ABSTRACT

Transmission Line Fault Detection is a crucial aspect of the electrical power system that helps to
ensure the stability and reliability of the power supply by detecting and isolating faults in the
transmission line. In this project, advanced electrical components such as a relay module, a
thermistor temperature sensor, and a transformer are used to detect and isolate faults in the
transmission line. The relay module acts as a switch, controlling the power supply to the
thermistor sensor. When a fault occurs, the relay module switches the power supply to the
thermistor sensor, which then senses the rise in temperature due to the fault. The transformer is
used to step down the voltage from the transmission line to a level that can be safely handled by
the thermistor sensor. The system is compact, reliable, and can be easily integrated into existing
power systems to improve their stability and reliability. The use of a relay module, a thermistor
temperature sensor, and a transformer in the fault detection system offers several advantages,
including accurate and timely fault detection, compact and reliable design, and ease of integration
into existing power systems. The implementation of this project is expected to significantly
improve the stability and reliability of the electrical power system.
Contents

1. Introduction
2. Working
3. Equipment list
4. Circuit diagram
5. Advantage
6. Disadvantage
7. Conclusion
8. Reference
Introduction
The transformer is an indispensable component in the realm of electrical engineering, serving as
the cornerstone of power distribution networks, ensuring the efficient and safe transmission of
electrical energy. However, the performance and lifespan of transformers are greatly influenced by
the diverse and dynamic loads they must endure. Overloading, in particular, poses a significant
challenge, as it can lead to overheating, insulation degradation, and catastrophic failures if not
managed effectively. In the quest to address this issue, this project report explores the critical topic
of "Overload Protection of Transformers." Transformers are designed to operate at rated loads, but
they often face transient or prolonged overloading conditions, especially during peak demand
periods. Overloads can result from various factors, including load fluctuations, faulty equipment, or
operational errors. Effectively safeguarding transformers against these overloads is crucial to
prevent costly equipment damage, power outages, and even safety hazards.

WORKING
In the realm of electrical engineering, safeguarding transformers from overloading is a paramount
concern. In a particular project, we encountered a scenario where a transformer's well-being
hinged on the protection mechanisms we put in place. Within this intricate setup, four loads were
in play, and these loads manifested themselves as none other than four trusty bulbs. The first three
bulbs dutifully operated well within the transformer's rated load. However, the fourth bulb was no
ordinary luminary; it was a potential harbinger of overloading. Traditional protection systems often
respond to overloading by employing a sledgehammer approach - when overloading rears its head,
the entire transformer is unceremoniously tripped, cutting off power without much finesse. This
binary response, while effective in preventing damage, often leaves room for improvement. Our
endeavour in this project was to craft a more intelligent, user-friendly tripping mechanism, one
that could distinguish between legitimate loads and potential overloading. We wanted to create a
system where the user could operate the loads within specified limits, with the assurance that the
system would only intervene when a true overloading event occurred. The heart of our solution lay
in the ability to monitor the current flow, a task for which we employed a Current Transformer
(CT). This unassuming device, often overlooked, continuously measured the current coursing
through the phase wire, diligently and accurately. The setup included a centre-tapped transformer,
thoughtfully paired with a centre-tapped rectifier. This tandem, often underappreciated, was
responsible for the remarkable feat of converting 240V AC into a stable 24V DC. The DC output
proved indispensable as it powered a cadre of devices within our circuit. In particular, it fuelled the
relays and the brains behind the operation, the Arduino. While the relays basked in the 24V DC
glory, the Arduino, a microcontroller of considerable renown, craved a more modest diet - a 5V DC
supply. The role of delivering this meagre yet essential sustenance fell to a trusty voltage regulator.
To manage the four loads (which, to reiterate, were represented by our faithful bulbs), a minimum
of four switches were deemed necessary. The curious thing was that these switches didn't reside in
the familiar territory of the phase or neutral wire; instead, they found their home in the world of
the Arduino. The decisions of when to illuminate and when to extinguish the bulbs were not made
in a realm of wires but within the logic gates of this microcontroller. With a simple press of a
switch, the corresponding load would spring to life, and with another press of the same switch, it
would dutifully fade into the dark once more. Monitoring this symphony of electrical activity was
the CT, diligently feeding data to a bridge rectifier. This seemingly obscure device worked its magic
by converting the load current's reduced ratio into a steady, dependable DC voltage. This voltage,
now purified, found its way back into the embrace of the Arduino. However, it wasn't a simple
reunion; it came with a caveat. The Arduino had a predetermined threshold, a level of tolerance
beyond which it deemed the load excessive. When the voltage from the CT surpassed this critical
threshold, the Arduino acted swiftly, sending a command to the last switch that had been
triggered, effectively turning off the load that had precipitated the overloading event.

Equipment List
1. LOADs
I. Bulb (100W)
2. Transformer
I. 12-0-12 (220V/12V)Transformer
3. Diodes
I. 1N4007Diode
II.1N34A Diode
4. Capacitors
I. 35V, 1000µF
II. 25V, 470µF
III. 50V, 1µF
5. Resistors
I. 10kΩ
6. Switches
I. Tactile Switch
II. Bell Push Switch
7. Voltage regulator
I. 7805 IC
8. ADRDUINO
 I. Arduino Nano
9. Relay Driver
I. ULN2003A

Circuit diagram

ADVANTAGES
1. Enhanced Safety: The project significantly enhances safety by preventing overloading, which can
lead to overheating, fires, or damage to electrical equipment.
2. Continuous Operation: By selectively tripping only when overloading occurs, the system ensures
continuous operation of non-overloaded loads.
3. Reduced Downtime: Minimizing power interruptions due to overloading can lead to reduced
downtime in industrial and commercial settings, improving productivity.
4. Customizable Thresholds: The Arduino-based system allows for customizable current threshold
settings, catering to specific application needs.
5. Remote Monitoring: With additional connectivity features, such as IoT integration, the system
can offer remote monitoring and control, enhancing convenience and efficiency.

DISADVANTAGES
1. Complex Design: The project's complexity may be a disadvantage for users with limited
technical knowledge, as it requires a good understanding of electronics and programming.
2. Initial Cost: The inclusion of specialized components and an Arduino may result in a higher initial
cost compared to simpler overload protection methods.
3. Maintenance Requirements: Like any electronic system, regular maintenance may be required
to ensure proper functioning, adding to the operational costs.
4. Software Reliability: The reliability of the system depends on the software and firmware
running on the Arduino, which may need occasional updates and bug fixes.
5. Power Consumption: The project itself consumes power for operation, and the components,
especially the Arduino, need a continuous power supply.

Conclusion

The "Overload Protection of Transformer with Arduino" project focuses on safeguarding

transformers from overloading, a critical concern in electrical engineering. Traditional protection
systems often employ a binary approach, cutting off power entirely when overloading occurs. In
contrast, this project offers a more intelligent and user-friendly solution by distinguishing between
legitimate loads and potential overloading events. The project relies on a Current Transformer (CT)
to continuously monitor current flow through the transformer. The CT's data is processed by an
Arduino microcontroller, which acts as the brain of the system. The Arduino has a predetermined
threshold, and when the current exceeds this threshold, it sends a command to selectively turn off
the load that caused the overloading event. The system is built on a foundation of electrical
components, including relays, a voltage regulator, and a bridge rectifier, working in concert to
ensure precise control and reliable protection. With its customizable settings, remote monitoring
capabilities, and energy-efficient operation, this project finds applications in various sectors, from
industrial automation and energy management to healthcare and renewable energy systems. In
essence, it offers a sophisticated yet user-friendly solution to prevent overloading, extending the
lifespan of transformers, enhancing safety, and contributing to energy efficiency.

Reference

• http://www.jetir.org/
• http://www.engineersedge.com
• http://www.scribd.com