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THESIS OF
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
IS SUBMITTED TO

NAME OF THE SCHOOL

OM STERLING GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, HISAR

IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR AWARDING THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF ADMINISTRATION

SUBMITTED BY SUPERVISED BY

STUDENT’S NAME: PRIYA NAME OF THE FACULTY: VIKAS ROHIL

DESIGNATION:

ENROLLMENT NO.: 221SHS2190001 SCHOOL NAME: SHS

MONTH & YEAR OF SUBMISSION OM STERLING GLOBAL

UNIVERSITY,
HISAR
 CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISOR/CO-SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that dissertation entitled “-------------------------------------------“which is

being submitted

by PRIYA for the award of the degree of MHA is an independent and original research

work carried out by her/him. The dissertation is worthy of consideration for the award of

MHA Degree of SHS,OM Sterling Global University, Hisar.

Miss PRIYA has worked under my guidance and supervision to fulfill all

requirements for the submission of this dissertation.

The conduct of the student remained excellent during the period of work.

Signature of the Supervisor/Co-Supervisor

Name of the Supervisor/Co-Supervisor:

Designation:

Name of the School:SHS

OM STERLING GLOBAL UNIVERSITY

 DECLARATION BY
THE STUDENT

I’m PRIYA, a student of M H A of SHS,OM Sterling Global

University, Hisar with Enrollment no 221SHS02190001 do hereby
declare that this dissertation is an original work of mine and is result of
my own intellectual efforts.

I have quoted titles of all original sources i.e. original documents and

name of the Authors whose work has helped me in writing this research

paper have been placed at appropriate places. I have not infringed copy

rights of any other author.

Student Signature: Student

Name: PRIYA

Date: 22/04/2024
Table of contents
1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Sources of Biomedical Waste Management

4. Classification of Biomedical Waste Management

5. Biomedical waste Management process

6. Benefits

7. Conclusion

8. References
Abstract: The issue of biomedical waste management has assumed
great significance in recent times particularly in view of the rapid
upsurge of HIV infection. Government of India has made proper
handling and disposal of this category of waste a statutory
requirement with the publication of gazette notification no 460 dated
27 July 1998. The provisions are equally applicable to our service
hospitals and hence there is a need for all the service medical, dental,
nursing officers, other paramedical staff and safaiwalas to be well
aware of the basic principles of handling, treatment and disposal of
biomedical waste. The present article deals with such basic issues as
definition, categories and principles of handling and disposal of
biomedical waste.

Keywords: Bio-medical waste, Hospital infections, Hospital waste

disposal.
Introduction: The subject of biomedical waste management and
handling has been assuming increasing significance for the past few
years. The responsibility of medical administrators as regards proper
handling and disposal of this category of waste has now become a
statutory requirement with the promulgation of Government of India
(Min of Environment and Forests) gazette notification no. 460 dated
27 Jul 1998. The provisions of the gazette are also applicable to
Armed Forces hospitals. The present system of biomedical waste
disposal system in Armed Forces is far from satisfactory. It is
therefore highly desirable that all service officers concerned with the
administration of hospitals and other health care echelons take all
steps to adhere to the laid down directives. It is equally important
that all service medical, dental, nursing officers, other paramedical
staff and waste handlers such as management of biomedical waste. It
is with this objective of providing such basic information that the
present article has been composed.

Sources of Biomedical Waste Management:

The source of biomedical the place or the location at which
biomedical waste has been generated

Definition: Biomedical waste is defined as any waste, which is

generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human
beings or animals, or in research activities pertaining thereto, or in
the production or testing of biological.
Categories of Biomedical Waste:

There are ten defined categories as follows:

1. Human anatomical waste: (tissues, organs, body parts)

2. Animal waste: (including animals used in research and
waste originating from veterinary hospitals and animal
houses).
3. Microbiological and biotechnology waste: (including
waste from lab cultures, stocks or specimens of
microorganisms, live or attenuated vaccines, wastes
from production of biologicals, etc.)
4. Waste sharps: (used/unused needles, syringes, lancets,
scalpels, blades, glass etc.)
5. Discarded medicines and cytotoxic drugs.
6. Soiled wastes: (items contaminated with blood and body
fluids, including cotton dressings, linen, plaster casts,
bedding etc.)
7. Solid wastes: (wastes generated from disposable items
other than waste sharps such as tubing, catheters, i.e.
sets, etc.)
8. Liquid waste: (waste generated from washing, cleaning,
housekeeping and disinfection activities including these
activities in labs).
9. Incineration ash: (from incineration of any biomedical
waste)
10. Chemical waste: (chemicals used in production of
biologicals and disinfection).
Sources of Biomedical Waste Management:
1. The source of biomedical the place or the location at which
biomedical waste has been generated.
2. The source of biomedical waste is classified into two types
based on the quantity of waste generated.
3. They include major and minor source.

Major source generates more amount of biomedical waste

compared to minor source and also there is regular generation
of biomedical waste in the major source which includes
government hospitals, private hospitals, nursing home and
dispensaries.
Minor source includes physicians and dental clinics.

MAJOR SOURCES MINOR SOURCES

 Hospitals  Clinics
 Labs  Dental Clinics
 Research Centers  Home Care
 Animal Research  Cosmetic Clinics
 Blood Banks  Paramedics
 Nursing Homes  Funeral Services
 Mortuaries  Institutions
 Autopsy Centers
Classification:

1. The classification of the biomedical waste is carried out

based on its characteristics, source of generation and the
level of hazard to the environment.
2. The biomedical waste is classified into two types:

A. Non-hazardous waste
B. Hazardous waste
 Non-hazardous waste: About 75% to 90 % of biomedical
waste characteristics were similar to that of domestic waste
and are non-risky in nature. This waste is generated mainly
from the organization and maintenance of hospital and health
care centres.

 Hazardous waste: The remaining 10 – 25% of biomedical

waste falls under the hazardous waste categories. The
hazardous waste contains infectious characteristics of about
15% - 18 % and toxicity characteristics of about 5% - 7%. The
various hazardous wastes include,

 Infectious waste: Waste containing pathogens; e.g. excreta;

laboratory cultures; isolation wards waste; swabs, materials, or
equipment that have been in contact with infected patients.

 Pathological waste: Human tissues or fluids e.g. body parts;

blood and other body fluids; foetuses.

 Pharmaceutical waste: Waste containing pharmaceuticals;

e.g.
 pharmaceuticals that are expired or no longer needed;
contaminated pharmaceuticals (bottles, boxes)
 Chemical waste: Waste containing chemical substances e.g.
laboratory reagents; film developer; disinfectants and solvents
that are expired or no longer needed.

 Wastes with high content of heavy metals: Batteries, Broken

thermometers, blood pressure gauges, Pressurized containers,
gas cylinders, gas cartridges, aerosol cans.

 Radioactive waste from radiotherapy: Waste containing

radioactive substances e.g. unused liquids from laboratory
research; contaminated glassware, packages or absorbent
paper; urine and excreta from patients treated or tested with
uncapped radionuclide.
Biomedical Waste management process:
Proper management of biomedical waste is highly essential since it
induces various risk to the human health and to the surrounding
ecosystem that leads to the ecological hazard, professional hazard
and public hazard. Steps involved in biomedical waste management
was shown in Figure 3

SEGREGATION

COLLECTION

TRANSPORTATION

TREATMENT

Figure 3: Steps involved in biomedical waste management

Segregation:
 Segregation refers to the basic separation of different
categories of waste generated at source and thereby reducing
the risks as well as cost of handling and disposal.
 Segregation is the most crucial step in bio-medical waste
management. Effective segregation alone can ensure effective
bio-medical waste management.
 The BMWs must be segregated in accordance to guidelines
laid down under schedule 1 of BMW Rules, 2016.
SEGREGATE THE WASTE IN THEIR COLOR CODED
CONTAINER
SEGREGATION OF SOLID BIO MEDICAL WASTE

METHOD OF DISPOSAL OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTEAND

THEIRSEGREGATION
WASTE TYPE OF WASTE TREATMENT
CATEGORY AND
DISPOSAL
OPTION
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste (Human Incineration/
tissues, organs, body parts)
deep burial
Category No. 2 Animal Waste Incineration/
(Animal tissues, organs, body parts, deep burial
carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid,
blood and experimental animals
used in research, waste generated
by veterinary hospitals and colleges,
discharge from hospitals,)
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Local
Waste (Wastes from laboratory autoclaving/
cultures, stocks or specimen of live microwaving /
microorganisms, human and animal incineration
cell cultures used in research and
infectious agents from research and
industrial laboratories, wastes from
production of
biological, toxins and devices used
for transfer of cultures)

Category No. 4 Waste Sharps (Needles, syringes, Disinfecting

scalpels, (chemical
treatment/
blades, glass, etc. that may cause
autoclaving/
puncture
microwaving
and cuts. This includes both used and mutilation/
and unused sharps) shredding

Category No. 5 Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic Incineration/

drugs (Wastes comprising of destruction and
outdated, contaminated and drugs disposal
discarded medicines) in secured
landfills
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste (Items contaminated Incineration/
with body fluids including cotton,
autoclaving/
dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines,
microwaving
bedding and other materials
contaminated with blood.)
Category No. 7 Solid Waste (Waste generated from Disinfecting
by chemical
disposable items other than the
treatment /
waste sharps such as tubing,
autoclaving/
catheters, intravenous sets, etc.)
microwaving
and mutilation/
shredding
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste (Waste generated Disinfecting
by chemical
Disinfecting by from the laboratory
treatment and
and washing, chemical cleaning,
discharge into
housekeeping and disinfecting
drains
activities)
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash (Ash from Disposal in
incineration of any biomedical municipal
waste) landfill
Category No. Chemical Waste (Chemicals used in chemical
10 production of biological, chemicals treatment and
used in disinfecting, as insecticides, discharge into
etc.) drains for
liquids and
secure landfill
for solids
COLLECTION
COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE (WITHIN
THE HOSPITAL)
Transportation

 The collection of biomedical waste involves use of different

types of container.
 The containers/ bins should be placed in such a way that
100% collection is achieved.
 Sharps must always be kept in puncture-proof containers
to avoid injuries and infection to the workers handling
them.
STORAGE

Once collection occurs then biomedical waste is stored in a proper

place. Segregated wastes of different categories need to be collected
in identifiable containers. The duration of storage should not exceed
for 8-10 hrs in big hospitals (more than 250 bedded) and 24 hrs in
nursing homes. Each container may be clearly labelled to show the
ward or room where it is kept. The reason for this labelling is that it
may be necessary to trace the waste back to its source. Besides this,
storage area should be marked with a caution sign.
 Transportation

• The collected wastes are transported in trolleys or in enclosed

wheelbarrow for treatment. The operator should ensure to avoid
manual loading.
• The bags / Container containing biomedical wastes must be
tied/ lidded before hauling for treatment. Vehicles used for
transporting should be special to avoid contact to, and direct
contact with the operator, scavengers and the public.
• While transporting the containers, it must be properly enclosed.
The effects of traffic accidents should be incorporated in the
design, and the driver must be trained in the actions which must
be followed in case of an accidental spillage. The interior of the
containers should also be rinsed thoroughly.

• Trolleys The use of trolleys will make the elimination of

infectious waste possible at the source itself, instead of
accumulation a new category of waste.

• Wheelbarrows Wheel barrows are used to transfer the waste

from the point source to the collection centres.

• Dustbins It is very important to calculate the amount of waste

generated at each point. Dustbins should be of such capacity so
that it can be placed at this specific site and that they do not
overflow between each cycle of waste collection.
• Dustbins have to be cleaned subsequently at each cycle of
clearance of waste with disinfectants. Dustbins can be wrinkled
with plastic bags, which are chlorine-free, and colour coded as
per the law.
TRANSPORT
Final Transport of BMW must be to CBMWTSDF only in
authorized vehicle with appropriate documentation for further
record.

COLOR CODING FOR SEGREGATION OF BIOMEDICAL

WASTE: -
COLOR COLOR TREATMENT
Yellow Human & Animal Incineration/ Deep burial
anatomical waste /
Micro-biology waste
and soiled cotton/
dressings/ linen/
beddings etc.
Red Tubing's, Catheters, Autoclaving/Microwaving
IV sets. / Chemical treatment
Blue/ White Waste sharps Autoclaving/
 (Needles, Syringes, Microwaving/ Chemical
Scalpels, blades etc.) treatment & Destruction/
Shredding
Black Discarded Disposal in secured
medicines/cytotoxic landfill
drugs, Incineration
ash, Chemical waste.

Benefits of Biomedical Waste Management:

The benefits of proper biomedical waste management include:

 Protecting the health of healthcare workers, the public, and the

environment
 Preventing the spread of infectious diseases
 Reducing the risk of contamination of the environment
 Protecting workers from exposure to hazardous materials
 Reducing the cost of healthcare

 Improving public health

References

1. Patil AD, Shekdar AV. “Health-care waste management in

India” Journal of Environmental Environmental protection
training & research institute, “Bio – medical waste
management self-learning document for nurses &
paramedical”, (2015).
2. Kamleshtewary, Vijay Kumar, Pamittiwary, “Biomedical
waste management a step towards a healthy future”, Chapter
162, (2007), referred page 927 – 932
3. Management 63 (2001): 211–220
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_waste