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shei dala ^___^ - Lose magnetic properties when sufficiently

BE REVIEWER - 3rd Quarter heated in a high temperature.


- The temperature at which magnetic
material loses its magnetism is called Curie
MAGNETISM Temperature (770℃)
- Refer to the ability of lodestones to attract - Ex.: Iron, Cobalt. Nickel, and Steel.
iron. PARAMAGNETIC
- The smallest known magnets are electrons. - Weakly attracted to magnets
- Natural magnets have lodestones while - Become more magnetic when cooled
humans make artificial ones. - Ex.: Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminum, and
- The Chinese people are the first ones to use Manganese
magnets for navigation. DIAMAGNETIC
- A magnet cut in half DOES NOT make a - Weak response to a magnetic field
monopole. - Are repelled by a magnetic field.
- Retentivity: ability of a magnet to retain its - Is independent of temperature.
magnetism after being magnetized. - Ex.: BIsmuth, Copper, Gold, Silver, Lead,
Non-metals, water, hydrogen, helium, and
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETISM tin.
1. Magnets have the ability to attract materials
that are magnetic in nature. LAW OF MAGNETIC POLES
2. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract
each other. 𝑚 1𝑚 2
3. When allowed to hang freely, magnets 𝐹 = 𝑘 2
always align in one particular direction. 𝑑
4. Magnetic poles always occur in pairs. F is force in Newtons, M1 & M2 are the pole
strengths in ampere meter,d is the distance in meters
between poles, and k is the proportionality constant
PROPONENTS OF MAGNETISM and has a value of 10^-7 newton/ampere^2.
PETER PEREGRINUS
- Discovered that a magnet has two poles
MAGNETIC FIELD
- Found that like poles repel and unlike poles
- A region where a magnet is capable of
attract. / Magnetism appears to be
exerting force on a magnetic material. It is
concentrated at the poles.
analogous to an electric charge moving in a
WILHELM WEBER field.
- Theorized that each atom of a piece of - Magnetic field lines point from north pole
magnetic material is a magnet itself. to south pole. You can visualize the
HANS OERSTED magnetic lines of force when you place iron
- Moving charges produce a magnetic field. filling on the piece of paper with a magnet.
WILLIAM GILBERT The fillings will align themselves in patterns.
- Concluded that a compass needle aligns
itself consistently. 𝐹
JOHN MICHELL 𝐵 = 𝐼𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
- Discovered that the force of
attraction/repulsion between poles varies UNITS OF MAGNETIC FIELD
inversely with the square of the distance
between them.
𝑊𝑏 𝑁 𝑁
𝐹 =
𝐼
2
𝑇 = 2 = 𝐶 · (𝑚/𝑠)
= 𝐴·𝑚
𝑑 𝑚
TYPES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS - Wb is a Weber.
FERROMAGNETIC - The cgs unit is Gauss (G)
4
- Strongly attracted by a magnet. - 1T = 10 G
ELECTROMAGNETISM
- While demonstrating the heating effect of
current, Oersted noticed that as he turned
on the switch, the needle of the compass
placed nearby bounced. Upon reversing the
current in the wire, the needle moved to
the other side. Leading to his discovery that
current-carrying conductor produces
magnetic field because it influences the
orientation of the nearby compass. Here,
Oersted discovered the relationship
between electricity and magnetism.

✳ When current is passing through a


straight wire, the magnetic lines of force
form concentric circles with their centers at
the axis of the wire and their planes
perpendicular to the wire. Andre Ampere,
after conducting the experiment, concluded
that electric current passing through a coil
or several coils of wire also sets up a
magnetic field. The magnetic field produced
is stronger than that of a straight wire. A
solenoid is simply a long coil of several turns
RIGHT HAND RULE of wire.
- the current carrying conductor produces
magnetic field around it. The form of
resulting field depends on the shape of the
conductor. The direction of the magnetic
field produced by the current may be
determined from the right hand rule. Grasp
the wire with the right hand in such a way
that the thumb points to the direction of
the conventional current. The fingers curl in
the direction of the magnetic field.

THE ELECTROMAGNET
William Sturgeon
- Produced the first electromagnet.
An electromagnet is a magnet
whose magnetic field is produced
by electric current passing through
coils of wire wrapped around a
core.
- Sturgeon’s electromagnet was a
horse-shoe shaped piece of iron
wrapped with loosely wound coil induced the current.
of eighteen turns. When current
was passed through the coil, the JOSEPH HENRY’S LAW
electromagnet became magnetized
and when the current was stopped - A changing electric current in a coil can
the coil was demagnetized. It was induce another current in the same coil. As
said that Sturgeon’s displayed its a result, the current in the coil consist of
power by lifting nine pounds and two components, the initial current plus an
seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped induced current. The effect is known as
with wires with a single cell as inductance.
source of current.
FARADAY + LENZ + HENRY =
MAGNETIC FORCE ON A ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE AND ON A - The process of inducing current by a moving
MOVING CHARGE magnetic field through a wire coil. As the
wire coil moves through the magnetic field,
- A current carrying wire exerts a force on a it induces an electric current. Voltage is
magnet like a compass as shown by always induced. Current is induced only if
Oersted. By Newton’s third law, a magnet circuit is closed. The direction of the wire
exerts effort on a current-carrying wire. coil’s motion affects the direction of the
electric current.

𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ IMPORTANT CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER:


1. It occurs any time motion takes place
F - force in Newtons (N)
between the wire and the magnetic field.
L - length of the wire, (m) 2. The results are the same when the wire
moves, when the magnetic field moves, or
I - current in the wire, (A) when both move.
B - magnetic field in Tesla (T) 3. The speed of the motion affects the
strength of the electric current; that is a
θ - angle between the current and the magnetic weak current is produced when the
field in degrees movement of the wire or magnetic field is
slow and a strong current is produced when
✳ The maximum value of the sine function is 1. If
the movement is fast.
the current is perpendicular to the magnetic field, θ
4. The number of loops in the wire affects the
= 90º and sine 90º = 1. The force must be maximum.
strength of the voltage; that is a larger
If the current is parallel to the field, θ = 0 and sin 0 =
number of loops means a stronger voltage
0, the force is also zero.
induced.
5. Any changing magnetic field will induce
current.
FARADAY’S LAW
- The emf induced in a loop of wire is
MOTOR, GENERATOR, AND
proportional to the rate of change of TRANSFORMER
magnetic flux through the coil and is
present even if the circuit resistance is
infinite and the current is zero.

LENZ’S LAW
- The direction of an induced current is such
that its own magnetic field opposes the
original change in the magnetic flux that
𝐼 𝑃
𝑉 𝑆
𝑁 𝑆
𝐼
= 𝑉
= 𝑁
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃

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