The Turner Thesis, also known as the Frontier Thesis, was a theory proposed by historian Frederick

Jackson Turner in 1893. This theory argued that the existence of a frontier in American history was
the key to understanding its development and uniqueness as a nation.

According to Turner, the frontier was the defining feature of American society, shaping its political,
economic, and social institutions. He believed that the constant expansion of the frontier into new
territories was what drove American progress and democracy.

Turner's thesis was based on the idea that the American frontier was a vast, open space that provided
opportunities for individualism, self-reliance, and innovation. It was a place where people could
escape the constraints of European society and create a new way of life.

However, Turner's thesis has been met with criticism over the years. Some argue that it ignores the
contributions of Native Americans and other marginalized groups in shaping American history.
Others argue that the idea of a frontier as a place of freedom and opportunity is a myth, as it often
involved the displacement and mistreatment of indigenous peoples.

Despite its controversies, the Turner Thesis remains an important concept in American historiography.
It continues to be studied and debated by scholars, and its influence can still be seen in popular
culture and politics today.

If you want to learn more about the Turner Thesis and other significant theories in American history,
I highly recommend ordering from HelpWriting.net. Their team of expert writers can provide you
with well-researched and well-written essays and articles on a variety of topics, including the Turner
Thesis. Don't hesitate to place your order and expand your knowledge on this fascinating subject.
The
presence
of
a
place
of
free
land,
its
continuous
recession,
and
also
the
coming
of
American
settlement
westward
explain
American
development.
Using
these
words,
Ernest
Jackson
Turner
laid
the
building
blocks
for
contemporary
historic
study
from
the
American
West
and
presented
a
frontier
thesis
that
is
constantly
on
the
influence
historic
thinking
to
this
day.
benefit?
What
challenges
are
associated
with
the
“frontier”?
17.
Significance
Of
The
Frontier
Thesis
The
Frontier
Thesis
Introduction
The
emergence
of
western
history
as
an
important
field
of
scholarship
started
with
Frederick
Jackson
Turner's
(1861–1932)
famous
essay
"The
Significance
of
the
Frontier
in
American
history."[1]
This
thesis
shaped
both
popular
and
scholarly
views
of
the
West
for
the
next
two
generations.
In
his
thesis,
Turner
argued
that
the
West
had
to
be
taken
seriously.
He
felt
that
up
to
his
time there had not been enough research of what he in his essay call "the fundamental, dominating
fact in the U.S. history": the territorial expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. The frontier
past was, according to Turner, the best way to describe the distinctive American history and
character. To this day, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... According to the frontier thesis,
all the resources on the frontier as well as its lack of an established socio–political structure provided
opportunities for the settlers. They could now pursue their dreams "of limitless wealth and
self–betterment."[6] Cheap or free land meant more opportunities for the self–made man, and
provided a 'safety valve' for the 'newcomers': Since the day when the fleet of Columbus sailed into
the
waters of the New World, America has been another name for opportunity, and the people of the
United States have taken their tone from the incessant expansion which has not only been open but
has even been forced upon them. (100) Free land led to new opportunities, and it was up to each
individual and their desire to work hard and climb the economic and social ladder: "...each frontier
did indeed furnish a new field of opportunity, a gate of escape from the bondage of the past; and
freshness, and confidence, and scorn of older society..."(Turner, 100). Everything was open to the
man who knew how to seize the opportunity. The self–made man became the ideal of the West, and
eventually every man in the U.S.A. should be like him. It was the work ethic of the frontier, not of
the
South or East, Turner thought, that had contributed the most to the American character. The frontier
culture concentrated on the dollar and it became important to make something out of your life.
People were constantly ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ... Stand at Cumberland Gap watching the
procession of civilization, marching single file–the zoysia following a trail towards the salt springs,
the
Indian, the fur-trader and hunter, the cattle-raiser, the pioneer player–and also the frontier has
transpired by. Stand at South Pass within the Rockies a hundred years later and find out exactly the
same procession with wider times between. Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to
you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other
websites without getting consent from its author. Turner stated that in the introduction of any
frontier
area, one phase of social and economic development adopted another in distinct stages. This is
actually the idea of successive frontiers. Turner was created in Portage, Wisconsin, in 1861. His
father, a journalist by trade and native historian by avocation, piqued Turner’s curiosity about history.
After his graduation in the College of Wisconsin in 1884, Turner made the decision to become
professional historian, and received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins College in 1890. He offered like a
teacher and scholar in the College of Wisconsin from 1889 to 1910, as he became a member of
Harvard’s faculty. He upon the market in 1924 but ongoing his research until his dying in 1932.
Monday, 9-11. Objectives: To compare and contrast two claims on the Neolithic, Agricultural
Revolution. To begin to grapple with the conundrum of what it took to become a civilization. After
activity is Finished! Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. Report this resource to let us
know if this resource violates TPT’s content guidelines. An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to
download presentation WEB Dubois • Excerpt from “The Souls of Black Folk” • “Negroes must
insist continually, in season and out of season that voting is necessary and proper to proper manhood,
that
color discrimination is barbarism.” 100% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful
© 2024 SlideServe. All rights reserved Written By: Jacob Smith March 28, 2024 Education Reading
Time: 6 minutes Course Hero, a Learneo, Inc. business Rediscover the best-known and most
influential essay by and about the American frontier. Thursday – 9/13 • Warm-up- • Name some
major factors in the Westward Expansion. Explain why they were significant. • WYMK – • 1. How
were the Time Zones Created? 28. Turner's Frontier Thesis Summary Turner's Frontier Thesis reflects
the
slaughter of the American Buffalo because, the thesis stresses that American democracy was formed
by the American frontier, and the killing of the buffalo comes into place because the indians occupied
the
west and raised herds of buffalo, which at first americans killed the buffalo thinking it would force
the
indians to move out of the lands and become americanized civilians because they would not have
any food and would have to beg the americans and basically become dependent, they also killed the
buffalo because once railroads began to expand it became hazardous, americans also sold hides from
buffalos in a profitable industry, all this made america a stronger country together because everyone
came together to move the indians out, it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The westward
expansion, justified by the belief of "manifest destiny", is what eventually lead to the bison's demise.
That prevailing mindset permeated U.S. government policy as land hungry settlers saw the western
plains as theirs for the taking. However, countless Native American tribes, inhabitants of the land ,
stood in the way of American expansionists access to the coveted territory. manifest destiny is also
reflected in the Frontier Thesis because the Americans wanted to expand the Frontier and they felt it
was their God given right to do so. The Manifest destiny, Killing of the American Buffalo and the
American
exceptionalism all build up and support Turner's Frontier Thesis. Manifest Destiny shows us that the
Americans felt they were designated the God given right to covet the west, the killing of the
Buffalos explains why the Americans were able to drive the Native Americans of their own land and
American
Exceptionalism shows us that Americans viewed themselves as unique and superior that is why they
wanted to expand the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ... Get our weekly newsletter with free
resources, updates, and special offers. “Push” Factors “Pull” Factors Westward Migration YUMPU
automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves. 6. Would people like
this
continue to be part of any future America? https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73
/The_Cow_Boy_1888.jpg By John C. H. Grabill [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons 8.
Would future Americans be able to handle adversity like these people? https:/
/commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHomesteader_NE_1866.png See page for author [Public
domain], via Wikimedia Commons Furthermore, these revisionist scholars argue, for a lot of places
free
airline is not the land of freedom and chance that both Turnerian background and popular mythology
might have us believe. For a lot of women, Asians, Mexicans who all of a sudden found themselves
residents from the U . s . States, and, obviously, Indians, free airline wasn’t any guaranteed land. 14.
Boxer Rebellion Many Chinese resented foreign influences Secret society, Righteous and
Harmonious Fists, was formed Called Boxers by Europeans 1900 Boxers rebelled to expel
foreigners Back by Chinese gov’t they attacked & killed westerners & Chinese Christians
Churches were burned & homes of foreigners Outside powers, including U.S., sent 18,000 troops
w/ modern weapons in Freed trapped foreigners, crushed the rebellion, looted the capital, & killed
thousands of Chinese 3 years before Turner’s pronouncement from the frontier thesis, the U.S.
Census Bureau had announced the disappearance of the contiguous frontier line. Learn languages,
math, history, economics, chemistry and more with free Studylib Extension! The American West.
Chapter 13. The Plains Indians. The Plains Indians lived in the area from the Mississippi River to the
Rocky Mountains and from Canada to Mexico. Plains Indians. The most important tribes were the
Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, Kiowa, and Comanche.
Turner
required
this
closing
from
the
frontier
being
an
chance
to
mirror
upon
the
influence
it
had
worked
out.
He
contended
the
frontier
had
resulted
in
every
American
generation
came
back
to
primitive
conditions
on
the
constantly
evolving
frontier
line.
Along
this
frontier
—
that
they
also
referred
to
as
the
meeting
point
between
savagery
and
civilization
—
Americans
over
and
over
recapitulated
the
developmental
stages
from
the
emerging
industrial
order
from
the
1890’s.
This
development,
in
Turner’s
description
from
the
frontier,
starts
with
the
Indian
and
also
the
hunter
it
is
going
up
with
the
disintegration
of
savagery
through
the
entrance
from
the
trader.
the
pastoral
stage
in
ranch
existence
the
exploitation
from
the
soil
through
the
raising
of
unrotated
crops
of
corn
and
wheat
in
sparsely
settled
farm
communities
the
intensive
culture
from
the
denser
farm
settlement
and
lastly
the
manufacturing
organization
using
the
city
and
also
the
factory
system.
4.
Purchasing
Alaska

1867

Alaska
purchased
from
Russia
for
$7.2
million

Alaska
was
viewed
as
a
stepping
stone
for
trade
w/
Asia
&
the
Pacific

Increased
the
area
of
the
U.S.
by
almost
1/
5

Purchase
was
opposed
by
many
Americans

Was
a
frozen
wasteland
Views
changed
when
gold
was
discovered
in
1897
7.
According
to
Turner
the
Frontier
Created
Great
American
Character
Traits
Rugged
individualism…rather
than
dependence
on
government
Democratic
values…w/
distrust
for
institutional
hierarchies
“Can
Do”
attitude…
confidence
in
success
of
endeavors
w/
ingenuity
-
Frederick
Jackson
Turner,
1893
http:/
/
www.gutenberg.org/
ebooks/
22994
39.
Relations
With
Mexico

Woodrow
Wilson

Became
President
in
1913

Own
foreign
relation
ideas

Aim
to
support
&
nurture
democracy

1st
test
of
policy
was
w/
Mexico

Mexico

Overthrew
dictator
Porfirio
Diaz

Violent
revolution
followed
until
1917

Wilson
followed
watchful
waiting
policy
1914

U.S.
sailors
who
went
ashore
were
arrested
in
Mexico

Later
released
w/
apology

Wilson
sent
navy
to
occupy
port
of
Veracruz

100
Mexicans
died
;
U.S.
&
Mexico
close
to
war;
peace
talks
cooled
tempers
There
is
much
that
Turner
didn't
see:
Turner
thought
that
historians
as
much
as
that
point
hadn’t
devoted
sufficient
research
as
to
the
he
termed
within
an
earlier
essay
the
essential,
dominating
fact
in
U
.
s
.
States
history,
the
territorial
expansion
in
the
Atlantic
towards
the
Gulf
Of
Mexico.
The
American
West.
1862-
1900.
California
Gold
Rush.
The
discovery
of
gold
in
California
in
1848
caused
the
first
flood
of
newcomers
to
the
West
The
California
gold
rush
set
off
a
feverish
quest
for
gold
and
silver
throughout
the
West
that
would
extend well into the 1890s 19. Americans React Americans were sympathetic to Cuban rebels
Urged U.S. gov’t to help oust Spain Others for economic reasons Safeguard U.S. investments in
Cuba ($50 million invested in Cuban sugar & rice plantations, railroads, & iron mines) President
Cleveland Ignored calls for intervention William McKinley Became President in 1897
Also ignored calls for intervention New York press Loudest supporters of intervention
William Randolph Hearst Rival of Joseph Pulitzer Worked for New York Journal Used
sensational stories & headlines Both Pulitzer & Hearst focused their attention on Cuba in their
writings The Literary Maven California Gold Rush • The discovery of gold in California in 1848
caused
the
first
flood
of
newcomers
to
the
West
• The California gold rush set off a feverish quest for gold and silver throughout the West that would
extend well into the 1890s • A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of
Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful
young prospectors pushing into the western mountains The security valve thesis may be the assertion
the
frontier,
like a host to chance and escape, defused social discontent in the usa. The American West. I.
Introduction. Frederick Jackson Turner Land pulled the people Frontier generated qualities of
Americans
Individualism, self-help and courage Orderly movement west W.P. Webb Movement erratic
Industrialization and Technology conquered the West Manifest Destiny The Election of 1896 The
election of McKinley and the defeat of the Populists symbolized the great changes that had taken
swept the nation since the Civil War • The economy had changed from agrarian to industrial. • The
United States was a nation of cities rather than farms and villages • The West was closing • New
immigrants were creating a new, complex pluralistic culture in America • By 1900, the United States
was
entering both a new century and a modern age Download to read offline Central to Turner’s frontier
thesis is the concept the introduction of the American frontier helped to shape not just the
smoothness from the United states citizens but the nature of their institutions. More particularly,
Turner
claimed that characteristics and traits which developed throughout the Nineteenth-Century push
from
East to West — individualism, nationalism, mobility, egalitarianism — not just deviated in the
perceived standard American cultural attitudes which won at that time, but eventually found
dominate the development from the American character. Together with his announcement from the
closing
from
the
frontier,
furthermore, Turner implied the nation would have to undergo an unpleasant transition, from a solid
idea of America like a land of endless limitations, to 1 which needed Americans to simply accept
their nation was finally a closed-space world, replete using the limitations natural within. 15. The
Open Door Again Secretary Hay feared Boxer rebellion would cause powers to seize more
Chinese territory Issued 2nd Open Door note Repeated principle of open trade & made stronger
statement about American intentions to preserve trade China should remain one country & not be
broken up 15. 13
and Shivakumar (2000) report results consistent with the hypothesis that firms manage earnings prior to
an SEO. Another condition in which earnings management incentives are strong relates to
stock‐financed
acquisitions. Management with compensation as a function of stock performance have an incentive to
manage earnings upwards prior to a stock‐for‐stock acquisition in order to buy the target firm as cheaply
as possible. Since this is the focus on my study, I leave the in‐depth discussion of the process of stock‐for‐
stock acquisitions and earnings management incentives to Chapter 3 on hypothesis testing. Erickson and
Wang (1999) find evidence of positive abnormal accruals prior to the exchange of stock
which is
consistent with their earnings management hypothesis. Their sample consists of US firms which engaged
in a stock‐for‐stock acquisition between 1985 and 1990. Earnings management to meet the
expectations of financial analysts is another area in which strong earnings management
incentives coincide with evidence of earnings management. For example,
Burgstahler and Eames (1998) and Kasnik (1999) report evidence that is consistent with the hypothesis
that firms manage earnings upwards to avoid reporting earnings lower than the forecasts of analysts.
Despite the number of studies which report evidence of earnings management motivated by
capital markets, little evidence exists on the magnitude and frequency of such earnings
management. Teoh, Wong and Rao and Erickson and Wang are the authors of two of the
few studies which attempt to
quantify the degree of earnings management. Teoh, Wong and Rao report median discretionary accruals
of around 5 percent of total assets for IPO firms during the offer year and Erickson and Wang report
mean discretionary accruals of around 2 percent of total assets for acquiring firms in the quarter of the
exchange of stock. Little evidence also exists on which specific accruals are managed to
achieve ambitions related to the
capital markets. The relative absence of this evidence can be attributed to the dominance of aggregate
accrual models in the literature. Teoh, Wong and Rao report that IPO firms are more
likely to have
income‐increasing bad debt allowances and depreciation policies compared to their control sample. Most
of the other
studies which report evidence on the choice of specific accruals are based on the specific accruals
research design. However, it is ambiguous in these studies whether the management of a
specific accrual relates to capital market motivations or to contracting or political motivations.
Conflicting evidence exists on the resource allocation implications of earnings management for capital
market reasons. This is a particularly important issue. If resource allocation is a function of earnings
management (i.e. some financial statement users do not “undo” earnings management), loss of credibility
in financial statements is a threat. The implications of this are discussed in Chapter 1 where I introduce
22. Surprise in the Philippines 1st great battle not fought in Cuba Assistant Secretary of the
Navy Theodore Roosevelt Eager to expand U.S. naval power After Maine sunk, ordered
Commodore George Dewey (head of Pacific fleet) to move ships to Philippines May 1 Dewey
&
small fleet of American warships sunk entire Spanish squadron at Manila Bay No American ship
or life was lost © 2013 - 2024 studylib.net all other trademarks and copyrights are the property of
their respective owners Courses Nature And American Culture * He didn't see that cities were such
an
integral part of western expansion that Chicago and San Francisco came first, before the pioneer
cowboy. ● First, summarize Frederick Jackson Turner’s frontier thesis. Put this idea in Download
presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a
presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. As long as free land exists, the
chance
for
any competency exists, and economic power safeguards political power. Dear Elaine, Turner stated
that
in
the
introduction of any frontier area, one phase of social and economic development adopted another in
distinct stages. This is actually the idea of successive frontiers. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 Finally,
Chinese workers were prevented from immigrating to America by the Chinese Exclusion Act of
1882. Its passage was a watershed event in American history. Besides identifying for the first time a
specific group of people by name as undesirable for immigration to the United States, the act also
marked a fateful departure from the traditional American policy of unrestricted immigration
Compare
and
Contrast
•
Discuss
the
opposite
views
of
Dubois
and
Washington.
How
were
their
approaches
to
Civil
Rights
different.
Who
do
you
agree
with,
explain
your
answer?
CH.
13
THE
AMERICAN
WEST.
CH.
13-
1
THE
FIGHT
FOR
THE
WEST
AMERICAN
HISTORY.
STAGE
SET
FOR
CONFLICT.
White
settlers
began
streaming
into
the
West
Clashes
between
Native
Americans
and
white
settlers
over
control
of
the
land
CULTURE
OF
THE
PLAINS
INDIANS
28.
Turner's
Frontier
Thesis
Summary
Turner's
Frontier
Thesis
reflects
the
slaughter
of
the
American
Buffalo
because,
the
thesis
stresses
that
American
democracy
was
formed
by
the
American
frontier,
and
the
killing
of
the
buffalo
comes
into
place
because
the
indians
occupied
the
west
and
raised
herds
of
buffalo,
which
at
first
americans
killed
the
buffalo
thinking
it
would
force
the
indians
to
move
out
of
the
lands
and
become
americanized
civilians
because
they
would
not
have
any
food
and
would
have
to
beg
the
americans
and
basically
become
dependent,
they
also
killed
the
buffalo
because
once
railroads
began
to
expand
it
became
hazardous,
americans
also
sold
hides
from
buffalos
in
a
profitable
industry,
all
this
made
america
a
stronger
country
together
because
everyone
came
together
to
move
the
indians
out,
it
...
Show
more
content
on
Helpwriting.net
...
The
westward
expansion,
justified
by
the
belief
of
"manifest
destiny",
is
what
eventually
lead
to
the
bison's
demise.
That
prevailing
mindset
permeated
U.S.
government
policy
as
land
hungry
settlers
saw
the
western
plains
as
theirs
for
the
taking.
However,
countless
Native
American
tribes,
inhabitants
of
the
land
,
stood
in
the
way
of
American
expansionists
access
to
the
coveted
territory.
manifest
destiny
is
also
reflected
in
the
Frontier
Thesis
because
the
Americans
wanted
to
expand
the
Frontier
and
they
felt
it
was
their
God
given
right
to
do
so.
The
Manifest
destiny,
Killing
of
the
American
Buffalo
and
the
American
exceptionalism
all
build
up
and
support
Turner's
Frontier
Thesis.
Manifest
Destiny
shows
us
that
the
Americans
felt
they
were
designated
the
God
given
right
to
covet
the
west,
the
killing
of
the
Buffalos
explains
why
the
Americans
were
able
to
drive
the
Native
Americans
of
their
own
land
and
American
Exceptionalism
shows
us
that
Americans
viewed
themselves
as
unique
and
superior
that
is
why
they
wanted
to
expand
the
...
Get
more
on
HelpWriting.net
...
Monday,
9/
9/
13.
Good
morning!
Please
remember
to
get
your
folder.
Take
out
everything
from
your
folder
and
place
it
into
your
binder
before
you
do
anything
else.
Agenda
First
Five
Vocabulary
DOL
Grammar
Song
Share
(We’ll
finish
up
this
week.)
9/
11
Reminders
Fast
and
accurate
language
certification
70.
Analysis
Of
Frederick
Jackson
's
Turner
Frontier
Thesis
After
the
Civil
War,
America
experienced
a
vast
change
with
the
influx
of
foreigners.
Many
believed
that
America
was
filled
with
multiple
opportunities
that
could
transform
their
lives.
However,
due
to
mass
immigration
many
were
forced
to
face
injustices,
overcrowding,
as
well
as
questioning
their
identity.
Riis
and
Turner
were
both
concerned
with
the
influx
of
immigrants
and
how
the
increase
of
people
affected
the
American
land.
In
Frederick
Jackson's
Turner
frontier
thesis,
he
describes
how
important
the
frontier
is
to
the
development
of
America
and
how
it
allowed
many
to
obtain
a
new
life.
He
describes
how
Americans
have
managed
to
transform
the
wilderness
little
by
little
and
making
this
new
land
their
home,
"Little
by
little
he
transforms
the
wilderness,
but
the
outcome
is
not
the
old
Europe,
not
simply
the
development
of
Germanic
germs...The
fact
is
that
here
is
a
new
product
that
is
American"
.
The
frontier
thesis
is
also
used
to
describe
the
individuality
of
America
and
prove
that
it
is
an
independent
country
that
no
longer
has
ties
with
other
nations
as
well
as
making
it
clear
that
America
is
unique
in
its
own
way.
Westward
expansion
offered
many
the
opportunity
to
re–identify
themselves
and
create
a
nation
that
offered
a
new
form
of
American
life.
The
Frontier
thesis
emphasizes
that
Americans
are
now
free
from
European
powers
by
stating
that,
"In
another
way
the
advance
of
the
frontier
decreased
our
dependence
on
England"
.
Americans
were
now
using
their
skills
and
...
Get
more
on
HelpWriting.net
...
The
American
West.
I.
Introduction.
Frederick
Jackson
Turner
Land
pulled
the
people
Frontier
generated
qualities
of
Americans
Individualism,
self-
help
and
courage
Orderly
movement
west
W.P.
Webb
Movement
erratic
Industrialization
and
Technology
conquered
the
West
Manifest
Destiny
YUMPU
automatically
turns
print
PDFs
into
web
optimized
ePapers
that
Google
loves.
20.
18
3. Hypothesis testing

Many
firms
acquire
other
firms
by
engaging
in
a
stock‐for‐stock
transaction.

On
settlement
of
the
transaction, stockholders of the target firm receive a specified number of shares of the acquiring firm for
each
share
of
the
acquiring
firm
exchanged.

The
£886
million
acquisition
of
Bryant
Group
by
Taylor
Woodrow
and
the
£352
million
acquisition
of
Teklogix
International
by
Psion
are
recent
examples
of
transactions structured in this way. Both of these transactions are included in my sample of acquiring
firms, as discussed in Chapter 5 on sample selection.

Stock‐for‐stock transactions generally progress through three stages. (1) The acquiring firm and
target firm negotiate the terms of the transaction. The focus of the
negotiations is on the determination of the purchase price of the target firm. (2)
The acquiring firm and target firm reach an agreement. The number of shares of the acquiring firm
exchanged for each share of the target firm is determined by the stock price of the acquiring firm
when the merger agreement is reached. This is based on the agreed upon target firm purchase price
(stage one). (3)
The acquiring firm and target firm complete the exchange of the stock of the acquiring firm for the
stock of the target firm.
In Chapter 2 on the review of the literature, I discussed studies which related earnings management to
capital market motivations. Many of these studies report evidence or build upon evidence
which indicates that the stock price is an increasing function of the degree of earnings
management. This
general finding motivates my hypothesis related to stock‐for‐stock acquisitions. I hypothesise that firms
engaging in stock‐for‐stock acquisitions manage earnings upwards in the two years prior to the exchange
of
stock between the acquiring firm and target firm. Upwards earnings management should be
particularly pronounced in the year prior to the exchange of stock. More specifically, my hypothesis is
based on three interrelated arguments relating the characteristics of stock‐for‐stock
acquisitions and earnings management incentives. (1)
The higher the stock price of the acquiring firm, the lower the cost of the acquisition of the target
firm. Since the stock price is an increasing function of the degree of earnings
management, the management of the acquiring firm has an incentive to manage earnings
upwards prior to the
exchange of stock to ensure the cheapest possible acquisition of the target firm. (2) The higher the
stock price of the acquiring firm, the lower the likelihood of earnings dilution.
Therefore, upwards management of earnings prior to the exchange of stock decreases the likelihood
of earnings dilution. 8. Would future Americans be able to handle adversity like these people? https:
//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHomesteader_NE_1866.png See page for author [Public
domain], via Wikimedia Commons Monday, 9/13/10. 2 nd Pd. Turn in your Vocabulary and 150 word
response to the basket Class work: Questions 1-8 Homework: Political Cartoon Assignment Due
Tuesday #9 -2 pg: Essay Due Thursday. Monday, 9/13/10. Turn in your Political Cartoons to the
basket Class work: Causes #1-8 Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for
some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file
from
their
server. Greater than a century after he first delivered his frontier thesis, historians still hotly debate
Turner’s ideas and approach. His critics have denied from his fundamental assumptions towards the
small information on his argument. The mainstream of the marketplace has lengthy since discarded
Turner’s assumption the frontier is paramount to American history in general they point rather
towards the critical influence of these factors as slavery and also the Civil War, immigration, and the
introduction of industrial capitalism. But even within Western and frontier history, an increasing
body of historians has contested Turner’s approach. Nature And American Culture * He didn't see
that
cities were such an integral part of western expansion that Chicago and San Francisco came first,
before
the
pioneer cowboy. Add Books Monday, May 9, 2011 GOOD MORNING, HP 10!. Please clear your
desk except for your pencil. No, we don’t have a quiz yet; don’t panic. Reminder – Your homework
was
to
read Ch. 18, pp. 102 – 118 and to work on your SR1 (Character Traits) worksheet and study guide.
Pride & Prejudice. Greater than a century after he first delivered his frontier thesis, historians still
hotly debate Turner’s ideas and approach. His critics have denied from his fundamental assumptions
towards the small information on his argument. The mainstream of the marketplace has lengthy since
discarded Turner’s assumption the frontier is paramount to American history in general they point
rather towards the critical influence of these factors as slavery and also the Civil War, immigration,
and
the
introduction of industrial capitalism. But even within Western and frontier history, an increasing
body of historians has contested Turner’s approach. Download Now Home » Thesis » Turner thesis
definition in writing © 2013 - 2024 studylib.net all other trademarks and copyrights are the property
of
their
respective owners Click the button below to download this worksheet for use in the classroom or at
home. both created in the 19th century. Americans believed that it was their 18. 16
Some studies investigate political incentives with respect to firms seeking government protection or other
change in government policy. In Section 2.3.1, I discussed the study by Jones. I focused on the analysis
and evaluation of her model which has made an important contribution to the literature. However, her
study is also important for relating political incentives to manage earnings and actual
evidence of
earnings management. Jones reports evidence consistent with her hypothesis that firms seeking import
relief manage earnings downwards prior to the year of the application for import relief. The purpose of
downwards management of earnings is to give the impression of financial suffering caused by foreign
firms operating in the US market. Key (1997) reports evidence similar in format to the study by Jones
which indicates that firms in the cable television industry select income‐decreasing discretionary accruals
during period of political scrutiny in order to reduce any potential new regulation. Key
also finds
evidence which indicates that the degree of positive discretionary accruals is an increasing function of the
expected harm of the potential regulation.
Other studies investigate political incentives with respect to firms seeking to comply with regulations.
For example, many studies including Moyer (1990), Scholes, Wilson and Wolfson (1990)
and
Collins,
Shackelford and Wahlen (1993) provide evidence that banks manage accruals and cash flows to avoid
minimum capital requirements.
Similar to earnings management for capital market and contractual reasons, little evidence exists on the
frequency and magnitude of earnings management for political reasons. The studies by Jones and Key
found evidence of earnings management with samples of only 23 and 22 firms, respectively, but it is not
clear whether the results can be generalised to non‐sampled firms. The banking studies also
provide some evidence of the frequency of earnings management.
Some studies provide evidence on the selection of specific accruals to manage earnings. For example, the
banking studies provide detailed evidence on which specific accruals are deployed. This is not surprising
as these studies use a specific accruals methodology, as discussed in Section 2.3.2. However, studies by
Jones and Key provide no evidence on which specific accruals are used to manage earnings.
Very little evidence exists on the resource allocation implications of earnings management in a political
context. The absence of such evidence should not be interpreted as tacit support that such
earnings management has no resource allocation implications but rather of the failure of
researchers to relate evidence of earnings management to stock returns or regulatory behaviour.
An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Rated 4.9 out of 5, based on 10
reviews Arts & Humanities Save Frederick Jackson Turner and His Frontier Thesis For Later 100%
found this document useful (1 vote)
Monday
9,
2013.
Agenda
Check
at-
home
project
Continue
Lesson
2.
At-
home
Project.
Ex
4,
p.44
–
write
the
verbs
in
the
correct
form.
Say
each
sentence
with
the
correct
form
of
the
verb
.
Certainly,
a
summary
depicts
the
author’s
viewpoints
directly,
so
you
ought
to
read
the
research
paper
carefully
before
writing
your
summary.
Also,
you
need
to
identify
the
major
and
minor
elements
as
well
as
summarize
them
systematically.
Hence,
you
ought
to
read,
apprehend,
and
reconstruct
your
thesis
into
a
shorter
version.
8.
Would
future
Americans
be
able
to
handle
adversity
like
these
people?
https:/
/
commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/
File%3AHomesteader_NE_1866.png
See
page
for
author
[Public
domain],
via
Wikimedia
Commons
Did
you
find
mistakes
in
interface
or
texts?
Or
do
you
know
how
to
improve
StudyLib
UI?
Feel
free
to
send
suggestions.
Its
very
important
for
us!
Monday,
3/
10.
HW:
1)
Topic
#9/
10
Test
on
Fri.
Mar.
14
2)
Rd
Pgs.
207-
210
Pg.210-
211
Ques
.
15
-
25
3)
WED
Cartoon
Strip
(due
Fri.).
BOP:
List
as
many
of
the
5
agents
of
erosion
that
you
can
remember.
No
peeking!.
Tuesday,
3/
11.
HW:
1)
Topic
#9/
10
Test
on
Fri.
Mar.
14
Where
Turner
told
the
triumphalist
story
from
the
frontier’s
promotion
of
the
clearly
American
democracy,
a
lot
of
his
critics
have
contended
that
exactly
the
opposite
was
the
situation.
Cooperation
and
communities
of
numerous
sorts,
not
isolated
individuals,
permitted
the
absorption
from
the
West
in
to
the
U
.
s
.
States.
Most
migrant
wagon
trains,
for
instance,
were
made
up
of
extended
kinship
systems.
Furthermore,
because
the
1800s
used
on,
the
function
of
the
us
government
and
enormous
corporations
increased
more
and
more
important.
Corporate
investors
headquartered
in
New
You
are
able
to
laid
the
railroads
government
troops
defeated
Indian
nations
who
declined
to
get
away
from
the
clear
way
of
manifest
future
the
cowboys,
enshrined
in
popular
mythology
as
rugged
loners,
were
generally
low-
level
employees
of
sometimes
foreign-
owned
cattle
corporations.
The
American
West.
Westward
Expansion
and
Conflict.
Government
Policy
on
Natives.
1850
and
After.
Followed
President
Jackson
idea
of
forcibly
removing
natives
from
their
land
in
East
and
relocate
them
in
the
West.
Government
seizure
of
native
lands
and
move
them
to
reservations.
©
2024
SlideServe.
All
rights
reserved
Perhaps,
many
of
you
will
depend
on
the
internet
for
samples
that
might
guide
you
to
write
a
good
thesis.
However,
you
may
have
worries,
because
you
don’t
know
to
differentiate
between
a
good
and
a
bad
sample.
So,
if
this
is
the
case,
probably
we
have
a
list
of
qualities
for
you
that
may
help
you
to
choose
good
samples.
Some
have
lengthy
disputed
the
concept
of
a
frontier
of
free
land.
Turner’s
formulation
overlooked
the
existence
of
the
various
Indian
peoples
whose
subjugation
was
needed
through
the
nation’s
westward
march,
and
assumed
that
the
majority
of
recently
acquired
lands
were
really
democratically
given
to
yeomen
pioneers.
The
various
Indian
wars
triggered
by
American
expansion
belie
Turner’s
argument
the
American
free
land
frontier
would
be
a
sharp
contrast
with
European
nations’
borders
along
with
other
states.
9.
Gaining
Footholds
in
the
Pacific

Pacific
Islands

Essential
for
expanding
trade
&
U.S.
influence

Rivalry
for
Samoa

U.S.
Steamships
Co.
&
Navy
wanted
to
set
up
coaling
stations

Britain
&
Germany
also
wanted
Samoa
1889

Warships
from
3
countries
were
sent
to
Samoa

Typhoon
struck
&
destroyed
most
of
the
warships

1899

U.S.
&
Germany
divided
the
islands
of
Samoa

People
of
Samoa
had
no
say
in
the
matter
1.
Turner
Frontier
Thesis
Summary
The
Turner
Frontier
Thesis
was
created
by
frederick
jackson
turner
in
1893
for
the
purpose
of
both
analysing
the
past
and
warning
of
the
future.
In
his
thesis,
Turner
stressed
the
importance
of
continuously
expanding
the
United
States
into
new
territories,
such
as
the
western/
pacific
coast
of
the
United
States
that
was
being
settled
in
his
time
period.
However,
when
in
1890
the
Eleventh
United
States
Census
was
taken
and
declare
the
frontier
line
dissolved.
Turner
warned
that
the
United
States
needed
to
create
a
new
frontier
line.
It
has
been
demonstrated
that
a
"new
frontier"
was
necessary
to
maintain
the
democratic
identity
of
the
United
States,
but
also
that
this
factor
alone
cannot
entirely
ensure
the
preservation
of
the
American
democracy
in
the
twenty
first
century.
Terrorism
has
created
a
virtual
"new
frontier"
for
the
United
States
prominently
since
the
9–11
attacks)
on
September
11th,
...
Show
more
content
on
Helpwriting.net
...
About
eight
hundred
thousand
people
annually
are
trafficked
across
national
borders
in
addition
to
the
millions
within
their
own
country.
The
State
Department
makes
and
annual
report
on
trafficking
of
people.
(www.state.gov/
j/
tip)
By
focousing
the
attention
of
American
of
the
unjust
actions
of
other
nations
it
has
open
theri
eyes
to
asisting
United
States
citizens.
The
State
Department
promotes
democracy
by
informing
the
public,
promoting
the
welfare
of
citizens.
A
democratic
nation
can
not
be
sustained
without
an
informed
public.
The
State
Department
provides
information,
including
travel
warnings
and
alerts,
and
country
specific
information
for
citizens
traveling
abroad.
They
aid
United
States
citizens
in
obtaining
emergency
funds,
families
in
making
arrangements
in
the
case
that
their
relative
died
overseas,
travelers
who
are
arrested
or
become
ill
overseas,
and
checking
on
the
welfare
and
location
of
travelers
abroad
who
are
United
States
...
Get
more
on
HelpWriting.net
...
24.
22
5. Sample selection

I
identified
176
stock‐for‐stock
acquisitions
between
January
1998
and
December
2002
by
executing
a
structured
search
on
Thomson
Datastream.

Each
stock‐for‐stock
acquisition
firm
in
my
sample
is
a
publicly company listed on the London Stock Exchange. I did not require the target firm to be a public
company
listed
on
the
London
Stock
Exchange.

Indeed,
many
target
firms
in
my
sample
are
private
limited companies registered in other countries.

Table 1 summarises the process by which I reduced by initial sample of 176 stock‐for‐stock acquisitions to
a final sample of 43 stock‐for‐stock acquiring firms. Notice that I refer to 176 stock‐for‐stock acquisitions
and
not
176
stock‐for‐stock
acquiring
firms
since
some
firms
engage
in
multiple
stock‐financed
acquisitions during the sample period (1998 to 2002). Since I analyse earnings management with respect
to the year in which the stock‐for‐stock acquisition transaction is completed (year 0), it is awkward for my
analysis to have more than one transaction (i.e. there are more than one year 0s). In this case, I focus on
the earliest transaction. This is not an arbitrary action. I consider it logical that a firm would initiate the
earnings management process a couple of years preceding the first acquisition in a
succession of
acquisitions because management should be confident regarding the successful execution of the initial
acquisition. Confidence of successful execution of future possible acquisitions would not be
as high
because such acquisitions would occur further in the future. I omit six acquisitions from my sample for
this reason. The banking industry has unique disclosure requirements and, in any event, such firms do
not
report data which allows me to calculate discretionary accruals. Therefore, I omit firms in
this industry from my sample. Since I estimate an intra‐industry cross‐sectional regression
where each
industry is separated by its four digit GICS code, I omit 16 stock‐for‐stock acquisition firms for which
Thomson
Datastream does not report the GICS code. Firms lacking complete accounting data (not
including firms in the banking industry) essential for the regression analysis requires me omit a further
98 firms. Finally, I require at least ten firms not engaging in stock‐for‐stock acquisitions in each industry
group in which a firm engages in a stock‐for‐stock acquisition for the empirical analysis. Therefore, I
omit three acquiring firms which fail to fulfil this requirement. Is the category for this
document correct? See more so i have to answer this question; Dr. Lewinnek ends her piece by
saying, "Turner's Thesis still matters." do you agree or disagree with this statement? explain in a
complete paragraph why or why not Monday – 9/10 Warm-up- If you were a black person in the
South during the late 1800’s what would you have done with your current situation? Left for the
North (Leaving family and friends) Worked within the constraints of the law (Black Codes / Jim
Crow) Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and
personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from
its author. The story of the American West is the story of how white settlers gained control of the
whole of the North American continent from the East Coast to the West Coast. The Plains are a vast
stretch of America, West of the Mississippi River. Why did Americans call the Plains the Great
White Desert? Download Now There is much that Turner didn't see: You are most welcome! This
will
hopefully get some traffic to those oldie, but goodies of posts we have on our blogs. 9. 7
The difference between the predicted value of total accruals deflated by lagged total assets and the actual
value of total accruals deflated by lagged total assets is the prediction error or residual (the proxy for
discretionary accruals which is itself the proxy for the degree of earnings management): ⎜ ⎜ ⎦
⎤ ⎜ ⎜ ⎣ ⎡ − ⎜ ⎜ ⎦ ⎤ ⎜ ⎜ ⎣ ⎡ − ⎜ ⎜ ⎦ ⎤ ⎜ ⎜ ⎣ ⎡ −= −−− 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 ip ip i ip
ip i ip i ip- ip ip A PPE a A ΔREV a A a A TA u ,(4)
where uip is the residual and p is the year index for the years included in the prediction period. I have
explained the framework of the Jones model in some detail because it is the model from which many
other models of earnings management are derived and understanding of this model reveals the method
by which many researchers investigate earnings management.
Jones reports an average R2 of 0.232 for her regression (estimated in equation 2). This indicates that her
regression is successful at explaining around one quarter of the variation in total accruals. Therefore, her
regression interprets almost three quarters of the variation in total accruals as discretionary. Jones notes
that factors such as growth and inflation can cause the time series of economic variables
to exhibit
unequal variances. Therefore, Jones divides each variable to correct for heteroscedasticity.
Jones requires that each firm in her sample have at least ten time‐series observations to estimate equation
2. As already noted, Jones uses the longest time series of observations for each firm in her sample which
passes the initial ten year requirement. This research design raises three issues. Firstly,
the
issue of
survivorship bias inevitably arises. Secondly, it is uncertain whether the coefficients estimates ai, b1i and
b2i are stationary especially if structural changes have occurred in the industries in which
the
sample
firms operate. Thirdly, since accruals exhibit a self‐reversing property, the Jones model is at threat of
serially correlated residuals. If either of these issues were serious, then the results reported
by
Jones could be biased and any inferences based on the results could likely be false. In
my
investigation of
earnings management, I avoid these potential problems by estimating a cross‐sectional aggregate accruals
model instead of a time‐series aggregate accruals model. However, I recognise that a
cross‐sectional model as opposed to a time‐series model is weaker at detecting the effects
of industry wide earnings
management and mean reversion in accruals. Unfortunately, to my knowledge, no study exists which
attempts to provide a rigorous empirical assessment of the relative advantages and
disadvantages of cross‐sectional and time‐series models in detecting earnings management.
Examination of equation 2 reveals that the Jones model implicitly assumes that all sales are
nondiscretionary. This assumption is unrealistic. Managers have much flexibility to manage earnings
through discretionary sales. For example, managers may use their discretion to delay the
delivery of This edition is not only for the scholar and teacher, who will find it both useful and
incisive, but also for the general reader who wants to broaden and enrich an understanding of Turner
and
his
work. Expert tutors and AI are standing by. The Mining Frontier • California’s great gold rush of
1849 set the pattern for what happened in other areas of the West • At first, individual prospectors
hoping to strike it rich would look for traces of gold in mountain streams by a method called placer
mining, using simple tools such as shovels and washing pans • Eventually, however, such methods
gave way to deep-shaft mining that required expensive equipment and the resources of wealthy
investors
and
corporations
• In the Rocky Mountains, miners dug millions of dollars in gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc ore
Greater than a century after he first delivered his frontier thesis, historians still hotly debate Turner’s
ideas and approach. His critics have denied from his fundamental assumptions towards the small
information
on
his
argument. The mainstream of the marketplace has lengthy since discarded Turner’s assumption the
frontier
is
paramount to American history in general they point rather towards the critical influence of these
factors as slavery and also the Civil War, immigration, and the introduction of industrial capitalism.
But even within Western and frontier history, an increasing body of historians has contested Turner’s
approach. Government Incentives • Morrill Land-Grant Act 1862 • Homestead Act • Small Fee-160
acres of land • 21 Years old, head of household, citizenship • House, 12x14 Live in the house 6
months per year • Farm the land 5 years. • Creates more than 372,000 farms. Monday, 9/13/10. Right
Stuff: sharpened pencil, pen, ruler, book entry in agenda for today agenda open to last week circle
any items that are not yet done cross-out any entries that are done (and turned in if required) logbook
open to 1.4
Chapter
13:
The
American
West.
Big
Picture:
In
the
late
1800s,
the
federal
government
relocated
Native
Americans
to
vastly
smaller
homelands.
Immigrants,
African
Americans,
and
white
Americans
eagerly
moved
into
the
new
frontier
to
mine,
ranch,
and
establish
farms.
●
How
did
moving
onto
“empty
land”
reflect
American
values
during
the
Home
»
Thesis
»
Frederick
jackson
turner
frontier
thesis
definition
in
writing
Download
to
read
offline
38.
Examples
Of
Turner's
Frontier
Thesis
From
the
time
America
first
declared
its
independence,
to
the
country
we
know
it
as
today,
the
U.S.
underwent
many
dramatic
changes,
as
did
American
settlers.
Frederick
Jackson
Turner's
frontier
thesis
stated
that
as
each
American
generation
moved
West,
the
settlers
became
more
American.
The
first
settlers
in
America
on
the
East
Coast
arrived
thinking
and
acting
like
Europeans.
However,
as
settlers
began
to
move
west,
they
started
to
loosen
ties
with
European
ways
and
develop
a
more
American
way
of
thinking
and
acting.
Without
a
doubt,
Turner's
frontier
thesis
can
be
proven
upon
examination
of
the
growth
of
America
and
actions
of
Americans
moving
West
because
as
settlers
moved
West,
they
became
more
democratic
and
less
tolerant
of
hierarchy,
...
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One
of
these
would
be
the
Mexican
American
War
in
1846.
Although
this
war
was
technically
not
started
by
the
U.S.,
it
was
caused
by
the
U.S.
and
was
still
a
very
violent
war.
Overall,
the
war
caused
the
deaths
of
13,200
American
soldiers.
The
Mexican
American
war
also
sparked
an
anti–
war
movement
throughout
the
United
States,
but
more
prominently
along
the
East
Coast.
This
further
proves
that
Americans
on
the
East
Coast
were
less
violent,
and
more
supportive
of
peace
than
settlers
out
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Turner
was
created
in
Portage,
Wisconsin,
in
1861.
His
father,
a
journalist
by
trade
and
native
historian
by
avocation,
piqued
Turner’s
curiosity
about
history.
After
his
graduation
in
the
College
of
Wisconsin
in
1884,
Turner
made
the
decision
to
become
professional
historian,
and
received
his
Ph.D.
from
Johns
Hopkins
College
in
1890.
He
offered
like
a
teacher
and
scholar
in
the
College
of
Wisconsin
from
1889
to
1910,
as
he
became
a
member
of
Harvard’s
faculty.
He
upon
the
market
in
1924
but
ongoing
his
research
until
his
dying
in
1932.
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suggestions.
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very
important
for
us!
Report
to
the
American
People
on
Civil
Rights
54.
Response
to
Turner's
Essay
on
The
Significance
of
the...
Response
to
Turner's
Essay
on
The
Significance
of
the
Frontier
in
American
History
Turner's
"The
Significance
of
the
Frontier
in
American
History"
essay
presents
the
primary
model
for
comprehending
American
history.
Turner
developed
his
notions
on
the
uncovering
of
the
1890
census
that
the
frontier
was
coming
to
an
end,
that
the
nation
had
occupied
its
continental
borders.
As
Turner
discusses
in
his
essay,
an
extensive
era
of
American
development
approached
an
ending,
but
left
enduring
marks
on
American
society.
A
major
notion
within
his
claims
of
the
American
frontier
is,
"the
existence
of
an
area
of
free
land,
its
continuous
recession,
and
the
advance
of
American
settlement
westward,
[that]
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Critics
denounce
Turner's
thesis
as
being
much
too
ignorant
on
"economic
concerns
of
past
industrial
America."
Turner
was
also
criticized
for
removing
the
natives
from
his
narrative
and
further
ignores
alternative
motives.
Furthermore,
the
notion
of
the
frontier
is
also
criticized
as
being
environmentally
deterministic
as
people
did
not
being
fresh
based
on
ambitions,
but
were
merely
victims
of
their
current
surroundings.
Supporters
of
Turner's
thesis,
defend
Turner's
ideas
of
the
frontier
as
the
opportunity
to
spawn
individualism,
democracy,
and
freedom.
Furthermore,
they
announce
his
claims
as
valid
and
reasonable,
defending
Turner's
notions
that
during
the
great
American
frontier
"the
thinkers
were
restless
and
inquiring,
but
what
they
lacked
was
room
in
which
to
try
out
their
innovations…The
frontier
offered
them
the
room
and
the
opportunity."
(Webb,
53)
While
Turner's
critics
are
valid
in
the
sense
that
Turner's
account
on
the
frontier
did
not
reveal
the
environmental
determinism
and
his
lack
of
revealing
the
presence
of
natives
with
his
narrative
as
profound
flaws
within
his
claims,
nevertheless,
his
thesis
remains
extremely
influential
within
...
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The
presence
of
a
place
of
free
land,
its
continuous
recession,
and
also
the
coming
of
American
settlement,
explain
American
development.
5.
3
2. Literature review

2.1 Defining earnings management

Consensus on the precise definition of earnings management does not exist in the literature. Schipper
(1989)
and
Healy
and
Wahlen
(1999)
provide
the
two
most
often
cited
definitions
of
earnings
management.

Earnings management is “a purposeful intervention in the external financial reporting

process,
with
the
intent
of
obtaining
some
private
gain
(as
opposed
to,
say,
merely
facilitating the neutral operation of the process)”.
(Schipper, p. 92)

“Earnings management occurs when managers use judgement in financial reporting and
in structuring transactions to alter financial reports to either mislead some stakeholders
about the underlying economic performance of the company, or to influence contractual
outcomes that depend on reported accounting numbers.”
(Healy and Wahlen, p. 368)

Both definitions are broadly similar but each definition differs as to the emphasis given to key aspects of
earnings management. Schipper attaches earnings management to the objective of obtaining a private
benefit.

Therefore,
managerial
intrusion
in
the
external
financial
reporting
process
to
enhance
the
informational value of financial reporting does not necessarily constitute earnings management because
the benefit is public as opposed to private. Although Healy and Wahlen do not explicitly state that the
purpose
of
earnings
management
is
to
obtain
a
private
benefit,
such
a
purpose
is
implied
in
their
definition.

Management
has
no
incentive
to
mislead
stakeholders
or
influence
contractual
outcomes
other than to obtain a private benefit assuming that managers attempt to maximise their own payoff.

Direct
observation
of
managerial
intent,
a
key
component
of
the
above
two
definitions
of
earnings
management, is not possible by researchers. Therefore, accurate estimation of earnings management is a
major
challenge
to
researchers.

In
order
to
discuss
the
issues
related
to
the
estimation
of
earnings
management, it is important first to understand ways of managing earnings.

2.2 Ways of managing earnings

The
definition
of
earnings
management
by
Healy
and
Wahlen
captures
the
tool
which
enables
the
practice of earnings management. This tool is the use of judgement in the financial reporting process.
3
years
before
Turner’s
pronouncement
from
the
frontier
thesis,
the
U.S.
Census
Bureau
had
announced
the
disappearance
of
the
contiguous
frontier
line.
Some
have
lengthy
disputed
the
concept
of
a
frontier
of
free
land.
Turner’s
formulation
overlooked
the
existence
of
the
various
Indian
peoples
whose
subjugation
was
needed
through
the
nation’s
westward
march,
and
assumed
that
the
majority
of
recently
acquired
lands
were
really
democratically
given
to
yeomen
pioneers.
The
various
Indian
wars
triggered
by
American
expansion
belie
Turner’s
argument
the
American
free
land
frontier
would
be
a
sharp
contrast
with
European
nations’
borders
along
with
other
states.
Adaptive
learning
for
English
vocabulary
god-
given
right
to
expand
westward
to
conquer
these
“empty
lands”
and
What
you
must
know
Pg
13
•
What
were
the
push
and
pull
factors
that
encouraged
western
settlement?
2.
Describe
the
features
of
the
homestead
act.
3.
What
is
the
Turner
Thesis?
72.
Character
Analysis
Of
Angie
In
The
Gift
Of
Cochise
The
traditional
western
hero
has
so
closely
synonymized
itself
with
the
image
of
the
rugged,
horse–
riding,
cowboy
hat
wearing,
gun
shooting
white
man,
that
a
fearful
wife
and
mother
appears
entirely
antithetical
to
the
very
notion
of
the
frontier
hero.
Yet,
Louie
L'amour
adeptly
crafts
his
western
hero
out
of
the
very
same
aforementioned
traits
through
his
character
Angie
in
The
Gift
of
Cochise.
Angie's
logical,
pragmatic,
and
calculated
actions,
because
of
her
role
as
a
wife
and
mother,
allow
her
to
successfully
advance
westward
and
settle
in
Apache
territory
as
the
rightful
western
hero
of
the
story.
While
various
male
characters
attempt
dutifully
to
satisfy
Turner's
hypothesis
of
advancement
westward,
their
reckless
approach
to
the
...
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His
descriptions
as
"tough"
and
"brawling"
emphasize
the
resilience
associated
with
the
traditional
western
hero.
However,
his
lack
of
defined
purpose
in
continuing
his
pursuit
westward
causes
him
to
fall
short
of
truly
encapsulating
the
western
hero.
Angie
Lowe,
in
contrast,
diverges
from
her
father's
credulous
justification
for
moving
west,
by
choosing
to
move
for
the
particular
reason
of
helping
her
husband,
settling
when
she
sees
a
territory
satisfactory
for
her
family.
Her
fulfillment
of
Turner's
hypothesis
centers
around
her
duty
as
a
wife
to
help
Ed
leave
Santa
Fe
for
a
more
suitable
home
rather
than
the
intangible
and
nebulous
allure
of
the
glorified
west.
L'amour
deliberately
mentions
that
Angie,
not
Ed,
chooses
the
property
on
West
Dog
Canyon,
implying
that
the
move
into
the
frontier
is
solely
because
"Santa
Fe
[is]
not
good
for
Ed"
(L'amour
58).
More
importantly,
unlike
her
father,
who
continues
moving
even
after
finding
a
wife
and
having
a
kid,
Angie
stops
once
she
finds
the
house
"with
grass,
water,
and
shelter
from
the
wind,
[that]
Angie
with
an
Irish
eye
for
the
land
saw
would
grow
crops"
(L'amour
58).
As
evidenced
by
Angie's
choice
to
move
west,
not
because
of
glory
or
adventure,
but
for
the
practical
advancement
of
her
family,
Angie
more
successfully
fills
the
role
of
the
western
hero.
While
her
feminine
take
on
the
Turner
hypothesis,
through
the
...
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was
special.
The
frontier
thesis
and
manifest
destiny
reflect
this
value,
Turner
stated
that
in
the
introduction
of
any
frontier
area,
one
phase
of
social
and
economic
development
adopted
another
in
distinct
stages.
This
is
actually
the
idea
of
successive
frontiers.
14.
12
specific accruals method and to a lesser extent the aggregate accruals method. Although the distribution
method is an important addition to the toolkit of the researcher, it is by no means a replacement to the
aggregate accruals or specific accruals methods.

2.4 The relationship between earnings management and corporate incentives

My review of the literature has largely focused on the evaluation of the technical issues related to studies
which attempt to detect earnings management. I now shift to the evaluation of specific case studies of
earnings
management
where
firms
have
hypothesised
incentives
to
manage earnings. Most of these
studies adopt a Jones‐style research design. Such studies fall into three broad categories: capital market
motivations, contracting motivations and political motivations. I discuss each category in turn with an
emphasis on: whether conditions in which earnings management incentives are strong
coincide with
actual earnings management, determining the magnitude and frequency of any earnings management,
identifying which specific accruals are managed and discussing any resource allocation implications.

2.4.1 Capital market motivations

Since many financial statement users such as investors and financial analysts use accounting numbers
when valuing stocks, this creates a clear incentive for management to manage earnings to influence stock
price performance. This is the largest branch of the literature where researchers relate
corporate incentives to earnings management. Many studies such as Ritter (1990) and
Loughran and Ritter (1995) document significant
underperformance of firms which engage in initial public offerings (IPOs) of stock relative to non‐issuing
firms for a period of up to five years after the offer date. This empirical finding provides the motivation
for the studies by Chaney and Lewis (1998) and Teoh, Wong and Rao (1998) to
investigate whether earnings management provides a valid explanation. Private companies
in
which
management
hold
significant stockholdings have a clear incentive to manage earnings upwards prior to a public offering.
Many market participants use accounting numbers, at least in part, to value the shares of
IPO firms.
Therefore, upwards management of earnings should result in a higher price at which the shares are sold
in which case existing stockholders receive an abnormally high premium on stock sales. The findings of
the studies by Chaney and Lewis and Teoh, Wong and Rao are consistent with this hypothesis that firms
manage earnings prior to IPOs. Loughran and Ritter also document a similar post‐issue
share underperformance phenomenon for
seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). Again studies including Teoh, Welch and Wong (1998), Rangan (1998)
44. Frederick Jackson Turner Frontier Thesis Summary The American Frontier consisted of a vibrant
and
expansive land made for the opportunity ofAmerican settlement until the late 19th century.
Unfortunately, the age of exploration of the Frontier officially ended in 1890 with the U.S Census
Bureau
declaring that "here can hardly be said to be a frontier line." A historian, Frederick Jackson Turner,
claimed that the Frontier shaped American culture and the attitude of Americans. By evaluating U.S
Census
Bureau
statistics, he famously wrote the Frontier Thesis. Along with the Frontier Thesis, Turner contributed
to
the
field of New History, primarily analyzing the West and Sectionalism of the United States. Today,
historians acknowledge the tremendous impact Turner's role in American Exceptionalism ... Show
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He
followed in his father's footsteps by enrolling as an undergraduate at the University of Wisconsin.
He
eventually graduated and completed his Ph.D. at John Hopkins University in 1889. His dissertation,
"The
Character
and
Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin.", focused more on his native frontier than the national
spectrum of american history. The returned to the University of Wisconsin to begin historical
research
and
teaching. During the midst of his historical popularity, Turner spent a brief period of time as
president of the American Historical Association in 1910 and served on the board the American
Historical Review from 1910 to 1915. After teaching at Wisconsin, he decided to join the faculty at
Harvard University until 1924. After serving as the chair for Harvard's Department of History he
retired from teaching but continued his research at the Huntington Library in California. The
remained at the Huntington Library until his death in San Marino, California in 1932. Some of
Turner's
achievements included being awarded posthumously the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1933 and the
historical significance of expanding America's fascination with the West. Through his literature,
Turner
showed that history was not necessary defined by period, otherwise, it was always ... Get more on
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would
rather
not
live in the frontier and reap fewer benefits but be safe. Daily-Quiz (Monday) 9/9. M is the midpoint
of
. L has coordinates (7, -4) and M has coordinates (1, -8). Find the coordinates of N. Daily-Quiz
(Tuesday) 9/10. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the segment. with A(-2,3) and B(4,1). Daily-
Quiz ( Wed ) 9/11. 12. Carving up China Later 1800s China just finished an unsuccessful war
European powers & Japan seeing China’s weakness forced Chinese empire to grant them land &
trading rights Divided China into spheres of influence Areas where another nation has
economic
& political control 3. American Frontier Thesis Statement Noah Serna 1) Turner's Frontier Thesis – is
an
argument
that
was
formed by the American frontier however it was developed in Chicago in 1893 by Frederick Jackson
Turner, an American Historian. In the thesis, the American frontier established liberty by freeing
Americans
from
the
European
mindset and customs. Turner's Frontier thesis quickly became popular amongst scholars and
intellectuals. It emphasized the importance on how the frontier shaped America and its
characteristics, in the abundance of free land, individualism, mobility, and materialism. 2) Captains
of
Industry/Robber Barons – Captions of Industry were business leaders that were able to transform
America's economy in a positive way by using their business skills. People glorified them for their
skills and for their charities. J.P. Morgan, Henry Ford, Andrew W. Mellon, and John D. Rockefeller
were
all Captions of Industry. The Robber Barons were businessmen who were involved in immortal and
ruthless business practices. They would gain large amounts of profits by paying their employee's very
low wages. They drove out their opponents by selling their products at a cheaper price. They
eventually took control of the market and rose the prices extremely high. John Jacob Astor, Andrew
Carnegie, William A. Clark, Jay Cooke, Charles Crocker, and Daniel Drew were all labeled as
Robber Barons in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Ferguson – was a U.S. Supreme Court
Case that was held on May 18, 1896. It supported the rights of states to pass laws that allowed for
racial segregation in public and private organizations, such as schools, transportations, restrooms,
and
even
restaurants. This court case causes many of the southern states to pass Jim Crows laws, which
discriminated many American Africans as well as minorities. After the Plessy v. Ferguson case
ended, the "Separate but equal" law remained in place until the Supreme Court overturned the Plessy
v. Ferguson case with a decision that came from 1954 Brown v. Board of ... Get more on
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Thursday – 9/13 • Warm-up- • Name some major factors in the Westward Expansion. Explain why
they
were
significant. • WYMK – • 1. How were the Time Zones Created? “In the crucible of the frontier the
immigrants were Americanized, liberated, and fused into a mixed race, English in neither nationality
nor characteristics...." By "race," here, Turner means a general white American, instead of a British-
American, French-American, or Irish-American. Turner lived at a time when "Irish" and "French"
were
considered races. Turner doesn't seem to be speaking about Asian-Americans or Mexican-Americans
or
African-Americans, only about what we would now call Ethnic European Americans. Perhaps, many
of
you
will depend on the internet for samples that might guide you to write a good thesis. However, you
may have worries, because you don’t know to differentiate between a good and a bad sample. So, if
this
is the case, probably we have a list of qualities for you that may help you to choose good samples.