | 9 | -20.3366 | -333.8 | 3.82518 |
    | 10 | -5.90972 | -32.7781 | 14.4269 |
    | 11 | -4.71112 | -4.35021 | 1.1986 |
    | 12 | -3.9017 | -8.8144 | 0.809421 |
    | 13 | -4.81206 | -5.09827 | 0.91036 |
    | 14 | -4.274 | -5.25147 | 0.538055 |
    | 15 | -4.94106 | -6.6655 | 0.66706 |
    | 16 | -4.49115 | -4.07088 | 0.449914 |
    | 17 | -6.10841 | -37.574 | 1.61726 |
    | 18 | -4.27228 | -5.26509 | 1.83614 |
    | 19 | -4.93849 | -6.62745 | 0.666209 |
    | 20 | -4.48793 | -4.07916 | 0.450561 |
    | 21 | -6.04666 | -36.2341 | 1.55874 |
    | 22 | -4.46391 | -4.15078 | 1.58275 |
    | 23 | -5.70558 | -26.7495 | 1.24167 |
    | 24 | -4.84542 | -5.43741 | 0.860159 |
    | 25 | -4.34462 | -4.74369 | 0.500804 |
    | 26 | -5.07956 | -9.10206 | 0.734946 |
    | 27 | -4.63096 | -4.04452 | 0.448599 |
    | 28 | -2.86103 | -8.30801 | 1.76994 |
    | 29 | -2.13892 | 0.50381 | 0.722103 |
    | 30 | -2.19371 | -0.0240944 | 0.0547834 |
    | 31 | -2.19131 | -4.3573e-05 | 0.00239403 |
    | 32 | -2.19131 | -1.43924e-10 | 4.34515e-06 |

    Root of given function is x=-2.191308012 in n=32 number of iterations with a tolerence=0.0010

    Lab Task 4: Find root of given problems by using fsolve command of scipy.optimize
    1) f 1(x) = cos(x) − 1.3x

    2) f 2(x) = xcos(x) − 2x
    2
    + 3x − 1

    3) f 3(x) = 2xcos(2x) − (x + 1)
    2

    import scipy.optimize
    dir(scipy.optimize)
    'minimize_scalar',
    'minpack',
    'minpack2',
    'moduleTNC',
    'newton',
    'newton_krylov',
    'nnls',
    'nonlin',
    'optimize',
    'quadratic_assignment',
    'ridder',
    'root',
    'root_scalar',
    'rosen',
    'rosen_der',
    'rosen_hess',
    'rosen_hess_prod',
    'shgo',
    'show_options',
    'slsqp',
    'test',
    'tnc',
    'toms748',
    'zeros']

    import scipy.optimize as opt


    import numpy as np
    equation=lambda x: np.cos(x)-1.3*x
    print(opt.fsolve(equation,0))
    equation=lambda x: x*np.cos(x)-2*(x**2)+3*x-1
    print(opt.fsolve(equation,0))
    equation=lambda x: 2*x*np.cos(2*x)-(x+1)**2
    print(opt.fsolve(equation,-2))

    [0.62418458]
    [0.29753023]
    [-2.19130801]

    Lab Task 5: Write program of Secant and False Position method by altering above codes.

    #Lab Task 5 Secant Method

    import numpy as np
    from tabulate import tabulate
    def func(x):
    return (2*x*np.cos(2*x)-(x+1)**2)
    def secant(func, x0, x1, tol=0.001, max_iter=1000):
    if func(x1) * func(x0) >= 0:
    return "Error: Choose different interval, function should have different signs at the interval endpoints."
    iter= 0
    error=tol+1
    xr=x1
    xrold=x0
    data=[]
    while iter < max_iter and error > tol:
    data.append([iter,xr,func(xr),xrold,func(xrold),error])
    xrold=xr
    xr=xr-(func(xr)*(xr-x0))/(func(xr)-func(x0))
    x0=xrold
    iter+=1
    error=abs(func(xr)-func(xrold))
    print(tabulate(data,headers=['Iteration','xr','f(xr)', 'xrold' ,'f(xrold)',"error"],tablefmt="github"))
    print('\nRoot of given function is x=%.9f in n=%d number of iterations with a tolerence=%.5f' %(xr,iter,tol))
    secant(func,-3,-2)

    | Iteration | xr | f(xr) | xrold | f(xrold) | error |


    |-------------|----------|--------------|----------|-------------|------------|
    | 0 | -2 | 1.61457 | -3 | -9.76102 | 1.001 |
    | 1 | -2.14193 | 0.476053 | -2 | 1.61457 | 1.13852 |
    | 2 | -2.20128 | -0.100752 | -2.14193 | 0.476053 | 0.576805 |
    | 3 | -2.19091 | 0.00395237 | -2.20128 | -0.100752 | 0.104704 |
    | 4 | -2.19131 | 2.95946e-05 | -2.19091 | 0.00395237 | 0.00392278 |

    Root of given function is x=-2.191308013 in n=5 number of iterations with a tolerence=0.00100

    #Lab Task 5 False Position Method code

    import numpy as np
    p py p
    from tabulate import tabulate
    def func(x):
    return (2*x*np.cos(2*x)-(x+1)**2)
    def false_position(func, x0, x1, tol=0.00001, max_iter=1000):
    if func(x1) * func(x0) >= 0:
    return "Error: Choose different interval, function should have different signs at the interval endpoints."
    iter= 0
    error=tol+1
    if x0<0:
    a=x0
    b=x1
    else:

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